Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Englisch (2295) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Additive manufacturing (69)
- Fluorescence (56)
- Nanoparticles (48)
- SAXS (46)
- Concrete (45)
- Corrosion (37)
- MALDI-TOF MS (37)
- Ultrasound (37)
- Quantum yield (36)
- Non-destructive testing (33)
- Mechanochemistry (29)
- Polylactide (29)
- Laser beam welding (27)
- Microstructure (25)
- NDT (25)
- Sensor (25)
- Additive Manufacturing (24)
- Computed tomography (24)
- Mechanical properties (24)
- Nanoparticle (24)
- Quality assurance (24)
- Raman spectroscopy (24)
- Simulation (24)
- Lifetime (23)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (23)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (22)
- Nanomaterial (21)
- Synthesis (21)
- Thermography (21)
- Dye (20)
- Hydrogen (20)
- Machine learning (19)
- Reliability (19)
- Fatigue (18)
- Imaging (18)
- Photophysics (18)
- Laser powder bed fusion (17)
- Nano (17)
- Residual stress (17)
- Structural health monitoring (17)
- Welding (17)
- Alkali-activated materials (15)
- Cancer (15)
- Electrochemistry (15)
- Mass spectrometry (15)
- Reference material (15)
- Steel (15)
- XPS (15)
- Monitoring (14)
- X-ray computed tomography (14)
- Catalysis (13)
- Crystallization (13)
- LIBS (13)
- NIR (13)
- Photoluminescence (13)
- Scattering (13)
- Leaching (12)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (12)
- Polymer (12)
- Polymers (12)
- X-ray diffraction (12)
- AFM (11)
- Ectoine (11)
- ICP-MS (11)
- Immunoassay (11)
- In situ (11)
- Residual stresses (11)
- Soil (11)
- X-ray scattering (11)
- Circular economy (10)
- Creep (10)
- DNA (10)
- Electron microscopy (10)
- Flame retardant (10)
- Graphene (10)
- Lanthanide (10)
- Luminescence (10)
- Method (10)
- Microscopy (10)
- Aging (9)
- Biocides (9)
- Cement (9)
- Composites (9)
- EBSD (9)
- Femtosecond laser (9)
- Friction (9)
- High entropy alloy (9)
- Laser ablation (9)
- Mechanism (9)
- Metrology (9)
- Microplastics (9)
- Particle (9)
- Process monitoring (9)
- Quantification (9)
- Quantum dots (9)
- Reproducibility (9)
- Solidification cracking (9)
- Spectroscopy (9)
- Synchrotron (9)
- Ti-6Al-4V (9)
- Tomography (9)
- Tribology (9)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (9)
- XRD (9)
- Air-coupled ultrasound (8)
- Atomic force microscopy (8)
- Bacteria (8)
- Biofilm (8)
- Bottom ash (8)
- CCS (8)
- Degradation (8)
- ELISA (8)
- Heat treatment (8)
- Laser metal deposition (8)
- Moisture (8)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (8)
- Nanomaterials (8)
- Nondestructive testing (8)
- Phosphorus (8)
- Radiation protection (8)
- Reference materials (8)
- Transmission electron microscopy (8)
- Ultrasonic testing (8)
- Validation (8)
- Wear (8)
- Acoustic emission (7)
- Active thermography (7)
- Archaeometry (7)
- Calibration (7)
- Cracks (7)
- DNA origami (7)
- Defects (7)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (7)
- Distributed fiber optic sensing (7)
- Durability (7)
- Energy transfer (7)
- Evolution (7)
- Ferroelectret (7)
- Gold (7)
- Interlaboratory comparison (7)
- MRI (7)
- Material moisture (7)
- Mechanical Engineering (7)
- Metals and Alloys (7)
- Nanocomposite (7)
- Neutron diffraction (7)
- Neutron imaging (7)
- Phase transformation (7)
- Radiography (7)
- Raman (7)
- SEM (7)
- Sintering (7)
- Structural Health Monitoring (7)
- Surface chemistry (7)
- Sustainability (7)
- Synchrotron radiation (7)
- Traceability (7)
- Ultrasonic-assisted milling (7)
- XANES (7)
- Affinity chromatography (6)
- Antimicrobial resistance (6)
- Automation (6)
- Biofilms (6)
- Biomaterials (6)
- Bridge (6)
- Characterization (6)
- Coda wave interferometry (6)
- Construction products (6)
- Contrast agent (6)
- Creep-resistant steel (6)
- Cyclization (6)
- DNA radiation damage (6)
- Damage detection (6)
- Density functional theory (6)
- Diffusion (6)
- EXAFS (6)
- FTIR (6)
- Fatigue strength (6)
- Fiber optics sensors (6)
- Gadolinium (6)
- General Chemistry (6)
- Glass (6)
- Ground vibration (6)
- High-strength steel (6)
- Iron (6)
- Lithium-ion battery (6)
- MOF (6)
- MOUSE (6)
- Mass Spectrometry (6)
- Measurement uncertainty (6)
- Microplastic (6)
- Multiplexing (6)
- Mycotoxins (6)
- NEXAFS (6)
- Numerical simulation (6)
- Online NMR Spectroscopy (6)
- Optical probe (6)
- Oxidation (6)
- PH (6)
- Porosity (6)
- Process Analytical Technology (6)
- Radar (6)
- Residual Stress (6)
- Resistance spot welding (6)
- Software (6)
- Standardization (6)
- Standards (6)
- Surface functionalization (6)
- Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (6)
- TED-GC/MS (6)
- TIG welding (6)
- Ultrasonic (6)
- Upconversion nanoparticle (6)
- X-ray refraction (6)
- XRF (6)
- 3D printing (5)
- Air-coupled ultrasonic testing (5)
- Analytical Chemistry (5)
- Artificial neural networks (5)
- BAMline (5)
- Bioinformatics (5)
- CONSENS (5)
- Carbon steel (5)
- Catalyst (5)
- Cellular polypropylene (5)
- Civil engineering (5)
- Classification (5)
- Coating (5)
- Composite (5)
- Computed Tomography (5)
- Cone calorimeter (5)
- Core-shell particles (5)
- Corrosion fatigue (5)
- Corrosion resistance (5)
- Cr(III) (5)
- DFT (5)
- Dangerous goods packagings (5)
- Data fusion (5)
- Defect detection (5)
- Diffraction (5)
- Dosimetry (5)
- Electron backscatter diffraction (5)
- Embedded sensors (5)
- Energetic materials (5)
- Flame retardancy (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- General Materials Science (5)
- Graphene oxide (5)
- Hardness (5)
- ICP-OES (5)
- Inconel 718 (5)
- Industry 4.0 (5)
- Infrared thermography (5)
- Iron oxide (5)
- L-PBF (5)
- LA-ICP-MS (5)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (5)
- Laser processing (5)
- Laser thermography (5)
- Ligand (5)
- Low energy electrons (5)
- Mechanics of Materials (5)
- Metabolomics (5)
- Model updating (5)
- Modelling (5)
- Molecular dynamics (5)
- NMR (5)
- Nanocomposites (5)
- Nitrotyrosine (5)
- Ontology (5)
- PFAS (5)
- POD (5)
- Polycondensation (5)
- Polyethylene (5)
- Polymerization (5)
- Porous materials (5)
- Radiation damage (5)
- Raman microspectroscopy (5)
- Recycling (5)
- Regulation (5)
- Resource efficiency (5)
- Rheology (5)
- Ring-expansion polymerization (5)
- Ring-opening polymerization (5)
- SHM (5)
- SWIR (5)
- Sewage sludge (5)
- Silver nanoparticles (5)
- Single particle (5)
- Stainless steel (5)
- Standardisation (5)
- Struvite (5)
- Super resolution (5)
- Surface integrity (5)
- Texture (5)
- Thermal runaway (5)
- Thick-walled steel (5)
- Toxicity (5)
- Tyrosine (5)
- Ultrasonics (5)
- AISI 316L (4)
- Aggregation (4)
- Air pollution (4)
- Alumina (4)
- Antibiotics (4)
- Antibody (4)
- Artificial neural network (4)
- BODIPY (4)
- Brightness (4)
- CFRP (4)
- Carbon dioxide (4)
- Carbon nanotubes (4)
- Ceramic (4)
- Complex (4)
- Compressive strength (4)
- Copper (4)
- Crack detection (4)
- Crystalinity (4)
- DAS (4)
- Damage (4)
- Data processing (4)
- Deep learning (4)
- Diffusible hydrogen (4)
- Digital image correlation (4)
- Digitalization (4)
- Distributed fiber sensing (4)
- Distributed vibration sensing (4)
- Ectoin (4)
- Emission test chamber (4)
- Environmental Chemistry (4)
- Epoxy (4)
- Escherichia coli (4)
- FEM (4)
- Fertilizer (4)
- Fiber optic sensors (4)
- Finite element analysis (4)
- Finite element method (4)
- Fluidics (4)
- Food (4)
- Fungi (4)
- GFRP (4)
- Gas chromatography (4)
- Geant4 (4)
- General Medicine (4)
- Geosynthetics (4)
- Halomonas elongata (4)
- Heat accumulation (4)
- High alloyed steel (4)
- Hybrid laser arc welding (4)
- Hybrid laser-arc welding (4)
- Hybrid mixtures (4)
- Hydrogen storage (4)
- Hydrolysis (4)
- Hyperbranched (4)
- In situ measurement (4)
- In situ monitoring (4)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (4)
- Inspection (4)
- Internal defects (4)
- Isotope ratio (4)
- Kinetics (4)
- LC-MS/MS (4)
- Lab-on-a-chip (4)
- MALDI TOF MS (4)
- MIC (4)
- Machine Learning (4)
- Manuscripts (4)
- Materials (4)
- Materials Chemistry (4)
- Medium entropy alloy (4)
- Metaproteomics (4)
- Microcracking (4)
- Microdosimetry (4)
- Monte Carlo methods (4)
- Mycotoxin (4)
- Nanostructures (4)
- Neutron scattering (4)
- Nickel (4)
- Nitration (4)
- Numerical modeling (4)
- Optical fiber sensor (4)
- Oxygen evolution reaction (4)
- Plastic deformation (4)
- Pollen (4)
- Pollution (4)
- Polyglycerol (4)
- Process Monitoring (4)
- Protein (4)
- Quality control (4)
- Quantitative spectroscopy (4)
- Radical scavenger (4)
- Railway (4)
- Reinforced concrete (4)
- Rubber (4)
- SERS (4)
- Sample preparation (4)
- Scanning electron microscopy (4)
- Selective laser melting (SLM) (4)
- Sensors (4)
- Signal enhancement (4)
- Signal processing (4)
- Small-angle scattering (4)
- Stress relaxation (4)
- Stress relief cracking (4)
- Surface (4)
- Synergy (4)
- Termites (4)
- Thin films (4)
- Titanium dioxide (4)
- ToF-SIMS (4)
- Transducer (4)
- UV radiation (4)
- Ultrashort laser pulses (4)
- Upconversion (4)
- VOC (4)
- Virulence (4)
- Weathering (4)
- X-ray imaging (4)
- 316L (3)
- AGIL (3)
- Acid resistance (3)
- Adsorption (3)
- Advanced materials (3)
- Aeroacoustics (3)
- Africa (3)
- Ageing (3)
- Air-coupled (3)
- Allergy (3)
- Alloy 36 (3)
- Aluminium (3)
- Amino acid analysis (3)
- Amyloid (3)
- Analytical methods (3)
- Antikörper (3)
- Artificial Intelligence (3)
- Bead (3)
- Benchmarking (3)
- Binder Jetting (3)
- Biosensing (3)
- Biosensor (3)
- Bisphenol A (3)
- Black fungi (3)
- Boehmite (3)
- Brain (3)
- Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (3)
- Building and Construction (3)
- Building materials (3)
- C-F bond activation (3)
- C-OTDR (3)
- CALPHAD (3)
- CFD simulation (3)
- Carbon (3)
- Carbonation (3)
- Cement hydration (3)
- Ceramics and Composites (3)
- Certification (3)
- Chemical analysis (3)
- Chromatography (3)
- Cocrystal (3)
- Compatible solute (3)
- Compression set (3)
- Condensed Matter Physics (3)
- Coptic (3)
- Core-shell (3)
- Corrosion Fatigue (3)
- Corrosion testing (3)
- Crack (3)
- Crack depth (3)
- Crack evolution (3)
- Crack propagation (3)
- Cracking (3)
- Crystal (3)
- Crystal plasticity (3)
- Crystals (3)
- Cytotoxicity (3)
- DED (3)
- DFG SPP 2005 (3)
- DNA damage (3)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (3)
- Debye–Waller factor (3)
- Deep penetration (3)
- Diagnostics (3)
- Differential scanning calorimetry (3)
- Digital detector array (DDA) (3)
- Digital radiography (3)
- Digitalisation (3)
- Direct laser writing (3)
- Disinfection (3)
- Distributed sensing (3)
- Distributed strain sensing (3)
- Double-strand break (DSB) (3)
- Duplex stainless steels (3)
- Dust explosions (3)
- EPDM (3)
- Ecodesign (3)
- Ecology (3)
- Ecotoxicity (3)
- Education (3)
- Electrocatalysis (3)
- Emission (3)
- Energy label (3)
- Ergot alkaloids (3)
- Excitation power density (3)
- Existing structures (3)
- Extracellular matrix (3)
- FAIR (3)
- FRET (3)
- Fatigue crack propagation threshold (3)
- Fatigue tests (3)
- Fe-N-C catalysts (3)
- Fire (3)
- Fire protection (3)
- Fire resistance (3)
- Fire test (3)
- Flame retardants (3)
- Flexible crystals (3)
- Fluoride (3)
- Food analysis (3)
- Fracture (3)
- Fracture mechanics (3)
- Fuel cells (3)
- Gadofosveset (3)
- Geant4-DNA (3)
- Geotextiles (3)
- Giant magnetoresistance (3)
- Glass fiber reinforced polymers (3)
- HPLC (3)
- HRMS (3)
- Hausner ratio (3)
- Helium (3)
- High temperature (3)
- High-density polyethylene (3)
- High-entropy alloys (3)
- High-resolution mass spectrometry (3)
- High-throughput (3)
- Human factors (3)
- Human serum (3)
- Hydration (3)
- Hydrogen assisted cracking (3)
- Hydrogen embrittlement (3)
- Hydroxyectoine (3)
- Imaging ellipsometry (3)
- Impurities (3)
- Incineration bottom ash (3)
- Infrared spectroscopy (3)
- Intermodulation AFM (3)
- Interphase (3)
- Isotope dilution (3)
- Kikuchi patterns (3)
- Lamb waves (3)
- Lanthanides (3)
- Laser Thermography (3)
- Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (3)
- Laser-induced X-ray emission (3)
- Liquid metal embrittlement (3)
- Lithium (3)
- MALDI (3)
- Magnetic nanoparticles (3)
- Mass Spectroscopy (3)
- Measurements (3)
- Metal phosphonate (3)
- Method development (3)
- Methodology (3)
- Micro-computed tomography (3)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (3)
- Microfluidics (3)
- Microwave (3)
- Model (3)
- Modeling (3)
- Moisture transport (3)
- Molecular imaging (3)
- Molecular imprinting (3)
- Monoclonal antibody (3)
- Multidisciplinary (3)
- Multiple crack propagation (3)
- NAP-XPS (3)
- NMR relaxometry (3)
- Nanopartikel (3)
- Nanoplastics (3)
- Nanostructure (3)
- Nanotechnology (3)
- Neutron tomography (3)
- Niobium carbide (3)
- Nitrogen (3)
- Non-invasive analysis (3)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (3)
- Nucleation (3)
- Numerical modelling (3)
- Offshore (3)
- Online NMR spectroscopy (3)
- Optical spectroscopy (3)
- Osmoadaptation (3)
- Oxygen reduction reaction (3)
- Ozone (3)
- PCA (3)
- PMMA (3)
- Papyrus (3)
- Particle size (3)
- Passive RFID (3)
- Peptide (3)
- Peptides (3)
- Permeability (3)
- Phase distribution (3)
- Phase-field simulation (3)
- Phenylalanine (3)
- Phonons (3)
- Photocatalysis (3)
- Physisorption (3)
- Pigments (3)
- Pitting (3)
- Plasticity (3)
- Polycarbonate (3)
- Polyglycolide (3)
- Polyurethane (3)
- Post weld heat treatment (3)
- Post-weld heat treatment (3)
- Precipitation (3)
- Probability of detection (3)
- Probe (3)
- Process Control (3)
- Process Industry (3)
- Proper generalized decomposition (3)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3)
- Quality (3)
- Quality Infrastructure (3)
- Reconstruction algorithm (3)
- Reference Material (3)
- Reverse time migration (3)
- Roughness (3)
- SAFT (3)
- SSB (3)
- Safety (3)
- Safety characteristics (3)
- Screed (3)
- Screening (3)
- Self-assembly (3)
- Sensitization (3)
- Shape memory polymer (3)
- Sift-proofness (3)
- Silicon carbide (3)
- Single particle ICP-MS (3)
- Single-strand break (SSB) (3)
- Small-angle x-ray scattering (3)
- Smart structures (3)
- Solid state NMR (3)
- Solubility (3)
- Spalling (3)
- Submerged arc welding (3)
- Surface analysis (3)
- Surfaces, Coatings and Films (3)
- Switch (3)
- TEM (3)
- Temperature (3)
- Tensile properties (3)
- Termite (3)
- Thermal desorption (3)
- Thermal expansion (3)
- Thermodynamics (3)
- Thermoelectrics (3)
- Thermoplastics (3)
- Topas (3)
- Toxicology (3)
- Transcriptomics (3)
- Transesterification (3)
- Transformation products (3)
- Tubular X-joints (3)
- UL 94 (3)
- Ultrashort pulsed laser (3)
- Ultrasonic guided waves (3)
- Uncertainty (3)
- Upscaling (3)
- Value of information (3)
- Varestraint test (3)
- Viscosity (3)
- Volatile organic compounds (3)
- WAAM (3)
- Waste management (3)
- Wave propagation (3)
- Weld pool shape (3)
- Wind energy (3)
- Wind turbine (3)
- Wood Protection (3)
- X-ray (3)
- X-ray tomography (3)
- XANES spectroscopy (3)
- XAS (3)
- XCT (3)
- Zinc (3)
- Zirconia (3)
- 2PP (2)
- 3D-printing (2)
- AAA (2)
- AAS (2)
- AISI 304L (2)
- Ab initio (2)
- Absolute isotope ratio (2)
- Accelerated testing (2)
- Acoustic sensing (2)
- Acoustic-flow interaction (2)
- Active thermal imaging (2)
- Additive manufacturing (AM) (2)
- Advanced high strength steels (2)
- Aggregation induced emission (2)
- Air sampling (2)
- Algorithms (2)
- Alkali silica reaction (2)
- Alkali zinc borate glasses (2)
- Alloy modification (2)
- Aluminium oxide hydroxide (2)
- Aluminum alloys (2)
- Aluminum diethylphosphinate (2)
- Aluminum hydroxide (ATH) (2)
- Amorphization (2)
- Amorphous carbon (2)
- Amperometry (2)
- Amphiphilicity (2)
- Analysis (2)
- Angle of repose (2)
- Annealing (2)
- Anode (2)
- Anodization (2)
- Antibodies (2)
- Aqueous solution (2)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis (2)
- Artificial ageing (2)
- Artificial intelligence (2)
- Artificial weathering (2)
- Assay (2)
- Assessment (2)
- Atherosclerosis (2)
- Atmospheric boundary layer (2)
- Atmospheric pressure plasma (2)
- Atomic weight (2)
- Atomistic models (2)
- Au (2)
- AuNP (2)
- Austenite-to-martensite transformation (2)
- Automated image analysis (2)
- Automated synthesis (2)
- Automotive (2)
- Axial force (2)
- Axle (2)
- BESSY (2)
- BOFDA (2)
- Backlight (2)
- Bacterial attachment (2)
- Ball milling (2)
- Barcoding (2)
- Base damage (2)
- Base loss (2)
- Bassanite (2)
- Bead-based assay (2)
- Behavior and Systematics (2)
- Benz[a]anthracene (BaA) (2)
- Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (2)
- Beta decay (2)
- Betatron (2)
- Bingham fluid (2)
- Bio-SAXS (2)
- Bio-weathering (2)
- Bioactive glass (2)
- Bioactivity (2)
- Bioceramics (2)
- Biochemistry (2)
- Bioconjugation (2)
- Biodeterioration (2)
- Biodiesel (2)
- Biofouling (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Biotechnology (2)
- Biotests (2)
- Bismuth (2)
- Black yeast (2)
- Bonding Analysis (2)
- Borehole (2)
- Brachytherapy (2)
- Bragg-edge imaging (2)
- Bridge Monitoring (2)
- Brillouin (2)
- Brillouin distributed sensing (2)
- Building material (2)
- Bulge effect (2)
- Bulk metallic glasses (2)
- Bus interior materials (2)
- CCUS (2)
- CO2 (2)
- CO2-storage (2)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (2)
- Calcined clay (2)
- Calcium carbonate (2)
- Calcium sulfate (2)
- Cancer treatment (2)
- Cannibalism (2)
- Carbide (2)
- Carbon capture and storage (2)
- Carbon fibers (2)
- Carrier protein (2)
- Cell (2)
- Cells (2)
- Cellular internalization (2)
- Cellular solids (2)
- Cellulose (2)
- Cement matrix (2)
- Ceramic matrix composites (2)
- Ceramics (2)
- Certified reference material (2)
- Certified reference materials (2)
- Characterisation (2)
- Charge transfer (2)
- Charring (2)
- Chemical composition (2)
- Chemisorption (2)
- Chemometrics (2)
- Chloride (2)
- Chlorides (2)
- Chlorine (2)
- Civil Engineering (2)
- Civil and Structural Engineering (2)
- Click Chemistry (2)
- Clustered nanoparticles (2)
- Clustering (2)
- Coatings and Films (2)
- Cobalt (2)
- Coda Wave Interferometry (2)
- Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) (2)
- Collagen (2)
- Colourants (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (2)
- Comparability (2)
- Composite structures (2)
- Concrete structures (2)
- Condition monitoring (2)
- Conformation (2)
- Conservation (2)
- Construction (2)
- Construction and demolition waste (2)
- Contact resonance (2)
- Convolutional neural network (2)
- Core-shell nanoparticles (2)
- Core−shell particles (2)
- Corrosion protection (2)
- Cosolute (2)
- Coulomb explosion (2)
- CrCoNi (2)
- CrMnFeCoNi (2)
- Critical strain (2)
- Crop protection products (2)
- Cross-linking (2)
- Crystal orientation (2)
- Crystal structure (2)
- Crystallographic texture (2)
- Cultural heritage (2)
- Cuprorivaite (2)
- Cyclic (2)
- Cyclic R-curve (2)
- Cyclic loading (2)
- Cytop (2)
- DFT calculation (2)
- DHN melanin (2)
- DIRECTT (2)
- DLP (2)
- DMD (2)
- DMSO (2)
- DOPO (2)
- DSC (2)
- DVS (2)
- Damage evolution (2)
- Data Fusion (2)
- Data analysis (2)
- Data preparation (2)
- Data science (2)
- Debinding (2)
- Decision support (2)
- Delamination (2)
- Delta scale (2)
- Density separation (2)
- Densty-based Thermodynamics (2)
- Dentistry (2)
- Depletion force (2)
- Derivatization (2)
- Design of experiment (2)
- Design of experiments (2)
- Destructive testing (2)
- Deuterium (2)
- Diagnosis (2)
- Dichtheit (2)
- Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (2)
- Digestion (2)
- Digital Twins (2)
- Digital image correlation (DIC) (2)
- Dimerization (2)
- Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) (2)
- Directed Energy Deposition (2)
- Discotic Liquid Crystals (2)
- Discrete element method (2)
- Disposal (2)
- Dissolution (2)
- Distortion (2)
- Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor (2)
- Distributed fiber optic sensors (2)
- Distributed humidity sensing (2)
- Dityrosine (2)
- Documentation (2)
- Domain decomposition methods (2)
- Dothideomycetes (2)
- Dripping (2)
- Drop test (2)
- Dry treatment (2)
- Dual sensing (2)
- Duplex stainless steel (2)
- Dyes (2)
- Dynamic Light Scattering (2)
- Dynamic loads (2)
- Dynamic test (2)
- EDS (2)
- EDX (2)
- ESEM (2)
- Eddy current testing (2)
- Editorial (2)
- Egypt (2)
- Egyptian blue (2)
- Elasticity (2)
- Elastomers (2)
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (2)
- Electrochemical methods (2)
- Electromagnetic weld pool support (2)
- Electron backscattered diffraction (2)
- Electron beam melting (2)
- Electron beam-induced fragmentation (2)
- Electron tomography (2)
- Electronic (2)
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials (2)
- Element-specific spectroscopy (2)
- Elemental composition (2)
- Embedded humidity sensors (2)
- Emission spectroscopy (2)
- Encapsulation (2)
- Endocrine disruptor (2)
- Endokrine Disruptoren (2)
- Energy deposit (2)
- Energy dispersive diffraction (2)
- Energy efficiency (2)
- Enhancement (2)
- Entomopathogen (2)
- Environment (2)
- Environmental conditions (2)
- Environmental stress cracking (2)
- Environmental stress cracking (ESC) (2)
- Epoxy nanocomposites (2)
- Epoxy resin (2)
- Esterification (2)
- Ettringite (2)
- Europium (2)
- Evaporation (2)
- Evaporite rock (2)
- Expandable graphite (2)
- Experimental testing (2)
- Explicit dynamics (2)
- FMEA (2)
- FTIR spectroscopy (2)
- Fatigue damage (2)
- Fatty acid metabolism (2)
- Fe L3 edge absorption spectra (2)
- Femtosecond laser ablation (2)
- Femtosecond laser processing (2)
- Ferromagnetism (2)
- Ferumoxytol (2)
- Fiber Bragg grating (2)
- Fiber optic sensor (2)
- Fiber orientation (2)
- Fiber-optic sensors (2)
- Finite element simulation (2)
- Fire behaviour (2)
- Fire statistics (2)
- Flame inhibition (2)
- Flammability (2)
- Flow properties (2)
- Flowability (2)
- Fluoreszenz (2)
- Fluorides (2)
- Foaming (2)
- Force-distance curves (2)
- Formaldehyde (2)
- Forsterite (2)
- Frequency analysis (2)
- Fuel Cells (2)
- Full notch creep test (FNCT) (2)
- Full penetration (2)
- Functional Materials (2)
- Functionalized graphene (2)
- G5P (2)
- GMA welding (2)
- GMAW (2)
- GMR (2)
- GVP (2)
- Gamma radiation monitoring (2)
- Gap bridgeability (2)
- Gas analysis (2)
- Gas chromatography (GC) (2)
- Gas explosion (2)
- Gas metal arc welding (2)
- Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) (2)
- Gefahrgutverpackungen (2)
- Gel electrolytes (2)
- Gel electrophoresis (2)
- Gel-type electrolytes (2)
- General Earth and Planetary Sciences (2)
- Geology (2)
- Geometric Phase (2)
- Geometrical effect (2)
- Geophysics (2)
- Geothermal (2)
- Geruch (2)
- Glass powder (2)
- Glass transition (2)
- Glass transition temperature (2)
- Glyphosate (2)
- Gold Nanoparticles (2)
- Grain boundaries (2)
- Grain refinement (2)
- Graphene Oxide (2)
- Graphitization (2)
- Growth kinetics (2)
- Guided Waves (2)
- Gut microbiota (2)
- Gypsum (2)
- HAXPES (2)
- HIP (2)
- HPLC-MS/MS (2)
- HTS (2)
- Halophilic bacteria (2)
- Hapten (2)
- Hardmetal (2)
- Health monitoring (2)
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis (2)
- Heart failure (2)
- Heat control (2)
- Heat transfer (2)
- Heterogeneity (2)
- Heterogeneous catalysis (2)
- High Alloyed Steel (2)
- High entropy alloys (2)
- High strength steel (2)
- High strength steels (2)
- High-entropy alloy (2)
- High-performance concrete (2)
- High-power laser beam welding (2)
- High-strength structural steel (2)
- Hot cracking (2)
- Hot stamping (2)
- Human behaviour (2)
- Humidity (2)
- Hybrid metrology (2)
- Hybridoma (2)
- Hydrazinolysis (2)
- Hydrogen Embrittlement (2)
- Hydrogen evolution reaction (2)
- Hydrogen-assisted cracking (2)
- Hydroxyl radical (2)
- Hydroxyl radicals (2)
- IR spectroscopy (2)
- ISO/IEC 27001 (2)
- IgG (2)
- Image analysis (2)
- Image quality (2)
- Immunoaffinity extraction (2)
- Immunocapture (2)
- Immunogen (2)
- Immunoglobulins (2)
- Immunosensor (2)
- Impact (2)
- Impact simulation (2)
- Impact target (2)
- Implant test (2)
- In-situ (2)
- In-situ polymerization (2)
- In-vivo (2)
- Indirect Hard Modeling (2)
- Indium phosphide (2)
- Indoor air (2)
- Indoor air quality (2)
- Inflammation (2)
- Information security (2)
- Initial crack size (2)
- Ink (2)
- Ink analysis (2)
- Insect biotechnology (2)
- Instrumentation (2)
- Inter layer time (2)
- Interface (2)
- Interfacial shear strength (2)
- Interlaboratory test (2)
- Interoperability (2)
- Intumescence (2)
- Intumescent coating (2)
- Ionic liquid (2)
- Ionization (2)
- Ionizing radiation (2)
- Ionizing radiation damage (2)
- Irradiation (2)
- Isogeometric analysis (2)
- Isotope (2)
- Isotope dilution (ID) (2)
- Isotope ratios (2)
- Joint sparsity (2)
- Keratin (2)
- LBM-DEM (2)
- LC-MS (2)
- LCA (2)
- LEE (2)
- LIF (2)
- LPBF (2)
- Label (2)
- Lapis lazuli (2)
- Laser (2)
- Laser Doppler vibrometer (2)
- Laser beam melting (2)
- Laser beam melting (LBM) (2)
- Laser energy distribution (2)
- Laser hybrid welding (2)
- Laser scanning microscopy (LSM) (2)
- Laser-induced oxide layer (2)
- Laser-induced x-ray emission (2)
- Laser-metal-deposition (2)
- Lateral flow assay (2)
- Lattice distortion (2)
- Lattice misfit (2)
- Lattice parameters (2)
- Lattice structures (2)
- Layered double hydroxide (2)
- Layered soil (2)
- Leaching control mechanisms (2)
- Leaching tests (2)
- Lead borate glasses (2)
- Lead ions (2)
- Leather (2)
- Lethal dose (2)
- Life cycle assessment (2)
- Life sciences (2)
- Limit of detection (2)
- Lipidomic profile (2)
- Liquid Metal Embrittlement (2)
- Liquid chromatography (LC) (2)
- Liquid phase sintering (2)
- Lithium-ion batteries (2)
- Livermore model (2)
- Local structure (2)
- Lock-in Thermography (2)
- Long term monitoring (2)
- Lorenz transmission electron microscopy (2)
- Low transformation temperature (LTT) steel (2)
- Low-cost (2)
- Lubricants (2)
- Lysimeter (2)
- MC-ICP-MS (2)
- MCS (2)
- Machining (2)
- Magnesium (2)
- Magnesium hydroxide (2)
- Magnetic beads (2)
- Magnetic field (2)
- Magnetic flux leakage (2)
- Magnetic properties (2)
- Magnetism (2)
- Management system standard (2)
- Marine littering (2)
- Martensitic stainless steels (2)
- Mass spectrometry (MS) (2)
- Material analysis (2)
- Material characterisation (2)
- Material flow analysis (2)
- Materials Characterization (2)
- Materials characterization (2)
- Materials informatics (2)
- Mechanical property (2)
- Medical implants (2)
- Melting experiments (2)
- Mercury (2)
- Mesoporous materials (2)
- Metabolic stress (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Metal (2)
- Metal fluorides (2)
- Metal magnetic memory (2)
- Metal-organic-frameworks (2)
- Metallic glasses (2)
- Methane (2)
- Micro-CT (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microarray (2)
- Microbeads (2)
- Microbiome (2)
- Microcolonial fungi (2)
- Micromechanical modelling (2)
- Microstrucrue Design (2)
- Microstructural characterization (2)
- Microstructure Design (2)
- Microstructure characterization (2)
- Mikroplastik (2)
- Milling (2)
- Mitigation (2)
- Mixed ink (2)
- Mixture toxicity (2)
- Model calibration (2)
- Modellierung (2)
- Modular Production (2)
- Modulus (2)
- Molecular Dynamics (2)
- Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (2)
- Monolithic column (2)
- Monte Carlo simulation (2)
- Monte-Carlo simulation (2)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (2)
- Multi-principal element alloys (2)
- Multiphoton lithography (2)
- Multivariate data analysis (2)
- NDT-CE (2)
- NP (2)
- Nanoindentation (2)
- Nanomaterial classification (2)
- Nanometrology (2)
- Nanoparticle concentration (2)
- Nanoscience (2)
- Native oxide (2)
- Natural gas (2)
- Neural network (2)
- Neural networks (2)
- Neutron Diffraction (2)
- Neutron radiography (2)
- Ni (2)
- Nickel-base superalloys (2)
- Niobium (2)
- Niobium carbide (NbC) (2)
- Nitrogen dioxide (2)
- Nitrogen oxides (2)
- Non-Destructive Testing (2)
- Non-destructive Testing (2)
- Non-equilibrium thermodynamics (2)
- Nontarget analysis (2)
- Number density (2)
- Numerical process simulation (2)
- OH radical (2)
- OH radical scavenger (2)
- Online monitoring (2)
- Ontologies (2)
- Open Science (2)
- Open data (2)
- Open science (2)
- OpenFOAM (2)
- Optical and Magnetic Materials (2)
- Optical backscatter reflectometry (2)
- Optical detection (2)
- Optical flow (2)
- Optical microphone (2)
- Optical time domain reflectometry (2)
- Optical tomography (2)
- Optimization (2)
- Optimization technique (2)
- Organic Chemistry (2)
- Organic contaminants (2)
- Organic peroxide (2)
- Orientation precision (2)
- Origami (2)
- Ostwald ripening (2)
- Oxyfuel (2)
- Oxygen (2)
- P92 (2)
- PBF-LB/M (2)
- PFEM (2)
- PGAA (2)
- PGM-free catalysts (2)
- PIXE (2)
- Particle scattering (2)
- Particle scattering simulations (2)
- Particle size distribution (2)
- Particles (2)
- Partikel (2)
- Passivation (2)
- Passive thermography (2)
- Pathogen (2)
- Penelope model (2)
- Peptide library (2)
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (2)
- Ph (2)
- Phase diagrams (2)
- Phase grating (2)
- Phase transformations (2)
- Phased array technique (2)
- Phosphine oxide (2)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (2)
- Phosphorus recovery (2)
- Phosphorylated peptides (2)
- Photodegradation (2)
- Photon counting detectors (2)
- Phylogeny (2)
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (2)
- Physical and theoretical chemistry (2)
- Physics (2)
- Pigment analyses (2)
- Pipeline (2)
- Pipeline steel (2)
- Pitting corrosion (2)
- Plant Science (2)
- Plasma-transferred arc welding (2)
- Plasmid DNA in water (2)
- Polarity (2)
- Policy making (2)
- Poly(ester urethane) (2)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) (2)
- Polymer optical fiber (2)
- Polymer optical fibers (2)
- Polymer optical fibre (2)
- Polymere (2)
- Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (2)
- Polymorphism (2)
- Polysaccharides (2)
- Pore space (2)
- Pores (2)
- Portland cement (2)
- Post-injection pressure drop (2)
- Powders (2)
- Pre-ignition pressure rise (2)
- Prediction (2)
- Predisposal (2)
- Preferential exclusion (2)
- Preheating (2)
- Pressure tanks (2)
- Prestressed concrete (2)
- Process atmosphere (2)
- Process control (2)
- Process industries (2)
- Production (2)
- Prostate cancer (2)
