BAM Forschungsberichte ohne Nummerierung
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- 7.3 Brandingenieurwesen (1)
One aim of the EMPIR nPSize project 17NRM04 was to develop and validate three classes of candidate reference (test) materials (RTMs), with i) well-defined non-spherical shape, ii) relatively high polydispersity index, and iii) accurate particle concentrations.
To fulfil the requirements of the project, 11 different types of materials were prepared. Following the initial assessment of the materials suitability, nPSize5_PT_UNITO, nPSize6_AC_UNITO and nPSize7_GN_CEA materials were found unsuitable for the project, due to various reasons. PT material was deemed unsuitable due to its predominantly agglomerated nature. AC material contained relatively high amount of impurities (other particle forms). GN material was found too heterogeneous in both the length and width for the purpose of the project. The remaining 8 candidate RTMs were assessed for their homogeneity and stability and used for successful delivery of the associated activities within the nPSize project.
This report summarizes findings from the first comprehensive study on digitalization in conformity assessment in the Netherlands. The reults are based on data from a survey among conformity assessment bodies (CABs) conducted in 2022. It highlights the digital maturity of the organizations, the motives, benefits and obstacles of digital transformation as well as the actual technology trends.
The study on Dutch CABs is part of a global project that covers various other countries (see www.qi-fokus.de).
This report summarizes findings from the first comprehensive study on digitalization in conformity assessment in Latvia. The reults are based on data from a survey among conformity assessment bodies (CABs) conducted in 2022. It highlights the digital maturity of the organizations, the motives, benefits and obstacles of digital transformation as well as the actual technology trends.
The study on Latvian CABs is part of a global project that covers various other countries (see www.qi-fokus.de).
This report summarizes findings from the first comprehensive study on digitalization in conformity assessment in Germany. The reults are based on data from a survey among conformity assessment bodies (CABs) conducted in 2022. It highlights the digital maturity of the organizations, the motives, benefits and obstacles of digital transformation as well as the actual technology trends.
The study on German CABs is part of a global project that covers various other countries (see www.qi-fokus.de).
This report summarizes findings from the first comprehensive study on digitalization in conformity assessment in Ireland. The reults are based on data from a survey among conformity assessment bodies (CABs) conducted in 2022. It highlights the digital maturity of the organizations, the motives, benefits and obstacles of digital transformation as well as the actual technology trends.
The study on Irish CABs is part of a global project that covers various other countries (see www.qi-fokus.de).
This report summarizes findings from the first comprehensive study on digitalization in conformity assessment in Italy. The reults are based on data from a survey among conformity assessment bodies (CABs) conducted in 2022. It highlights the digital maturity of the organizations, the motives, benefits and obstacles of digital transformation as well as the actual technology trends.
The study on Italian CABs is part of a global project that covers various other countries (see www.qi-fokus.de).
This is the final report on the proficiency test (PT) „Measurement of the particle size distribution of ceramic powders by laser diffraction”. The PT was organized by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), division 5.5 “Advanced technical ceramics”. The measurements took place from 12/2021 to 03/2022. The aim of the interlaboratory comparison was the proficiency assessment of the participating laboratories.
Management and realization of PT were performed in accordance with DIN EN ISO/IEC 17043:2010.
The basis of the harmonized measuring procedure and the instructions for the interlaboratory comparison was the standard ISO 13320:2020.
The statistical analysis was performed in accordance with DIN ISO 13528:2020 by use of the software PROLab Plus (QuoData GmbH, Dresden, Germany).
A group of 44 laboratories from 17 countries participated in the PT. Laser diffraction analyzers produced by 7 different manufacturers were used. The three test materials were commercial products. Overall, the measured characteristic values of the particle distributions (d10, d50 and d90) were in the size range between 0.5 and 25 μm. The final report contains all individual results in an anonymous way.
he main objective of the nPSize project is to improve the measurement capabilities for nanoparticle size based on both measurement methods traceable to SI units and new reference materials. Two basic approaches have been used in order to develop measurement procedures resulting in traceable results of the nanoparticle size distribution: physical modelling for the methods used in the project (TSEM, SEM, AFM and SAXS) and machine learning.
Physical modelling: In this part, the physical models associated with different shape measurements for the techniques TSEM, SEM, AFM and SAXS have been collected and further developed with the aim to simulate the resulting signal as measured by the individual methods. Uncertainties and traceability associated with each model were investigated and evaluated. In the following, the progress on these physical models is reported for each individual method.
