Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2019 (38) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (38) (entfernen)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (38) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Ultraschall (5)
- Sustainability (3)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (3)
- Africa (2)
- Materials (2)
- NDT (2)
- Ultrasound (2)
- 3D Druck (1)
- Acoustic-Structure Interaction (1)
- Additive Fertigung (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (23)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (13)
- 8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren (7)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (5)
- 8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen (5)
- 8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (4)
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (4)
- 7.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (3)
- 8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik (3)
- 4 Material und Umwelt (2)
In many regions of the world the urbanisation process is accelerating dramatically. This puts pressure on urban planners but also politics to develop strategies for sustainable city growth. With the rapidly increasing demand for living space in urban areas, cities typically grow vertically. This is largely driven by real estate markets and sometimes also by the desire for status symbols.
Certainly, vertical urban growth makes sense, when horizontal growth destroys important flora and Fauna (e.g. in rain forest regions), but in many cases vertical growth is result of real-estate business and Expansion limitation due to state or country borders. However, economics and borders are made by humans. They follow human-made rules. Gravity does not. Therefore, from a point of view of sustainable materials and resourceuse, the trending vertical growth of cities may come under scrutiny.
The following aspects should be considered, when a decision is taken between a new quarter with limited number of storeys or a new skyscraper.
Acoustic-structure interaction in the Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method for primsatic geometries
(2019)
Due to the short wavelength compared to the dimensions of the structure, the simulation of ultrasonic waves is still a challenging task. A numerical method well suited for this purpose is the semi-analytical Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM). When applying this method, only the boundary of a computational domain is discretized using finite elements, while the interior is described by an analytical ansatz. Hence, the number of degrees of freedom is reduced significantly compared to the classical Finite Element Method (FEM).
In recent years, a particular formulation of the SBFEM for the simulation of ultrasonic guided waves was developed. The method constitutes an efficient algorithm for prismatic structures of arbitrary length, such as plates, pipes, or beams. Wave propagation phenomena in such structures can be modeled for isotropic and anisotropic inhomogeneous waveguides. Even though the method is an efficient tool for the simulation of guided waves in solid media, a reliable model for the simulation of acoustic wave propagation in fluids as well as acoustic-structure interaction in terms of SBFEM is still missing. In principle, the fluid can be described by a displacement-based formulation and thus be implemented in existing SBFEM algorithms for solid bodies. However, due to the discretization with classical finite elements, spurious modes occur, which cannot be separated from the physical modes straightforwardly. The spurious modes can be suppressed using a penalty parameter. Although very accurate results were achieved for some problems, this procedure has been proven unreliable for certain cases.
For this reason, we propose a different approach in this contribution. We employ a pressure model to simulate the acoustic behavior of fluids. The implementation of the pressure model results in a higher effort due to the necessity of incorporating coupling terms, but it presents a stable alternative without spurious modes. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated in comparison with analytical solutions and results obtained using the FEM.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen der Wirbelstrom- und Ultraschallprüfung an verlegten Eisenbahnschienen
(2019)
Die kombinierte Schienenprüfung mit Wirbelstrom und Ultraschall ermöglicht eine ganzheitliche Detektion von Inhomogenitäten im Kopf und Steg der Schiene und gewährleistet das Auffinden sowohl von Volumen-als auch Oberflächeneffekten wie z. B. Head Checks. Für die verbesserte Detektion von Rollkontaktermüdung (rolling contact fatique, RCF) und den daraus resultierenden Schienenfehlern (Head-Checks, Squats, Riffel, …) wurde für die Wirbelstromprüfung der Prüfbereich auf die gesamte Rollkontaktfläche erweitert. Der Fokus liegt im Neudesign der Wirbelstrom-Prüfvorrichtung und der damit verbundenen normgerechten Auslegung der Konstruktion für die fahrzeugspezifischen Gegebenheiten. Ferner wurde die Anwendersoftware des kombinierten Prüfsystems vereinheitlicht. Um die wirtschaftliche Effektivität unsere Prüftechnik zu steigern, wird die Multiplex-Gerätetechnologie in die automatisierte Schienenprüfung eingeführt. Damit wird der freizuhaltende Einbauraum innerhalb der Fahrzeuge sowie Kabelwege deutlich reduziert. Durch den Übergang zu der Multiplextechnologie wurde weiterhin die Stromaufnahme um mehr als 50% reduziert.
Unter den von Humboldt in Amerika erworbenen Schriftstücken der Kolonialzeit findet sich eine Tributliste aus dem Jahr 1569, die der Otomí Bevölkerung aus dem Ort Mizquahuala im Staat Hidalgo/ Mexiko zugeordnet wird. Sie ist in Form eines Kalenders ausgeführt, Wochentage und verschiedene Produkte lassen sich unterscheiden. Eduard Seler beschreibt dieses Manuskript zusammen mit einer weiteren Tributliste, die in Inhalt und Zeichnung anders gestaltet ist, jedoch ebenfalls aus dieser Region stammt.