- Protein A (2)
- Protein nitration (2)
- Protein unfolding (2)
- Proteins (2)
- Proteomics (2)
- Provenance studies (2)
- Purification (2)
- Purity (2)
- Quality Control (2)
- Quantum dot (2)
- Quasicrystal (2)
- ROPPOC (2)
- ROS (2)
- RT (2)
- Radiation damage to biomolecules (2)
- Radiation therapy (2)
- Radiation-induced attenuation (2)
- Radiationtherapy (2)
- Radioactive decay (2)
- Radioactive waste (2)
- Radiographie (2)
- Radiolysis (2)
- Raman microscopy (2)
- Random field (2)
- Rapid mass calorimeter (2)
- Ray tracing (2)
- Rayleigh scattering (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Real-time process monitoring (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Rectangular cross-section (2)
- Red phosphorus (2)
- Reference (2)
- Reference data (2)
- Refill friction stir spot welding (2)
- Refraction (2)
- Regeneration (2)
- Regularization (2)
- Reinforced Concrete (2)
- Reliability assessment (2)
- Remediation (2)
- Renewable Energy (2)
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (2)
- Repair welding (2)
- Representative specimens (2)
- Residual stress analysis (2)
- Rice husk ash (2)
- Ring opening polymerization (2)
- Risk (2)
- Risk assessment (2)
- Road tankers (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Round robin test (2)
- SPR (2)
- SSRT (2)
- SZ2080 negative photo-resist (2)
- Salt (2)
- Salts (2)
- Sapphire (2)
- Scaffold (2)
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (2)
- Secondary building materials (2)
- Secondary ion mass spectrometry (2)
- Secondary raw materials (2)
- Selective Laser Melting (2)
- Selective Laser Melting (SLM) (2)
- Selective laser melting (2)
- Self-healing (2)
- Self-organization (2)
- Semiconductor (2)
- Sensitivity (2)
- Sensitivity analysis (2)
- Sensor array (2)
- Sequence coverage (2)
- Sequential learning (2)
- Sewage sludge ash (2)
- Shell (2)
- Short crack propagation (2)
- Short-range order (2)
- Sialic acid (2)
- Silica (2)
- Silicon (2)
- Silicon nanowires (2)
- Single molecule (2)
- Single pass welding (2)
- Single-atom catalysts (2)
- Single-source precursors (2)
- Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (2)
- Size (2)
- Size measurement (2)
- Sliding simulation (2)
- Slurry (2)
- Smart Sensors (2)
- Smoke gas emission (2)
- Sol-gel (2)
- Solid-state batteries (2)
- Solutions (pH, salinity, cosolutes) (2)
- Sorption isotherm (2)
- Space (2)
- Spark plasma sintering (2)
- Spectral induced polarization (2)
- Spectroscopic ellipsometry (2)
- Sr isotopes (2)
- Stability (2)
- Stainless Steel (2)
- Statistical analysis (2)
- Steel corrosion (2)
- Steels (2)
- Stimulated Brillouin scattering (2)
- Strain (2)
- Strain measurement (2)
- Strength (2)
- Stress (2)
- Stress corrosion cracking (2)
- Stress intensity factor (2)
- Structural dynamics (2)
- Structural health monitoring (SHM) (2)
- Structural integrity (2)
- Structural sealant glazing (2)
- Structure-property relationship (2)
- Subaerial biofilms (2)
- Substance release (2)
- Sulfur (2)
- Surface modification (2)
- Surface plasmon resonance (2)
- Surface roughness (2)
- Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (2)
- Surfaces (2)
- Sustainability and the Environment (2)
- Symbiosis (2)
- Synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (2)
- Synthetic Training Data (2)
- Synthetic peptides (2)
- System identification (2)
- Sythesis (2)
- T-SEM (2)
- TOPAS (2)
- TOPAS-nbio (2)
- TXRF (2)
- Talbot- Lau interferometry (2)
- Technical crack detection (2)
- Technological innovation system (2)
- Tempered martensite-ferritic steel (2)
- Tensile strength (2)
- Tensile testing (2)
- Terrorism (2)
- Test strips (2)
- Teststreifen (2)
- Tetrapyrrolic Fe–N–C powders (2)
- Theory (2)
- Thermal analysis (2)
- Thermal anhydrite (2)
- Thermal conductivity (2)
- Thermal history (2)
- Thermal treatment (2)
- Thermo-responsiveness (2)
- Thermoacoustic (2)
- Thermodynamic modelling (2)
- Thermoplastic polyurethane (2)
- Thermoset (2)
- Tin acetates (2)
- Tineola bisselliella (2)
- Titanium (2)
- Titanium alloy (2)
- Titanium alloys (2)
- Tool wear (2)
- Torsion (2)
- Train-induced ground vibration (2)
- Transducers (2)
- Transformation (2)
- Transformation product (2)
- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (2)
- Tribologie (2)
- Triple isotope fractionation (2)
- Triplet-triplet annihilation (2)
- Truss structures (2)
- Tryptophan (2)
- Tumor (2)
- Tumor metabolism (2)
- Two-photon polymerization (2)
- Ultra thin polymer films (2)
- Ultrafine particles (2)
- Ultrashort laser material interaction (2)
- Ultrasonic imaging (2)
- Ultrasonic transducer (2)
- Upconversion nanoparticles (2)
- VSSA (2)
- Vacuum (2)
- Vaporization (2)
- Vehicle-track interaction (2)
- Verkehrsinfrastukturen (2)
- Vibration (2)
- Vickers indentation (2)
- Virology (2)
- Virus (2)
- Virus inhibition (2)
- Volume fraction (2)
- Waste treatment (2)
- Water (2)
- Water analysis (2)
- Water-based (2)
- Weld pool dynamics (2)
- Welding simulation (2)
- Weldments (2)
- White light interference microscopy (2)
- Wind turbine blades (2)
- Wire arc additive manufacturing (2)
- Wood (2)
- Wood protection (2)
- Workflow (2)
- X-Ray Diffraction (2)
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (2)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (2)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (2)
- X-ray backscatter imaging (2)
- X-ray computed tomography (CT) (2)
- X-ray computed tomography (XCT) (2)
- X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- Yb(III) complex (2)
- Young’s modulus (2)
- ZIF (2)
- ZIF-8 (2)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (2)
- Zinc coatings (2)
- Zink (2)
- atomic force microscopy (2)
- cocrystal (2)
- dXCT (2)
- i-TRIBOMAT (2)
- in situ (2)
- magnesium (2)
- mass spectrometry (2)
- nanoparticle (2)
- neutron diffraction (2)
- pH (2)
- ssDNA (2)
- surface modification (2)
- x-ray diffraction (2)
- µ-CT (2)
- Überdruckverfahren (2)
- Փ-OTDR (2)
- 'Click' reaction (1)
- (Quantitative) Structure-Active Relationships (1)
- 1-indanol (1)
- 1-propyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (1)
- 100Cr6 (AISI 52100) steel (1)
- 12%Cr steel (1)
- 150th anniversary (1)
- 150th anniversary of BAM (1)
- 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) (1)
- 1H-NMR (1)
- 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (1)
- 2-D Welding Simulation (1)
- 20 L-sphere (1)
- 20L-sphere (1)
- 2101 duplex stainless steel (1)
- 266nm (1)
- 280 nm (1)
- 2D Materials (1)
- 2D chromatography (1)
- 2D nanomaterial (1)
- 3-dimensional microscopy (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D Scanning (1)
- 3D concrete printing (1)
- 3D deep convolutional neural network (3D DCNN) (1)
- 3D inspection (1)
- 3D microstructure (1)
- 3D-Rekonstruktion (1)
- 3DCP (1)
- 4-Dimensional scanning transmission (1)
- 4D tomographic data (1)
- 4H–SiC (1)
- 6xHis (1)
- 9% Ni Steel (1)
- 9%Ni steel (1)
- 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide; DOPO (1)
- A key interface (1)
- A-DNA conformation (1)
- AAAA (1)
- AAM (1)
- ABC (1)
- ABID (1)
- ABS (1)
- AC magnetic field (1)
- ACEnano (1)
- ACEnet (1)
- ADC (1)
- ADMM (1)
- AEMFC (1)
- AF4 (1)
- AFM cantilever vibration (1)
- AFM force distance curves (1)
- AFM force spectroscopy (1)
- AFM friction analysis (1)
- AFM intermittent contact (1)
- AFM plastic deformation (1)
- AFM stiffness of interface (1)
- AFm phase (1)
- AGE (1)
- AHSS (1)
- AHTN (1)
- AHTN-COOMe (1)
- AIE (1)
- AIS (1)
- AM feature integration (1)
- ANFO (1)
- API molecule (1)
- ASR (1)
- ASR modelling (1)
- ASR-Sensitive Aggregate (1)
- ASTM E647 (1)
- ATCUN (1)
- ATZ (1)
- AZ31 (1)
- Aantimicrobial (1)
- Aautomatisation (1)
- Ab initio Simulation (1)
- Ab initio calculations (1)
- Ab initio simulation (1)
- Ab initio thermodynamics (1)
- Abasic site (1)
- Aberfan flowslide (1)
- Absolute dose (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Absorption correction (1)
- Abuse testing (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Academic Software (1)
- Academic genealogy (1)
- Accelerated aging (1)
- Accelerated carbonation (1)
- Accelerated concrete prism test (1)
- Acceleration sensors (1)
- Accelerator mass spectrometry (1)
- Accessible (1)
- Accoustic emission (1)
- Accreditation (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acetic acid (1)
- Acetylation (1)
- Acid attack (1)
- Acid-leaching (1)
- Acidic oxygen evolution reaction (1)
- Acidity (1)
- Acidobacteria (1)
- Acoustic (1)
- Acoustic emission analysis (1)
- Acoustic emission monitoring (1)
- Acoustic resonance (1)
- Acoustic test (1)
- Acoustic-Structure Interaction (1)
- Acoustical damping (1)
- Acoustics (1)
- Acousto-optic effect (1)
- Acoustoelasticity (1)
- Acrylamide (1)
- Activation energy (1)
- Active polymer (1)
- Active site density (1)
- Acute myocardial infarction (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Adaptive importance sampling (1)
- Additive Manufacture (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (1)
- Additive manufactured Ni-base superalloys (1)
- Additive manufacturing of concrete (1)
- Additives (1)
- Adhesive joint (1)
- Adhesives (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone receptor (1)
- Adjuvantien (1)
- Admixtures (1)
- Adoption (1)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (1)
- Adsorbed water layer thickness (1)
- Adsorbtion (1)
- Adsorption of pyridine (1)
- Adulteration (1)
- Adulteration detection (1)
- Advanced Materials (1)
- Advanced calorimetry (1)
- Advanced high-strength steel (1)
- Advanced manufacturing (1)
- Advanced material (1)
- Advanced nanomaterials (1)
- Aerial robot olfaction (1)
- Aeroallergens (1)
- Aerodynamic levitation (1)
- Aerosol (1)
- Aerosol gravimetry (1)
- Aerosol measurement instruments (1)
- Aerosolsensor (1)
- Aerospace (1)
- Aerospace applications (1)
- Affinity (1)
- Affinity Chromatography (1)
- Affinity Extraction (1)
- Affinity Separation (1)
- Affinity extraction (1)
- Aflatoxin (1)
- Ag (1)
- Ag nanoparticles (1)
- Ag-LDI-MS (1)
- AgBB Bewertung (1)
- AgInS (1)
- Agar (1)
- Agarose gel electrophorese (1)
- Age hardening (1)
- Aggregates (1)
- Aggregation-induced emission (1)
- Aggressive environments (1)
- Agricultural by-product (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Air analysis (1)
- Air conditioner (1)
- Air filter samples (1)
- Air particulate matter (1)
- Air quality monitoring (1)
- Air-based (1)
- Air-conditioning (1)
- Air-coupled transducers (1)
- Airborne ultrasonic testing (1)
- Airport (1)
- Akaike information criterion picker (1)
- Akkreditierung (1)
- Aktivkohle (1)
- Akustische Emission (1)
- Al-Cu alloy (1)
- Al-Cu-Li-alloy (1)
- Al/SiO2 composite (1)
- Al2O3 (1)
- AlCl (1)
- AlMg0.7SiTiB filler wire (1)
- AlSi10Mg (1)
- AlSi10Mg alloy (1)
- Alanine scan (1)
- Albumin (1)
- Alcium alkali phosphate (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Algal toxins (1)
- Alite (1)
- Alkali Activated Concrete (1)
- Alkali aggregate reaction (1)
- Alkali aluminosilicate glasses (1)
- Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) (1)
- Alkali-activated (1)
- Alkali-activated binders (1)
- Alkali-activated building materials (1)
- Alkali-activated slag (1)
- Alkali-silica reaction (1)
- Alkaline Oxygen (1)
- Alkaline brines (1)
- Alkaline earth metal coordination polymers (1)
- Alkalis (1)
- Alkali–silica reaction (1)
- Alkyd resin-based coating (1)
- Allergene (1)
- Allergie (1)
- Alloy Safety (1)
- Alloy design (1)
- Alloy microstructure (1)
- Alloys (1)
- Alpha (1)
- Alpha-tricalcium phosphate (1)
- Altenuene (1)
- Alternaria mycotoxins (1)
- Alumina toughened zirconia (1)
- Aluminium alloys (1)
- Aluminium fluorides (1)
- Aluminium hydroxide (1)
- Aluminium teflates (1)
- Aluminosilicate glasses (1)
- Aluminum (1)
- Aluminum Alloy Aging (1)
- Aluminum alloy (1)
- Aluminum bronze (1)
- Aluminum diethyl phosphinate (1)
- Aluminum oxide (1)
- Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) (1)
- Alveolar-capillary coculture model (1)
- Alzheimer’s disease (1)
- Al‐Cu‐Li‐alloy (1)
- Al–Si metal matrix composites (1)
- Ambient aerosols (1)
- Ammonium polyphosphate (1)
- Amorphous materials (1)
- Amorphous silica (1)
- Amoxicillin (1)
- Amphiphilic dumbbells (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amyloid-beta (1)
- Anaerobic pathways (1)
- Analysis of variance (1)
- Analysis technique (1)
- Analytical approach (1)
- Analytical calculation (1)
- Analytical model (1)
- Analytical quality assurance (1)
- Analytical sciences (1)
- Analytical screening techniques (1)
- Analytics (1)
- Analyzer-Based Imaging (1)
- Anatoxin-a (1)
- Anatoxin-a(s) (1)
- Ancestor of opportunistic pathogens & lichens (1)
- Ancient document production (1)
- Aneurysm (1)
- Angiography (1)
- Angiotensin II (1)
- Angle measurement (1)
- Angle wedge (1)
- Anhydrite (1)
- Aniline (1)
- Animal immune system (1)
- Animal slurry (1)
- Anion recognition (1)
- Anisotropic fiber orientation (1)
- Anisotropy (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Anodic oxidation (1)
- Anomalous Small Angle X-ray Scattering (1)
- Anosteocytic bone (1)
- Antagonism (1)
- Antagonists (1)
- Antenna effect (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Anti-corrosion coatings (1)
- Anti-counterfeiting (1)
- Antibacterial (1)
- Antibacterial coatings (1)
- Antibacterial properties (1)
- Antibacterial surfaces (1)
- Antibody Purification (1)
- Antibody antigen complex (1)
- Antibody coating (1)
- Antibody drug conjugate (1)
- Antibody identification (1)
- Antibody labeling (1)
- Antibody quality (1)
- Antibody-gated indicator delivery (1)
- Anticancer (1)
- Antifouling surface (1)
- Antigen (1)
- Antigens (1)
- Antimicrobial coating (1)
- Antimicrobial materials (1)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (1)
- Antimicrobial test (1)
- Antimicrobial testing (1)
- Antimicrobials (1)
- Antimony (1)
- Antiphase boundary (1)
- Apis mellifera (1)
- App (1)
- Application (1)
- Applications (1)
- Approximant (1)
- Aqdditive manufacturing (1)
- Aquatic fungi (1)
- Aqueous Solutions (1)
- Aqueous media (1)
- Aqueous quantum dot (1)
- Aqueous synthesis (1)
- Aquifer fluid (1)
- Arabidopsis (1)
- Arc welding (1)
- Archaea (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Argon (1)
- Aromatic (1)
- Aromatic aldehydes (1)
- Array (1)
- Arrhenius (1)
- Arrhenius equation (1)
- Arsenite (1)
- Art restauration (1)
- Arthoniomycetes (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) (1)
- Artificial Neural Networks (1)
- Artificial and natural defects (1)
- Artificial cells (1)
- Artificial defect (1)
- Artificial neural network modelling (1)
- Artificial potential field (1)
- Arzneistoffe (1)
- As-built LPBF IN718 alloy (1)
- Ash content (1)
- AshDec (1)
- Aspergillus (1)
- Astrobiology (1)
- Asymmetric flow filed-flow fractionation (1)
- Asymmetric supercapacitor (1)
- Asymptotic local approach (1)
- Atherosclerotic plaques (1)
- Atmospheric aerosol (1)
- Atmospheric corrosion (1)
- Atmospheric exposure (1)
- Atmosphärische Korrosion (1)
- Atom catalysts (1)
- Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (1)
- Atomic Scale (1)
- Atomic absorption spectrometry (1)
- Atomic and molecular physics, and optics (1)
- Atomic force microscope (1)
- Atomic layer deposition (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- Au nanoparticles (1)
- Augenbohne (1)
- Augmented data (1)
- Austenite-to-martensite phase transformation (1)
- Austenitic alloys (1)
- Austenitic stainless steel (1)
- Austenitic stainless steels (1)
- Austenitic steel 316L (1)
- Auswaschung (1)
- Autoantibodies (1)
- Automated Bragg angle determination (1)
- Automated Data Evaluation (1)
- Automated Modal Analysis for Tracking Structural Change during Construction and Operation Phases (1)
- Automated Purification (1)
- Automated analysis (1)
- Automated arc welding (1)
- Automated expansion measurement (1)
- Automated manufacturing (1)
- Automated operational modal analysis (1)
- Automated scanning systems (1)
- Automatic Segmentation (1)
- Automatic segmentation (1)
- Automotive braking (1)
- Automotive engineering (1)
- Automotive industry (1)
- Autophagy (1)
- Aviation (1)
- Axle box measurements (1)
- Axle inspection (1)
- Axle sequence (1)
- Axles (1)
- Ayesian models (1)
- Aza-BODIPY (1)
- Azide-terminated surfaces (1)
- BAM (1)
- BAM SynthCOND (1)
- BAM SynthMAT (1)
- BAM-P109 (1)
- BCA test (1)
- BDP (1)
- BEMMA (1)
- BLDC (1)
- BLEVE (1)
- BODIPY dyes (1)
- BODIPY probe (1)
- BODIPY-Farbstoffe (1)
- BODIPYs (1)
- BOTDA (1)
- BPA removal (1)
- BPF-LB/M (1)
- BSA (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Back-scatter techniques (1)
- Back-side integration (1)
- Background processing (1)
- Backscattered electrons (1)
- Backscattering (1)
- Bacteria detection (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Bacterial cell cycle (1)
- Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (1)
- Bacterial lysates (1)
- Bacterial milking (1)
- Bacterial second messenger (1)
- Bags (1)
- Banana (1)
- Barriere (1)
- Barriers (1)
- Base isolation (1)
- Basic spatial resolution (1)
- Basidiomycetes (1)
- Batch fermentation (1)
- Batch reactions (1)
- Batch tests (1)
- Bathyarchaeia (1)
- Batteries (1)
- Battery (1)
- Battery Safety (1)
- Battery characterization (1)
- Bauprodukte (1)
- Baustoffe (1)
- Baustoffuntersuchungen (1)
- Bawit (1)
- Bayesian Inference (1)
- Bayesian Optimization (1)
- Bayesian hierachical modelling (1)
- Bayesian technique (1)
- Bayesian updating of measurement uncertainties (1)
- Bayesian updating of stress ranges (1)
- Bead injections (1)
- Bead-on-plate welds (1)
- Beam oscillation (1)
- Bee diseases (1)
- Bee health (1)
- Behavioural mechanisms (1)
- Behmite (1)
- Belastungsversuch (1)
- Bell (1)
- Bell pepper (1)
- Bench-scale fire resistance (1)
- Benchmarking study (1)
- Benchtop NMR (1)
- Bending (1)
- Bending mechanism (1)
- Bending modulus (1)
- Bending test (1)
- Beneficial microbes (1)
- Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (1)
- Benzin (1)
- Benzothiadiazole (1)
- Benzoxadiazole dyes (1)
- Berry phase (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Bet v 1 (1)
- Beta elimination (1)
- Beta particle (1)
- Betula pendula (1)
- Bias (1)
- Bifunctional 2D nanomaterials (1)
- Bifunctional MgF2 (1)
- Bimetallic noble metal nanoparticles (1)
- Binary gas mixture (1)
- Binary zinc alloys (1)
- Binder (1)
- Binder jetting (1)
- Binders (1)
- Binders/binding (1)
- Binding molecule (1)
- Binding strength (1)
- Bio active ceramic (1)
- Bio-based concrete (1)
- Bio-based insulation (1)
- Bio-ceramic engineering (1)
- Bio-interaction (1)
- BioSAXS (1)
- Bioaccumulation (1)
- Bioactive Glass (1)
- Bioactive bone grafting material (1)
- Bioanalysis (1)
- Biobased (1)
- Biobased polymers (1)
- Biochip (1)
- Biocidal product (1)
- Biocidal products (1)
- Biocide tolerance (1)
- Biocomposites (1)
- Bioconjugate (1)
- Biocorrosion (1)
- Biodegradable (1)
- Biodegradable implant (1)
- Biodeterioration and biodegradation (1)
- Biodiesel fuel (1)
- Biodosimetry (1)
- Bioeconomy (1)
- Bioengineering (1)
- Bioerosion (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofuel cells (1)
- Bioimaging (1)
- Biokorrosion (1)
- Biological & biomedical applications (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Biological structure (1)
- Biological techniques (1)
- Biologisches Dosimeter (1)
- Biology (1)
- Biolubricants (1)
- Biomarkers (1)
- Biomass (1)
- Biomedical engineering (1)
- Biomimetic (1)
- Biomimicry (1)
- Biomolecules (1)
- Biopolymer (1)
- Biopolyol (1)
- Bioreceptivity (1)
- Bioresorbable Biomaterials (1)
- Biosensor development (1)
- Biosensoren (1)
- Biosensors (1)
- Bioseparation (1)
- Biosilicification (1)
- Biosynthesis (1)
- Biotic environment (1)
- Biotic weathering (1)
- Biotoxins (1)
- Biozidprodukte (1)
- Biphasic calcium phosphate (1)
- Biphasic growth (1)
- Bipyramid (1)
- Birch pollen allergen (1)
- Bis([dimethoxyphosphoryl]methyl) phenyl phosphate (1)
- Bismuth Ferrite (1)
- Bismuth titanates (1)
- Bistable amplifier (1)
- Bistable fluidic amplifier (1)
- Bituminous binders (1)
- Bituminous material (1)
- Black phosphorus (1)
- Black writing ink (1)
- Blade (1)
- Blattodea (1)
- Blended cement (1)
- Blended learning (1)
- Blends (1)
- Bloch wall (1)
- Block regularization (1)
- Block-sparsity (1)
- Blockcopolymer (1)
- Blue-green algae (1)
- Boden (1)
- Bodenbelag (1)
- Boehmit nanoparticle (1)
- Boehmite nanoparticles (1)
- Boltzmann plot (1)
- Bombs (1)
- Bond energy (1)
- Bone grafting (1)
- Bone porosity (1)
- Bone regeneration (1)
- Bone screws (1)
- Bone substitutes (1)
- Bone tissue engineering (1)
- Borate (1)
- Borehole probe (1)
- Boron compound (1)
- Boron isotope fractionation (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Boron transport (1)
- Borosilicate Glass (1)
- Boson peak (1)
- Bound water (1)
- Boundary element (1)
- Bovine serum albumin (1)
- Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (1)
- Box-Behnken (1)
- Bradford (1)
- Bragg angles (1)
- Bragg peak (1)
- Bragg-edge (1)
- Braking-in-a-turn maneuver (1)
- Brass (1)
- Bravais lattices (1)
- Brick clay (1)
- Bridge monitoring (1)
- Bridge reassessment (1)
- Bridge resonance (1)
- Bridge structures (1)
- Bridges (1)
- Brillouin distributed fiber optic sensors (1)
- Brinell hardness (1)
- Broadband (1)
- Broadband dielectric microscopy (1)
- Bromination (1)
- Bromoadenine (1)
- Bronsted acidity (1)
- Brown-rot fungi (1)
- Brownian motion (1)
- Bubble test (1)
- Buffer (1)
- Building response (1)
- Building with earth (1)
- Built environment (1)
- Bulge formation (1)
- Bulging (1)
- Bulging effects (1)
- Bulk temperature (1)
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (1)
- Buried interfaces (1)
- Burning behavior (1)
- Burning behaviour (1)
- Byproducts (1)
- Bystander effect (1)
- C-C coupling (1)
- C-F activation (1)
- C-di-GMP (1)
- C7H15N2O4P (1)
- CALPHAD database analysis (1)
- CCMat (1)
- CCQM (1)
- CE/MC-ICP-MS (1)
- CEA (1)
- CFD (1)
- CFD model (1)
- CGHE (1)
- CHC (1)
- CKAN (1)
- CLP-regulation (1)
- CMT welding (1)
- CNTs (1)
- CO2 + n-alkanes (1)
- CO2 corrosion (1)
- CO2 pipeline transport (1)
- CO2 quality (1)
- CO2 separation membranes (1)
- COF (1)
- COK-12 (1)
- COPV (1)
- COST action CA15114 AMICI (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CPC calibration (1)
- CPD (1)
- CRM (1)
- CRP (1)
- CT (1)
- CT simulation (1)
- CUINS2 nanocrystals (1)
- CXC (1)
- CaCl emission bands (1)
- Cables (1)
- Cabon capture and storage (1)
- Cadmium (1)
- Caenorhabdtis elegans (1)
- Caffeine (1)
- Cairo Genizah (1)
- Calamistrum (1)
- Calcite (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calcium alkali orthophosphate materials (1)
- Calcium alkali phosphate (1)
- Calcium alkaline orthophosphates (1)
- Calcium carbide method (1)
- Calcium carbonates (1)
- Calcium phosphate (1)
- Calcium phosphate bone cement (1)
- Calcium silicate (1)
- Calcium silicate hydrate (1)
- Calciumfluorid (1)
- Calibrated fluorescence measurements (1)
- Calibration-free analysis (1)
- Caloric effects (1)
- Calorimetry (1)
- Cancer awareness measure (1)
- Cancer cells (1)
- Cancer risk (1)
- Canine olfactometry (1)
- Canny approach (1)
- Cantilever microprobe (1)
- Cantor (1)
- Capacitive methods (1)
- Capillary (1)
- Capillary conductivity (1)
- Capillary waves (1)
- Capnodiales (1)
- Carbamazepine (1)
- Carbohydrates (1)
- Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (1)
- Carbon Nanotubes (1)
- Carbon arc-air gouging (1)
- Carbon black (1)
- Carbon capture storage (1)
- Carbon capture, utilization and storage technology (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carbon dioxide emissions (1)
- Carbon dioxide footprint (1)
- Carbon dioxide reduction (1)
- Carbon dots (1)
- Carbon emissions (1)
- Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (1)
- Carbon fibre reinforced (1)
- Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (1)
- Carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (1)
- Carbon fibres (1)
- Carbon ions (1)
- Carbon materials (1)
- Carbon nanodots (1)
- Carbon nanoparticles (1)
- Carbon storage (1)
- Carbon-based nanomaterials (1)
- Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (1)
- Carbonate substrate (1)
- Carbonation behaviour (1)
- Carbons (1)
- Cardiac troponin (1)
- Cardiolipins (1)
- Cardiovascular (1)
- Cargo sloshing (1)
- Carrier (1)
- Carrier load (1)
- Carriers (1)
- Cascade impactor (1)
- Casein standard (1)
- Casing (1)
- Cassical nucleation theory (1)
- Casting (1)
- Castings (1)
- Catalogues (1)
- Catalyst layer (1)
- Catalysts (1)
- Categorisation scheme (1)
- Cathode active material (1)
- Cationic photocuring (1)
- Cconventional method (1)
- Ccs (1)
- CdTe quantum dots (1)
- Cell adhesion (1)
- Cell appendages (1)
- Cell culture media (1)
- Cell proliferation (1)
- Cell size (1)
- Cell studies (1)
- Cell-repellent surfaces (1)
- Cellular structures (1)
- Cellular substructure (1)
- Cellulose ether (1)
- Cellulose nanofibrils (1)
- Cellulose synthase (1)
- Cement admixtures (1)
- Cement clinker remnants (1)
- Cement paste (1)
- Cement suspension (1)
- Center of mass (1)
- Central Asia (1)
- Ceramic multilayer (1)
- Ceramic multilayers (1)
- Ceramic nano particles (1)
- Ceramics 3D printing (1)
- Cerium oxide (1)
- Cermet (1)
- Certified reference nanomaterials (1)
- Chaetothyriales (1)
- Chalcopyrite (1)
- Chance-risk analysis (1)
- Channeling-in (1)
- Characterisation techniques (1)
- Characterization and analytical techniques (1)
- Characterization method (1)
- Characterization of corrosion layers (1)
- Charakterisierung (1)
- Charge density (1)
- Charge-to-size-ratio (1)
- Charged dyes (1)
- Charpy impact toughness (1)
- Chelate (1)
- Chemical Biology (1)
- Chemical Process Control (1)
- Chemical Safety (1)
- Chemical admixtures (1)
- Chemical bonds (1)
- Chemical ecology (1)
- Chemical evolution (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chemical processes (1)
- Chemical protein modification (1)
- Chemical recycling (1)
- Chemical synthesis (1)
- Chemically Complex Materials (1)
- Chemically complex alloy (1)
- Chemicals classification (1)
- Chemiluminescence (1)
- Chemisoprtion (1)
- Chemo-mechanical coupling (1)
- Chemodosimeter (1)
- Chemometric tools (1)
- Chemometrie (1)
- Chemputer (1)
- Chicken antibodies (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Chirality (1)
- Chloride binding (1)
- Chloride extraction (1)
- Chloride penetration (1)
- Chloride‐induced corrosion (1)
- Chlorine determination (1)
- Chloroanilines (1)
- Chrystal orientation (1)
- Chunky graphite (1)
- Ciaaw.org (1)
- Cimensional Accuracy (1)
- Circular Bio-based Economy (1)
- Circular Economy (1)
- Circularity (1)
- Circumferential weld (1)
- Citation (1)
- Citizen Science (1)
- Citrullinated (1)
- Classical primary measurement method (CPM) (1)
- Clean steel (1)
- Cleaning (1)
- Cleanliness (1)
- Clearing (1)
- Cleavage (1)
- Cleridae (1)
- Clerodin (1)
- Click chemistry (1)
- Click reaction (1)
- Climate (1)
- Clinical Biochemistry (1)
- Clinker substitute (1)
- Clinoptilolite (1)
- Clone M2 (1)
- Cloning vectors (1)
- Close proximity to colonies (1)
- Closed vessel combustion (1)
- Cmos (1)
- Co (1)
- Co-Cr-alloy (1)
- Co-planar translational laminography (1)
- Co-firings (1)
- Co2-Storage (1)
- Coaggregation (1)
- Coastal protection (1)
- Coatings (1)
- Cobaloxime complex (1)
- Cobalt-chromium alloy (1)
- Cockroach (1)
- Cockroaches (1)
- Cocoa (1)
- Coda (1)
- Codex (1)
- Coefficient of thermal expansion (1)
- Coexpression (1)
- Coherent Fourier scatterometry (1)
- Coherent Heterodyne (1)
- Coherent optical time domain reflectometry (1)
- Cohesive granular media (1)
- Cohesive zone (1)
- Coincidence (1)
- Cold cracking (1)
- Cold cracking safety (1)
- Cold to fast neutron testing (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Collaborative trial (1)
- Collection (1)
- Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (1)
- Colloids (1)
- Color (1)
- Color X-ray camera (1)
- Colour center (1)
- Colouring (1)
- Column holder (1)
- Column percolation (1)
- Columnar crystal growth (1)
- Combinatorial chemistry (1)
- Combinatorial peptide library (1)
- Combined finite-element boundary-element method (1)
- Combined sewer system (1)
- Combined techniques (1)
- Combustion (1)
- Combustion and gasification (1)
- Commercial acoustic devices (1)
- Commercial metal-organic frameworks (1)
- Commercialization (1)
- Compact NMR (1)
- Comparative genomics (1)
- Comparative life cycle assessment (1)
- Comparison (1)
- Comparison of detectors (1)
- Compartmentalization (1)
- Compatibility evaluation (1)
- Competencies (1)
- Competitive immunoassay (1)
- Complementary methodology and metrology (1)
- Complex Molecular Systems (1)
- Complex systems (1)
- Complex-shape (1)
- Complexation (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Component Testing (1)
- Component test (1)
- Component-like test (1)
- Components influence (1)
- Components of excitation (1)
- Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (1)
- Composite material (1)
- Composite overwrapped pressure vessels (1)
- Composite panel (1)
- Composite pressure vessel (1)
- Composites in fire (1)
- Compositionally complex alloys (1)
- Compost (1)
- Compound semiconductors (1)
- Compound-independent calibration (1)
- Compressed earth (1)
- Compressed sensing (1)
- Compression mechanical (1)
- Compression strength (1)
- Compression stress relaxation (1)
- Compression testing (1)
- Compression tests (1)
- Compressive test (1)
- Computational Materials Science (1)
- Computational fluid dynamics (1)
- Computations (1)
- Computed radiography (CR) (1)
- Computed tomographie (1)
- Computed tomography (CT) (1)
- Computer Science Applications (1)
- Computer Tomography (1)
- Computer vision (1)
- Computer-Simulation (1)
- Computersimulation (1)
- Computertomographie (1)
- Comressed Sensing (1)
- Concentration (1)
- Concentration step (1)
- Concept (1)
- Concrete 3D-printing (1)
- Concrete Bridge (1)
- Concrete Carbonation (1)
- Concrete and screed (1)
- Concrete beam (1)