Machine Learning modelling: The aim of this part is to use machine learning to enable automatic measurement of nanoparticle shape from expert a-priori information only. No physical model will be used as a-priori information in this task.
The accuracy and traceability of the size results obtained by each technique will be analyzed and compared with the physical modelling. A machine learning database will then be used to create automatic detection algorithms.
Das Ziel der Untersuchungen ist ein Prognosemodell für Erschütterungen infolge Schiennahverkehr. Ergänzend zu Bericht 9 wird insbesondere der dreidimensionale, instationäre und zufällige Charakter der Erschütterungsquelle und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Ausbreitung durch den Boden und auf die Schwingungen benachbarter Gebäude untersucht. Es werden jeweils theoretisch/numerisch und experimentell/messtechnisch
- Amplituden-Abstands-Gesetze,
- Freifeld-Bauwerks-Übertragungsverhältnisse und
- Deckenresonanzüberhöhungen
ermittelt, die zusammen mit den Ergebnissen des Berichts 9 eine realistische Prognose von Erschütterungen ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse sind in einem einfachen Prognoseprogramm zusammengefasst, mit dem im konkreten Anwendungsfall der Einfluss einer Reihe von Quell-, Boden- und Bauwerkseigenschaften erfasst wird.
Prognosen zur Erschütterungsausbreitung und zur Immissionssituation in der Umgebung von Bahntrassen sind wegen der Vielfalt der Einflussfaktoren oft mit erheblichen Unsicherheiten behaftet. Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Bedingungen für die Ausbreitung von Körperschall und Erschütterungen genauer zu erfassen und in ein für Prognosezwecke geeignetes Rechenmodell umzusetzen. Aufbauend auf theoretischen Untersuchungen zum Übertragungsverhalten des Bodens und von Gebäuden wurden Erschütterungsmessungen an Trassen verschiedener Bahnen des Stadtverkehrs Erregerspektren sowie mit besonderen Messverfahren Bodenkennwerte ermittelt. Diese dienen als Grundlage für die Modellrechnungen über die Ausbreitung von Erschütterungen. Durch Kontrollmessungen wurde die Anwendbarkeit des Modells überprüft. Es zeigten sich z.T. gute Übereinstimmungen, jedoch wurde auch die Notwendigkeit einer weiteren Verbesserung deutlich. Die Möglichkeiten der Minderung der Erschütterungen wurden umfassend behandelt.
Ziel des Vorhabens war die Steigerung der Rückgewinnung von Metallen aus Aschen und Schlacken durch Aufschluss aus den mineralischen Verbunden. Durch das innovative Prallzerkleinerungsverfahren (Hochgeschwindigkeits-Rotations-Beschleuniger) des Projektpartners TARTECH, sollten die Verunreinigungen an den metallischen Anteilen praktisch vollständig abgeschlagen werden. Diese Aufbereitungstechnik sollte im Rahmen des Projektes so verfeinert und angepasst werden, dass metallische Partikel von 0,5 bis 5 mm aufgeschlossen werden,
damit sie anschließend über Wirbelstromscheider in elementarer Form abgetrennt werden können.
Das Ziel der Initiative QI-FoKuS ist es, eine Datenbasis für neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu Einflussfaktoren und Effekten in der Konformitätsbewertung und Akkreditierung zu schaffen und hierbei insbesondere auch auf aktuelle Trends und Entwicklungen einzugehen. Von Januar bis März 2020 wurden in einer Online-Erhebung Unternehmen verschiedener Branchen und Größenklassen in Deutschland zur Nutzung und den Wirkungen ihres zertifizierten Managementsystems für Informationssicherheit nach ISO/IEC 27001 befragt. Es konnten 125 vollständig ausgefüllte Fragebögen für die vorliegende Studie ausgewertet werden.
Das Ziel der Initiative QI-FoKuS ist es, eine Datenbasis für neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu Einflussfaktoren und Effekten in der Konformitätsbewertung und Akkreditierung zu schaffen. Ende 2019 wurden in einer ersten Online-Erhebung Unternehmen verschiedener Branchen und Größenklassen in Deutschland zur Nutzung von Managementsystemen und ihren Wirkungen befragt. Diese umfasste weit verbreitete genormte Managementsysteme wie ISO 9001 und ISO 14001 genauso wie bisher wenig untersuchte Systeme wie die ISO 50001 oder ISO/IEC 27001. Es konnten 180 Fragebögen für die vorliegende Studie ausgewertet werden.