Mit den für die Analyse von Manuskripten bewährten Untersuchungsmethoden werden Papier und Farbmittel identifiziert. Hierzu zählen Raman-, FTIR-, Röntgenfluoreszenz- und VIS- Spektroskopie. Charakteristisch für die Herstellung von schriftlichen Dokumenten in der Kolonialzeit von Amerika ist die Verwendung von indigenem Material wie Papier aus Baumrinde und Pflanzenfarben zusammen mit den aus Europa bekannten Materialien. Geklärt wird, welche Auswahl von Farbstoffen zur Herstellung der Dokumente genutzt wurde, die diese als Gruppe klassifizieren könnte.
Die den beiden Fragmenten zugeordneten Farbmaterialien sowie formale und inhaltliche Aspekte lassen vermuten, dass zwei weitere Schriftstücke der Berliner Sammlung `Manuscripta Americana´, deren Herkunft nicht bekannt ist, mit ihnen in Beziehung gebracht werden können. Stilistisch gleiche Fragmente befinden sich zudem in Mexiko, Paris und den USA.
Im Vergleich dieser Fragmente untereinander wird diskutiert, inwieweit die über die Materialanalyse identifizierten spezifischen Farbstoffe einen Hinweis auf eine gemeinsame lokale Herkunft zulassen.
To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper addresses fatigue tests of automatically welded tubular X-joints focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. The detected location of the technical crack is compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch considering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress approach. Besides, the welding process of the automated manufactured tubular X-joints is presented.
Today, in scientific events often a certain separation between researchers from laboratories with highly sophisticated equipment and those from less privileged laboratories can be observed. It is not an uncommon situation that results presented at conferences are rubbished or ridiculed because the investigator only used low-end analytical methods.
The assessment of the study is then biased based on the equipment, regardless of the actual quality of the study.
Global energy consumption will increase in the future necessitating both fossil fuels and renewable energy choices - especially wind energy. Such high energy demand requires installation of offshore energy structures, rigs, platforms and towers, which are susceptible to adverse environmental conditions along with maintenances. Due to their large size and remote locations, cylindrical grouted joints are often adopted between substructure and foundation in these offshore platforms and wind structures such as monopiles. However, these connections are composite structures with exterior sleeve, interior pile and infill mortar. Degradation and settlements were reported inside similar connections, which were installed in last three decades. Besides, grouting in the offshore sites were proven difficult to obtain ideal load bearing capacity. In-situ loading conditions were also found to be affecting the failure mechanism inside such connections. This study aims at characterizing the nature of cracks generated in these grouted connections under both static and cyclic loading. Scaled grouted joints were manufactured using a novel reusable mold, and connections were loaded to failure to visualize the main failure patterns. An assessment between failure under these two types of load is drawn along with comparison to previously available literature.
At present, to produce renewable energy offshore wind farms play an important role. The available space combined with the more valuable wind conditions make offshore locations very attractive for wind powered energy production. In Europe a significant number of offshore wind farms already exist, especially in the North and Baltic Sea. In future this trend will continue, and further offshore wind farms will be built. The majority of offshore wind turbines are mounted on steel foundation structures. Due to the high-cyclic loading by wind and waves fatigue stress plays a substantial role regarding structural safety.
Besides the consideration of fatigue within the design process, to monitor existing steel structures for potential fatigue cracks during their life time is a major topic and a challenge.
For the structures of the offshore wind turbines are large and partially under water effective reliable methods for the detection of fatigue cracks are required.
This contribution presents investigations on different crack detection methods applied at high-cycle fatigue tests on small-scale welded steel samples as well as on large-scale welded steel components. The tests were conducted at the BAM laboratories. For crack detection mainly three different methods were used and compared. The first method regards to the measurement of strain by conventionally strain gauges. Secondly, the crack luminescence was used as a new and effective optical method for surface monitoring. And finally, crack detection by pressure differentials of the inner and outer section of tubular steel elements was investigated. A comparison study will emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods and show which of the described methods is potentially more suitable for an application on real offshore wind structures.
The moisture content of screed samples is monitored by means of embedded sensors. Relative humidity sensors and multi-ring-electrodes are used to measure the spatial moisture distribution during desorption. Based on the humidity data and the pore volume distribution, the moisture and the water layer thickness within the pore space are predicted.
Slit shape as well as cylindrical pores are evaluated. Finally, the measured real part of the electrical impedance and the calculated water layer thickness are correlated. Based on the available data, a significant trend change of the impedance is documented at a water layer thickness of approximately 3 nm. This water layer thickness corresponds to a relative humidity of 88.3%.
Owners or operators of offshore wind farms perform inspections to collect information on the condition of the wind turbine support structures and perform repairs if required. These activities are costly and should be optimized. Risk-based methods can be applied to identify inspection and repair strategies that ensure an optimal balance between the expected total service life cost of inspection and repair, and the achieved risk reduction. Such an optimization requires explicit modeling of repairs. In this paper, the impact of different repair models on the results of a risk-based optimization of inspection and repair strategies is quantified in a numerical example considering a jacket-type steel frame subject to high-cycle fatigue. The example showed that, in this specific application, there is no need for detailed modeling of the behavior of repaired welded connections.