- Concrete bridges (1)
- Concrete deterioration (1)
- Concrete drying (1)
- Concrete evaluation (1)
- Concrete filled tube (CFT) column (1)
- Concrete mesoscale (1)
- Concrete printing (1)
- Concrete repair (1)
- Concrete specimens (1)
- Concrete testing (1)
- Condensate (1)
- Condensation particle counter (CPC) (1)
- Condensed matter physics (1)
- Conditioning films (1)
- Conductive carbon tape (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Conductometry (1)
- Cone claorimeter (1)
- Conference (1)
- Confined catalyst (1)
- Confirmatory methods (1)
- Confocal raman imaging (1)
- Conformity assessment (1)
- Conformity assessment body (1)
- Conjugate (1)
- Conjugation density (1)
- Conjugation ratio (1)
- Connectivity (1)
- Consequences (1)
- Conservation of wooden artwork (1)
- Constantinomyces (1)
- Construction product (1)
- Consumer Products (1)
- Consumer products (1)
- Container inspection (1)
- Contaminated soil (1)
- Contaminated soils (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Continuous Processes (1)
- Continuous Sensor (1)
- Continuous culture (1)
- Continuous processes (1)
- Continuous wavelet transform (1)
- Contour scan strategy (1)
- Contraction (1)
- Control Chart (1)
- Control strategy (1)
- Controlled morphology (1)
- Controlled periodic illumination (1)
- Conventional isotope ratio (1)
- Conversion (1)
- Converter material (1)
- Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) (1)
- Convolutional neural networks (1)
- Convolutional neural networks (CNN) (1)
- Coordination (1)
- Coordination chemistry (1)
- Coordination polymer (1)
- Copolymer sequence (1)
- Copolymerization (1)
- Copper Deposition (1)
- Copper sulfide (1)
- Coprecipitation (1)
- Coptic manuscripts (1)
- Coptic papyri (1)
- Coptotermes (1)
- Coputed tomography (1)
- Core microbiome (1)
- Core-shell structures (1)
- Core–shell particles (1)
- Corner echo (1)
- Corona (1)
- Corona virus (1)
- Corophium volutator (1)
- Correlative analysis (1)
- Correlative tomography (1)
- Corresponding relative humidity (1)
- Corrosion costs (1)
- Corrosion investigations (1)
- Corrosion mechanism (1)
- Corrosion monitoring (1)
- Corrosion rate (1)
- Corrosivity category (1)
- Corrugated fibreboard box (1)
- Corrugated fibreboard boxes (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Cost benefit analysis (1)
- Counterions (1)
- Coupling (1)
- Covalent Organic frameworks (1)
- Covalent functionalization (1)
- Coverslip seal (1)
- Covid-19 (1)
- Co−N-Cs (1)
- Cr(III) complex (1)
- Crack Detection (1)
- Crack closure effect (1)
- Crack damage detection (1)
- Crack driving force (1)
- Crack formation (1)
- Crack growth (1)
- Crack healing (1)
- Crack opening displacement (1)
- Crack pattern (1)
- Crack-tip constraint (1)
- Craze-crack mechanism (1)
- Craze–crack mechanism (1)
- Creep behavior (1)
- Creep damage (1)
- Creep mechanisms (1)
- Creep-fatigue (1)
- Creep-fatigue interaction (1)
- Creep-resisting materials (1)
- Cribellate spiders (1)
- Critical chloride content (1)
- Critical energy release rate (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- Critical strain rate (1)
- Cross linking (1)
- Cross section (1)
- Cross-feeding (1)
- Cross-resistance (1)
- Cross-sectioning (1)
- Crosshole (1)
- Crosslink density control (1)
- Crosslinking (1)
- Crosslinking density (1)
- Cryo XPS (1)
- Cryoadsorption (1)
- Cryogenic Vessels (1)
- Cryogenic einvironment (1)
- Cryogenic steel (1)
- Cryogenic temperature (1)
- Cryptoendolithism (1)
- Crystal branch development (1)
- Crystal growth (1)
- Crystal lattice (1)
- Crystal morphology (1)
- Crystalline cones (1)
- Crystalline defects (1)
- Crystalline phase identification (1)
- Crystallization sequence (1)
- Crystallography (1)
- Crystalstructure (1)
- Cu catalysts (1)
- Cucurbituril (1)
- Cumin discrimination (1)
- Cumulative energy demand (1)
- Cupriavidus campinensis (1)
- Cure process (1)
- Curie temperature (1)
- Curriculum (1)
- Curve fitting (1)
- Cusum (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- Cutting forces (1)
- Cutting tool (1)
- Cuttlefish (1)
- Cyanide in soil (1)
- Cyanotoxins (1)
- Cyber-Physical Systems (1)
- Cyber-physical system (1)
- Cycle-by-cycle (1)
- Cyclic Voltammetry (1)
- Cyclic load (1)
- Cyclic musk (1)
- Cyclic softening (1)
- Cyclic steam oxidation (1)
- Cyclic voltammetry (1)
- Cyclic weathering (1)
- Cycloaliphatic epoxy oligosiloxane (1)
- Cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes (1)
- Cylinder (1)
- Cylindrical turning (1)
- Cylindrospermopsin (1)
- Cytocompatibility (1)
- Cytoplasm (1)
- C–C coupling (1)
- D2XRF (1)
- DAMP (1)
- DAR (1)
- DCB geometry (1)
- DED-EB (1)
- DED-arc (1)
- DFA (1)
- DFT calculations of Raman spectra (1)
- DFT simulations (1)
- DFT spectrum simulations (1)
- DGEBA (1)
- DHAP (1)
- DIN tube furnace (1)
- DLO (1)
- DLS (1)
- DMA (1)
- DMDHEU (1)
- DNA Dosimeter (1)
- DNA base damage (1)
- DNA based data storage (1)
- DNA data storage (1)
- DNA degradation (1)
- DNA long term storage (1)
- DNA melting temperature (1)
- DNA origami nanostructures (1)
- DNA polymerase (1)
- DNA protection (1)
- DNA radiosensitizer (1)
- DNA reference material (1)
- DNA stability (1)
- DNA strand breaks (1)
- DNA strand-break (1)
- DNA transfer (1)
- DNA vortexing (1)
- DNPH (1)
- DPA (1)
- DRIFTS (1)
- DSB (1)
- DSM 5009 (1)
- DSS (1)
- DTAB (1)
- DTGS (1)
- DWV (1)
- Damage Identification (1)
- Damage Quantification (1)
- Damage analysis (1)
- Damage detection systems (1)
- Damage localization (1)
- Damage location (1)
- Damage prediction (1)
- Damage tolerance (1)
- Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) (1)
- Damages (1)
- Dampfdruck (1)
- Damping factor (1)
- Dangerous goods (1)
- Dangerous substance (1)
- Darkfield imaging (1)
- Darkfield microscopy (1)
- Darr method (1)
- Data (1)
- Data Interoperability (1)
- Data Set (1)
- Data correction (1)
- Data curation (1)
- Data driven design (1)
- Data evaluation methods (1)
- Data fitting (1)
- Data infrastructures (1)
- Data integration (1)
- Data mapping (1)
- Data pipeline (1)
- Data readiness level (1)
- Data visualization (1)
- Data-driven material design (1)
- Data-driven materials design (1)
- Data-driven quality assurance (1)
- Data-informed reliability analysis (1)
- Data-integration (1)
- Database (1)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (1)
- Ddistributed strain sensing (1)
- De novo peptide sequencing (1)
- Debonding (1)
- Debonding Mechanism (1)
- Debye scattering equation (1)
- Debye-Waller factor (1)
- Debye-Waller-Faktor (1)
- Decachlorotetrasilane (1)
- Decarbonisation (1)
- Decision analysis (1)
- Decision theory (1)
- Decision tree (1)
- Decline (1)
- Decomposition mechanism (1)
- Deconvolution (1)
- Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) (1)
- Deep Discharge (1)
- Deep learning segmentation (1)
- Deep learning-based tools (1)
- Deep penetration laser beam welding (1)
- Defect Detection (1)
- Defect population (1)
- Defect reconstruction (1)
- Defect sizing (1)
- Definition (1)
- Degradation of refrigerants (1)
- Degradation studies (1)
- Degradative processes (1)
- Degree of purity (1)
- Dehydration (1)
- Dehydroxylation (1)
- Delta isotope standard (1)
- Delta value (1)
- Demolition wastes (1)
- Dendrimer (1)
- Dendrimersomes (1)
- Dendritic (1)
- Dendritic polyglycerol (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Denoising Deblurring Sharpening (1)
- Density Functional Theory (1)
- Density data (1)
- Density-based Model (1)
- Dental composite materials (1)
- Dental materials (1)
- Dentin (1)
- Dentine (1)
- Depth profile (1)
- Desert ecology (1)
- Desorption (1)
- Detail detection (1)
- Detection (1)
- Detection of dangerous materials (1)
- Detectors (1)
- Deteriorating structures (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Developing building materials (1)
- Development (1)
- Deviatoric (1)
- Di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) (1)
- Di-tert-butylperoxide (DTBP) (1)
- Diagnostic Antibodies (1)
- Diastolic dysfunction (1)
- Diatomic molecule (1)
- Dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (1)
- Dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide; BPPO (1)
- Dice score (1)
- Dichtungen (1)
- Diclofenac (1)
- Dielectric breakdown (1)
- Dielectric properties (1)
- Dielectric spectroscopy (1)
- Dielectrics (1)
- Diesel (1)
- Diesel Particulate Filter Materials (1)
- Diesel exhaust (1)
- Dietary adaptation (1)
- Difenoconazole (1)
- Different electrochemical conditions (1)
- Different load cases (1)
- Differential expression (1)
- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (1)
- Difficult-to-copy (1)
- Diffraction contrast neutron imaging (1)
- Diffraction elastic constants (1)
- Diffraction peak width (1)
- Diffraction-elastic constants (1)
- Diffractive gratings (1)
- Diffusion/diffusivity (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusivity (1)
- Diffusons (1)
- Digital Detector Array (DDA) (1)
- Digital I-OFDR (1)
- Digital Image Correlation (1)
- Digital Transformation (1)
- Digital Twin (1)
- Digital detector array (1)
- Digital detectors (1)
- Digital holographic cytometry (1)
- Digital immunoassay (1)
- Digital industrial radiology (1)
- Digital radiology (1)
- Digital representations (1)
- Digital transformation (1)
- Digital twin (1)
- Digital twins (1)
- Digital volume correlation (1)
- Digital workflows (1)
- Digitale Radiologie (1)
- Digitalizations (1)
- Dimensional metrology (1)
- Dimer (1)
- Dip-stick assay (1)
- Dipsersive XAS (1)
- Direct damage (1)
- Direct laser deposition (1)
- Direct laser interference patterning (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Directed energy deposition (1)
- Directional grain growth (1)
- Disbond (1)
- Discontinuities (1)
- Disease (1)
- Disinfection Fuel (1)
- Disinfection by-product (1)
- Dislocation (1)
- Dislocation density (1)
- Dislocations (1)
- Disorganized bone (1)
- Disorientation (1)
- Dispersion (1)
- Dispersion of nanomaterials (1)
- Dispersive XAS (1)
- Dispersive-XAS (1)
- Displacement (1)
- Dissimilar joints (1)
- Dissimilar materials (1)
- Dissimilar metal weld (1)
- Dissociation constant (1)
- Dissociative electron attachment (1)
- Dissociative electron attachment (DEA) (1)
- Dissociative electron transfer (DET) (1)
- Distortion upon baseplate removal (1)
- Distributed Acoustic Sensing (1)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) (1)
- Distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) (1)
- Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors (1)
- Distributed fibre optic sensor (1)
- Distributed fibre optic sensors (1)
- Distributed polymer optical fiber sensor (1)
- Distributed sensor (1)
- Distributed temperature gradient sensing (1)
- Distributed vibrations sensing (DVS) (1)
- Distribution of relaxation times analysis (1)
- Disulfides (1)
- Ditigtal image correlation (1)
- Dityrosine crosslinking (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Docking (1)
- Doctoral School (1)
- Domain Ontology Development (1)
- Domain wall (1)
- Double complex compound (1)
- Double complex salts (1)
- Double notched creep specimen (1)
- Double-multilayer monochromators (1)
- Down Stream Processing (1)
- Downburst (1)
- Downhole (1)
- Downstream processing (1)
- Draft Genome (1)
- Drag resistance (1)
- Drawing layers (1)
- Drawings (1)
- Drinking water (1)
- Driving rain (1)
- Driving style (1)
- Drone (1)
- Drug Development (1)
- Drug Discovery (1)
- Drug delivery (1)
- Drug discovery (1)
- Drug-to-antibody ratio (1)
- Dry contact transducers in boreholes (1)
- Dry reforming of methane (1)
- Drywood termite (1)
- Dual phase steel (1)
- Dual-color labeling glycan (1)
- Dual-energy (1)
- Dual-energy imaging (1)
- Dual-environment (1)
- Ductile cast iron (1)
- Duplex AISI 2205 (1)
- Duplex steels (1)
- Durability assessment (1)
- Durchstrahlungsprüfung (1)
- Dwell periods (1)
- Dwell times (1)
- Dwell-time (1)
- DySEM (1)
- Dyad (1)
- Dye loading optimisation (1)
- Dye monomers (1)
- Dye release (1)
- Dye-doped fiber (1)
- Dyes and pigments (1)
- Dyes/pigments (1)
- Dynamic Bayesian Network (1)
- Dynamic axle loads (1)
- Dynamic calibration gas mixtures (1)
- Dynamic excitation (1)
- Dynamic fracture mechanics (1)
- Dynamic light scattering (1)
- Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) (1)
- Dynamic scanning calorimetry (1)
- Dynamic surface leaching test (1)
- Dynamic test method (1)
- Dynamical theory (1)
- Dünnschichttechnik (1)
- E-aldoximes (1)
- E-nose (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EAF slags (1)
- EBAM (1)
- EC definition (1)
- EC definition of a nanomaterial (1)
- EC definition of nanomaterial (1)
- EC nanomaterial definition (1)
- EC/MS (1)
- ECR (1)
- EDM (1)
- EDTAD (1)
- EFQM Excellence Modell (1)
- EFTEM (1)
- EN 717-3 (1)
- EN AW-2618A (1)
- EP-3533 (1)
- EPMA (1)
- EPR (1)
- EPREL (1)
- EPS (1)
- ESCA (1)
- ESMA (1)
- ESPR (1)
- EU Definition of nanomaterial (1)
- EU-CLP (1)
- EU-WFD (1)
- EURAS (1)
- EVA (1)
- Early Earth (1)
- Early oxidation (1)
- Early sulfidation (1)
- Earth block masonry (1)
- Earth masonry (1)
- Earth material (1)
- Earthen building materials (1)
- Earthquake Monitoring (1)
- Earthquake data (1)
- Earthworms (1)
- Eco-efficiency analysis (1)
- Ecological scarcity method (1)
- Ecotoxicity tests (1)
- Ecotoxixity (1)
- Ectoine DNA protection (1)
- Ectoine UV absorption (1)
- Ectoine excretion (1)
- Ectoine hydration (1)
- Ectoine-DNA binding (1)
- Eddy Current (1)
- Eddy Currents (1)
- Eddy current testing (ET) (1)
- Eddy-current testing (1)
- Edge quality (1)
- Effect of scanning strategies (1)
- Effective attenuation coefficient (1)
- Effective gas diffusion coefficient (1)
- Effective irradiation dose 0.2-16 [Gy] (1)
- Efficacy (1)
- Effusivity (1)
- Egress (1)
- Elastic (1)
- Elastic Crystal (1)
- Elastic behavior (1)
- Elastic constants (1)
- Elastic microstructure (1)
- Elastic modulus (1)
- Elastic properties (1)
- Elastic reverse time migration (1)
- Elastic waves (1)
- Elastin (1)
- Elastin-specific contrast agent ESMA (1)
- Elastin-specific molecular agent (1)
- Elastodynamic Finite Inegration Technique (1)
- Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags (1)
- Electric arc furnace slags (1)
- Electric conductivity (1)
- Electric discharge machining (1)
- Electric impedance (1)
- Electrical conductivity (1)
- Electrical insulators (1)
- Electrics (1)
- Electro-Magneto-Mechanical (1)
- Electro-fused zirconia (1)
- Electrochemical (1)
- Electrochemical CO2 conversion (1)
- Electrochemical behavior (1)
- Electrochemical catalysts (1)
- Electrochemical cells (1)
- Electrochemical characterisation (1)
- Electrochemical permeation (1)
- Electrochemical titration (1)
- Electrochemical treatment (1)
- Electrochromism (1)
- Electrodialysis (1)
- Electrolysis (1)
- Electrolyte membrane (1)
- Electromagnetic Force (1)
- Electromagnetic backing (1)
- Electromagnetic field (1)
- Electromagnetic forces (1)
- Electromagnetic rectification (1)
- Electromagnetic scattering (1)
- Electromagnetic stirring (1)
- Electromagnetic theories (1)
- Electromagnetic weld pool support system (1)
- Electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) (1)
- Electron beam welding (1)
- Electron beam-induced charging (1)
- Electron irradiation (1)
- Electron irradiation 30 [kV] (1)
- Electron probe microanalysis (1)
- Electron transfer (1)
- Electron transport (1)
- Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) (1)
- Electronic nose (1)
- Electronic skin (1)
- Electronic structure (1)
- Electrons (1)
- Electroosmosis (1)
- Electrophoresis (1)
- Electrospinning (1)
- Electrospun nanocomposite fiber (1)
- Elektrochemie (1)
- Elektrolyse (1)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Element Specific Bioimaging Using Laser Ablation (1)
- Element mass concentration (1)
- Element transport (1)
- Elemental analyser (1)
- Elementanalyse (1)
- Elevated temperature (1)
- Ellipsometrie (1)
- Eluates (1)
- Embedded Sensors (1)
- Embedded electronics (1)
- Embedded transducers (1)
- Embedded ultrasonic sensors (1)
- Emergence (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Emerging Pollutants (1)
- Emerging infectious disease (1)
- Emission Anisotropy (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission test method (1)
- Emission testing (1)
- Emissionen (1)
- Emissivity (1)
- Emisssivity (1)
- Empirical mode decomposition (1)
- Enamel (1)
- Enantiomeric excess ee (1)
- Encapsulation process (1)
- Encoding (1)
- End crater (1)
- Endlager (1)
- Endocrine disruption (1)
- Endokriner Disruptor (1)
- Endurance Limit (1)
- Endurance limit (1)
- Energetic Materials (1)
- Energy Conversion (1)
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology (1)
- Energy Labelling (1)
- Energy consumption (1)
- Energy discrimination (1)
- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (1)
- Energy labelling (1)
- Energy materials (1)
- Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (1)
- Engineered Barrier System (EBS) (1)
- Engineered barrier (1)
- Engineered barrier system (1)
- Engineered barrier systems (1)
- Engineered barrier; (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Engineering data (1)
- Engineering egress data (1)
- Enhanced Imaging (1)
- Enhancement strategy (1)
- Entomopathogenic Fungus (1)
- Entropy (1)
- Entropy noise (1)
- Environmental Engineering (1)
- Environmental Science (1)
- Environmental analysis (1)
- Environmental and Operational Variability (1)
- Environmental assessment (1)
- Environmental evaluation (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental impact categories (1)
- Environmental influence (1)
- Environmental pollutants (1)
- Environmental simulations (1)
- Environmental speciation (1)
- Enzyme (1)
- Enzyme activity (1)
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (1)
- Epimerization (1)
- Epitaxial thin films (1)
- Epitaxially grown 4H-SiC layers (1)
- Epoxies (1)
- Epoxy conversion degree (1)
- Equation of state (1)
- Equations of state (1)
- Equilibrium constant (1)
- Equilibrium relaxation (1)
- Equivalent circuit (1)
- Ergopeptide (1)
- Ermüdung (1)
- Erosion (1)
- Erosion onset (1)
- Erosion phenomena (1)
- Error correction (1)
- Error sources analysis (1)
- Estimation (1)
- Estrogen (1)
- Estrogen receptor (ER) (1)
- Estrogens (1)
- Etherification (1)
- Ethylene-vinyl acetate (1)
- Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (1)
- Etofenprox (1)
- Eu (1)
- Euramet EMRP (1)
- European Metrology Networks (EMNs) (1)
- European Reference Material (1)
- European funding strategies (1)
- European project (1)
- European regulation (1)
- Eurotiomycetes (1)
- Eutectic (1)
- Evacuation (1)
- Evanescent wave (1)
- Evaporite deposits (1)
- Ex vivo (1)
- Ex-situ (1)
- Ex-situ X-ray computed tomography (1)
- Exchange interaction (1)
- Exchange length (1)
- Excimers (1)
- Excitation (1)
- Excitation forces (1)
- Excited states (1)
- Exhaust (1)
- Existing Concrete Structures (1)
- Existing structure (1)
- Exocytosis (1)
- Expansion (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimental (1)
- Experimental and numerical techniques (1)
- Experimental determination (1)
- Experimental procedure (1)
- Experiments (1)
- Expert system (1)
- Exploding Wire (1)
- Explosion characteristics (1)
- Explosion limit (1)
- Explosion protection (1)
- Explosive welding (1)
- Explosives (1)
- Explosives detection (1)
- Exposure (1)
- Exposure modeling (1)
- Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) (1)
- Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), (1)
- Extracellular pH (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- Extractable organic fluorine (1)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extreme environments (1)
- Extremophile (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Extremotolerance (1)
- F pili (1)
- F-N-diagram (1)
- FAIR Data Management (1)
- FAIR data (1)
- FAIR principles (1)
- FAIR research data management (1)
- FAIRification (1)
- FAME (1)
- FAT class (1)
- FEFF (1)
- FEM Simulation (1)
- FEM simulation (1)
- FETI (1)
- FFF-3D printer (1)
- FFF-3D printing (1)
- FFF-filament (1)
- FFF-printing (1)
- FFT (1)
- FIB patterning (1)
- FIB/SEM slice and view (1)
- FLAG peptide (1)
- FLASH effect (1)
- FPLC (1)
- FSDC (1)
- FSW (1)
- FT-IR (1)
- FTIR-ATR (1)
- FTIR-ATR Measurements (1)
- Fabrication parameters (1)
- Facade (1)
- FactSage calculations (1)
- FactSageTM calculations (1)
- Factor analysis (1)
- Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (1)
- Failure mechanisms (1)
- Fakes (1)
- False-positive results (1)
- Faraday cup aerosol electrometer (1)
- Farben (1)
- Fast scanning calorimetry (1)
- Fatigue Strength (1)
- Fatigue behavior (1)
- Fatigue crack growth (1)
- Fatigue crack propagation (1)
- Fatigue life (1)
- Fatigue limit (1)
- Fatigue of sandwich shell structures (1)
- Fatigue properties (1)
- Fatigue testing (1)
- Fault detectionchanging (1)
- Fe (1)
- Fe-Ni oxides (1)
- Fe3Al (1)
- FeNi (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Feedstock powder (1)
- Femtosecond laser patterning (1)
- Femtosecond laser-processing (1)
- Fenton (1)
- Fenton Reaction (1)
- Fenton-like reaction (1)
- Fenton’s reagent (1)
- Fermi resonance (1)
- Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron (1)
- Ferritic steels (1)
- Ferritic/martensitic steel (1)
- Ferritic–martensitic steel (1)
- Ferroelectrets (1)
- Ferroelectric (1)
- Ferroelectricity/ferroelectric materials (1)
- Ferroic cooling (1)
- Ferromagnetic steel (1)
- Ferrous phosphate hydrate (1)
- Festkörperphysik (1)
- Festschrift (1)
- Fetal bovine serum (1)
- Fiber Bragg gratings (1)
- Fiber characterization (1)
- Fiber optic (1)
- Fiber optic sensing (1)
- Fiber reinforced polymer (1)
- Fiber resisted polymers (1)
- Fiber structuring (1)
- Fiber toxicology (1)
- Fiber-optic sensing (1)
- Fiber-reinforced concrete (1)
- Fiber-reinforced plastics (1)
- Fiberoptic sensors (1)
- Fibre bragg grating (1)
- Fibre pull-out (1)
- Field of view (1)
- Field test (1)
- Filler material distribution (1)
- Filler wire (1)
- Filler wire mixing (1)
- Film thickness (1)
- Filter (1)
- Filter effects (1)
- Filtration (1)
- Finish milling (1)
- Finit Element Method (1)
- Finite Element Method (1)
- Finite Element Modelling (1)
- Finite element (1)
- Finite element (FE) (1)
- Finite element method (FEM) (1)
- Finite element model (1)
- Finite elements (1)
- Finite-element analysis (1)
- Finow Canal (1)
- Fire after earthquake (1)
- Fire performance (1)
- Fire retardancy (1)
- Fire retardant (1)
- Fire retardant interlayers (1)
- Fire safety (1)
- Fire spalling (1)
- Fire stability (1)
- Fire tests (1)
- Firing (1)
- First derivative (1)
- Fishmeal (1)
- Fixation (1)
- Flame Retardancy (1)
- Flame propagation (1)
- Flame retardance (1)
- Flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesives (1)
- Flame retardant; (1)
- Flange width (1)
- Flash DSC (1)
- Flash excitation (1)
- Flash thermography (1)
- Flask method (1)
- Flat bottom holes (1)
- Flaw detection (1)
- Flexible (1)
- Flexible Magnetic Sensors (1)
- Flexible PU foam (1)
- Flexible car body (1)
- Flexible magnetic field sensors (1)
- Flexible polyurethane foam (1)
- Flexible waveguide (1)
- Flexible wheelset (1)
- Flexural rigidity (1)
- Floor heating (1)
- Flourescence (1)
- Flourescin (1)
- Flow injection immunoassay (1)
- Flow system (1)
- Flow-through columns (1)
- Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (1)
- Fluidic devices (1)
- Fluor-Substitution (1)
- Fluorescein (1)
- Fluorescence Polarization (1)
- Fluorescence label (1)
- Fluorescence life time (1)
- Fluorescence screen (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescence standard (1)
- Fluorescent dyes (1)
- Fluorescent markers (1)
- Fluorescent microscopy (1)
- Fluorescent optical fiber (1)
- Fluorescent probes (1)
- Fluorescent sensors (1)
- Fluoride catalyst (1)
- Fluoride phosphate glasses (1)
- Fluorination (1)
- Fluorine coordination (1)
- Fluoroacetic acid (1)
- Fluorolytic sol-gel synthesis (1)
- Fluorophilic interactions (1)
- Fluoropolymers (1)
- Flux balance analysis (1)
- Flying line thermography (1)
- Flüssigmetallinduzierte Rissbildung (1)
- Foam (1)
- Foams (1)
- Focused sound fields (1)
- Focused transducers (1)
- Folding chirality (1)
- Food Science (1)
- Food fermentation (1)
- Food safety (1)
- Force-distance-curve (1)
- Forest fires (1)
- Formation (1)
- Formation enthalpy (1)
- Formic acid (1)
- Fourier transform spectroscopy (1)
- Fow injection analysis (1)
- Fractals (1)
- Fractography (1)
- Fracture Mechanics (1)
- Fracture mechanics problems (1)
- Fracture surface analysis (1)
- Fracture surface energy (1)
- Fracture surfaces (1)
- Fracture toughness (1)
- Fragility (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Fragmentation pathway (1)
- Frameshift (1)
- Free electron laser (1)
- Free polymer (1)
- Freeform shaped workpieces (1)
- Freeze-thaw attack (1)
- Freezing (1)
- Freilandtest (1)
- Freisetzung (1)
- Frequency Drift (1)
- Frequency domain (1)
- Fresnoite (1)
- Friction braking (1)
- Friction stir welding (1)
- Front-runner (1)
- Frost salt attack (1)
- Fs-inscription (1)
- Fuel (1)
- Fuel Technology (1)
- Fuel cell (1)
- Fuel consumption (1)
- Fuel sorption (1)
- Fuell cells (1)
- Full notch creep test (1)
- Full-field phase tomography (1)
- Fullerene (1)
- Fullerite (1)
- Fully aromatic frameworks (1)
- Functional determinants (1)
- Functional fatigue (1)
- Functional group quantification (1)
- Functional monomers (1)
- Functional properties (1)
- Functionality (1)
- Functionalization of fullerenes (1)
- Functionally graded porous structure (1)
- Fungal cell-walls (1)
- Fungicide (1)
- Fungus (1)
- Funtional Groups (1)
- Furan derivatives (1)
- Furniture (1)
- Fusarium (1)
- Fusarium mycotoxin (1)
- Fusion zone size (1)
- Future‑oriented standards (1)
- G quadruplex (1)
- G quadruplexes (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GC/MS (1)
- GC/MS-MS (1)
- GDL (1)
- GE-XANES (1)
- GF-MAS (1)
- GNBP-2 (1)
- GPR (1)
- GPS data (1)
- GPU Parallel computing (1)
- GTR 13 (1)
- GUR (1)
- Gadolinium-based contrast agent (1)
- Gadovist (1)
- Galvanic anodes (1)
- Galvanic corrosion (1)
- Galvanized steel (1)
- Gamma (1)
- Gamma radiation (1)
- Gamma ray (1)
- Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (1)
- Gas adsorption (1)
- Gas calibration (1)
- Gas condensing boiler (1)
- Gas discharges (1)
- Gas dispersion (1)
- Gas distribution mapping (1)
- Gas emission (1)
- Gas evolution (1)
- Gas explosions (1)
- Gas flow assisted powder deposition (1)
- Gas sensing (1)
- Gas sensors (1)
- Gas sorption (1)
- Gas tomography (1)
- Gas transport in porous media (1)
- Gas-sensitive micro-drone (1)
- Gasoline (1)
- Gated materials (1)
- Gd-DOTA (1)
- Gd3+ (1)
- Gel-bound Colorants (1)
- Gelartige Elektrolyte (1)
- Gemcitabine (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- Gene five protein (1)
- General Chemical Engineering (1)
- General Computer Science (1)
- General Energy (1)
- General Engineering (1)
- General Environmental Science (1)
- General Physics and Astronomy (1)
- General analytical solutions (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome annotation (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Genome sequencing (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Genotoxicity testing (1)
- Geocomposite drain (1)
- Geoenvironmental engineering (1)
- Geographical origins (1)
- Geogrid (1)
- Geological material (1)
- Geometric deep learning (1)
- Geometric phase (1)
- Geometric phase measurement (1)
- Geometric vehicle and track irregularities (1)
- Geometrical deviation (1)
- Geometrical factors (1)
- Geometrical magnification (1)
- Geopolymers (1)
- Geosciences (1)
- Geotextile (1)
- Geothermal environment (1)
- Germanium chlorides (1)
- Gesteuerte Materialien (1)
- Geteilte Infrastruktur (1)
- Ggadolinium (1)
- Giant magneto resistance (1)
- Giant magneto resistance (GMR) (1)
- Gilding (1)
- Github (1)
- Glass Support (1)
- Glass fiber reinforced polymer (1)
- Glass fiber-epoxy composites (1)
- Glass fiber-reinforced composites (1)
- Glass fibre (1)
- Glass forming melts (1)
- Glass liner (1)
- Glass manufacturing (1)
- Glass scanning (1)
- Glass scintillator (1)
- Glass-ceramics (1)
- Glass-ceramics definition (1)
- Glass-fiber-reinforced plastic transport tank (1)
- Glass-fibre-reinforced (1)
- Gleeble experiments (1)
- Global ambient vibrations (1)
- Global hydrogen market (1)
- Global radiation (1)
- Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals (1)
- Glycerol (1)
- Glycolide (1)
- Gnomonic projections (1)
- Goal-oriented (1)
- Gold nanocluster (1)
- Gold nanoparticles (1)
- Gold-Katalyse (1)
- Governance (1)
- Grafting (1)
- Grain Boundary Phase Diagram (1)
- Grain Boundary Segregation (1)
- Grain Boundary Spinodal (1)
- Grain boundary (1)
- Grain boundary engineering (1)
- Grain boundary precipitates (1)
- Grain boundary sliding (1)
- Grain growth (1)
- Grain orientation (1)
- Grain structure (1)
- Granite (1)
- Granular cohesion (1)
- Granules (1)
- Graph databases (1)
- Graph learning (1)
- Graphen Oxide (1)
- Graphene template (1)
- Graphene-based material (GBM) (1)
- Graphene-based polyglycerol sulfates (1)
- Graphical model (1)
- Graphite (1)
- Graphite furnace (1)
- Graphite induced hysteresis (1)
- Grass pollen (1)
- Grating interferometry (1)
- Grating method (1)
- Gravity response (1)
- Green Deal (1)
- Green facades (1)
- Green light excitation (1)
- Green urban construction (1)
- Grinding (1)
- Ground Penetrating Radar (1)
- Ground motion detection (1)
- Ground water (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Group profile (1)
- Grout (1)
- Grouted connection (1)
- Grouting (1)
- Grouts (1)
- Growth rate (1)
- Growth-rate homeostasis (1)
- Guanidinium receptors (1)
- Guided waves (1)
- Gurson model (1)
- Gypsum dehydration (1)
- Gypsum plasterboards (1)
- Gypsum waste (1)
- Gyroid lattice (1)
- H2O2 (1)
- HAZ-softening (1)
- HCF (1)
- HEA (1)
- HERFD-XAS (1)
- HF (1)
- HF free Digestion (1)
- HF-shuttle (1)
- HIgh entropy, (1)
- HNBR (1)
- HPLC-DAD/FLD (1)
- HPLC/MS/MS technique (1)