An inter-laboratory comparison on the surface charge, expressed as zeta potential ζ, of nanoscaled SiO2 has been performed using #14 BAM Silica (see D.5.41/5.42) nanoparticles. The comparability of results delivered by participants has been tested.
The Task 5.4 of NanoValid is designed to test, compare and validate current methods to measure and characterize physicochemical properties of selected engineered nanoparticles. The measurand is Surface charge expressed as zeta-Potential. The measurements are to be accompanied by estimates of the uncertainties at a confidence level of 95%, deduced from the standard uncertainties. Therefore an uncertainty budget comprising statistical (Type A) and systematic (Type B) errors has to be established and delivered for the measurand. The protocol comprises two Annexes addressing the establishment of uncertainty budgets following GUM. The final goal of the comparison is to identify those methods of measurement which have potential as reference methods in pc characterization of nanoparticles for the determination of a given measurand.
This Report describes an inter-laboratory comparison aiming on the establishment of the used method (BET) as a reference method. Another purpose was the certification of the porous reference material #15 BAM Titania as CRM BAM-P110 (cf. D 5.41/42). The certified values determined by nitrogen ad-sorption at 77.3 K according to the international standards ISO 15901-2 and ISO 9277 are summarized in the Table below.
An inter-laboratory comparison on the particle size, expressed as mean diameter d, of nanoscaled SiO2 (#14 BAM Silica (see NanoValid DoW, D.5.41/5.42)) has been performed. The majority of participants used Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). A few used Electron Microscopy as method. Following methods had been applied by only one partner, respectively: Small Angle X-ray Scattering, Analytical Ultracentrifugation, Atomic Force Microscopy and Atomizer with electric mobility spectrometer.
Diese Studie soll aufzeigen, wie sich das Akkreditierungswesen in Deutschland über einen Zeitraum von mehr als 25 Jahren entwickelt hat. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und der Deutsche Akkreditierungsrat DAR haben bei dieser Entwicklung wichtige Beiträge geleistet.
Leitmotiv dieser Studie ist eine These des Philosophen Udo Marquard, zitiert im Vorwort der BAM Chronik 1871-1996, „Die neue Welt kann nicht sein ohne die alten Fertigkeiten – Zukunft braucht Herkunft“.
Die Erfahrungen bei der Entwicklung des deutschen Akkreditierungssystems sollen zusammengefasst werden, um Schlussfolgerungen für die Zukunft ableiten zu können, da bisher keine zusammenfassende und überblicksmäßige Darstellung des gesamten Entwicklungsprozesses vorhanden ist.
Ziele dieser Studie sind die Darstellungen
— der Beiträge des deutschen Akkreditierungssystems zur gegenseitigen Anerkennung von Zertifikaten und Prüfberichten in der EU zur Mitgestaltung des gemeinsamen Marktes der EU und zum Abbau internationaler tarifärer Handelshemmnisse,
- der Komplexität von Akkreditierung und Konformitätsbewertungsvorgängen in einzelnen Problemkreisen,
- der Entwicklung des deutschen Akkreditierungssystems von den Anfängen bis zur Tätigkeitsaufnahme der Deutschen Akkreditierungsstelle (DAkkS GmbH) am 1. Januar 2010,
- der Rolle des Deutschen Akkreditierungsrates (DAR) (04.03.1991 bis 31.12.2009) anhand wichtiger Eckdaten und Hauptergebnisse aus seinem Präsidium und den vier Ausschüssen, ATF DAR-Ausschuss für Technische Fragen AIZ DAR-Ausschuss für Internationale Zusammenarbeit AZ DAR-Ausschuss für Zusammenarbeit gesetzlich geregelter und gesetzlich nicht geregelter Bereich ABT DAR-Ausschuss für Begutachtertraining
- der Wege zum Finden eines nationalen Konsenses mit mehreren privaten und staatlichen Akkreditierungsstellen, um eine einheitliche Außenvertretung in internationalen Gremien zu gewährleisten,
- der ständigen Bemühungen um enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen gesetzlich nicht geregeltem und gesetzlich geregeltem Bereich,
- der Aktivitäten und Ergebnisse, um zu einem einheitlichen deutschen Akkreditierungssystem zu gelangen, der Rolle der BAM
im deutschen Akkreditierungswesen, der Entstehung des BAM-Akkreditierungssystems (BAS) und seine Überleitung in das Deutsche
Akkreditierungssystem Prüfwesen (DAP),
- der Führung der Geschäftsstelle des DAR und des Akkreditierungsbeirats (AKB) des Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) (2006 bis 2009 und ab 2010)
- der Tätigkeiten des BAM-Evaluierungsausschusses.
