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Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have risen to prominence in many industrial sectors. This rapid success of AM is due to the freeform design, which offers enormous possibilities to the engineer, and to the reduction of waste material, which has both environmental and economic advantages. Even safety-critical parts are now being produced using AM. This enthusiastic penetration of AM in our daily life is not yet paralleled by a thorough characterization and understanding of the microstructure of materials and of the internal stresses of parts. The same holds for the understanding of the formation of defects during manufacturing. While simulation efforts are sprouting and some experimental techniques for on-line monitoring are available, still little is known about the propagation of defects throughout the life of a component (from powder to operando/service conditions). This Issue was aimed at collecting contributions about the advanced characterization of AM materials and components (especially at large-scale experimental facilities such as Synchrotron and Neutron sources), as well as efforts to liaise on-line process monitoring to the final product, and even to the component during operation. The goal was to give an overview of advances in the understanding of the impacts of microstructure and defects on component performance and life at several length scales of both defects and parts.
Additive manufacturing offers a range of novel applications. However, the manufacturing process is complex and the production of almost defect-free parts with high reliability and durability is still a challenge. Thermography is a valuable tool for process surveillance, especially in metal additive manufacturing processes. The high process temperatures allow one to use cameras usually operating in the visible spectral range. Here, we compare the results of measurements during the manufacturing process of a commercial laser metal deposition setup using a mid wavelength infrared camera with those from a short wavelength infrared camera and those from a visual spectrum high-speed camera with band pass filter in the near infrared range.