- HPSEC (1)
- HR-CS-MAS (1)
- HSLA steel (1)
- HTMS (1)
- Hackathon (1)
- Hafnium (1)
- Half-Cell Potential Mapping (1)
- Halloysite nanotubes (1)
- Halogen-free (1)
- Halogenation (1)
- Hammer impact (1)
- Hard Carbon (1)
- Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) (1)
- Hard metal (1)
- Hard metals (1)
- Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Hard-energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Hardly separable problem (1)
- Harmful algal bloom (1)
- Harmful algal blooms (1)
- Harmonisation (1)
- Harsh environment (1)
- Hartmann effect (1)
- Hastelloy X (1)
- Hay fever (1)
- Hazard assessment (1)
- Hazard properties (1)
- Hazardous chemicals (1)
- Hazardous substances (1)
- Haze Samples (1)
- Hazenite (1)
- Healthcare (1)
- Heart attack (1)
- Heat Treatment (1)
- Heat capacity (1)
- Heat flow (1)
- Heat maps (1)
- Heat of combustion (1)
- Heat pump (1)
- Heat release (1)
- Heat source models (1)
- Heat-affected zone (1)
- Heat-transfer Measurements (1)
- Heating oil with 10 % FAME (1)
- Heavy chains (1)
- Heavy gas (1)
- Heavy metal removal (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Hebrew studies (1)
- Hellenistic (1)
- Hemihydrate (1)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (1)
- Herbaspirillum seropedicae (1)
- Herpotrichiellaceae (1)
- Heterodyning (1)
- Heusler alloys (1)
- HexaHis-Tag (1)
- Hexachlorodisilane (1)
- Hexagonally-arranged nano-protrusions (1)
- Hierarchical micro-nanostructures (1)
- Hierarchical structures (1)
- Hierarchically porous (1)
- High - temperature (1)
- High Cycle Fatigue (1)
- High Entropy Alloys (1)
- High density polyethylene (1)
- High ductility (1)
- High energy beam welding (1)
- High energy radiography (1)
- High heat resistance (1)
- High pH (1)
- High power laser beam welding (1)
- High pressure (1)
- High pressure experiments (1)
- High process speeds (1)
- High resolution ultrasonic testing (1)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (1)
- High temperature corrosion (1)
- High temperature oxidation (1)
- High temperatures (1)
- High throughput screening (1)
- High voltage cable accessories (1)
- High-Entropy Alloys (1)
- High-Order Methods (1)
- High-Speed (1)
- High-Speed Separations (1)
- High-Strength Steel (1)
- High-Throughput Fire Tests (1)
- High-energy X-ray imaging (1)
- High-fired gypsum (1)
- High-fired gypsum mortar (1)
- High-fired medieval gypsum mortars (1)
- High-frequency arc discharge (1)
- High-power Laserbeam Welding (1)
- High-precision nail penetration (1)
- High-pressure (1)
- High-pressure density (1)
- High-pressure hydrogen environment (1)
- High-resolution (1)
- High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (1)
- High-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (1)
- High-resolution transmission in SEM (TSEM) (1)
- High-rise building (1)
- High-strength filler metals (1)
- High-strength low-alloy steel (1)
- High-strength steel filler metal (1)
- High-strength steels (1)
- High-temperature ceramics (1)
- High-temperature corrosion (1)
- High-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (1)
- High-voltage testing (1)
- Highly reinforced concrete (1)
- High‐nitrogen steel (1)
- High‐temperature corrosion (1)
- Hilbert transform (1)
- His6 (1)
- His8 (1)
- Histidine (1)
- Historic facades (1)
- Hochfester Stahl (1)
- Hofmeister effect (1)
- Hollow Specimen Technique (1)
- Hollow specimen (1)
- Hollow specimen technique (1)
- Holzschutzmittel (1)
- Homogeneity (1)
- Homogenization (1)
- Homogenization schemes (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Honeycombing (1)
- Horizontal wind turbine (1)
- Horizontally polarized shear waves (1)
- Hospital premises (1)
- Host and symbiont ecology (1)
- Host guest molecules (1)
- Hot Cracks (1)
- Hot cracking test (1)
- Hot disc method (1)
- Hot electrons (1)
- Hot isostatic pressing (1)
- Hot pressing (1)
- Hot storage (1)
- Hot tensile test (1)
- Hot working tool steel (1)
- Hot-electrons (1)
- Human Factors (1)
- Human Plasma (1)
- Human error (1)
- Human fibroblast growth factors (1)
- Human health (1)
- Human health G. (1)
- Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) (1)
- Human papillomavirus (1)
- Human serum albumin (1)
- Humic matter (1)
- Humidity sensing (1)
- Humidity sensor (1)
- Hunting phenomenon (1)
- Hybrid Laser arc Welding (1)
- Hybrid Manufacturing (1)
- Hybrid alkaline cement (1)
- Hybrid cements (1)
- Hybrid composite pressure vessel (1)
- Hybrid manufacturing (1)
- Hybrid monte carlo (1)
- Hybrid repair (1)
- Hydrated DNA (1)
- Hydrated electron (1)
- Hydrated silicate melts (1)
- Hydration shell (1)
- Hydration stoppage (1)
- Hydraulic reactivity (1)
- Hydrocarbons (1)
- Hydrochemical evolution (1)
- Hydrochloric acid (1)
- Hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) (1)
- Hydrodynamic model (1)
- Hydrofluorination (1)
- Hydrogarnet (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hydrogen Storage (1)
- Hydrogen Transfer Film (1)
- Hydrogen adsorption (1)
- Hydrogen adsorption storage (1)
- Hydrogen bonding (1)
- Hydrogen diffusion (1)
- Hydrogen economy (1)
- Hydrogen measurement (1)
- Hydrogen permeation (1)
- Hydrogen policies (1)
- Hydrogen reduction (1)
- Hydrogen safety (1)
- Hydrogen storage tank (1)
- Hydrogen supply (1)
- Hydrogen uptake reproducibility (1)
- Hydrogen-containing gas mixture (1)
- Hydrogen-enriched natural gas (1)
- Hydrogenasen (1)
- Hydrogenated nanostructures (1)
- Hydrogen‐induced stress corrosion cracking (1)
- Hydrophilicity (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (1)
- Hydrothermal Ageging (1)
- Hydrothermal fluid (1)
- Hydrothermal treatment (1)
- Hydrous glass (1)
- Hydroxy warfarin (1)
- Hydroxylellestadite (1)
- Hygienic behavior (1)
- Hygromycin resistance (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, natural durability, tropical wood, native wood. (1)
- Hyperarid (1)
- Hypermutation (1)
- Hyperthermia (1)
- Hystersis (1)
- I-shape sections (1)
- IAPV (1)
- IBESS (1)
- IBESS Approach (1)
- IC50 (1)
- ICP-MS/MS (1)
- ICP-TOFMS (1)
- ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- ID-MS (1)
- IEPE (1)
- ILC (1)
- IMAC purification (1)
- IN 718 (1)
- IN725 (1)
- INCONEL 718 (1)
- IR (1)
- IRHD microhardness (1)
- ISO 11119 (1)
- ISO 12108 (1)
- ISO 16000-6 (1)
- ISO 22196 (1)
- ISO 9223 (1)
- ISO REMCO (1)
- ISRU (1)
- Icing conditions (1)
- Identification (1)
- Identification and quantification of additives (1)
- Identity (1)
- IgE (1)
- IgG determination (1)
- IgY (1)
- Ignition (1)
- Ignition source (1)
- Ignition sources (1)
- Illite (1)
- Image evaluation (1)
- Image processing (1)
- Image reconstruction (1)
- Image registration (1)
- Image segmentation (1)
- Imaging AES (1)
- Imaging SIMS (1)
- Imaging Technique (1)
- Imaging XPS (1)
- Imaging condition (1)
- Imaging technique (1)
- Imidazole (1)
- Immersion oil (1)
- Immersion tank testing (1)
- Immunassay (1)
- Immunity (1)
- Immunoarray (1)
- Immunoassays (1)
- Immunoglobulin E (1)
- Immunohistochemistry (1)
- Immunology (1)
- Immunometric assay (1)
- Immunometric biosensor (1)
- Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Impact Absorbed Energy (1)
- Impact Sensitivity (1)
- Impact damage (1)
- Impact echo (1)
- Impact of standards (1)
- Imperceptible electronics (1)
- Implant material (1)
- Implants (1)
- Imprinting (1)
- Impulse response function (1)
- Impurites (1)
- In situ EXAFS (1)
- In situ SAXS/WAXS (1)
- In situ X-ray diffraction (1)
- In situ atomic force microscopy (1)
- In situ studies (1)
- In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction (1)
- In situ synthesis (1)
- In situ tensile test (1)
- In vivo (1)
- In-air ranging (1)
- In-house calibration solution (1)
- In-line Monitoring (1)
- In-process monitoring (1)
- In-situ ED-XRD (1)
- In-situ SAXS/WAXS (1)
- In-situ SEM micro shear deformation (1)
- In-situ analysis (1)
- In-situ compression (1)
- In-situ diffraction (1)
- In-situ phase analysis (1)
- In-situ process monitoring (1)
- In-situ scattering (1)
- In-situ tensile test (1)
- In-situ testing (1)
- Inca (1)
- Inclination angle (1)
- Incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (1)
- Inconel 625 (1)
- Inconel 686 (1)
- Incorrect classification (1)
- Incremental lifetime models (1)
- Indentation fracture toughness (1)
- Indentation hardness (1)
- Indenter modulus (1)
- Independent test method (1)
- Indicator displacement assay (1)
- Indicators (1)
- Indirect combustion noise (1)
- Indirect damage (1)
- Individual cell tracking (1)
- Indoor mycobiome (1)
- Induced polarization (1)
- Induction heating (1)
- Inductively Coupled Mass Spectroscopy (1)
- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (1)
- Inductively‑coupled mass spectrometry (1)
- Industrial CT (1)
- Industrial application (1)
- Industrial applications (1)
- Industrial by-products (1)
- Industrial gypsum (1)
- Industrial leak testing (1)
- Industrial reference standard (1)
- Industrial safety (1)
- Industrie 4.0 (1)
- Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy (1)
- Inelastic background (1)
- Inert gases (1)
- Infecting a number of insects, (1)
- Infections (1)
- Infectious diseases (1)
- Information Security (1)
- Information Systems (1)
- Information carrier (1)
- Information security management system (ISMS) (1)
- Infra-lightweight concrete (1)
- Infrared nano AFM (1)
- Inherent Strain (1)
- Inhibition (1)
- Ink corrosion (1)
- Ink fingerprint (1)
- Inkjet (1)
- Inline Analytics (1)
- Innovation (1)
- Inorganic arsenic (1)
- Inorganic chemical analysis (1)
- Inorganic impurities (1)
- Insecticide (1)
- Inspection design and planning (1)
- Inspection planning (1)
- Instantaneous wavenumber analysis (1)
- Institutional theory (1)
- Instrumental isotope fractionation (1)
- Instumented indentation test (1)
- Insulation (1)
- Insulation material (1)
- Integrated alignment features (1)
- Intellectual property rights (IPR) (1)
- Intelligent control (1)
- Intelligent tribological material characterization (1)
- Intelligente tribologische Werkstoffcharakterisierung (1)
- Inter-comparison (1)
- Inter-laboratory comparison (1)
- Inter-laboratory test (1)
- Inter-layer time (1)
- Interactions (1)
- Intercomparison (1)
- Interface salt-concrete / rock salt (1)
- Interfaces (1)
- Interfacial Strength (1)
- Interfacial anisotropy (1)
- Interfacial strength (1)
- Interferometric spectroscopy (1)
- Interferometry (1)
- Intergranular strain (1)
- Interlaboratory comparability (1)
- Interlaboratory study (1)
- Intermittent microplasticity (1)
- Intermixing (1)
- Intermodulation (1)
- Intermodulation-AFM (1)
- Internal friction (1)
- Internal standard (1)
- Internal stresses (1)
- Internet of Things (1)
- Interoperable (1)
- Interpass temperature (1)
- Interpenetrating polymer network (1)
- Interphase residual stress (1)
- Interpretable machine learning (1)
- Intra-plant isotope variability (1)
- Intrinsic OER activity (1)
- Intrinsic stress (1)
- Intrinsically conducting polymers (1)
- Intumescent additives (1)
- Intumescent coatings (1)
- Invar (1)
- Inverse Design (1)
- Inverse Problem (1)
- Inverse analysis (1)
- Inverse design techniques (1)
- Inverse problem (1)
- Inverted classroom (1)
- IoT (1)
- Ion beam therapy (1)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- Ion-exchange membranes (1)
- Ionic Liquid Crystals (1)
- Ionic liquids (1)
- Ionic porosity (1)
- Ionic stregth (1)
- Ionisation (1)
- Ionophore (1)
- Ionophore antibiotics (1)
- Iposomes (1)
- Iridium (1)
- Iridium oxide (1)
- Iron aluminide (1)
- Iron carbide (1)
- Iron gall ink (1)
- Iron nanoparticles (1)
- Iron nanophases (1)
- Iron nitride (1)
- Iron oxides (1)
- Iron reducing bacteria (1)
- Iron scrap (1)
- Iron-oxo oligomers (1)
- Irradiation geometry (1)
- Isothermal nucleic acid amplification (1)
- Isotope Dilution (1)
- Isotope Labelling (1)
- Isotope amount ratio (1)
- Isotope delta value (1)
- Isotope dilution analysis (1)
- Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (1)
- Isotope fractionation (1)
- Isotope mixture (1)
- Isotope reference material (1)
- Isotope-labeled (1)
- Isotopic analysis (1)
- Isotopic fractionation (1)
- Isotopologue Distribution (1)
- Issues (1)
- Istzustandserfassung (1)
- Iterative method (1)
- Iterative real-time optimization (1)
- Iterative reconstruction (1)
- JLH (1)
- JMAK model (1)
- Jacobsen-Stockmayer theory (1)
- Jahrestag (1)
- Janus dendrimers (1)
- Jet erosion (1)
- Jet flame (1)
- Jet grout (1)
- Job plot (1)
- Joining dissimilar materials (1)
- Joining technology (1)
- Joint grouts (1)
- K-feldspar (1)
- K-nearest neighbor (1)
- KCl (1)
- Kaolinite (1)
- Kernel average misorientation (1)
- Keyhole collapse (1)
- Keyhole dynamics (1)
- Keywords: Poly(ether ether ketone) (1)
- Kikuchi bands (1)
- Kikuchi diffraction (1)
- Kinematic theory (1)
- Kinetic study (1)
- Kinetics from experiments (1)
- Kitagawa-Takahashi Diagram (1)
- Kitagawa-Takahashi diagram (1)
- Kjeldahl (1)
- Klimaveränderung (1)
- Knock-out mutant (1)
- Knoevenagel condensation (1)
- Knowledge Graph (1)
- Knowledge Representation (1)
- Knowledge Use (1)
- Knowledge and technology transfer (1)
- Knowledge graphs (1)
- Knowledge representation (1)
- Knowledge spillovers (1)
- Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS) (1)
- Knudsen diffusion (1)
- Knudsen effect (1)
- Koffein (1)
- Kompost (1)
- Korynetes caeruleus (1)
- Kosmotrope (1)
- Kramers-Kronig detector (1)
- Kunststoffbehälter (1)
- L-PBF IN718 material (1)
- L-lactide (1)
- LA-ICP-MS based immunoassays (1)
- LA/ICP-MS Imaging (1)
- LBM-DEM numerical simulation (1)
- LC-UV (1)
- LC-UV absorbance (1)
- LC/HRMS (1)
- LC/MS-MS (1)
- LCC (1)
- LCF (1)
- LET (1)
- LFIA (1)
- LIBS TIG welding (1)
- LL equation (1)
- LLG (1)
- LMD (1)
- LN2 cooling (1)
- LSFD (1)
- LSVEC (1)
- LTCC (1)
- LTT (1)
- LTT Weld Filler Materials (1)
- LTT filler metal (1)
- LTT weld filler materials (1)
- Lab on a chip (1)
- Lab-on-a-Chip (1)
- Lab-to-field up-scaling (1)
- Lab-to-field upscaling (1)
- Laboratory 4.0 (1)
- Laboratory breeding (1)
- Laboratory energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) (1)
- Laccase (1)
- Lache (1)
- Lack-of-fusion (1)
- Lactide (1)
- Lacunae (1)
- Lacunary Keggin ion (1)
- Ladder sequencing (1)
- Laminar burning velocity (LBV) (1)
- Laminate design (1)
- Laminated metallic composites (1)
- Laminates (1)
- Laminography (1)
- Lamé curves (1)
- Landau Lifshitz Gilbert equation (1)
- Landau Lifshitz equation (1)
- Landau de-Gennes analysis (1)
- Landfill capping system (1)
- Landslide propagation modelling (1)
- Langmuir isotherm (1)
- Lanthanoide (1)
- Large Language model (1)
- Large components (1)
- Large test fecility (1)
- Large volume samplers (1)
- Large-pore (1)
- Large-scale test (1)
- Large-scale tests (1)
- Lasalocid (1)
- Laser Ablation (1)
- Laser Ablation ICP-MS (1)
- Laser Doppler Vibrometer (1)
- Laser Infrared thermography (1)
- Laser Machining (1)
- Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) (1)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (1)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) (1)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M, L-PBF) (1)
- Laser Processing (1)
- Laser Welding (1)
- Laser ablation ICP-MS (1)
- Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (1)
- Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (1)
- Laser arc-hybrid welding (1)
- Laser cladding (1)
- Laser cleaning (1)
- Laser cutting (1)
- Laser damage (1)
- Laser direct writing (1)
- Laser energy absorption (1)
- Laser excitation (1)
- Laser implantation (1)
- Laser induced breakdown Spectrocopy (LIBS) (1)
- Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- Laser induced plasma (1)
- Laser induced plasma deposition (1)
- Laser metal deposition (LMD) (1)
- Laser powder-based directed energy deposition (1)
- Laser powder-bed fusion (1)
- Laser powderbed fusion (1)
- Laser scanner optics (1)
- Laser scanning (1)
- Laser welding (1)
- Laser-based additive manufacturing (1)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- Laser-induced dielectric breakdown (LIDB) (1)
- Laser-induced fluorescence (1)
- Laser-induced forward transfer (1)
- Laser-induced micro- and nanostructures (1)
- Laser-induced nanostructures (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface strctures (LIPSS) (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS (1)
- Laser-induced slip casting (1)
- Laser-modified surface (1)
- Laser-plasma hybrid (1)
- Lateral dynamic displacement (1)
- Lateral resolution (1)
- Lattice distortions (1)
- Lattice parameter determination (1)
- Lattice point density (1)
- Lattice rotation (1)
- Lattice structure (1)
- Laves phase (1)
- Layer-by-Layer (1)
- Layer-by-layer deposition (1)
- Layered manganese oxide (1)
- Layers (1)
- Layerwise Slurry Deposition (1)
- Layerwise slurry deposition (1)
- Leaching of waste materials (1)
- Leaching test (1)
- Lead (1)
- Lead identification (1)
- Lead-free ceramics (1)
- Leak (1)
- Leak detection (1)
- Leak-tightness (1)
- Leakage rate (1)
- Leakproofness (1)
- Leakproofness test (1)
- Leather waste (1)
- Lecture films (1)
- Legacy pollution (1)
- Leonardo da Vinci (1)
- Levelized cost of energy (1)
- Levitation Device (1)
- Lewis Acid (1)
- Lewis superacids (1)
- Lewis/Bronsted (1)
- Li dendrites (1)
- Li dendrites penetration mechanisms (1)
- LiFePO4 (1)
- LiYF4 (1)
- Library (1)
- Library and Information Sciences (1)
- Life cycle (1)
- Life cycle assessment (LCA) (1)
- Life cycle thinking (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Life science (1)
- Life-cycle assessment (1)
- Life-cycle costing (1)
- Lifetime encoding (1)
- Lifetime-encoded beads (1)
- Ligand analysis (1)
- Ligandsubstitution (1)
- Light chain (1)
- Light chains (1)
- Light curing (1)
- Light harvesting (1)
- Light-harvesting (1)
- Lightweight aggregates (1)
- Lightweight materials (1)
- Lightweight structures (1)
- Lignin (1)
- Lignin modification (1)
- Lignocellulose (1)
- Lignosulfonates (1)
- Limestone powder (1)
- Limit of acceptable consequence (1)
- Limitations (1)
- Limited angle tomography (1)
- Limited data (1)
- Lindemann criterion (1)
- Linear array (1)
- Linear elastic fracture mechanics (1)
- Linear parameter varying systems (1)
- Linked open data (1)
- Linker (1)
- Lipid Nanodiscs (1)
- Lipidomics (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Liquefied Hydrogen (1)
- Liquefied Natural Gas (1)
- Liquefied hydrogen (1)
- Liquefied natural gas (1)
- Liquid Crystal (1)
- Liquid chromatography (1)
- Liquid crystal (1)
- Liquid-liquid-phase-separation (1)
- Liquid-metal embrittlement (1)
- Literature survey (1)
- Lithium Ion Batteries (1)
- Lithium aluminosilicates (1)
- Litium Ion Cells (1)
- Liver X receptor (1)
- Lluminescence (1)
- Load Experiment (1)
- Load cycles (1)
- Load identification (1)
- Load transfer (1)
- Local Weld Geometry (1)
- Local approaches (1)
- Local corrosion (1)
- Local critical strain (1)
- Local fatigue approaches (1)
- Local fatigue spproaches (1)
- Local resonance (1)
- Local wavenumber analysis (1)
- Localised corrosion (1)
- Localization (1)
- Localized laser dispersing (1)
- Localized model order reduction (1)
- Localized surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Long-term aging (1)
- Long-term requirements (1)
- Longst luminescence lifetime (1)
- Lonic liquid (1)
- Lorentz force (1)
- Lorentz forces (1)
- Loss (1)
- Low Transformation Temperature filler wire (1)
- Low blow (1)
- Low cycle fatigue (1)
- Low field NMR spectroscopy (1)
- Low transformation temperature filler wire (1)
- Low-Cycle Fatigue (LCF) (1)
- Low-carbon construction (1)
- Low-cycle fatigue (1)
- Low-energy electrons (1)
- Low-frequency shaker (1)
- Low-loading (1)
- Lower explosion limit (1)
- Luftgüte (1)
- Luftverschmutzung (1)
- Luminescent lifetime (1)
- Lumineszenz (1)
- Luminol (1)
- Lunar regolith (1)
- Lupolen (1)
- Lymnaea stagnalis (1)
- Lysergic acid hydrazide (1)
- Lysosome (1)
- Lysozyme (1)
- L‐PBF (1)
- M-N-C catalysts (1)
- MALDI-TOF MS/MS (1)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (1)
- MATLAB (1)
- MC-TIMS (1)
- MCA-modeling (1)
- MCC (1)
- MCNP (1)
- MCR (1)
- MDCK cell (1)
- MDFEM (1)
- MEA (1)
- MESG (1)
- MICAP-MS (1)
- MIMO (1)
- MLCT (1)
- MLI (1)
- MOF´s (1)
- MOSH/MOAH (1)
- MR Angiography (1)
- MR imaging (1)
- MRT (1)
- MST (1)
- MSWI bottom ash (1)
- MVT (1)
- MW-AES (1)
- MWIR (1)
- MYCN (1)
- Maceration (1)
- Machine learning optimization (1)
- Machine learning segmentation (1)
- Machine vision (1)
- Macroion/growth factor assemblies (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Macrophages (1)
- Macropores (1)
- Macroscopic (1)
- Macroscopic stress (1)
- Magnesium Alloy (1)
- Magnesium alloy (1)
- Magnesium alloys (1)
- Magnesium carbonates (1)
- Magnesium chloride brine (1)
- Magnesium-gadolinium alloy (1)
- Magnet coupling (1)
- Magnetic (1)
- Magnetic Methods (1)
- Magnetic Nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetic alloys (1)
- Magnetic anisotropy (1)
- Magnetic bath support (1)
- Magnetic domains (1)
- Magnetic interacion (1)
- Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle clusters (1)
- Magnetic materials (1)
- Magnetic moment (1)
- Magnetic nanocatalyst (1)
- Magnetic sensor system (1)
- Magnetic sensors (1)
- Magnetic stray field (1)
- Magnetic stray fields (1)
- Magnetic thin films (1)
- Magnetization dynamics (1)
- Magneto-optical sensor (1)
- Magneto-structural transition (1)
- Magnetocaloric effect (1)
- Magnetocaloric materials (1)
- Magnetoeleastic couplin (1)
- Magnetomechanical effect (1)
- Magnetostriction (1)
- Magnéli phase (1)
- Maintenance (1)
- Major transition (1)
- Management science and operations research (1)
- Management system standards (1)
- Manufacturing (1)
- Manuscript studies (1)
- Map production and publishing (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Mapping for unseparable load (1)
- Maps and colours (1)
- Marek's Disease Virus (1)
- Marine corrosion (1)
- Maritime Atmosphäre (1)
- Maritime atmosphere (1)
- Market access (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Martensite (1)
- Martensitic steels (1)
- Maschinelles Lernen (1)
- Maschinenfundament (1)
- Maskinteknik (1)
- Mass contents (1)
- Mass loss (1)
- Mass transport (1)
- Mass-Spectrometry (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Matching ferritic filler metal (1)
- Material Acceleration Platforms (MAPs) (1)
- Material Moisture (1)
- Material behavior (1)
- Material cassification (1)
- Material characterization (1)
- Material chemistry (1)
- Material classification (1)
- Material defects (1)
- Material discrimination (1)
- Material efficiency (1)
- Material engineering (1)
- Material inspection (1)
- Material science (1)
- Material sciences (1)
- Material synthesis (1)
- Materialeigenschaft (1)
- Materials Modelling (1)
- Materials Properties (1)
- Materials Science (1)
- Materials Testing (1)
- Materials analysis (1)
- Materials by design (1)
- Materials chemistry (1)
- Materials database (1)
- Materials science (1)
- Materials science and engineering (1)
- Matrix (1)
- Matrix influence (1)
- Matter reorganization theories (1)
- McSAS3 (1)
- Mean atomic number (1)
- Mean-field modelling (1)
- Measurement Uncertainty (1)
- Measurement campaigns (1)
- Measurement method (1)
- Measurement techniques (1)
- Measurement uncertainties (1)
- Mechanical Load (1)
- Mechanical Properties (1)
- Mechanical activation (1)
- Mechanical alloying (1)
- Mechanical analysis (1)
- Mechanical anisotropy (1)
- Mechanical behavior (1)
- Mechanical characterization (1)
- Mechanical flexibility (1)
- Mechanical loading (1)
- Mechanical mismatching (1)
- Mechanical modelling (1)
- Mechanical response (1)
- Mechanical strength (1)
- Mechanical stress (1)
- Mechanical treatment (1)
- Mechanical waves (1)
- Mechanically flexible crystals (1)
- Mechanisms of pathogenesis (1)
- Mechanistic study (1)
- Mechanochemical pictographs (1)
- Mechanochemical synthesis (1)
- Mechanochemically synthesis (1)
- Mechanosensitive channel (1)
- Medical diagnostics (1)
- Medical imaging (1)
- Medicinal application (1)
- Medicine (1)
- Medieval Jewish manuscripts (1)
- Medium entropy alloys (1)
- MefHySto (1)
- Melamine cyanurate (1)
- Melamine polyphosphate (1)
- Melanin Adhesion (1)
- Melanins (1)
- Melanised microcolonial fungi (MCF) (1)
- Melt dripping (1)
- Melt pool boundary (1)
- Melt pool depth (1)
- Melt pool dynamics (1)
- Melt pool monitoring (1)
- Mercaptans (1)
- Mercury intrusion porosimetry (1)
- Mercury speciation (1)
- Mesh routing (1)
- Meso Portland cement (1)
- Mesocellular foam (1)
- Mesofluidics (1)
- Mesopores (1)
- Mesoporosity (1)
- Mesoporous SiO2-CaO nanoparticles (1)
- Mesoporous Silica (1)
- Mesoporous iridium oxide films (1)
- Mesoporous particles (1)
- Mesoporous phosphate-based glasses (1)
- Mesoporous silica (1)
- Mesoporöse Träger (1)
- Mesoscale (1)
- Mesoscopic (1)
- Messsysteme (1)
- Meta material (1)
- Meta-Omics (1)
- Meta-analysis (1)
- Metabolic Flux (1)
- Metabolic engineering (1)
- Metabolic flux analysis (1)
- Metabolic modeling (1)
- Metabolization (1)
- Metadata (1)
- Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) (1)
- Metal Organic Frameworks (1)
- Metal additive manufacturing (1)
- Metal carbides (1)
- Metal cluster (1)
- Metal halides (1)
- Metal ions (1)
- Metal matrix composite (1)
- Metal matrix composite (MMC) (1)
- Metal matrix composites (1)
- Metal mixing (1)
- Metal nanoparticles (1)
- Metal phosphonates (1)
- Metal recovery (1)
- Metal seals (1)
- Metal toxicity (1)
- Metal uptake (1)
- Metal-organic polyhedra (1)
- Metal-oxides (1)
- Metallic Glass (1)
- Metallic materials (1)
- Metallic matrix pad (1)
- Metallo-supramolecular polyelectrolytes (1)
- Metalloprotein (1)
- Metals (1)
- Metals and alloys (1)
- Metal–organic frameworks (1)
- Metal−organic frameworks (1)
- Metamaterials (1)
- Metarhizium (1)
- Metarhizium robertsii DSM 1490 (1)
- Metathesis (1)
- Metformin (1)
- Methane Oxidation (1)
- Methane removal (1)
- Methane total oxidation (1)
- Methanogen (1)
- Methanogens (1)
- Methanol oxidation (1)
- Methods of scientific analysis (1)
- Methyl group rotation (1)
- Methylanilines (1)
- Methylmercury (1)
- Metoligotoma (1)
- Metrologie (1)
- Metrology in chemistry (1)
- Micelle (1)
- Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Micro heat and power generation (1)
- Micro- and nanocapsules (1)
- Micro-CT scanning (1)
- Micro-Raman imaging (1)
- Micro-comuted tomography (µCT) (1)
- Micro-concentrator solar cell (1)
- MicroXRF (1)
- Microalloying influences (1)
- Microarray printing (1)
- Microbe (1)
- Microbe interactions (1)
- Microbial abundance (1)
- Microbial adhesions (1)
- Microbial simulation, (1)
- Microbially Induced Corrosion (1)
- Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) (1)
- Microbially induced corrosion (1)
- Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microbiological Corrosion (1)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microbiology (1)
- Microchamber (1)
- Microcracks (1)
- Microcystins (1)
- Microencapsulated thermochromic pigments (1)
- Microfabrication (1)
- Microfine Cement (1)
- Microfluidic (1)
- Microfluidic mixing (1)
- Microfluidic system (1)
- Microfluids (1)
- Microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT) (1)
- Microhardness (1)
- Micromagnetism (1)
- Micromechanical model (1)
- Micromechanics (1)
- Micrometeorites (1)
- Micromonospora aurantiaca (1)
- Microorganism (1)
- Microorganisms (1)
- Micropatterning (1)
- Microplastic analysis (1)
- Microplastic fibers (1)
- Microplastic pathways (1)
- Microplastic pollution (1)
- Microplastic stress (1)
- Microplastic-induced effects (1)
- Microplastics detection (1)
- Microplatic (1)
- Microporous polymers (1)
- Microscope slides (1)
- Microspheres (1)
- Microstrain distribution (1)
- Microstructure evolution (1)
- Microstructured fibers (1)
- Microwave inductively coupled atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry (MICAP-MS) (1)
- Microwave synthesis (1)
- Microwave-assisted synthesis (1)
- Middle Pleistocene (1)
- Mikrofluidik (1)
- Mild steels (1)
- Miller and Urey (1)
- Millipedes (1)
- Mineral (1)
- Mineral identification (1)
- Mineral oil hydrocarobons (1)
- Mineral paragenesis (1)
- Mineralogie (1)
- Minerals (1)
- Mini-plant (1)
- Miniaturization (1)
- Minimally-invasive parapatellar approach (1)
- Minimum Waiting Time (1)
- Minimum burst pressure (1)
- Minimum energy performance standards (1)
- Minimum ignition temperature (1)
- Mining head gear (1)
- Misalignment of edges (1)
- Misfitting precipitate (1)
- Missing fragmentation sites (1)
- Missing wedge (1)
- Mitigation strategies (1)
- Mix-design (1)
- Mixed Inks (1)
- Mixed conductors (1)
- Mixed metal oxide (1)
- Mixed surface (1)
- Mixed-ligand MOFs (1)
- Mixing procedure (1)
- Mn-oxides (1)
- MoO3 (1)
- MoS2 (1)
- Mobile analytics (1)
- Mobile phase (1)
- Mobile robot olfaction (1)
- Mobiles LIBS (1)
- Mobility particle size spectrometer (MPPS) (1)
- Modal Analysis (1)
- Modal analysis (1)
- Modal parameters (1)
- Model Building (1)
- Model Predictive Control (1)
- Model Updating (1)
- Model aerosols (1)
- Model interpolation (1)
- Model order reduction (1)
- Model order reduction (MOR) (1)
- Model reduction (1)
- Modelling studies (1)
- Modern (1)
- Modes of action (1)
- Modification of structural morphology (1)
- Modified U-Net architectures (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Modifier adaptation (1)
- Modular model (1)
- Modular production units (1)
- Moisture content (1)
- Moisture distribution (1)
- Moisture measurements (1)
- Molar extinction coefficient determination (1)
- Molecular Biology (1)
- Molecular MRI (1)
- Molecular Organic Frameworks (1)
- Molecular VOx catalysts (1)
- Molecular diffusion (1)
- Molecular identification (1)
- Molecular imprinted polymers (1)
- Molecular marker (1)
- Molecular mass distribution (1)
- Molecular recognition at interfaces (1)
- Molecular sieves (1)
- Molecular spectra (1)
- Molecular-MRI (1)
- Molecule (1)
- Molten pool (1)
- Monensin (1)
- Monitoring strategy (1)
- Monoclonal Antibodies (1)