Flow-back and produced waters from shale gas and shale oil fields contain high ammonium, which can be formed by methanogenic degradation of methylamines into methane and ammonium. Methylamines are added to fracturing fluid to prevent clay swelling or can originate from metabolism of the osmolyte triglycinebetaine (GB).
We analyzed field samples from a shale gas reservoir in the Duvernay Formation and from a shale oil reservoir in the Bakken formation in Canada to determine the origin of high ammonium. Fresh waters used to make fracturing fluid, early flow-back waters, and late flow back waters from the shale gas reservoir had increasing salinity of 0.01, 0.58, and 2.66 Meq of NaCl, respectively. Microbial community analyses reflected this fresh water to saline transition with halophilic taxa including Halomonas, Halanaerobium, and Methanohalophilus being increasingly present. Early and late flow-back waters had high ammonium concentrations of 32 and 15 mM, respectively.
Such high concentrations had also been found in the Bakken produced waters.
Enrichment cultures of Bakken produced waters in medium containing mono, di-, or trimethylamine, or triglycinebetaine (GB) converted these substrates into ammonium (up to 20 mM) and methane. The methylotrophic methanogen Methanohalophilus, which uses methylamines for its energy metabolism and uses GB as an osmolyte, was a dominant community member in these enrichments. Halanaerobium was also a dominant community member that metabolizes GB into trimethylamine, which is then metabolized further by Methanohalophilus. However, the micromolar concentrations of GB measured in shale reservoirs make them an unlikely source for the 1,000-fold higher ammonium concentrations in flow-back waters. This ammonium either originates directly from the reservoir or is formed from methylamines, which originate from the reservoir, or are added during the hydraulic fracturing process. These methylamines are then converted into ammonium and methane by halophilic methylotrophic methanogens, such as Methanohalophilus, present in flow-back waters.
The test methods UN Test L.2 / EN ISO 9038:2013 DIN EN 15188:2007 are applied to characterize the sustained combustibility of liquids i.e. the behaviour of a material under specified test conditions, whereby its vapour can be ignited by an ignition source and sufficient flammable vapour is produced to continue burning for at least 15 s after the source of ignition has been removed.
The aims of this interlaboratory test (IT) are the verification and/or the improvement (if necessary) of the verification data (reference material) in Annex B of EN ISO 9038:2013, the assessment of influencing (disturbing) factors (laboratory specific factors, which possibly may have an influence on the test result) and the assessment of the performance of the participating laboratories.
It could be demonstrated that the reference materials n-Dodecane, n-Decane and n-Undecane as mentioned in the standard are suitable and the verification shall continue to be valid.
Sustained combustibility tests are influenced by several factors like the presence of a draught shield, the experience of the laboratory assistant, verification of the apparatus, calibration of the metering device.
Based on the interlaboratory test, the gained experience and the actual results, well-founded measures / actions can be recommended to improve execution of the method.
The IT was organized by PTB, BAM and QuoData GmbH in the framework of the co-operation project CEQAT-DGHS Centre for Quality Assurance for Testing of Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Substances.
Lead (Pb) isotope amount ratios are commonly used in applications ranging from archaeology and forensic sciences to terrestrial and extra-terrestrial geochemistry. Despite their utility and frequency of use, only three certified isotope amount ratio reference materials are currently available for Pb: NIST SRMs 981, 982 and 983. Because SRM 981 has a natural Pb isotopic composition, it is mainly used for correcting instrumental mass discrimination or fractionation. This means that, at present, there are no other certified isotope reference materials with natural Pb isotopic composition that could be used for validating or verifying an analytical procedure involving the measurement of Pb isotope amount ratios.
To fill this gap, two new reference materials, both certified for their Pb isotopic composition, have been produced together with a complete uncertainty assessment. These new reference materials offer SI traceability and an independent means of validating or verifying analytical procedures used to produce Pb isotope amount ratio measurements.
ERM-EB400 is a bronze material containing a nominal Pb mass fraction of 45 mg/kg. ERM-AE142 is a high purity solution of Pb with a nominal mass fraction of 100 mg/kg. Both materials have been specifically produced to assist analysts in verifying or validating their analytical procedures. Note that while one of these reference materials requires the chemical separation of Pb from its matrix (ERM-EB400), the other does not (ERM-AE142). Details on the certification of these isotope reference materials are provided in this report.