- Monoclonal Antibody (1)
- Monoclonal antibodies (1)
- Monoklonal (1)
- Monolith (1)
- Monomer (1)
- Monopile support structure (1)
- Monte Carlo algorithm (1)
- Moon (1)
- Morphological image analysis (1)
- Mortar method (1)
- Motif (1)
- Motor control (1)
- Mounting media (1)
- Mounting medium (1)
- Movement characteristics (1)
- Moving vehicles (1)
- MscS (1)
- Mukuru (1)
- Multi photon lithography (1)
- Multi-Offset Array (1)
- Multi-attribute decision method (1)
- Multi-beam track model (1)
- Multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (1)
- Multi-criteria decision support (1)
- Multi-dimensional reconstruction (1)
- Multi-element analysis (1)
- Multi-energy CT (1)
- Multi-hop (1)
- Multi-materials joining (1)
- Multi-omics (1)
- Multi-phase materials (1)
- Multi-physical modelling (1)
- Multi-principal element alloy (1)
- Multi-prinicpal element alloys (MPEAs) (1)
- Multi-sample analysis (1)
- Multi-sensor (1)
- Multi-sensor approach (1)
- Multiaxial deformation (1)
- Multicellularity (1)
- Multidimensional technology adoption (1)
- Multifuncitonal material systems (1)
- Multigene phylogeny (1)
- Multilayer Insulation (1)
- Multilayer graphene (1)
- Multilayercoatings (1)
- Multilayers (1)
- Multilaysers (1)
- Multilocus phylogeny (1)
- Multimodal analysis (1)
- Multiple Displacement Amplification (1)
- Multiple principal element alloy (1)
- Multiple reflections (1)
- Multiple sclerosis (1)
- Multiple-injection sample-standard bracketing (1)
- Multiple-layered scaffold (1)
- Multiplex (1)
- Multiplexed assay (1)
- Multiport (1)
- Multiscale (1)
- Multiscale methods (1)
- Multivalency (1)
- Multivariat (1)
- Multivariate (1)
- Multivariate analyses (1)
- Multivariate evaluation (1)
- Multivariate methods (1)
- Multi‐component diffusion (1)
- Municipal solid waste (1)
- Muon (1)
- Muon tomography (1)
- Murchison meteorite (1)
- Mushrooms (1)
- Mussel-inspired adhesive systems (1)
- Mussel-inspired adhesives (1)
- Mussel-inspired materials (1)
- MySpot (1)
- Mycoplasma (1)
- Mössbauer (1)
- Mössbauer Spectroscopy (1)
- Mössbauer spectroscopy (1)
- Mössbauer study (1)
- Müllverbrennung (1)
- M−N/Cs (1)
- N2-stripping (1)
- NAT (1)
- NDE (1)
- NDT Reliability (1)
- NGS (1)
- NH3-TPD (1)
- NHS (1)
- NHS-Ester (1)
- NIR Spectroscopy (1)
- NIR dyes (1)
- NIR imaging (1)
- NIR-I (1)
- NIR-II fluorescence (1)
- NIST (1)
- NIST-mAb 8671 (1)
- NMC Cathode (1)
- NMF (1)
- NMR Spectroscopy (1)
- NMR spectroscopy (1)
- NSE (1)
- NaI (1)
- Nanaoparticle (1)
- Nanaoparticles (1)
- Nano Particles (1)
- Nano particles (1)
- Nano-carrier (1)
- Nano-ceramic-additive-manufacturing photoresin (1)
- Nano-materials (1)
- Nano-powder (1)
- NanoCAM (1)
- Nanobiocide (1)
- Nanocarrier (1)
- Nanocasting (1)
- Nanocluster (1)
- Nanocoating (1)
- Nanoconfinement (1)
- Nanocorrosion of aluminium and silicon (1)
- Nanodosimetry (1)
- Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) (1)
- Nanofibers (1)
- Nanoinformatics (1)
- Nanolenses (1)
- Nanomaterial analysis (1)
- Nanomaterial categorisation (1)
- Nanomaterial definition (1)
- Nanomaterial design (1)
- Nanomaterial legislation (1)
- Nanomaterial regulation (1)
- Nanomechanical charecteisation (1)
- Nanomechanical properties (1)
- Nanomechanics (1)
- Nanon (1)
- Nanoparticle characterization (1)
- Nanoparticle dimers (1)
- Nanoparticle synthesis (1)
- Nanopatricle (1)
- Nanophotonics (1)
- Nanoplatform (1)
- Nanopores (1)
- Nanoporous (1)
- Nanoporous carbon (1)
- Nanopowder (1)
- Nanopropous materials (1)
- Nanosafety (1)
- Nanosafety (Safe-by-design) (1)
- Nanosciences (1)
- Nanosensor (1)
- Nanostructure quantification (1)
- Nanostructured FeOx films (1)
- Nanostructured material (1)
- Nanostructuring (1)
- Nanotoxicology (1)
- Nanotribology (1)
- Nanoviscosity (1)
- Nanowear (1)
- Naphthalene (Nap) (1)
- Narrow line method (1)
- Natrium (1)
- Natural (1)
- Natural abundance of 15N (1)
- Natural products (1)
- Natural products discovery (1)
- Natural rubber (1)
- Natural silver wires (1)
- Natural stones (1)
- Nb3Sn (1)
- NbC (1)
- Near Ambient Pressure XPS (1)
- Near ambient pressure xray photo electron spectroscopy (1)
- Near-field spectroscopy (1)
- Near-infrared refectography (1)
- Near-surface X-ray diffraction (1)
- Neel wall (1)
- Nelson’s method (1)
- Neoallergen (1)
- Neoepitopes (1)
- Net-ionization reaction (1)
- Network (1)
- Network science (1)
- Networking (1)
- Neurons (1)
- Neuropeptide (1)
- Neurotrophins (1)
- Neutral dyes (1)
- Neutron Bragg edge imaging (1)
- Neutron Imaging (1)
- Neutron Scattering (1)
- Neutron and X-ray diffraction (1)
- Neutron instrument (1)
- Neutron radiology (1)
- Newton Raphson method (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Ni alloy (1)
- Ni-Mn-Ga (1)
- Ni-based austenitic filler metal (1)
- Nickel alloys (1)
- Nickel chelate (1)
- Nickel nanoparticles (1)
- Nickel-base alloy (1)
- Nile Red (1)
- Nitric acid (1)
- Nitrification (1)
- Nitrobenzene reduction (1)
- Nitrogen fixation (1)
- Nitrogen microwave inductively coupled atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry (1)
- Nitrogen monoxide (1)
- Nitrogen plasma (1)
- Nitrogen uptake (1)
- Nitrososphaerales (1)
- Nitrous oxide (1)
- Nneutron imaging (1)
- Nobel-metal free electrocatalysis (1)
- Nodularins (1)
- Noise in image (1)
- Nomenclature (1)
- Non Destructive Testing (1)
- Non linear dynamics (1)
- Non-Destructive Evaluation (1)
- Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) (1)
- Non-classical crystallization (1)
- Non-destrucive testing (1)
- Non-destructiv testing (1)
- Non-destructive ambient analysis (1)
- Non-destructive evaluation (1)
- Non-destructive testing in civil engineering (1)
- Non-destructive testing of concrete (1)
- Non-destructuive testing (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Non-invasive scientific methods (1)
- Non-linear Arrhenius behavior (1)
- Non-linear finite element modelling (1)
- Non-metal determination (1)
- Non-negative matrix factorization (1)
- Non-serrated inhomogeneous flow (1)
- Non-spherical nanoparticles (1)
- Non-synoptic wind event (1)
- Non-targeted analysis (1)
- Non-vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Non-weldable superalloy (1)
- Noncovalent interactions (1)
- Nondestructive Testing (1)
- Nondestructive testing (NDT) (1)
- Nondestructive testing techniques (1)
- Nonlinear Equation of Motion (1)
- Nonlinear Finite Element Formulations (1)
- Nonlinear behavior (1)
- Nonlinear stress-strain curve (1)
- Nonspecific binding (NSB) (1)
- Nosema (1)
- Nosema ceranae (1)
- Notch (1)
- Notch stress approach (1)
- Notches (1)
- Novel metrology (1)
- Nuclear Energy and Engineering (1)
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1)
- Nuclear power plant (1)
- Nuclear receptor (1)
- Nuclear waste (1)
- Nuclear waste repository (1)
- Nuclear waste storage (1)
- Nucleation tendency (1)
- Nucleic acid tests (1)
- Nucleobase (1)
- Nucleocapsid (1)
- Number-weighted median size (1)
- Numerical Simulation (1)
- Numerical analysis (1)
- Numerical inversion (1)
- Numerical investigation (1)
- Numerical models (1)
- Numerical welding simulations (1)
- Numerische Analysen (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Nydrogen melting (1)
- OBOC library (1)
- OECD (1)
- OER (1)
- OH (1)
- OH Radical (1)
- OH radicals (1)
- OH scavenger (1)
- OH-radical (1)
- OMS (1)
- OOMMF (1)
- OTDR (1)
- Object oriented micromagnetic framework (1)
- Obstacles (1)
- Ochratoxin A (1)
- Octachlortrisilane (1)
- Oddy test (1)
- Odour (1)
- Offshore foundations (1)
- Offshore geomechanics (1)
- Offshore steel grade (1)
- Offshore wind turbine (1)
- Offshore wind turbines (1)
- Oil (1)
- Oil spills (1)
- Oil-based (1)
- Oligomerization (1)
- Oligonucleotides (1)
- On-chip screening (1)
- On-line CE/MC-ICP-MS (1)
- On-site detection (1)
- One-bead-one-compound library (1)
- Online Monitoring (1)
- Online Process Monitoring (1)
- Online biosensor (1)
- Online detection (1)
- Onset of jet erosion (1)
- Onsite inspection (1)
- Ontology Engineering (1)
- Open Circuit Voltage (1)
- Open data on zenodo (1)
- Open source (1)
- Operando (1)
- Operational modal analysis (1)
- Ophthalmology (1)
- Optical Tomography (1)
- Optical assay (1)
- Optical birefringence (1)
- Optical criterion of brittleness (1)
- Optical fibre (1)
- Optical frequency-domain reflectometry (1)
- Optical imaging (1)
- Optical incremental encoder (1)
- Optical methods (1)
- Optical tweezers (1)
- Optically active surfaces (1)
- Optically excited lock-in thermography (1)
- Optische Konstanten (1)
- Orbitrap (1)
- Orchestration (1)
- Ordered mesoporous carbon (1)
- Ordered/disordered structures (1)
- Organic Solar Cell (1)
- Organic Synthesis (1)
- Organic calibration solution (1)
- Organic compounds (1)
- Organic crystal (1)
- Organic electronics (1)
- Organic osmolytes (1)
- Organic peroxides (1)
- Organic phosphates (1)
- Organic-inorganic hybrid composites (1)
- Organic–inorganic nanostructures (1)
- Organophosphonate (1)
- Oriented immobilization (1)
- Orowan Mechanism (1)
- Ortho-Phthalaldehyde (1)
- Orthotropic steel deck (1)
- Oscillating ball-on-disc test (1)
- Oscillating magnetic field (1)
- Oscillating vapor plume (1)
- Oscillation (1)
- Osmia bicornis (1)
- Osmolyte (1)
- Osmophobic effect (1)
- Osmotic minipumps (1)
- Osmotic shock (1)
- Osseointegration (1)
- Osteochondral stifle joint defect (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Osteoporosis (1)
- Outburst floods (1)
- Ovalbumin (1)
- Ovariectomy (1)
- Oven drying (1)
- Overhead transmission line (1)
- Oxidative metabolism (1)
- Oxide melts (1)
- Oxygen Evolution Reaction (1)
- Oxygen Reduction Reaction (1)
- Oxygen isotope ratios (1)
- Oxygen permability (1)
- Oxygen sensitive (1)
- Oxygenation (1)
- Ozon (1)
- P-efficiency (1)
- P. Fluorescens (1)
- PAHs (1)
- PALM (1)
- PBF-LB/M AlSi10Mg (1)
- PBF-LB/M/316L (1)
- PBFLB/M AlSi10Mg alloy (1)
- PBS (1)
- PCCA+ (1)
- PCE (1)
- PCR (1)
- PDT (1)
- PET (1)
- PGM-free catalyst (1)
- PIC technology (1)
- PLA (1)
- PLIF-RIM optical techniques (1)
- PLSR (1)
- PM monitors (1)
- PMSM (1)
- POP (1)
- PQQ (1)
- PS (1)
- PSA (1)
- PTFE (1)
- PUR (1)
- PV module (1)
- PVD hard coating (1)
- PVDF-based membrane (1)
- Pacemaker (1)
- Packaging (1)
- Packing density (1)
- Paints (1)
- Pair distribution function (1)
- Pancharatnam–Berry phase (1)
- Pants (1)
- Papyrology (1)
- Parabolic flight (1)
- Paramagnetism (1)
- Parker method (1)
- Partial discharge (1)
- Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) (1)
- Partial least squares regression (1)
- Partial penetration (1)
- Partial pore saturation (1)
- Partial safety factor modification (1)
- Particle architecture (1)
- Particle emission (1)
- Particle emissions (1)
- Particle image velocimetry (1)
- Particle motion trajectory (1)
- Particle number concentration (1)
- Particle size analysis (1)
- Particle size and shape distribution (1)
- Particle synthesis (1)
- Particle transfer (1)
- Particle-bed binder jetting (1)
- Passenger car motor oils (PCMO) (1)
- Passive sampling (1)
- Patch (1)
- Patents (1)
- Path planning (1)
- Path-based analysis (1)
- Pathogen transmission (1)
- Pattern matching (1)
- Pattern recognition methods (1)
- Pattern recognition receptor (1)
- Pd(II) (1)
- Peak stress method (1)
- Peak stress method (PSM) (1)
- Pedestrian dynamics (1)
- Pedestrians with disabilities (1)
- Peer review (1)
- Penetration depth (1)
- Pentafluorophosphates (1)
- Pepper (1)
- Pepper samples (1)
- Peptide aptamers (1)
- Peptide binder (1)
- Peptide folding (1)
- Peptide identification (1)
- Peptide mass fingerprinting (1)
- Peptide probe (1)
- Peptide synthesis (1)
- Peptides and Proteins (1)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (1)
- Perceived Intensity (1)
- Perceived intensity (1)
- Perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (1)
- Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (1)
- Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) (1)
- Performance (1)
- Periodic solidification pattern (1)
- Perlite (1)
- Permeation measurements (1)
- Permethrin (1)
- Peroxidase (1)
- Peroxy-fuels (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Perturbed-Chain Statistical Association Fluid Theory (1)
- Perzyna viscoplasticity (1)
- Pesticide (1)
- Pesticide parathion-methyl (1)
- Petroleum (1)
- Pflanzenvirus (1)
- Pflanzenwachstum (1)
- Pharmaceutical (1)
- Pharmaceutical Science (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Pharmacy (1)
- Pharmazeutika (1)
- Phase Imaging (1)
- Phase boundary (1)
- Phase development (1)
- Phase error (1)
- Phase field crystal (1)
- Phase field method (1)
- Phase formation (1)
- Phase shifter (1)
- Phase specific residual stresses (1)
- Phase stability (1)
- Phase transition (1)
- Phase unwrapping (1)
- Phase-Field Simulations (1)
- Phase-contrast X-ray imaging (1)
- Phase-field modelling (1)
- Phase-sensitive (1)
- Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (1)
- Phased Array (1)
- Phased array (1)
- Phasenzusammensetzung (1)
- Phase‐field modeling (1)
- Phenanthrene (1)
- Phenothrin (1)
- Phenotypic diversity (1)
- Phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- Phenylketonuria (1)
- Phl p 5 (1)
- Phleum pratense (1)
- Phonon interactions (1)
- Phospha-Michael addition (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Phosphate extractability and availability (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphinate (1)
- Phosphinine (1)
- Phospholipids (1)
- Phosphonate (1)
- Phosphor (1)
- Phosphorescence (1)
- Phosphorous flame retardant (1)
- Phosphorus availability (1)
- Phosphorus elimination (1)
- Phosphorus flame retardant (1)
- Phosphorus flame retardants (1)
- Phosphorus-containing flame retardant (1)
- Phosphorylated Algae (1)
- Phosphorylated lignin (1)
- Phosphotyrosine Biomimetics (1)
- Phosphous recovery (1)
- Photo counting (1)
- Photoacoustic characterization (1)
- Photocatalytic reduction (1)
- Photocatalytic surfaces (1)
- Photochemistry (1)
- Photodynamic therapy (1)
- Photoelectrochemistry (1)
- Photoinduced Electron Transfer (1)
- Photoinduced electron transfer (1)
- Photoligation (1)
- Photometric P determination (1)
- Photon counting detector (1)
- Photon-electron transport (1)
- Photonic biosensor (1)
- Photonic devices (1)
- Photonic wire (1)
- Photonics (1)
- Photons (1)
- Photopolymer (1)
- Photoreforming (1)
- Photosensitization (1)
- Photostability (1)
- Photostabilität (1)
- Photoswitchable rotaxane (1)
- Photothermal (1)
- Photothermal Technique (1)
- Photothermal super resolution (1)
- Photovoltaics (1)
- Physical aging (1)
- Physical hazards (1)
- Physical properties (1)
- Physical relaxation (1)
- Physical twin (1)
- Physico-chemical characterisation of minerals (1)
- Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) (1)
- Physics and society (1)
- Physisoprtion (1)
- Phytolith (1)
- Phytoliths (1)
- Piezoelectric (1)
- Piezoelectric transducer (1)
- Piezoresistive (1)
- Piezoresistive cantilever (1)
- Piezoresponse (1)
- Pigment (1)
- Pile integrity (1)
- Pink beams (1)
- Pipe weld preparation (1)
- Pipeline integrity (1)
- Pipeline monitoring (1)
- Pipeline network (1)
- Pipeline vibrations (1)
- Plagioclase (1)
- Planck function (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Plant pathogen (1)
- Plant virus (1)
- Plant-model mismatch (1)
- Plants (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plasma Polymerization (1)
- Plasma acoustics (1)
- Plasma chemistry (1)
- Plasma cutting (1)
- Plasma deposition (1)
- Plasma nanocoatings (1)
- Plasma spray (1)
- Plasma-cut samples (1)
- Plasma-transferred-arc (1)
- Plasmid DNA (1)
- Plasmid DNA pUC19 (1)
- Plasmon enhancement (1)
- Plasmonic heating (1)
- Plasmonic nanofocusing (1)
- Plasmonic photocatalysis (1)
- Plastic debris (1)
- Plastic degradation (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Plastic waste (1)
- Plastic waste recycling (1)
- Plasticity-based Analysis (1)
- Plate girders (1)
- Platinum group metals (1)
- Platinum-free catalyst (1)
- Platinum-ruthenium colloid (1)
- Plume (1)
- Point of inflection (1)
- Polarised light microscopy (1)
- Polarization (1)
- Polishing (1)
- Pollen extract (1)
- Pollinator (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Poly(butadiene terephthalates) (PBT) (1)
- Polyamide 4.6 (1)
- Polyaniline (1)
- Polybutadiene/chloroprene (1)
- Polycaprolactone (1)
- Polychlorosilanes (1)
- Polyclonal Antibodies (1)
- Polycrystal (1)
- Polycrystalline thin films (1)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1)
- Polydopamine (1)
- Polyelectrolytes (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polyester (1)
- Polyethylene colonization (1)
- Polyethylene glycol (1)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- Polyimide-coated optical fibers (1)
- Polyisocyanurate (1)
- Polyisocyanurate; PIR (1)
- Polymer Fibres (1)
- Polymer based Nanocomposites (1)
- Polymer blends (1)
- Polymer composite (1)
- Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (1)
- Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (1)
- Polymer encapsulant (1)
- Polymer matrix composites (1)
- Polymer membranes (1)
- Polymer of intrisic microporosity (1)
- Polymer optical fiber POF (1)
- Polymer optical fibres (1)
- Polymer particles (1)
- Polymer-based products (1)
- Polymer-ceramic mixtures (1)
- Polymerase mutant (1)
- Polymers and Plastics (1)
- Polymers and plastics (1)
- Polymethyl methacrylate (1)
- Polymorph (1)
- Polyneoptera (1)
- Polynorbornenes (1)
- Polyolefins (1)
- Polyoxometalates (1)
- Polyoxymethylene (1)
- Polyphosphoester (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polysarcosine (1)
- Polystyrene microparticles (1)
- Polyurethan (1)
- Polyurethane foams (1)
- Polyvinyl formaldehyde (1)
- Polyvinyl formaldehyde foam (1)
- Pore fluids (1)
- Pore pressure (1)
- Pore size distribution (1)
- Pore space characterization (1)
- Pore structure (1)
- Pore volume distribution (1)
- Pore-size distribution (1)
- Porous building materials (1)
- Porous carbon (1)
- Porous carbons (1)
- Porous media (1)
- Porous rock (1)
- Porphyrin (1)
- Portable (1)
- Portfolio (1)
- Portland clinker (1)
- Position detection (1)
- Position of carboxylate group (1)
- Positron annihilation spectroscopy (1)
- Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) (1)
- Post-consumer plastic waste (1)
- Post-fire testing (1)
- Posterior fatigue reliability (1)
- Postfluorination (1)
- Pot experiments (1)
- Potash (1)
- Potassium ions (1)
- Potential drop technique (1)
- Potential method (1)
- Potential toxic elements (1)
- Potentiodynamic measurements (1)
- Pouch cell (1)
- Powder X-ray diffraction (1)
- Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) (1)
- Powder analysis (1)
- Powder bed (1)
- Powder bed density (1)
- Powder bed fusion Laser beam (1)
- Powder diffraction (1)
- Powder diffraction measurements (1)
- Powder metallurgy (1)
- Powder processing (1)
- Powder removal (1)
- Powder-based processes (1)
- Power density (1)
- Power law and power-law breakdown (1)
- Pphosphates (1)
- Pphotophysics (1)
- Ppreheating temperature (1)
- Practicality measurement (1)
- Prebiotic chemistry (1)
- Precipitate shape (1)
- Precipitates (1)
- Precipitation hardening aluminum alloys (1)
- Precision agriculture (1)
- Precision farming (1)
- Prediction relative (1)
- Predictive maintenance (1)
- Predictive modelling (1)
- Preferential orientation (1)
- Prehydrated electron (1)
- Prepregs (1)
- Preprocessing (1)
- Presolvated electron (1)
- Pressure assisted sintering (1)
- Pressure technique (1)
- Pressure vessels (1)
- Pressure-dependent solubility (1)
- Pressure-sensitive adhesive (1)
- Pressure-volume product (1)
- Pressurised liquid extraction (1)
- Prestressed concrete bridge (1)
- Prestressing steels (1)
- Prevention (1)
- Preventive Innovation (1)
- Preventive strategies (1)
- Primary Battery (1)
- Primary difference measurement method (PDM) (1)
- Primary transfer standards (PTSs) (1)
- Primordial soup (1)
- Principal component analysis (1)
- Principal component analysis (PCA) (1)
- Principal stress components (1)
- Principle component analysis (1)
- Printed Electronics (1)
- Printing (1)
- Priority effect (1)
- ProMoAM (1)
- Probabilistic (1)
- Probabilistic assessment (1)
- Probabilistic methods (1)
- Probabilistic reassessment (1)
- Probability of damage indication (1)
- Probability of failure (1)
- Probiotic-based vaccines (1)
- Probiotics (1)
- Process (1)
- Process Analytical Tecnology (1)
- Process analytical technology (1)
- Process chain (1)
- Process industry (1)
- Process intelligence (1)
- Process noise (1)
- Process simulation (1)
- Process upscaling (1)
- Product life cycle (1)
- Products and production systems (1)
- Proficiency Testing (1)
- Proficiency test (1)
- Proficiency testing (1)
- Programmed cell death (1)
- Programming (1)
- Progressive catalyst poisoning (1)
- Proinflammatory cytokines (1)
- Projection center (1)
- Projekt AGIL - Alterung additiv gefertigter metallischer Materialien und Komponenten (1)
- Proof loading (1)
- Proofreading deficient (1)
- Proper Generalized Decomposition (1)
- Proper generalized decomposition (PGD) (1)
- Properties (1)
- Prostheses (1)
- Protection housing (1)
- Protective coatings (1)
- Protein G (1)
- Protein Purification (1)
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (1)
- Protein analysis (1)
- Protein coating (1)
- Protein conjugation (1)
- Protein content (1)
- Protein degradation (1)
- Protein folding (1)
- Protein hydrolysis (1)
- Protein oligomerization (1)
- Protein oligomers (1)
- Protein protection (1)
- Protein quantification (1)
- Protein structure (1)
- Protein test (1)
- Protein-modification (1)
- Proteine microarray (1)
- Proteinoid (1)
- Protemics (1)
- Proteoglycans (1)
- Proteome (1)
- Proteomic analysis (1)
- Protocol development (1)
- Proton conductivity (1)
- Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (1)
- Protoplasts (1)
- Provenance (1)
- Provenancing (1)
- Proximal soil sensing (1)
- Proximate analysis (1)
- Proximity-enhanced reaction (1)
- Prozess-Spektroskopie (1)
- Prozessanalytik (1)
- Pseudo-Voigt fit function (1)
- Pseudo-translationalsublattices (1)
- Pseudomonas veronii (1)
- Pseudosymmetry (1)
- Pt catalysts (1)
- Pt(111) (1)
- Pt(II) (1)
- PtNP (1)
- Ptinidae (1)
- Pt–Si layers (1)
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health (1)
- Public funding (1)
- Publications (1)
- Pudovik reaction (1)
- Pull-Out Behaviour (1)
- Pull-out composite materials (1)
- Pullulan (1)
- Puls-echo method (1)
- Pulse Laser (1)
- Pulse compression (1)
- Pulse-echo method (1)
- Pulsed laser ablation (1)
- Pulsed laser beam welding (1)
- Pulsed magnetic field (1)
- Pulsed thermography (1)
- Pump-probe experiments (1)
- Pure aluminium (1)
- Purity grade (1)
- Push and pull effects (1)
- Push-out test (1)
- Pyrolysis (1)
- Pyrolysis gas chromatography (1)
- Pyrolysis of flame retardant (1)
- Python (1)
- QI-FoKuS (1)
- QR code carrier (1)
- QUASES (1)
- Quality assurancemechanism (1)
- Quality infrastructure (1)
- Quality monitoring (1)
- Qualitätskontrolle (1)
- Quantitative Analysis (1)
- Quantitative NMR (1)
- Quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Quantitative determination (1)
- Quantitative moisture measurement (1)
- Quantitative protein analysis (1)
- Quantum Dot (1)
- Quantum Dot Rod (1)
- Quantum Dots (1)
- Quantum Yield (1)
- Quantum chemistry (1)
- Quantum mechanics (1)
- Quartz (1)
- Quartzite rock (1)
- Quasi-direct damage (1)
- Quenching and partitioning (1)
- Questionnaire (1)
- Quick-XAS (1)
- R package (1)
- R&D (1)
- R-curve (1)
- RAMAN (1)
- RBD (1)
- RBE (1)
- RDF (1)
- REACH regulation (1)
- RED (1)
- REMPI (1)
- RFID based sensors (1)
- RFID sensors (1)
- RIM-PLIF techniques (1)
- RNA (1)
- RNA interference (1)
- RNA virus (1)
- RNA-Seq (1)
- RNA-Sequencing (1)
- RXES (1)
- Racemate (1)
- Radiated wavefield (1)
- Radiation (1)
- Radiation induced attenuation (1)
- Radical (1)
- Radical Scavenge (1)
- Radical Scavenger (1)
- Radioactive waste disposal (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radiographic procedures (1)
- Radiographic testing (RT) (1)
- Radiology (1)
- Radioprotector ectoine (1)
- Radiotherapy (1)
- Radon (1)
- Rail vibrations (1)
- Railroad (1)
- Railway braking forces (1)
- Railway induced vibration (1)
- Railway measurement campaign (1)
- Railway vibration measurements (1)
- Rainwater (1)
- Raman band width (1)
- Raman spectra (1)
- Raman-spectroscopy (1)
- Rammed earth (1)
- Randomly heterogeneous soil (1)
- Rapid gas decompression (1)
- Rapid solidification (1)
- Rapid test (1)
- Rapid tests (1)
- Rare earth elements separations (1)
- Rat (1)
- Rat/human liver microsomes (1)
- Ratcheting convective cell (1)
- Ratiometric (1)
- Raw material equivalent (1)
- Ray teacing (1)
- Ray-tracing methods (1)
- Rayleigh (1)
- Rayleigh Scattering (1)
- Re-assessment of exiting bridges (1)
- Re-entrant surface feature (1)
- Re-hydration (1)
- Reaction Monitoring (1)
- Reaction Stress (1)
- Reaction monitoring (1)
- Reaction-to-small-flame (1)
- Reactive fire protection system (1)
- Reactor conditions (1)
- Reactor control (1)
- Ready-to-use (1)
- Real scale test (1)
- Real time growth control (1)
- Real time measurement (1)
- Real use behavior (1)
- Real-time imaging (1)
- Real-time infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Real-time quality control (1)
- Rebound hammer (1)
- Recombinant Antibody (1)
- Recombinant antibody (1)
- Recombinant protein (1)
- Recommendations (1)
- Reconstruction (1)
- Reconstruction algorithms (1)
- Reconstruction calculation (SAFT) (1)
- Reconstruction of stress resultants (1)
- Recyclable (1)
- Recyclable material (1)
- Recycled gypsum (1)
- Recycled materials (1)
- Recycled sources (1)
- Recycling fertilizer (1)
- Recycling technology (1)
- Redox (1)
- Redox switch (1)
- Reduced order models (1)
- Reductive decomposition (1)
- Reductive defluorination (1)
- Reference Materials (1)
- Reference Method (1)
- Reference defect (1)
- Reference isotherm (1)
- Reference measurement (1)
- Reference method (1)
- Reference specimen (1)
- Reference standards (1)
- Reference values (1)
- References (1)
- Referenzbeispiel (1)
- Referenzmaterialien (1)
- Reflection seismics (1)
- Reflectivity (1)
- Refractive index (1)
- Refracto-vibrometry (1)
- Refractory (1)
- Refractory alloy (1)
- Refractory alloys (1)
- Refractory high entropy alloys (1)
- Refractory superalloys (1)
- Regenerator (1)
- Region of interest (1)
- Regolith (1)
- Regulations (1)
- Regulatory identification of nanomaterials (1)
- Reheating (1)
- Reinforcement corrosion (1)
- Reinheitsbestimmung (1)
- Relative humidity (1)
- Relaxation analysis (1)
- Relaxation fatigue (1)
- Relaxation times (1)
- Release (1)
- Remote sensing vibrometer (1)
- Renal disease (1)
- Renewable copolymers (1)
- Renewable energy (1)
- Renewable resources (1)
- Repair (1)
- Repair and overhaul (1)
- Repair patch (1)
- Repair-welding (1)
- Repelling surface coatings (1)
- Replication (1)
- Replication crisis (1)
- Reporter (1)
- Representative morphology modeling (1)
- Reproducibility crisis (1)
- Requirements (1)
- Research (1)
- Research Data Infrastructure (1)
- Research Data Management (1)
- Research Software (1)
- Research agenda (1)
- Research and innovation (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Residential application (1)
- Residual Stresses (1)
- Residual strains (1)
- Residual stress in AM (1)
- Residual stress state (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Resins (1)
- Resistance (1)
- Resistance stress (1)
- Resistivity (1)
- Resolution (1)
- Resolution criterion (1)
- Resonance (1)
- Resonance frequency (1)
- Resonance wavelength shift (1)
- Resource-based-view (1)
- Resting time (1)
- Restoration and conservation (1)
- Restraint (1)
- Reusable data (1)
- Reverse Monte Carlo (1)
- Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) (1)
- Reverse Time Migration (1)
- Reverse glass painting (1)
- Reverse microemulsion (1)
- Reversible covalent hydrazine chemistry (RCHC) (1)
- Review (1)
- Rhenanite (1)
- Rheometry (1)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- Rhizopus (1)
- Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Rhodamine (1)
- Rhodamine B (1)
- Rhodiumcomplexes (1)
- Rice (1)
- Rigid (1)
- Rigid amorphous fraction (1)
- Rigid foam (1)
- Rigid vehicle model (1)
- Ring resonator (1)
- Ring-opening Polymerisation (1)
- Ripples (1)
- Risk asessment (1)
- River (1)
- River water sulfate (1)
- Road inspection (1)
- Road pavement (1)
- Robocasting (1)
- Robot (1)
- Rock wool (1)
- Rock-art caves (1)
- Rock-inhabiting fungi (1)
- Roll-to-Roll Processing (1)
- Rolling resistance (1)
- Room fire (1)
- Room-temperature (1)
- Rosamine (1)
- Rosin (1)
- Rotor blade (1)
- Roughness analysis (1)
- Round Robin (1)
- Rregulations (1)
- Rround robin test (1)
- Rubber sealing (1)
- Ruthenium (1)
- Ruthenium(II) complexes (1)
- Röntgenbeugung (1)
- S-N curve (1)
- S-Phase (1)
- S-phase (1)
- SA conjugates (1)
- SA508 (1)
- SAMs (1)
- SANS (1)
- SARS-CoV 2 (1)
- SARS-CoV2 inhibitor (1)
- SBA-15 (1)
- SBA-16 (1)
- SDC (1)
- SEC (1)
- SEIRA methodology (1)
- SEM micrography (1)
- SEP 1927 (1)
- SERDS (1)
- SHT (1)
- SI Traceability (1)
- SIDA-LC-MS/MS (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SKPFM (1)
- SLM printed plasma torch (1)
- SNR (1)
- SO2 (1)
- SOM-SM (1)
- SPH (1)
- SR-microXRF (1)
- STEM-in-SEM (1)
- STXM (1)
- SVOC (1)
- SWIR thermography (1)
- SYBR Gold (1)
- SYBR gold (1)
- Sabatier (1)
- Safe by design (1)
- Safe-by-design (1)
- Safety characteristics determination (1)
- Safety distances (1)
- Salicylate (1)
- Salicylic acid (1)
- Salinization (1)
- Salinomycin (1)
- Samarium doped ceria (1)
- Sample holder (1)
- Sample loss (1)
- Sample piece size (1)
- Sample pretreatment (1)
- Sample random results (1)
- Samples (1)
- Sandwich (1)
- Saxitoxins (1)
- Scaffold geometry (1)
- Scaffolds (1)
- Scale anchor (1)
- Scale conversion (1)
- Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (1)
- Scan strategy influence (1)
- Scandium (1)
- Scanning Auger Spectroscopy (1)
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (1)
- Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (1)
- Scanning Probe Microscopy (1)
- Scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) (1)
- Scanning electron microscope (1)
- Scanning kelvin probe force microscopy (1)
- Scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (1)
- Scanning micro-X-ray fluorescence (1)
- Scanning probe microscopy (1)
- Scanning transmission x- ray microscopy (1)
- Scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) (1)
- Scarf joint (1)
- Scarf repairs (1)
- Scavenging effect of iron (1)
- Schadstoffe (1)
- Schlangenbohne (1)
- Schlieren Imaging (1)
- Schnellladung (1)
- Schnelltest (1)
- SchwarzP cells (1)
- Science (1)
- Sciences (1)
- Scientific publication (1)
- Scientific software (1)
- Scientific workflows (1)
- Scintillator (1)
- Scission (1)
- Screening method (1)
- Screening methods (1)
- Screening test (1)
- Scribal corrections (1)
- Seal failure (1)
- Seal force (1)
- SealWasteSafe (1)
- Sealing structures (1)
- Seam geometry (1)
- Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (1)
- Seasonal performance factor (1)
- Seawater (1)
- Second-generation high temperature superconductor technology (1)
- Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Secondary P-fertilizer (1)
- Secondary hazard (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Sectioning Method (1)
- Security (1)
- Security applications (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sedimentation (1)
- Sedimentation box (SB) (1)
- Segmentation (1)
- Segmentations (1)
- Segregation (1)
- Segregation Engineering (1)
- Seismic (1)
- Seismic load (1)
- Seismic measurement (1)
- Seismic migration (1)
- Seismic signal reconstruction (1)
- Seismically damaged column (1)
- Seismics (1)
- Seismology (1)
- Selected area XPS (1)
- Selective Electron Beam Melting (1)
- Selective laser beam melting (1)
- Selective oxidation (1)
- Selektive-laser-melting (1)
- Selenium (1)
- Self assembly (1)
- Self-absorption (1)
- Self-assembled monolayers (1)
- Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) (1)
- Self-assembled structures (1)
- Self-driving-labs (SDLs) (1)
- Semantic Data Integration (1)
- Semantic Interoperability (1)
- Semantic Web Technologies (1)
- Semantic data integration (1)
- Semantic interoperability (1)
- Semantic web (1)
- Semi-metallic brake-pad material (1)
- Semiconductor nanocrystals (1)
- Semiconductor quantum dot (1)
- Semitransparent (1)
- Semivolatile organic compounds (1)
- Sensing (1)
- Sensitivity vectors (1)
- Sensor Materials (1)
- Sensor network (1)
- Sensor planning (1)
- Sensor requirements (1)
- Sensor-based sorting (1)
- Sensors Placement (1)
- Sensors in concrete (1)
- Sensory particles (1)
- Separability assumption (1)
- Separability condition (1)
- Separate sewer system (1)
- Separation (1)
- Sequence annotation (1)
- Sequence dependence (1)
- Sequence revision (1)
- Sequencing (1)
- Sequencing algorithm (1)
- Sequential spectroscopic data (1)
- Series production (1)
- Serum (1)
- Servo drive (1)
- Sesistance (1)
- Sets of archaeometric data (1)
- Settling velocity (1)
- Sewage Sludge (1)
- Sewage Sludge Ashes (1)
- Sex reversal (1)
- Shadowgraphy (1)
- Shape (1)
- Shape memory alloy (1)
- Shape memory polymer composite (1)
- Shape memory properties (1)
- Shape-memory alloys (1)
- Shared infrastruture (1)
- Shark profile (1)
- Shear load (1)
- Shear modulus (1)
- Shear testing (1)
- Shear thinning (1)
- Shearing gratings (1)
- Sheep (1)
- Sheep animal model (1)
- Shell Buckling (1)
- Ship building (1)
- Shipbuilding steel (1)
- Short Crack Models (1)
- Short cracks (1)
- Short-beam strength (1)
- Shotcrete (1)
- Shrinkage Reducing Admixture (1)
- SiGe (1)
- Siderite (1)
- Signal Features (1)
- Signal features (1)
- Silanes (1)
- Silanization (1)
- Silica and polystyrene nanoparticles (1)
- Silica coating (1)
- Silica diagenesis (1)
- Silica nanoparticles (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Silicate glass-ceramics (1)
- Silicate glasses (1)
- Silicon chlorides (1)
- Silicon isotopes (1)
- Silicon nanowire (1)
- Silicon release (1)
- Silicon stable isotopes (1)
- Silicone elastomer (1)
- Silicone rubber (1)
- Silk (1)
- Silk Road (1)
- Sillver (1)
- Silver (1)
- Silver metallization paste (1)
- Simulation workflow (1)
- Simultaneous temperature and humidity sensing (1)
- Sine sweep excitation (1)
- Single Cell (1)
- Single asperity (1)
- Single asperity contact (1)
- Single atom catalysts (1)
- Single cell microbiology (1)
- Single crystal (1)
- Single crystal Ni-Base superalloys (1)
- Single enhancement (1)
- Single photon and quantum effects (1)
- Single source precursors (1)
- Single-Crystal (1)
- Single-cell analysis (1)
- Single-crystals (1)
- Single-family house energy supply system (1)
- Single-pass welding (1)
- Single-shot XAFS (1)
- Single-sided NMR (1)
- Single-sinker densimeter (1)
- Singlet oxygen (1)
- Sinking velocity (1)
- Sinter retardation (1)
- Sintered Material (1)
- Sintering additive (1)
- Sinus floor augmentation (1)
- Size effect (1)
- Size exclusion chromatography (1)
- Size measurements (1)
- Size resolved chemical composition (1)
- Slag (1)
- Slice theoreme (1)
- Slicers (1)
- Sliding (1)
- Sliding wear (1)
- Slip localization (1)
- Slippage of weakly linked layers (1)
- Slope stability (1)
- Slow crack growth (1)
- Slow crack growth (SCG) (1)
- Small angle scattering (1)
- Small molecule detection (1)
- Small-angle X-ray Scattering (1)
- Small-angle neutron scattering (1)
- Small-angle xray scattering (1)
- Small-area XPS (1)
- Small-scale specimens (1)
- Small-spot XPS (1)
- Smart geosynthetics (1)
- Smart label (1)
- Smart materials (1)
- Smart sensors (1)
- Smart test laboratories (1)
- Smarter Sensor (1)
- Smartphone readout (1)
- Smoke (1)
- Smoke suppression (1)
- Smoke toxicity (1)
- Soaking time (1)
- Social (1)
- Social Immunity (1)
- Social acceptance (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Social insect (1)
- Social insects (1)
- Social life cycle assessment (SLCA) (1)
- Social sustainability (1)
- Sociality (1)
- Socio-ecological models (1)
- Socio-technical Transition (1)
- Soda lakes (1)
- Soda lime silicate glass (1)
- Soda-lime silicate glass (1)
- Sodium Ion Batteries (1)
- Sodium carbonate minerals (1)
- Sodium chloride (1)
- Soft-templated mesoporous films (1)
- Softening temperature (1)
- Software Infrastructure (1)
- Software Licensing (1)
- Software Training (1)
- Software UNIFIT 2022 (1)
- Soil contact (1)
- Soil heterogeneity (1)
- Soil microbial community (1)
- Soil organic matter (1)
- Soil properties (1)
- Soil water content (1)
- Soil-Structure-Interaction (1)
- Soil-building interaction (1)
- Soil-like material (1)
- Soil-structure interaction (1)
- Sol-Gel-Synthese (1)
- Sol-gel process (1)
- Sol-gel synthesis (1)
- Solar cell (1)
- Solar cells (1)
- Solar concentrator (1)
- Solar energy (1)
- Solar heating (1)
- Solid (1)
- Solid acids (1)
- Solid electrolytes (1)
- Solid lubricant (1)
- Solid lubrication (1)
- Solid state (1)
- Solid state NMR spectroscopy (1)
- Solid state cooling (1)
- Solid state emission (1)
- Solid-liquid-extraction (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solid-state NMR (1)
- Solidification (1)
- Solitary bees (1)
- Solute excretion (1)
- Solution doping (1)
- Solvent replacement (1)
- Solvent-free (1)
- Solvents (1)
- Solvolysis (1)
- Sonden (1)
- Sorghum (1)
- SpICP-MS (1)
- Spatial heterodyne spectrometer (1)
- Special issue (1)
- Specific probe (1)
- Specimen geometry (1)
- Spectoscopic imaging (1)
- Spectral CT (1)
- Spectral elements (1)
- Spectrometer (1)
- Spectrometry (1)
- Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (1)
- Spectroscopic imaging (1)
- Spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry (1)
- Spectroscopy / Instrumentation (1)
- Spectroscopy / Theory (1)
- Spectrum simulation (1)
- Speed of sound (1)
- Spent nuclear fuel (1)
- Spike protein (1)
- Spill evaporation (1)
- Spin (1)
- Spot-welded joints (1)
- Spray drying (1)
- Sr isotope analysis (1)
- SrF2 (1)
- SrTiO3 (1)
- SsNMR (1)
- Stability Design (1)
- Stable crack growth (1)
- Stable isotopes (1)
- Stained glass (1)
- Stainless steels (1)
- Staircase method (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Standard atomic weight (1)
- Standardization research (1)
- State-of-the-art (1)
- Static axle loads (1)
- Static load (1)
- Static load monitoring (1)
- Statistical particle distribution (1)
- Statistical pattern recognition (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Statistics and Probability (1)
- Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty (1)
- Status report (1)
- Steam (1)
- Steel alloy (1)
- Steel and aluminium (1)
- Steel billets (1)
- Steel construction (1)
- Steel corrrosion (1)
- Steel drum (1)
- Steel fiber reinforced concrete (1)
- Steel fiber reiniforced concrete (1)
- Steel fibres (1)
- Steel structures (1)
- Steel weldment (1)
- Steelmaking residues (1)
- Steelmaking slag (1)
- Stepwise growth (1)
- Stereocomplex (1)
- Stereophotogrammetry (1)
- Stern Geary constant (1)
- Stern-Geary-Konstante (1)
- Stickoxide (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Stiffness variation (1)
- Stochastic Landau Lifshitz Gilbert equation (1)
- Stochastic Landau Lifshitz equation (1)
- Stochastic modeling (1)
- Stochastic sample functions (1)
- Stoichiometric phases (1)
- Stone Age (1)
- Storage Mechanism (1)
- Stored energy (1)
- Stormwater retention tank (1)
- Straight edge method (1)
- Strain and temperature measurements (1)
- Strain difference (1)
- Strain fields prediction (1)
- Strain gauge factor (1)
- Strain measurements (1)
- Strain measurements of wind turbine support structures (1)
- Strain-free lattice references (1)
- Strain-free lattice spacing (1)
- Strand break (1)
- Stranski–Krastanow growth (1)
- Strategic Research Agenda (SRA), (1)
- Strategic alliances (1)
- Strategy and Management (1)
- Stree-strain curve (1)
- Strengthening mechanisms (1)
- Stress Coupling (1)
- Stress Relief Cracking (SRC) (1)
- Stress balance (1)
- Stress balance condition (1)
- Stress conditions (1)
- Stress corrosion tests (1)
- Stress distribution (1)
- Stress reduction (1)
- Stress stiffening (1)
- Stress tolerance (1)
- Stress-protective morphology (1)
- Stress-relief heat-treatments (1)
- Stress-strain behaviour (1)
- Stress-strain relation (1)
- Stressed (1)
- Stretchable electronics (1)
- Stringer (1)
- Strontium isotope (1)
- Strontium titanate (1)
- Structural Analysis (1)
- Structural Biology (1)
- Structural Materials (1)
- Structural build-up (1)
- Structural control (1)
- Structural integrity management (1)
- Structural precision (1)
- Structural properties (1)
- Structural relaxation (1)
- Structural reliability (1)
- Structural science (1)
- Structural steel (1)
- Structural stress approach (1)
- Structure activity relationships (1)
- Structure analysis (1)
- Structure factors (1)
- Structure prediction (1)
- Structured cantilever (1)
- Structured light scanning (1)
- Structure–property correlation (1)
- Structure–property relationship (1)
- Strukturüberwachung (1)
- Strätlingite (1)
- Sub pixel analysis (1)
- Sub-4nm particles (1)
- Sub-aerial biofilms (1)
- Sub-aerial biofilms (SAB) (1)
- Sub-oxide (1)
- Subaerial and subaquatic biofilm (1)
- Subcritical debonding (1)
- Subsidence monitoring (1)
- Subsocial (1)
- Subspace-based residual (1)
- Substructure failures (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Sulfate attack (1)
- Sulfated materials (1)
- Sulfates (1)
- Sulfide (1)
- Sulfide sensing (1)
- Sulfiding (1)
- Sulfo-NHS (1)
- Sulfur cathodes (1)
- Sulfur containing polymers (1)
- Sulfur isotopes (1)
- Sulphur (1)
- Sulphur isotope (1)
- Sum Parameter (1)
- Sum Parameter Method (1)
- Sum parameter method (1)
- Sun (1)
- Sunscreen (1)
- Super Resolution (1)
- Super martensitic filler material (1)
- Super martensitic stainless steel (1)
- Super somputing (1)
- Superalloy single crystals (1)
- Superalloys (1)
- Superconductivity (1)
- Supercritical CO2 (1)
- Superelasticity (1)
- Superior sorbent (1)
- Superlattice extrinsic stacking faults (1)
- Supermartensitic steel (1)
- Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (1)
- Superparamagnetism (1)
- Superplasticizer (1)
- Supersaturation (1)
- Supplementary Cementitious Materials (1)
- Supplementary cementitious material (1)
- Supplementary cementitious materials (1)
- Supplementary cementitous materials (1)
- Support vector machine (1)
- Supported catalyst (1)
- Suppressing vibrations (1)
- Suppression (1)
- Supra molecular polymerization (1)
- Supramolecular Chemistry (1)
- Supramolecules (1)
- Surface Analysis (1)
- Surface Chemistry (1)
- Surface Integrity (1)
- Surface area (1)
- Surface charge (1)
- Surface chemical analysis (1)
- Surface chemisttry (1)
- Surface coating (1)
- Surface conditions (1)
- Surface cracks (1)
- Surface crystallization (1)
- Surface defects (1)
- Surface derivatization (1)
- Surface elasticity (1)
- Surface interactions (1)
- Surface ligand (1)
- Surface migration barriers (1)
- Surface plasmon polaritons (1)
- Surface preparation (1)
- Surface processing (1)
- Surface properties (1)
- Surface regeneration (1)
- Surface relaxivities (1)
- Surface relaxivity (1)
- Surface roughness analysis (1)
- Surface science (1)
- Surface stress (1)
- Surface structures (1)
- Surface superconductivity (1)
- Surface treatment (1)
- Surface treatments (1)
- Surface waters (1)
- Surface wave velocity (1)
- Surface-induced Melting (1)
- Surface-initated grafting (1)
- Surface-plasmon resonance (1)
- Surrogate citations (1)
- Suspended particulate matter (SPM) (1)
- Suspension growth (1)
- Sustainability and the environment (1)
- Sustainability assessment (1)
- Sustainable Production (1)
- Sustainable Software Development (1)
- Sustainable Synthesis (1)
- Sustainable building materials (1)
- Sustainable cement (1)
- Sustainable concrete (1)
- Sustainable construction (1)
- Suzuki coupling (1)
- Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (1)
- Swell-capture (1)
- Swelling (1)
- Swept wavelength interferometry (SWI) (1)
- Swirl (1)
- Symbolic computation (1)
- Synchrotron FTIR (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray CT (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) (1)
- Synchrotron computed tomography (1)
- Synchrotron measurements (1)
- Synchrotron micro-tomography (1)
- Synchrotron radiations (1)
- Synchrotron radiography (1)
- Synchrotron x-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) (1)
- Synergism (1)
- Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (1)
- Synthetic aperture focusing technique (1)
- Synthetic metabolism (1)
- System method (1)
- Systematics (1)
- Systems biology (1)
- T1 precipitate (1)
- TDLAS (1)
- TEKKEN (1)
- TFA (1)
- TG-FTIR (1)
- TGA (1)
- TGA-FTIR (1)
- TGA-MS (1)
- THP(B) (1)
- THz SAFT Optical layer reconstruction (1)
- TKD (1)
- TLR4 activation (1)
- TMR (1)
- TOF (1)
- TRIS (1)
- TRL (1)
- TTS (1)
- TTS principle (1)
- TW-COTDR (1)
- TXRF-XAS (1)
- Talbot-Lau (1)
- Tank leaching test (1)
- Tanks (1)
- Tannery industry (1)
- Tantalum oxyfluorides (1)
- Tape casting (1)
- Tapes (1)
- Target (1)
- Targeting, Nanoparticles (1)
- Tau (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Tb3+ (1)
- Technical lignin (1)
- Temeprature scaling (1)
- Temperature Control (1)
- Temperature and strain monitoring (1)
- Temperature and strain sensing (1)
- Temperature dependence (1)
- Temperature effect (1)
- Temperature effects (1)
- Temperature measurement (1)
- Temperature sensitivity (1)
- Temperature-dependent neutron transmission (1)
- Temperature-memory effect (1)
- Temperature-memory polymer (1)
- Temperature-programmed desorption (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Tendon duct (1)
- Tensile Strength (1)
- Tensile Test Ontology (1)
- Tensile loading (1)
- Tensile resistance spot welding experiment (1)
- Tension members (1)
- Terbium (1)
- Terephthalic acid (1)
- Termite-associated microbes (1)
- Ternary (1)
- Ternary zinc alloys (1)
- Test method (1)
- Test midpoint (1)
- Test setup (1)
- Test solutions (1)
- Test specimen (1)
- Test strip (1)
- Testing (1)
- Testing laboratories (1)
- Testing methods (1)
- Testing procedure (1)
- Tetracyclin (1)
- Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (1)
- Tetrapyrollic (1)
- Textil (1)
- Textile (1)
- Textile reinforced concrete (1)
- Textile-reinforced concrete (1)
- Thawing (1)
- Theranostic (1)
- Theranostics (1)
- Therapeutic Antibodies (1)
- Therapy (1)
- Thermal Analysis (1)
- Thermal Cycling (1)
- Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (1)
- Thermal Process Engineering (1)
- Thermal annealing (1)
- Thermal contrast (1)
- Thermal cycles (1)
- Thermal decomposition (1)
- Thermal diffusivity (1)
- Thermal effusivity (1)
- Thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS), monitoring (1)
- Thermal radiation (1)
- Thermal runaways (1)
- Thermal stability (1)
- Thermal transient problem (1)
- Thermal transport (1)
- Thermal wave (1)
- Thermally treated sludge (1)
- Thermo physical simulation (1)
- Thermo-mechanical testing (1)
- Thermo-mechanics (1)
- Thermoacoustic emitter (1)
- Thermoacoustics (1)
- Thermoanalytics (1)
- Thermoanalytik (1)
- Thermobimetal (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- Thermochemistry (1)
- Thermochromic properties (1)
- Thermocouple (1)
- Thermodynamic analysis (1)
- Thermodynamic simulation (1)
- Thermodynamik (1)
- Thermoelectric properties (1)
- Thermografie (1)
- Thermographic inspection (1)
- Thermographic testing (1)
- Thermographie (1)
- Thermography Computed (1)
- Thermomagnetic generator (1)
- Thermomechanical (1)
- Thermomechanical Fatigue (TMF); High Cycle Fatigue (HCF); Cast iron; Fatigue assessment (1)
- Thermomechanical properties (1)
- Thermoplastic (1)
- Thermoresponsive polymers (1)
- Thermoset polymers (1)
- Thermosets (1)
- Thick materials (1)
- Thick plate welding (1)
- Thick shells (1)
- Thick-plate welding (1)
- Thick-walled (1)
- Thickening (1)
- Thickness (1)
- Thickness measurement (1)
- Thickness resonance (1)
- Thin film characterization (1)
- Thin film sensor fabrication (1)
- Thin film systems (1)
- Thin magnetic films (1)
- Thin mesoporous films (1)
- Thin tribofilm (1)
- Thiol-ene click chemistry (1)
- Thiols (1)
- Thiourea-formaldehyde (1)
- Thixotropy (1)
- Tholins (1)
- Three-dimensional data quantification (1)
- Three-dimensional tomographies (1)
- Throwing-stick (1)
- Ti-6Al-4V alloy (1)
- Ti6Al4V alloys (1)
- TiO2 (1)
- Tiatanium (1)
- Tiered (1)
- Timber (1)
- Time of flight (1)
- Time resolution (1)
- Time resolved chemical composition (1)
- Time reversal (1)
- Time-lapse X-ray computed tomography (1)
- Time-of-flight measurements (1)
- Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) (1)
- Time-resolved (1)
- Time-resolved scattering (1)
- Time-resolved thermogram (1)
- Tin catalysts (1)
- Tire wear (1)
- Tissue (1)
- Titania (1)
- Titania nanoparticles (1)
- Titanium dioxide (1)
- Titanium nitride (1)
- Tobermorite (1)
- Toll-like receptor 4 (1)
- Tomographic reconstruction (1)
- Tomography of wood samples (1)
- Tonalide (1)
- Tool comparison (1)
- Tooth wear (1)
- Topas-MC (1)
- Topas-nBio (1)
- Topical collection: Analytical Methods and Applications in the Materials and Life Sciences (1)
- Topography (1)
- Torah scrolls (1)
- Total Quality Management (1)
- Total cyanide (1)
- Total element determination (1)
- Touch surfaces (1)
- Toughening mechanisms (1)
- Toughness (1)
- Toxicity testing (1)
- Toxikologie (1)
- Toys (1)
- Trace Analysis (1)
- Trace elements (1)
- Traceable nanoparticle size measurements; (1)
- Tracer-based sorting (1)
- Track and vehicle irregularities (1)
- Track damage quantification (1)
- Track filtering (1)
- Track vibration (1)
- Track-soil interaction (1)
- Train passage (1)
- Train tracking (1)
- Train-induced vibration (1)
- Transfer function (1)
- Transferrin (1)
- Transformation induced plasticity (1)
- Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) (1)
- Transient signal (1)
- Transition metal (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Transition-metal doped (1)
- Transmission (1)
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) (1)
- Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (1)
- Transmission electron microsocpy (1)
- Transmission function IERF (1)
- Transparency (1)
- Transparent ceramic (1)
- Transpassive dissolution (1)
- Transport limitations (1)
- Transport number (1)
- Transportation energy (1)
- Transverse butt weld (1)
- Trapping (1)
- Treated wood (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Trench (1)
- Trends in extreme events (1)
- Tribo-Analytik (1)
- Tribo-analytics (1)
- Tribochemistry (1)
- Tribofilm (1)
- Trilobite compound eyes (1)
- Tripeptides (1)
- Triple UNet (1)
- Triply Periodical Minimal Surface (1)
- Triply periodic minimal surface structures (1)
- Truffle (1)
- Truffle Aroma (1)
- Trust (1)
- Tryptic digest (1)
- Tuber melanosporum (1)
- Tumble dryer (1)
- Tumor radiation therapy (1)
- Tunable antenna (1)
- Tungsten carbide (WC) (1)
- Tunnel (1)
- Tunnel Inspection (1)
- Tunnel-to-surface reduction (1)
- Turbulence model (1)
- Turbulent Wind Excitation (1)
- Turning maneuvers (1)
- Tutzing Symposion (1)
- Twisted-slit collimator (1)
- Two-dimensional chromatography (2D-LC) (1)
- Two-dimensional solidification (1)
- Two-photon adsorption (1)
- Two-photon-polymerization (1)
- Two-run welding technique (1)
- Type-I pyrethroids (1)
- UCST-type copolymer (1)
- UHMWPE (1)
- UHPC (1)
- UHPFRC (1)
- UN Test O.2 (1)
- UN-GHS (1)
- UPLC-MS/MS (1)
- USAXS (1)
- UT (1)
- UV Vis (1)
- UV absorption (1)
- UV irradiation (1)
- UV photons (1)
- UV protection (1)
- UV-A (1)
- UV-B (1)
- UV-C (1)
- UV-Vis (1)
- UV-blocker addition (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- UV-spectrometry (1)
- UV/VIS (1)
- UV–Vis spectroscopy (1)
- Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (1)
- Ultra sound (1)
- Ultra-high performance concrete (1)
- Ultra-short pulse laser processing (1)
- Ultrafast microscopy (1)
- Ultraschall (1)
- Ultrasensitive (1)
- Ultrashort laser processing (1)
- Ultrashort lasers (1)
- Ultrashort pulse laser processing (1)
- Ultrasonic Assisted Machining (1)
- Ultrasonic Echo Technique (1)
- Ultrasonic Guided Waves (1)
- Ultrasonic Testing (1)
- Ultrasonic echo (1)
- Ultrasonic echo technique (1)
- Ultrasonic imaging of internal reflectors (1)
- Ultrasonic immersion tank testing (1)
- Ultrasonic machining (1)
- Ultrasonic material determination (1)
- Ultrasonic probe (1)
- Ultrasonic reflection measurement (1)
- Ultrasonic test (1)
- Ultrasonic tests (1)
- Ultrasound Emission (1)
- Ultrasound concrete (1)
- Ultrasound gel (1)
- Umweltmessung (1)
- Umweltschadstoffe (1)
- Uncertainties (1)
- Uncertainty Quantification (1)
- Uncertainty estimation (1)
- Underground (1)
- University (1)
- Unsharpness (1)
- Unstressed (1)
- Upconverion (1)
- Upconverstion (1)
- Uptake studies (1)
- Urban mining (1)
- Urban planning (1)
- Urbanisation (1)
- Ureolytic bacteria (1)
- Utilisation (1)
- Utility and decision theory (1)
- Utility poles (1)
- V-notch impact toughness (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- VE-tongue (1)
- VMAAS (1)
- VO (1)
- VOC Emissionen (1)
- VOC emission (1)
- VPDB (1)
- VRFB (1)
- VVOC (1)
- VVOCs (1)
- Validate method (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Value of action analysis (1)
- Van der Waals forces (1)
- Vanadium (1)
- Vanadium oxide catalysts (1)
- Varestraint testing (1)
- Variable frequency drive (1)
- Variational Bayesian Inference (1)
- Variational Bayesian statistics (1)
- Variational inference (1)
- Variational multiscale method (1)
- Vario EL III (1)
- Varroa destructor (1)
- Vascular endothelial growth factor (1)
- Vegetable edible oil (1)
- Vehicle-track-soil interaction (1)
- Vehicle–track interaction (1)
- Velocities (1)
- Verbundwerkstoffe (1)
- Verdampfung (1)
- Verdunstung (1)
- Versalzung (1)
- Verteilte faseroptische Sensoren (1)
- Vertical earthquakes (1)
- Veterinary drugs (1)
- Vibration sensing (1)
- Vibration signal analysis (1)
- Vigna unguiculata (1)
- Virial coefficients (1)
- Virtual CT (1)
- Virtual wave concept (1)
- Virtual waves (1)
- Virucidality (1)
- Virus detection (1)
- Viruses (1)
- Viscous sintering (1)
- Visibility (1)
- Visual ontology development (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Vitrimer (1)
- Vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Vivianite (1)
- Vocabulary providers (1)
- Void nucleation & growth (1)
- Volatile organic compound (1)
- Volatile organic compounds; (1)
- Volcano plot (1)
- Voltage Loss (1)
- Volume changes (1)
- Volumetric uptake (1)
- Vor-Ort-Analytik (1)
- Vorticity noise (1)
- Voxel size (1)
- Vulcanization (1)
- WD-XRF (1)
- WRC 1992 diagram (1)
- WSN (1)
- WWTP (1)
- Wall paintings (1)
- Warfarin (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Wasserstoff-Druckbehälter (1)
- Waste chracterization (1)
- Waste heat (1)
- Waste heat conversion (1)
- Waste incineration (1)
- Waste streams (1)
- Waste water treatment (1)
- Waste-to-energy (1)
- Waste-water (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Wastewater flame retardants (1)
- Water Diffusion (1)
- Water contact (1)
- Water content (1)
- Water dispersibility (1)
- Water electrolysis (1)
- Water filtration (1)
- Water in glass (1)
- Water layer thickness (1)
- Water management (1)
- Water permeability (1)
- Water speciation (1)
- Water splitting (1)
- Water stability (1)
- Water structure (1)
- Water transport (1)
- Water treatment (1)
- Wavelet (1)
- Wavenumber integrals (1)
- Waxes (1)
- Wear particles (1)
- Weathering tests (1)
- Web mining (1)
- Weibull distribution (1)
- Weld defects (1)
- Weld fatigue (1)
- Weld imperfections (1)
- Weld metal cracking (1)
- Weld pool (1)
- Weld pool support (1)
- Weld residual stress (1)
- Weldability (1)
- Welded (1)
- Welded Joints (1)
- Welded joint (1)
- Welded joints (1)
- Welding Simulation (1)
- Welding costs (1)
- Welding process selection (1)
- Welding residual stress (1)
- Welding thermal cycle (1)
- Welds (1)
- Weldx (1)
- Wellenausbreitung (1)
- Werkstoffdatenbank (1)
- Wet soil (1)
- Wetting (1)
- Wheel-rail friction coefficient (1)
- Wheel-rail tangential forces (1)
- Wheelset accelerations (1)
- White light interferometry (1)
- White light interferometry microscopy (1)
- White-light Interference Microscopy (1)
- White-rot fungi (1)
- Whole water samples (1)
- Whole-chain CCS scenario (1)
- Wide bandgap compound semiconductor (1)
- Wide-range (1)
- Widerstandspunktschweißen (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Wildfire (1)
- Wind (1)
- Wind Energy (1)
- Wind Turbines (1)
- Wind turbine rotor blade (1)
- Wind turbine rotor blades (1)
- Wind turbine tower (1)
- Windenergie Anlage Rotorblätter (1)
- Windgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Wipe test (1)
- Wire break (1)
- Wire electron beam additive manufacturing (1)
- Wire feed laser beam welding (1)
- Wire-based additive manufacturing (1)
- Wood Modification (1)
- Wood chips (1)
- Wood materials (1)
- Wood modification (1)
- Wood samples (1)
- Wooden toys (1)
- Work function (1)
- Work of adhesion (1)
- Workflow management (1)
- Working life (1)
- Writing inks (1)
- Writing materials (1)
- X-Ray (1)
- X-Ray Fluorescence (1)
- X-Ray analysis (1)
- X-Ray fluorescence (1)
- X-ray CT (1)
- X-ray Color Camera (1)
- X-ray Computed Tomography (1)
- X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) (1)
- X-ray Diffraction (1)
- X-ray Fluorescence (1)
- X-ray Fluorescence analysis (1)
- X-ray absorption Fine Spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray absorption fine structure (1)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (1)
- X-ray and Neutron Diffraction (1)
- X-ray and electron diffraction (1)
- X-ray and neutron diffraction (1)
- X-ray computer tomography (1)
- X-ray dark-field radiography (1)
- X-ray detector (1)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) (1)
- X-ray emission (1)
- X-ray emission hazards (1)
- X-ray energies (1)
- X-ray fluorescence analysis (1)
- X-ray fuorescence (1)
- X-ray laminography (1)
- X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) (1)
- X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), (1)
- X-ray micro-computed tomography (1)
- X-ray microdiffraction (1)
- X-ray microscopy (1)
- X-ray microtomography (1)
- X-ray optics (1)
- X-ray reflectivity (1)
- X-ray refraction radiography (1)
- X-ray spectra (1)
- X-ray spectrum (1)
- X-ray tomographic (1)
- XAFS (1)
- XANES X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (1)
- XANES/EXAFS (1)
- XCT Data Conditioning (1)
- XPCS (1)
- XRF imaging (1)
- Xpoxy resin (1)
- Xray (1)
- Xray photo electron spectrocopy (1)
- YES assay (1)
- Yellowness index (1)
- Yerba mate tea (1)
- Yield stress (1)
- Young's modulus (1)
- Young´s modulus (1)
- Young’s Modulus (1)
- Ytterbium (1)
- Yttria stabilized zirconia (1)
- ZCF (1)
- Zearalenone (1)
- Zearalenone sulfate (1)
- Zellulose (1)
- Zement (1)
- Zenodo (1)
- Zeolite (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zeonex (1)
- Zero wear (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißnähten (1)
- ZfP (1)
- Zinc catalyst (1)
- Zinc ferrite (1)
- Zinc oxide (1)
- Zinc phosphate (1)
- Zink phytate (1)
- Zirconia-toughened alumina (1)
- Zirconia: yttria stabilized (1)
- Zirconium (1)
- Znc (1)
- Zwitterion (1)
- [MMIM]+[DMP]− (1)
- a-zearalenol (1)
- aRTist (1)
- abasic side (1)
- absolute measurements (1)
- absorption (1)
- aerosol deposition method (ADM) (1)
- aluminum (1)
- amorphous carbon film (1)
- amorphous silica film (1)
- atomic weight (1)
- base loss (1)
- bended arrow of time (1)
- bio-diagnostic (1)
- biodegradable material (1)
- biomedical applications (1)
- caffeine (1)
- calcium cobaltite (1)
- calibration (1)
- carbon black (1)
- coda wave interferometry (1)
- cold neutrons (1)
- composite (1)
- compost (1)
- confocal (1)
- contact resonance (1)
- corrosion (1)
- cross-reactivity (1)
- crystal structures (1)
- distributed sensor (1)
- dry friction (1)
- dsDAN monolayer (1)
- dsDNA (1)
- dual-energy (1)
- dye (1)
- electrochemical dealloying (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- embedded (1)
- enzyme reactions (1)
- estrogenic activity (1)
- failure prevention (1)
- fertilizer (1)
- fiber optic sensor (1)
- flexible plastics (1)
- glass fibre paper (1)
- gold nanoparticles (1)
- graphene (1)
- grating (1)
- high entropy alloys (1)
- hydrate (1)
- hydrogen storage (1)
- i.S.Sy.Da.T.A. (1)
- iChip (1)
- immunoassay (1)
- in situ template (NaCl) (1)
- infrared Thermography (1)
- injection moulded (1)
- inspection (1)
- iron embrittlement (1)
- irreproducibility (1)
- isotope reference material (1)
- lN2 (1)
- laminography (1)
- lank characterization (1)
- layered soil (1)
- ligand binding assay (1)
- mXRF Micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- macroporous carbon (1)
- maghemite (1)
- magnetic nanocatalysts (1)
- magnetic saturation (1)
- materials informatics (1)
- mechanochemical synthesis (1)
- mechanochemistry (1)
- melamine (1)
- microspectroscopy (1)
- microstructural changes (1)
- molecular dynamics (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- mortar method (1)
- multilayer graphene (1)
- nPSize (1)
- nanocomposites (1)
- nanotechnology (1)
- neutron imaging (1)
- neutron instrumentation (1)
- non-specific binding (1)
- nutritional supplements (1)
- openBIS (1)
- oxidation (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- pH Indicator (1)
- pH probe (1)
- pH sensor (1)
- pHe (1)
- pUC19 (1)
- pXRF (1)
- paper retraction (1)
- peer reviewimmunochemistry (1)
- phosphorous flame retardant (1)
- photoluminescence (1)
- polyionic liquids (1)
- pore structure (1)
- poultry odorous air monitoring (1)
- progressive hepatolenticular degeneration (1)
- protein binding (1)
- proton conductors (1)
- pyrazinamide (1)
- qPCR (1)
- quality control (1)
- railway embankment (1)
- refraction (1)
- replication (1)
- reproducibility crisis (1)
- research landscape (1)
- residual stress (1)
- reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization (1)
- rubber (1)
- scanning electron microscopy (1)
- selectivity (1)
- self-replication (1)
- sensing (1)
- serine-protease inhibitor (1)
- silica nanoparticles (1)
- silver nanoparticles (1)
- single molecule spectroscopy (1)
- single-molecule analysis (1)
- sliding simulation (1)
- smart geotextile (1)
- soil (1)
- spICP-MS (1)
- species-specific isotope information (1)
- spectral elements (1)
- spray (1)
- ssNMR spectroscopy (1)
- structural information (1)
- sulfidation (1)
- surface and in-depth inspection (1)
- surface enhanced Raman scattering (1)
- synchrotron CT (1)
- synchrotron X-ray diffraction (1)
- synthesize heteroatom (1)
- tandard addition (1)
- temeprature dependent exchange length (1)
- temperature (1)
- thermal decomposition (1)
- thermal treatment (1)
- thermoelectric oxide (1)
- thermoelectrics (1)
- thermophysical properties (1)
- thrombocyte adhesion (1)
- time-temperature equivalent formulation (1)
- time-temperature superposition principle (1)
- titania nanoparticles (1)
- topography (1)
- transmission mode (1)
- underexplored phyla (1)
- upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) (1)
- µ-gravity (1)
- µCT (1)
- µCT-analysis (1)
- α-1,4- and α-1,6-glucans (1)
- β-Lactam (1)
- γ-H2AX assay (1)
- γ″ phase (1)
- θ′ phase (1)
- θ′-(Al2Cu) precipitate phase (1)
- μCT-analysis (1)
- ‘Green’ pesticide (1)
- “leaky” mutant (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 6 Materialchemie (442)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (377)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (348)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (219)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (215)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (213)
- 4 Material und Umwelt (188)
- 6.3 Strukturanalytik (168)
- 8.5 Röntgenbildgebung (127)
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (100)
Paper des Monats
- ja (71)
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac (DCF) is an important environmental contaminant occurring in surface waters all over the world, because, after excretion, it is not adequately removed from wastewater in sewage treatment plants. To be able to monitor this pollutant, highly efficient analytical methods are needed, including immunoassays. In a medical research project, monoclonal antibodies against diclofenac and its metabolites had been produced. Based on this monoclonal anti-DCF antibody, a new indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and applied for environmental samples. The introduction of a spacer between diclofenac and the carrier protein in the coating conjugate led to higher sensitivity. With a test midpoint of 3 mg L−1 and a measurement range of 1–30 mg L−1, the system is not sensitive enough for direct analysis of surface water. However, this assay is quite robust against matrix influences and can be used for wastewater. Without adjustment of the calibration, organic solvents up to 5%, natural organic matter (NOM) up to 10 mg L−1, humic acids up to 2.5 mg L−1, and salt concentrations up to 6 g L−1 NaCl and 75 mg L−1 CaCl2 are tolerated. The antibody is also stable in a pH range from 3 to 12. Cross-reactivity (CR) of 1% or less was determined for the metabolites 40-hydroxydiclofenac (40-OH-DCF), 5-hydroxydiclofenac (5-OH-DCF), DCF lactam, and other NSAIDs. Relevant cross-reactivity occurred only with an amide derivative of DCF, 6-aminohexanoic acid (DCF-Ahx), aceclofenac (ACF) and DCF methyl ester (DCF-Me) with 150%, 61% and 44%, respectively. These substances, however, have not been found in samples. Only DCF-acyl glucuronide with a cross-reactivity of 57% is of some relevance. For the first time, photodegradation products were tested for cross-reactivity. With the ELISA based on this antibody, water samples were analysed. In sewage treatment plant effluents, concentrations in the range of 1.9–5.2 mg L−1 were determined directly, with recoveries compared to HPLC-MS/MS averaging 136%.
Concentrations in lakes ranged from 3 to 4.4 ng L−1 and were, after pre-concentration, determined with an average recovery of 100%
Machine learning-assisted equivalent circuit identification for dielectric spectroscopy of polymers
(2024)
Polymers have become indispensable across fields of application, and understanding their structure–property relationships and dynamic behaviour is essential for performance optimization. Polymer membranes, particularly ion exchange membranes, play a crucial role in renewable energy conversion technologies, fuel cells, solar energy conversion, and energy storage. In this context, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) offers a powerful, non-destructive approach to investigate the electrical response and relaxation dynamics of polymers. These properties are investigated by parametrizing the system’s impedance response in terms of a network of circuit elements, i.e. the electrical equivalent circuit (EEC), whose impedance resembles the one of the system under investigation. However, the determination of the EEC from BDS data is challenging due to system complexity, interdependencies of circuit elements, and researcher biases. In this work, we propose a novel approach that incorporates a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict the EEC topology. By reducing user bias and enhancing data analysis, this approach aims to make BDS accessible to both experienced users and those with limited expertise. We show that the combination of machine learning and BDS provides valuable insights into the dynamic behaviour of polymer membranes, thus facilitating the design and characterization of tailored polymers for various applications. We also show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art machine learning methods with a top-5 accuracy of around 80% for predicting the circuit topology and a parameter fitting error as low as 0.05%.
Barriers to transitioning to a circular bio-based economy: Findings from an industrial perspective
(2024)
The transition from a linear fossil-based to a circular bio-based economy represents an opportunity and a suitable pathway for achieving several sustainable development goals. However, the transition is a complex process since it requires transformative policies, purposeful innovation, access to finance, risk-taking capacity as well as new and sustainable business models and markets. Accordingly, the first step in this transition process is the identification of barriers that are hampering the transition to a sustainable circular bio-based economy. With this motivation in mind, this study reviews grey literature to identify barriers focusing on four critical sectors facing major challenges within the current linear economy and requiring a sustainable transition most urgently: construction, chemicals, plastics, and textile sectors. Employing an adapted STEEP methodology (Social, Technological, Economical, Environmental, Political), a total of 193 different barriers have been identified and clustered under six categories: cultural, technical, economic, environmental, governance, and structural. Regardless of the sector, cultural and structural barriers are identified as the most prominent; the lack of incentives for consumer behaviour change and lack of stakeholder collaboration were the most cited barriers among the literature records. From a value chain perspective, most of the barriers are related to the material processing and product manufacturing stage. Finally, potential solutions, extracted from the grey literature, are proposed to fill the gaps and overcome the identified barriers. Many of the identified barriers are common across the four investigated sectors, indicating the solutions or measures can be applicable in a wider perspective to promote the transition in the right direction.
Various software products for the simulation of industrial X-ray radiography have been developed in recent years (e.g., aRTist 2, CIVA CT, Scorpius XLab, SimCT, Wilcore) and their application potential has been shown in numerous works. However, full systematic approaches to characterise a specific CT system for these simulation software products to obtain a truthful digital twin are still missing. In this contribution, we want to present two approaches to obtain realistic grey values in X-ray projections in aRTist 2 simulations based on measured projections. In aRTist 2, the displayed grey value of a pixel is based on the energy density incident on that pixel.
The energy density is calculated based on the X-ray tube spectrum, the attenuation between source and detector as well as an energy-dependent sensitivity curve of the detector. The first approach presented in this contribution uses the sensitivity curve as a free modelling parameter. We measured the signal response at different thicknesses of Al EN-AW6082 at different tube voltages (i.e., different tube spectra). We then regarded the grey values displayed by these projections as a data regression respectively an optimisation problem and obtained the sensitivity curve that is best able to reproduce the measured behaviour in aRTist 2. The resulting sensitivity curve does not necessarily hold physical meaning but is able to simulate the real system behaviour in the simulation software.
The second approach presented in this contribution is to estimate the sensitivity curve based on assumptions about the characteristics of the scintillation detector (e.g., scintillator material, scintillator thickness and signal processing characteristics). For this approach, a linear response function (linear relationship between the deposited energy per pixel and the resulting grey value) is assumed. If the detector characteristics, which affect the simulated deposited energy, are properly modelled, the slope and offset of the response function to match the measured grey values should be the same for different tube spectra. As the offset is constant and given by the grey values measured at no incident radiation, the slope is the remaining parameter to evaluate the success of the detector modelling. We therefore adapted the detector characteristics by changing the detector setup until the slope was nearly the same for all measured tube spectra. We are aware that the resulting parameters of the scintillator material and thickness might not be the real ones, but with those modelling parameters we are able to simulate realistic grey values in aRTist 2. Both of those approaches could potentially be a step forward to a full systematic approach for a digital twin of a real CT system in aRTist 2.
Recent publications indicate that the order of electrochemical anodization (before or after the laser processing step) plays an important role for the response of bone-forming osteoblasts—an effect that can be utilized for improving permanent dental or removable bone implants. For exploring these different surface functionalities, multimethod morphological, structural, and chemical characterizations are performed in combination with electrochemical pre- and postanodization for two different characteristic microspikes covered by nanometric laser-induced periodic surface structures on Ti–6Al–4V upon irradiation with near-infrared ps-laser pulses (1030 nm wavelength, ≈1 ps pulse duration, 67 and 80 kHz pulse repetition frequency) at two distinct sets of laser fluence and beam scanning parameters. This work involves morphological and topographical investigations by scanning electron microscopy and white light interference microscopy, structural material examinations via X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy, as well as near-surface chemical analyses by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results allow to qualify the mean laser ablation depth, assess the spike geometry and surface roughness parameters, and provide new detailed insights into the near-surface oxidation that may affect the different cell growth behavior for pre- or postanodized medical implants.
Sacrifice Few to Save Many: Fire Protective Interlayers in Carbon- Fiber-Reinforced Laminates
(2024)
The fire protection of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates often relies on flame-retardant coatings, but in some applications, their efficacy may diminish upon direct fire exposure due to rapid pyrolysis. This study introduces an innovative approach by integrating protective interlayers within the laminate structure to enhance the fire resistance. Various materials, including ceramic composite WHIPOX, titanium foil, poly(etherimide) (PEI) foil, basalt fibers, rubber mat, and hemp fibers, were selected as protective interlayers. These interlayers were strategically placed within the laminate layout to form a sacrificial barrier, safeguarding the integrity of the composite. Bench-scale fire resistance tests were conducted, where fire (180 kW/m2) was applied directly to the one side of the specimen by a burner while a compressive load was applied at the same time. Results indicate significant prolongation of time to failure for CFRP laminates with protective interlayers, which is up to 10 times longer. This innovative approach represents a potential advance in fire protection strategies for CFRP laminates, offering improved resilience against fire-induced structural failure.
A systematic series of industrial-relevant polystyrene-based anion exchange resins that are functionalized with hydro- or fluorocarbon chains are compared regarding their adsorption behavior toward perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) in respect to their charge, chain length, and type of chain. The results clearly show the dominance of electrostatic interactions in the adsorption process as uncharged adsorber materials showed no adsorption at all. In contrast, the charged adsorber materials showed in general a PFCA removal of 80% to 30% over the experiment depending on effluent fraction.
Unexpectedly, for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) the highest removal rate is found with consistently >90%. Despite observing significant benefits in the adsorption of PFCA for fluoroalkylated adsorbers in comparison to their non-fluorinated counterparts, this effect of fluoroalkylation is comparatively small and can not be clearly attributed to fluorophilic interactions between the fluoroalkyl chains. These findings help clarifying that the introduction of fluorocarbon moieties in adsorber materials is not necessary in order to remove fluorocarbon molecules from the environment.
Relation of craze to crack length during slow crack growth phenomena in high‐density polyethylene
(2024)
The craze‐crack mechanism occurring in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) causing slow crack growth and environmental stress cracking is investigated in detail with respect to the relation of crack length and the related craze zone. This is essential for the understanding of the resulting features of the formed fracture surface and their interpretation in the context of the transition from crack propagation to ductile shear deformation. It turns out that an already formed craze zone does not inevitably result in formation of a propagating crack, but could also undergo ductile failure. For the examination, the full notch creep test (FNCT) was employed with a subsequent advanced fracture surface analysis that was performed using various imaging techniques: light microscopy, laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray micro computed tomography scan. FNCT specimens were progressively damaged for increasing durations under standard test conditions applying Arkopal, the standard surfactant solution, and biodiesel as test media were used to analyze the stepwise growth of cracks and crazes. From considerations based on well‐established fracture mechanics approaches, a theoretical correlation between the length of the actual crack and the length of the preceding craze zone was established that could be evidenced and affirmed by FNCT fracture surface analysis. Moreover, the yield strength of a HDPE material exposed to a certain medium as detected by a classic tensile test was found to be the crucial value of true stress to induce the transition from crack propagation due to the craze‐crack mechanism to shear deformation during FNCT measurements.
Highlights
- Progress of crack formation in high‐density polyethylene is analyzed by different imaging techniques
- Determined growth rates depend on distinction between craze zone and crack
- The ratio of the present crack to the anteceding craze zone is validated theoretically
- The transition from crack propagation to ductile shear deformation is identified
- An already formed craze zone may still fail by ductile mechanisms
Changes in Black Truffle (Tuber melanosporum) Aroma during Storage under Different Conditions
(2024)
The enticing aroma of truffles is a key factor for their culinary value. Although all truffle species tend to be pricy, the most intensely aromatic species are the most sought after. Research into the aroma of truffles encompasses various disciplines including chemistry, biology, and sensory science. This study focusses on the chemical composition of the aroma of black truffles (Tuber melanosporum) and the changes occurring under different storage conditions. For this, truffle samples were stored under different treatments, at different temperatures, and measured over a total storage time of 12 days. Measurements of the truffle aroma profiles were taken with SPME/GC–MS at regular intervals. To handle the ample data collected, a systematic approach utilizing multivariate data analysis techniques was taken. This approach led to a vast amount of data which we made publicly available for future exploration. Results reveal the complexity of aroma changes, with 695 compounds identified, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding. Principal component analyses offer initial insights into truffle composition, while individual compounds may serve as markers for age (formic acid, 1-methylpropyl ester), freshness (2-Methyl-1-propanal; 1-(methylthio)-propane), freezing (tetrahydrofuran), salt treatment (1-chloropentane), or heat exposure (4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone). This research suggests that heat treatment or salt contact significantly affects truffle aroma, while freezing and cutting have less pronounced effects in comparison. The enrichment of compounds showing significant changes during storage was investigated with a metabolomic pathway analysis. The involvement of some of the enriched compounds on the pyruvate/glycolysis and sulfur pathways was shown.
The present work addresses powder bed binder jetting additive manufacturing by selective magnesium phosphate cement activation. Despite the potential of this technology to aid the digitalization of the construction industry, the effect of processing parameters on the mechanical performance of printed materials has not yet been studied to generate a guideline for the further development of the technology. Statistical methodologies were used to screen the effect of four printing process parameters (printing speed, layer thickness, raster angle, and build direction on flexural and compressive strength). As the exploited technology works with constant fluid pressure, the physical interpretation of the effect of each factor can be considered taking into account the interactions between the binder materials in the powder bed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that printing speed and layer thickness significantly affect mechanical performances. Furthermore, the layout of samples for the printing process is preferable to be parallel the printhead movement. An anisotropic behavior was observed, and the samples subjected to compressive forces parallel to the layer plane possessed lower strength values. This effect can be interpreted as a result of a weak area of low density in between layers, leading to a pronounced delamination under compression. Even though the strength of the printed material is not suitable for a structural concrete, it can be marginally improved by design of experiment and optimized for non-structural applications, such as for porous artificial stone. Design of experiment coupled with ANOVA methods can be used in the future to support the development of novel material mixtures, thus expanding the fields of application of this novel additive manufacturing technology.
A widespread recovery of waste heat requires a cost‐effective production of thermoelectric generators. Thermoelectric oxides are predestined for use at high temperatures. For manufacturing reasons, a multilayer generator design will be easily scalable and cost‐effective. To evaluate the potential of ceramic multilayer technology for that purpose, a multilayer of the promising thermoelectric oxides calcium cobaltite (Ca3Co4O9), calcium manganate (CMO, CaMnO3), and glass–ceramic insulation layers is fabricated. Cracks and reaction layers at the interfaces are observed in the microstructure. The compositions of these reaction layers are identified by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Mechanical and thermal properties of all layers are compiled from literature or determined by purposeful sample preparation and testing. Based on this data set, the internal stresses in the multilayer after co‐firing are calculated numerically. It is shown that tensile stresses in the range of 50 MPa occur in the CMO layers. The reaction layers have only a minor influence on the level of these residual stresses. Herein, it is proven that the material system is basically suitable for multilayer generator production, but that the co‐firing process and the layer structure must be adapted to improve densification and reduce the tensile stresses in the CMO.
Confocal micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectroscopy facilitates three-dimensional (3D) elemental imaging of heterogeneous samples in the micrometer range. Laboratory setups using X-ray tube excitation render the method accessible for diverse research fields but interpretation of results and quantification remain challenging. The attenuation of X-rays in composites depends on the photon energy as well as on the composition and density of the material. For confocal micro-XRF, attenuation severely impacts elemental distribution information, as the signal from deeper layers is distorted by superficial layers. Absorption correction and quantification of fluorescence measurements in heterogeneous composite samples have so far not been reported. Here, an absorption correction approach for confocal micro-XRF combining density information from microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) data with laboratory X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and synchrotron transmission measurements is presented. The energy dependency of the probing volume is considered during the correction. The methodology is demonstrated on a model composite sample consisting of a bovine tooth with a clinically used restoration material.
Amphiphilic nanogels (ANGs) are promising carriers for hydrophobic cargos such as drugs, dyes, and catalysts.
Loading content and release kinetics of these compounds are controlled by type and number of hydrophobic groups in the amphiphilic copolymer network. Thus, understanding the interactions between cargo and colloidal carrier is mandatory for a tailor-made and cargo-specific ANG design. To systematically explore the influence of the network composition on these interactions, we prepared a set of ANGs of different amphiphilicity and loaded these ANGs with varying concentrations of the solvatochromic dye Nile Red (NR). Here, NR acts as a hydrophobic model cargo to optically probe the polarity of its microenvironment. Analysis of the NR emission spectra as well as measurements of the fluorescence quantum yields and decay kinetics revealed a decrease in the polarity of the NR microenvironment with increasing hydrophobicity of the hydrophobic groups in the ANG network and dye–dye interactions at higher loading concentrations. At low NR concentrations, the hydrophobic cargo NR is encapsulated in the hydrophobic domains. Increasing NR concentrations resulted in probe molecules located in a more hydrophilic environment, i.e., at the nanodomain border, and favored dye–dye interactions and NR aggregation.
These results correlate well with release experiments, indicating first NR release from more hydrophilic network locations. Overall, our findings demonstrate the importance to understand carrier–drug interactions for efficient loading and controlled release profiles in amphiphilic nanogels.
The current lack of quantitative knowledge on processing-microstructure–property relationships is one of the major bottlenecks in today’s rapidly expanding field of additive manufacturing. This is centrally rooted in the nature of the processing, leading to complex microstructural features. Experimentally-guided modeling can offer reliable solutions for the safe application of additively manufactured materials. In this work, we combine a set of systematic experiments and modeling to address creep anisotropy and its correlation with microstructural characteristics in laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) additively manufactured Inconel-738LC (IN738LC). Three sample orientations (with the tensile axis parallel, perpendicular, and 45° tilted, relative to the building direction) are crept at 850 °C, accompanied by electron backscatter secondary diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations. A crystal plasticity (CP) model for Ni-base superalloys, capable of modeling different types of slip systems, is developed and combined with various polycrystalline representative volume elements (RVEs) built on the experimental measurements. Besides our experiments, we verify our modeling framework on electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB/M) additively manufactured Inconel-738LC. The results of our simulations show that while the crystallographic texture alone cannot explain the observed creep anisotropy, the superlattice extrinsic stacking faults (SESF) and related microtwinning slip systems play major roles as active deformation mechanisms. We confirm this using TEM investigations, revealing evidence of SESFs in crept specimens. We also show that the elongated grain morphology can result in higher creep rates, especially in the specimens with a tilted tensile axis.
For a deep process understanding of the laser powder bed fusion process (PBF-LB/M), recording of the occurring surface temperatures is of utmost interest and would help to pave the way for reliable process monitoring and quality assurance. A notable number of approaches for in-process monitoring of the PBF-LB/M process focus on the monitoring of thermal process signatures. However, due to the elaborate calibration effort and the lack of knowledge about the occurring spectral directional emissivity, only a few approaches attempt to measure real temperatures. In this study, to gain initial insights into occurring in the PBF-LB/M process, measurements on PBF-LB/M specimens and metal powder specimens were performed for higher temperatures up to T = 1290 °C by means of the emissivity measurement apparatus (EMMA) of the Center for Applied Energy Research (CAE, Wuerzburg, Germany). Also, measurements at ambient temperatures were performed with a suitable measurement setup. Two different materials—stainless steel 316L and aluminum AlSi10Mg—were examined. The investigated wavelength λ ranges from the visible range (λ-VIS= 0.40–0.75 µm) up to the infrared, λ = 20 µm. The influence of the following factors were investigated: azimuth angle φ, specimen temperature TS, surface texture as for PBF-LB/M surfaces with different scan angles α, and powder surfaces with different layer thicknesses t.
On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (HPLC-GC-FID) was used to compare the effect of hydrogen, helium and nitrogen as carrier gases on the chromatographic characteristics for the quantification of mineral oil hydrocarbon (MOH) traces in food related matrices. After optimisation of chromatographic parameters nitrogen carrier gas exhibited characteristics equivalent to hydrogen and helium regarding requirements set by current guidelines and standardisation such as linear range, quantification limit and carry over. Though nitrogen expectedly led to greater peak widths, all required separations of standard compounds were sufficient and humps of saturated mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOAH) were appropriate to enable quantitation similar to situations where hydrogen or helium had been used. Slightly increased peak widths of individual hump components did not affect shapes and widths of the MOSH and MOAH humps were not significantly affected by the use of nitrogen as carrier gas. Notably, nitrogen carrier gas led to less solvent peak tailing and smaller baseline offset. Overall, nitrogen may be regarded as viable alternative to hydrogen or helium and may even extend the range of quantifiable compounds to highly volatile hydrocarbon eluting directly after the solvent peak.
Abstract. In power electronics, compound semiconductors with large bandgaps, like silicon carbide (SiC), are increasingly being used as material instead of silicon. They have a lot of advantages over silicon but are also intolerant of nanoscale material defects, so that a defect inspection with high accuracy is needed. The different defect types on SiC samples are measured with various measurement methods, including optical and tactile methods. The defect types investigated include carrots, particles, polytype inclusions and threading dislocations, and they are analysed with imaging ellipsometry, coherent Fourier scatterometry (CFS), white light interference microscopy (WLIM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These different measurement methods are used to investigate which method is most sensitive for which type of defect to be able to use the measurement methods more effectively. It is important to be able to identify the defects to classify them as critical or non-critical for the functionality of the end product. Once these investigations have been completed, the measurement systems can be optimally distributed to the relevant defects in further work to realize a hybrid analysis of the defects. In addition to the identification and classification of defects, such a future hybrid analysis could also include characterizations, e.g. further evaluation of ellipsometric data by using numerical simulations.
AbstractPowder Bed Fusion with Laser Beam of Metals (PBF-LB/M) has gained more industrial relevance and already demonstrated applications at a small series scale. However, its widespread adoption in various use cases faces challenges due to the absence of interfaces to established Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) that support customers in the predominantly data-driven quality assurance. Current state-of-the-art PBF-LB/M machines utilize communication architectures, such as OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface (REST API). In the context of the Reference Architecture Model Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) and the Internet of Things (IoT), the assets, particularly the physical PBF-LB/M machines, already have an integration layer implemented to communicate data such as process states or sensor values. Missing is an MES component acting as a communication and information layer. To address this gap, the proposed Extract Transform Load (ETL) pipeline aims to extract relevant data from the fabrication of each build cycle down to the level of scan vectors and additionally to register process signals. The suggested data schema for archiving each build cycle adheres to all terms defined by ISO/TC 261—Additive Manufacturing (AM). In relation to the measurement frequency, all data are reorganized into entities, such as the AM machine, build cycle, part, layer, and scan vector. These scan vectors are stored in a runtime-independent format, including all metadata, to be valid and traceable. The resulting machine log represents a comprehensive documentation of each build cycle, enabling data-driven quality assurance at process level.
Scattering luminescent materials dispersed in liquid and solid matrices and luminescent powders are increasingly relevant for fundamental research and industry. Examples are luminescent nano- and microparticles and phosphors of different compositions in various matrices or incorporated into ceramics with applications in energy conversion, solid-state lighting, medical diagnostics, and security barcoding. The key parameter to characterize the performance of these materials is the photoluminescence/fluorescence quantum yield (Φf), i.e., the number of emitted photons per number of absorbed photons. To identify and quantify the sources of uncertainty of absolute measurements of Φf of scattering samples, the first interlaboratory comparison (ILC) of three laboratories from academia and industry was performed by following identical measurement protocols. Thereby, two types ofcommercial stand-alone integrating sphere setups with different illumination and detection geometries were utilized for measuring the Φf of transparent and scattering dye solutions and solid phosphors, namely, YAG:Ce optoceramics of varying surface roughness, used as converter materials for blue light emitting diodes. Special emphasis was dedicated to the influence of the measurement geometry, the optical properties of the blank utilized to determine the number of photons of the incident excitation light absorbed by the sample, and the sample-specific surface roughness. While the Φf values of the liquid samples matched between instruments, Φf measurements of the optoceramics with different blanks revealed substantial differences. The ILC results underline the importance of the measurement geometry, sample position, and blank for reliable Φf data of scattering the YAG:Ce optoceramics, with the blank’s optical properties accounting for uncertainties exceeding 20%.
In this contribution, we present a physically motivated heat source model for the numerical modeling of laser beam welding processes. Since the calibration of existing heat source models, such as the conic or Goldak model, is difficult, the representation of the heat source using so-called Lamé curves has been established, relying on prior Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations.
Lamé curves, which describe the melting isotherm, are used in a subsequent finite-element (FE) simulation to define a moving Dirichlet boundary condition, which prescribes a constant temperature in the melt pool. As an alternative to this approach, we developed a physically motivated heat source model, which prescribes the heat input as a body load directly. The new model also relies on prior CFD simulations to identify the melting isotherm. We demonstrate numerical results of the new heat source model on boundary-value problems from the field of laser beam welding and compare it with the prior CFD simulation and the results of the Lamé curve model and experimental data.
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), a widespread phenomenon in nature, is gaining attention as a low-carbon alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in geotechnical engineering and the construction industry for sustainable development. In the Philippines, however, very few works have been conducted to isolate and identify indigenous, urease-producing (ureolytic) bacteria suitable for MICP. In this study, we isolated seven, ureolytic and potentially useful bacteria for MICP from marine sediments in Iligan City. DNA barcoding using 16s rDNA identified six of them as Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Bacillus paralicheniformis, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus aryabhattai, and Stutzerimonas stutzeri but the seventh was not identified since it was a bacterial consortium. Bio-cementation assay experiments showed negligible precipitation in the control (without bacteria) at pH 7, 8, and 9. However, precipitates were formed in all seven bacterial isolates, especially between pH 7 and 8 (0.7–4 g). Among the six identified bacterial species, more extensive precipitation (2.3–4 g) and higher final pH were observed in S. stutzeri, and B. aryabhattai, which indicate better urease production and decomposition, higher CO2 generation, and more favorable CaCO3 formation. Characterization of the precipitates by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) confirmed the formation of three carbonate minerals: calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. Based on these results, all six identified indigenous, ureolytic bacterial species from Iligan City are suitable for MICP provided that the pH is controlled between 7 and 8. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the urease-producing ability and potential for MICP of P. stutzeri, P. pseudoalcaligenes, S. stutzeri, and B. aryabhattai.
High‐temperature KCl‐induced corrosion of high Cr and Ni alloys investigated by in‐situ diffraction
(2024)
High‐temperature KCl‐induced corrosion in laboratory air was observed in situ utilizing X‐ray diffraction. High Cr‐containing model alloys (Fe‐13Cr, Fe‐18Cr‐12Ni, and Fe‐25Cr‐20Ni) were coated with KCl and exposed to dry air at 560°C. KCl‐free alloys were studied in the equivalent atmosphere as a reference. After exposure to KCl‐free environments, all alloys showed the formation of very thin oxide layers, indicating good corrosion resistance. In contrast, KCl‐bearing alloys showed distinct damage after exposure.
Discotic ionic liquid crystals (DILCs) consist of self-assembled superdiscs of cations and anions that spontaneously stack in linear columns with high one-dimensional ionic and electronic charge mobility, making them prominent model systems for functional soft matter. Compared to classical nonionic discotic liquid crystals, many liquid crystalline structures with a combination of electronic and ionic conductivity have been reported, which are of interest for separation membranes, artificial ion/proton conducting membranes, and optoelectronics. Unfortunately, a homogeneous alignment of the DILCs on the macroscale is often not achievable, which significantly limits the applicability of DILCs. Infiltration into nanoporous solid scaffolds can, in principle, overcome this drawback. However, due to the experimental challenges to scrutinize liquid crystalline order in extreme spatial confinement, little is known about the structures of DILCs in nanopores. Here, we present temperaturedependent high-resolution optical birefringence measurement and 3D reciprocal space mapping based on synchrotron X-ray scattering to investigate the thermotropic phase behavior of dopamine-based ionic liquid crystals confined in cylindrical channels of 180 nm diameter in macroscopic anodic aluminum oxide membranes. As a function of the membranes’ hydrophilicity and thus the molecular anchoring to the pore walls (edge-on or face-on) and the variation of the hydrophilic−hydrophobic balance between the aromatic cores and the alkyl side chain motifs of the superdiscs by tailored chemical synthesis, we find a particularly rich phase behavior, which is not present in the bulk state. It is governed by a complex interplay of liquid crystalline elastic energies (bending and splay deformations), polar interactions, and pure geometric confinement and includes textural transitions between radial and axial alignment of the columns with respect to the long nanochannel axis. Furthermore, confinement-induced continuous order formation is observed in contrast to discontinuous first-order phase transitions, which can be quantitatively described by Landau-de Gennes free energy models for liquid crystalline order transitions in confinement. Our observations suggest that the infiltration of DILCs into nanoporous solids allows tailoring their nanoscale texture and ion channel formation and thus their electrical and optical functionalities over an even wider range than in the bulk state in a homogeneous manner on the centimeter scale as controlled by the monolithic nanoporous scaffolds.
The ability to controllably move gaseous ions is an essential aspect of ion-based spectrometry (e.g., mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry) as well as materials processing. At higher pressures, ion motion is largely governed by diffusion and multiple collisions with neutral gas molecules. Thus, high-pressure ion optics based on electrostatics require large fields, radio frequency drives, complicated geometries, and/or partially transmissive grids that become contaminated. Here, we demonstrate that low-power standing acoustic waves can be used to guide, block, focus, and separate beams of ions akin to electrostatic ion optics. Ions preferentially travel through the static-pressure regions (“nodes”) while neutral gas does not appear to be impacted by the acoustic field structure and continues along a straight trajectory. This acoustic ion manipulation (AIM) approach has broad implications for ion manipulation techniques at high pressure, while expanding our fundamental understanding of the behavior of ions in gases.
Functional fatigue of shape-memory alloys is a considerable threat to the reliable service of actuation devices. Here, we demonstrate the essentially degradation-free cyclic phase-transformation behavior of Ni-Mn-Ga microcrystals up to one million stress-driven superelastic cycles. Cyclic dissipation amounts to about 1/5 of the bulk counterpart and remains unaffected during cycling, even after the introduction of dislocation structures via plastic straining. Plastic yielding and the transformation stress largely exceed the known bulk values. However, the transformation-stress is found to depend on plastic pre-straining, which suggests that the size-affected transformation stress is sensitive to the initial defect structure and that it can be tuned by a targeted introduction of dislocations. These findings demonstrate the high suitability of Ni-Mn-Ga as a robust shape-memory alloy in small-scale functional device engineering.
Additive manufacturing of metals – and in particular building with laser-based powder bed fusion – is highly flexible and allows high-resolution features and feedstock savings. Meanwhile, though space stations in low Earth orbit are established, a set of visits to the Moon have been performed, and humankind can send out rovers to explore Venus and Mars, none of these milestone missions is equipped with technology to manufacture functional metallic parts or tools in space. In order to advance space exploration to long-term missions beyond low Earth orbit, it will be crucial to develop and employ technology for in-space manufacturing (ISM) and in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU). To use the advantages of laser-based powder bed fusion in these endeavours, the challenge of powder handling in microgravity must be met. Here we present a device capable of building parts using metallic powders in microgravity. This was proven on several sounding rocket flights, on which occasions Zr-based metallic glass parts produced by additive manufacturing in space were built. The findings of this work demonstrate that building parts using powder feedstock, which is more compact to transport into space than wire, is possible in microgravity environments. This thus significantly advances ISRU and ISM and paves the way for future tests in prolonged microgravity settings.
Multiphoton lithography (MPL), an emerging truly 3D microfabrication technique, exhibits substantial potential in biomedical applications, including drug delivery and tissue engineering. Fabricated micro-objects are often expected to undergo shape morphing or bending of the entire structure or its parts. Furthermore, ensuring precise property tuning is detrimental to the realization of the functionality of MPL microstructures. Herein, novel MPL materials based on interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are presented that effectively combine the advantages of acrylate and epoxy systems. IPNs with varying component ratios are investigated for their microfabrication performance and structural integrity with respect to thermal and micromechanical properties. A variety of high-resolution techniques is applied to comprehensively evaluate IPN properties at the bulk, micron, and segmental levels. This study shows that the MPL laser scanning velocity and power, photoinitiator content, and multi-step exposure can be used to tune the morphology and properties of the IPN. As a result, a library of 3D MPL IPN microstructures with high 3D structural stability and tailored thermal and micromechanical properties is achieved. New IPN microstructures with Young’s moduli of 3–4 MPa demonstrate high-to-fully elastic responses to deformations, making them promising for applications in morphable microsystems, soft micro-robotics, and cell engineering.
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with different charge densities were prepared and investigated by a combination of different complementary techniques sensitive to the structure and molecular dynamics of the system. The morphology of the materials was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). The latter measurements were quantitatively analyzed yielding to molecular parameters in dependence of the charge density like the diameter of the fibrils, the distance between the fibrils, and the dimension of bundles of nanofibrils, including pores. The influence of water on the properties and the charge density is studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The TGA measurements reveal two mass loss processes. The one at lower temperatures was related to the loss of water, and the second process at higher temperatures was related to the chemical decomposition. The resulting char yield could be correlated to the distance between the microfibrils. The DSC investigation for hydrated CNFs revealed three glass transitions due to the cellulose segments surrounded by water molecules in different states. In the second heating scan, only one broad glass transition is observed. The dielectric spectra reveal two relaxation processes. At low temperatures or higher frequencies, the β-relaxation is observed, which is assigned to localized fluctuation of the glycosidic linkage. At higher temperatures and lower frequencies, the α-relaxation takes places. This relaxation is due to cooperative fluctuations in the cellulose segments. Both processes were quantitatively analyzed. The obtained parameters such as the relaxation rates were related to both the morphological data, the charge density, and the content of water for the first time.
Objectives
The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of organic additives (binder, plasticizer, and the cross-linking ink) in the formulation of water-based feedstocks on the properties of a dental feldspathic glass-ceramic material developed for the slurry-based additive manufacturing technology “LSD-print.”
Material and methods
Three water-based feldspathic feedstocks were produced to study the effects of polyvinyl alcohol (AC1) and poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (AC2) as binder systems. A feedstock without organic additives was tested as the control group (CG). Disc-shaped (n = 15) and bar (n = 7) specimens were slip-cast and characterized in the green and fired states. In the green state, density and flexural strength were measured. In the fired state, density, shrinkage, flexural strength (FS), Weibull modulus, fracture toughness (KIC), Martens parameters, and microstructure were analyzed. Disc-shaped and bar specimens were also cut from commercially available CAD/CAM blocks and used as a target reference (TR) for the fired state.
Results
In the green state, CG showed the highest bulk density but the lowest FS, while the highest FS in the green state was achieved with the addition of a cross-linking ink. After firing, no significant differences in density and a similar microstructure were observed for all slip-cast groups, indicating that almost complete densification could be achieved. The CAD/CAM specimens showed the highest mean FS, Weibull modulus, and KIC, with significant differences between some of the slip-cast groups.
Significance
These results suggest that the investigated feedstocks are promising candidates for the slurry-based additive manufacturing of restorations meeting the class 1a requirements according to DIN EN ISO 6871:2019–01.
In this work we instigated the fragmentation of Au microparticles supported on a thin amorphous carbon film by irradiating them with a gradually convergent electron beam inside the Transmission Electron Microscope. This phenomenon has been generically labeled as “electron beam-induced fragmentation” or EBIF and its physical origin remains contested. On the one hand, EBIF has been primarily characterized as a consequence of beam-induced heating. On the other, EBIF has been attributed to beam-induced charging eventually leading to Coulomb explosion. To test the feasibility of the charging framework for EBIF, we instigated the fragmentation of Au particles under two different experimental conditions. First, with the magnetic objective lens of the microscope operating at full capacity, i.e. background magnetic field B = 2 T, and with the magnetic objective lens switched off (Lorenz mode), i.e. B = 0 T. We observe that the presence or absence of the magnetic field noticeably affects the critical current density at which EBIF occurs. This strongly suggests that magnetic field effects play a crucial role in instigating EBIF on the microparticles. The dependence of the value of the critical current density on the absence or presence of an ambient magnetic field cannot be accounted for by the beam-induced heating model. Consequently, this work presents robust experimental evidence suggesting that Coulomb explosion driven by electrostatic charging is the root cause of EBIF.
Early detection of fatigue cracks and accurate measurements of the crack growth play an important role in the maintenance and repair strategies of steel structures exposed to cyclic loads during their service life. Observation of welded connections is especially of high relevance due to their higher susceptibility to fatigue damage. The aim of this contribution was to monitor fatigue crack growth in thick welded specimens during fatigue tests as holistically as possible, by implementing multiple NDT methods simultaneously in order to record the crack initiation and propagation until the final fracture. In addition to well-known methods such as strain gauges, thermography, and ultrasound, the crack luminescence method developed at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), which makes cracks on the surface particularly visible, was also used. For data acquisition, a first data fusion concept was developed and applied in order to synchronize the data of the different methods and to evaluate them to a large extent automatically. The resulting database can ultimately also be used to access, view, and analyze the experimental data for various NDT methods. During the conducted fatigue tests, the simultaneous measurements of the same cracking process enabled a comprehensive comparison of the methods, highlighting their individual strengths and limitations. More importantly, they showed how a synergetic combination of different NDT methods can be beneficial for implementation in large-scale fatigue testing but also in monitoring and inspection programs of in-service structures - such as the support structures of offshore wind turbines.
In this work we instigated the fragmentation of Au microparticles supported on a thin amorphous carbon film by irradiating them with a gradually convergent electron beam inside the Transmission Electron Microscope. This phenomenon has been generically labeled as ‘‘electron beam-induced fragmentation’’ or EBIF and its physical origin remains contested. On the one hand, EBIF has been primarily characterized as a consequence of beam-induced heating. On the other, EBIF has been attributed to beam-induced charging eventually leading to Coulomb explosion. To test the feasibility of the charging framework for EBIF, we instigated the fragmentation of Au particles under two different experimental conditions. First, with the magnetic objective lens of the microscope operating at full capacity, i.e. background magnetic field 𝐵 = 2 T, and with the magnetic objective lens switched off (Lorenz mode), i.e. 𝐵 = 0 T. We observe that the presence or absence of the magnetic field noticeably affects the critical current density at which EBIF occurs. This strongly suggests that magnetic field effects play a crucial role in instigating EBIF on the microparticles. The dependence of the value of the critical current density on the absence or presence of an ambient magnetic field cannot be accounted for by the beam-induced heating model. Consequently, this work presents robust experimental evidence suggesting that Coulomb explosion driven by electrostatic charging is the root cause of EBIF.
Ergot alkaloids (EAs) formed by Claviceps fungi are one of the most common food contaminants worldwide, affecting cereals such as rye, wheat, and barley. To accurately determine the level of contamination and to monitor EAs maximum levels set by the European Union, the six most common EAs (so-called priority EAs) and their corresponding epimers are quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The quantification of EAs in complex food matrices without appropriate internal tandards is challenging but currently carried out in the standard method EN 7425:2021 due to their commercial unavailability. To address the need for isotopically labeled EAs, we focus on two semi-synthetic approaches for the synthesis of these reference standards. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of the N6-demethylation of native ergotamine to yield norergotamine, which can subsequently be remethylated with an isotopically labeled methylating reagent, such as iodomethane (13CD3-I), to yield isotopically labeled ergotamine and its C8-epimer ergotaminine. Testing the isotopically labeled ergotamine/-inine against native ergotamine/-inine with HPLC coupled to high-resolution HR-MS/MS proved the structure of ergotamine-13CD3 and ergotaminine-13CD3. Thus, for the first time, we can describe their synthesis from unlabeled, native ergotamine. Furthermore, this approach is promising as a universal way to synthesize other isotopically labeled EAs.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a crucial issue for industry and infrastructure. Biofilms are known to form on different kinds of surfaces such as metal, concrete, and medical equipment. However, in some cases the effect of microorganisms on the material can be negative for the consistency and integrity of the material. Thus, to overcome the issues raised by MIC on a system, different physical, chemical, and biological strategies have been considered; all having their own advantages, limitations, and sometimes even unwanted disadvantages. Among all the methods, biocide treatments and antifouling coatings are more common for controlling MIC, though they face some challenges. They lack specificity for MIC microorganisms, leading to cross-resistance and requiring higher concentrations. Moreover, they pose environmental risks and harm non-target organisms. Hence, the demand for eco-friendly, long-term solutions is increasing as regulations tighten. Recently, attentions have been directed to the application of nanomaterials to mitigate or control MIC due to their significant antimicrobial efficiency and their potential for lower environmental risk compared to the conventional biocides or coatings. Use of nanomaterials to inhibit MIC is very new and there is a lack of literature review on this topic. To address this issue, we present a review of the nanomaterials examined as a biocide or in a form of a coating on a surface to mitigate MIC. This review will help consolidate the existing knowledge and research on the use of nanomaterials for MIC mitigation. It will further contribute to a better understanding of the potential applications and challenges associated with using nanomaterials for MIC prevention and control.
Ring-opening polymerizations (ROPs) of l-lactide (LA) were performed with ethyl l-lactate or 11-bromoundecanol as initiators (In) and tin(II) ethyl hexanoate (SnOct2) as catalyst (Cat) using four different LA/In ratios (20/1, 40/1, 60/1, and 100/1). One series of ROPs was conducted in bulk at 120 °C, yielding PLAs with low dispersities (Ð ~ 1.2–1.4), and a second series was conducted in bulk at 160 °C, yielding higher dispersities (Ð ~ 1.3–1.9). Samples from both series were annealed for 1 or 14 days at 140 °C in the presence of SnOct2. Both polycondensation and disproportionation reactions occurred, so that all four samples tended to form the same type of molar mass distribution below 10,000 Da, regardless of their initially different number average molar masses (Mn). Both initiators gave nearly identical results. The thermodynamic control of all reversible transesterification processes favored the formation of crystallites composed of chains with a Mn around 3500–3700, corresponding to a crystal thickness of 10–13 nm.
The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks? The storage of cryogenic fuels requires tanks with Thermal Super Insulations (TSI) to keep the fluid cold and limit the formation of boil-off gas. TSI has proven itself in some applications since the middle of the 20th century, but in the land transport sector they are still quite new, where accidents involving fires, collisions, and their combination are to be expected. This work focuses on investigating the behavior of different types of TSI while exposed to a heat source representing a fire. To this aim, a High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (HTTVC) was applied, which allows the thermal loading of a thermal insulation material in a vacuum and measuring the heat flow transported through the TSI in parallel. In this study, the results of 6 samples are presented regarding 3 types of MLI, rock wool, perlites, and microspheres. The thermal exposure caused different effects on the samples. In practice, this can be connected to the rapid release of flammable gases as well as to a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). These results are relevant for reducing the risks to people and infrastructures in the progressive establishment of tanks for cryogenic fluids in our industry and society. The data presented in the study can be used to improve the design of tanks and TSIs, the assessment of accident scenarios, and the development of measures for first responders.
Concretes produced from salt aggregate and hybrid alkaline cements, an alkali-activated slag/fly ash blend, or a Portland cement were exposed to a magnesium chloride-rich saline solution ([Mg2+] = 3.6 m, [Cl−] = 8.3 m), representing a solution formed after contact of surface water with evaporite rock (rock salt) in a nuclear waste repository. The hydration and deterioration of the concretes were studied with X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, pH mapping and permeability measurements. The results show that calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) or sodium-substituted calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (C-N-A-S-H) and Friedel's salt were the major reaction products in the concretes prior to exposure to the saline solution. During exposure to the saline solution, increasing amounts of C-S-H/C-N-A-S-H dissolved, and gypsum and a secondary AFm phase formed. The durability of the concretes improved with increasing amounts of Portland clinker in the cements, due to the associated differences in permeability and chemical resistance. Nevertheless, a massive increase of permeability occurred for all concretes, likely caused by crack formation due to the formation of gypsum from anhydrite in the salt aggregate. Thus, the behavior of the concretes differed from, and was more complex than, the behavior of plain cement pastes.
Standards play a crucial role in the transition to more sustainable production and consumption models by promoting the development of new markets for innovative products. In the case of the bioeconomy, standards are particularly relevant to ensure the sustainability of products and processes. Hence, standards represent an essential strategic tool to foster sustainable development. Furthermore, the standard-setting process brings together different stakeholders, which encourages research and the transfer of knowledge to industrial practice. In particular, scientific publications assist the standardisation process by providing scientific evidence. This study investigates the role of science and regulation in the bioeconomy standardisation process. It first provides a general analysis of bioeconomy-related standards, followed by an analysis of the regulations and publications referenced in the standards. Our analysis discloses a strong use of scientific knowledge in the bioeconomy standardisation process and demonstrates the readiness to integrate novel academic findings into revised versions of the standards. In addition, it reveals that the interaction between science and regulation is an important driver for standardisation activities around the bioeconomy, needed to support sustainable transitions.
The use of ashes from municipal solid waste incineration as secondary building materials is an important pillar for the circular economy in Germany. However, leaching of potential toxic elements from these materials must be at environmentally acceptable levels. Normally, a three-month ageing period immobilizes most hazardous heavy metals, but antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) showed previously unusual leaching. In order to clarify the mechanisms, we analyzed the Sb and V species in various bottom and fly ashes from municipal waste incineration by XANES spectroscopy. Antimony oxidizes from Sb(+ III) species used as flame retardants in plastics to Sb(+ V) compounds during waste incineration. However, owing to the similarity of different Sb(+ V) compound in the Sb K- and L-edge XANES spectra, it was not possible to accurately identify an exact Sb(+ V) species. Moreover, V is mainly present as oxidation state + V compound in the analyzed ashes. However, the coarse and magnetic fraction of the bottom ashes contain larger amounts of V(+ III) and V(+ IV) compounds which might enter the waste incineration from vanadium carbide containing steel tools. Thus, Sb and V could be critical potential toxic elements in secondary building materials and long-term monitoring of the release should be taken into account in the future.
AbstractThis study applies Semantic Web technologies to advance Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) through the integration of diverse datasets. Focusing on a 2000 series age-hardenable aluminum alloy, we correlate mechanical and microstructural properties derived from tensile tests and dark-field transmission electron microscopy across varied aging times. An expandable knowledge graph, constructed using the Tensile Test and Precipitate Geometry Ontologies aligned with the PMD Core Ontology, facilitates this integration. This approach adheres to FAIR principles and enables sophisticated analysis via SPARQL queries, revealing correlations consistent with the Orowan mechanism. The study highlights the potential of semantic data integration in MSE, offering a new approach for data-centric research and enhanced analytical capabilities.
Investigation on the Durability of a Polypropylene Geotextile under Artificial Aging Scenarios
(2024)
Geosynthetics are widely used in various civil engineering applications, such as geotextiles in coastal protection, and display a sustainable alternative to natural mineral materials. However, the full benefits of using geosynthetics can only be gained with a long service lifetime of the products. With the use of added stabilizers to the polymers, service lifetimes can be achieved in the range of 100 years. Therefore, accelerated aging methods are needed for the assessment of the long-term performance of geotextiles. In the present study, the behavior of geosynthetic materials made of polypropylene was investigated under artificial aging conditions involving elevated temperatures ranging from 30 to 80 °C, increased oxygen pressures ranging from 10 to 50 bar in water-filled autoclaves, and UV irradiation under atmospheric conditions. ATR-IR spectroscopy was employed to detect the increase in the carbonyl index over various aging durations, indicating the oxidative degradation of the geotextile. The most pronounced increase was observed in the case of aging through UV irradiation, followed by thermal aging. Elevated pressure, on the other hand, had a lower impact on oxidation. High-temperature size exclusion chromatography was utilized to follow the reduction in molar mass under different degradation conditions, and the results were consistent with those obtained from ATR-IR spectroscopy. In polyolefins such as polypropylene, Hindered Amine Stabilizers (HAS) are used to suppress oxidation caused by UV radiation. The quantitative analysis of HAS was carried out using a UV/Vis method and HPLC. The degradation of UV stabilizers during the aging of geotextiles is responsible for the oxidation and the reduction in the molar mass of polypropylene. From the results, it can be concluded that applications of PP geotextile without soil or sand cover might cause the risk of the formation of microplastic particles. Material selection, design, and maintenance of the construction must follow best practices, including the system’s removal or replacement at end-of-life. Otherwise, a sustainable use of geotextiles in civil engineering is not possible.
Multilayer Insulation (MLI) is frequently used in vacuum conditions for the thermal insulation of cryogenic storage tanks. The severe consequences of the degradation of such materials in engulfing fire scenarios were recently evidenced by several large-scale experimental tests. In the present study, an innovative modelling approach was developed to assess the performance of heat transfer in polyester-based MLI materials for cryogenic applications under fire conditions. A specific layer-by-layer approach was integrated with an apparent kinetic thermal degradation model based on thermogravimetric analysis results. The modeling results provided a realistic simulation of the experimental data obtained by High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber tests reproducing fire exposure conditions. The model was then applied to assess the behavior of MLI systems for liquid hydrogen tanks in realistic fire scenarios. The results show that in intense fire scenarios degradation occurs rapidly, compromising the thermal insulation performances of the system within a few minutes.
Impact of organic phosphates on the structure and composition of short-range ordered iron nanophases
(2024)
Organic phosphates (OP) are important nutrient components for living cells in natural environments, where they readily interact with ubiquitous iron phases such as hydrous ferric oxide, ferrihydrite (FHY). FHY partakes in many key bio(geo)chemical reactions including iron-mediated carbon storage in soils, or iron-storage in living organisms. However, it is still unknown how OP affects the formation, structure and properties of FHY. Here, we document how β-glycerophosphate (GP), a model OP ligand, affects the structure and properties of GP–FHY nanoparticles synthesized by coprecipitation at variable nominal molar P/Fe ratios (0.01 to 0.5). All GP–FHY precipitates were characterized by a maximum solid P/Fe ratio of 0.22, irrespective of the nominal P/Fe ratio. With increasing nominal P/Fe ratio, the specific surface area of the GP–FHY precipitates decreased sharply from 290 to 3 m2 g−1, accompanied by the collapse of their pore structure. The Fe–P local bonding environment gradually transitioned from a bidentate binuclear geometry at low P/Fe ratios to monodentate mononuclear geometry at high P/Fe ratios. This transition was accompanied by a decrease in coordination number of edge-sharing Fe polyhedra, and the loss of the corner-sharing Fe polyhedra. We show that Fe(III) polymerization is impeded by GP, and that the GP–FHY structure is highly dependent on the P/Fe ratio. We discuss the role that natural OP-bearing Fe(III) nanophases have in biogeochemical reactions between Fe–P and C species in aquatic systems.
Chloride binding by the hydrate phases of cementitious materials influences the rate of chloride ingress into these materials and, thus, the time at which chloride reaches the steel reinforcement in concrete structures. Chloride binding isotherms of individual hydrate phases would be required to model chloride ingress but are only scarcely available and partly conflicting. The present study by RILEM TC 283-CAM ‘Chloride transport in alkali-activated materials’ significantly extends the available database and resolves some of the apparent contradictions by determining the chloride binding isotherms of layered double hydroxides (LDH), including AFm phases (monosulfate, strätlingite, hydrotalcite, and meixnerite), and of alkali-activated slags (AAS) produced with four different activators (Na2SiO3, Na2O·1.87SiO2, Na2CO3, and Na2SO4), in NaOH/NaCl solutions at various liquid/solid ratios. Selected solids after chloride binding were analysed by X-ray diffraction, and thermodynamic modelling was applied to simulate the phase changes occurring during chloride binding by the AFm phases. The results of the present study show that the chloride binding isotherms of LDH/AFm phases depend strongly on the liquid/solid ratio during the experiments. This is attributed to kinetic restrictions, which are, however, currently poorly understood. Chloride binding by AAS pastes is only moderately influenced by the employed activator. A steep increase of the chloride binding by AAS occurs at free chloride concentrations above approx. 1.0 M, which is possibly related to chloride binding by the C–(N–)A–S–H gel in the AAS.
This study investigates the room‐ and high‐temperature (650 °C) tensile and low‐cycle‐fatigue behavior of Inconel 718 produced by laser powder bed fusion (PBF‐LB/M) with a four‐step heat treatment and compares the results to the conventional wrought material. The microstructure after heat treatment is characterized on different length scales. Compared to the wrought variant, the elastic and yield properties are comparable at both test temperatures while tensile strength, ductility, and strain hardening capacity are lower. The fatigue life of the PBF‐LB/M variant at room temperature is slightly lower than that of the wrought material, while at 650 °C, it is vice versa. The cyclic stress response for both material variants is characterized by cyclic softening, which is more pronounced at the higher test temperature. High strain amplitudes (≥0.7%) at room temperature and especially a high testing temperature result in the formation of multiple secondary cracks at the transitions of regions comprising predominantly elongated grain morphology and columns of stacked grains with ripple patterns in the PBF‐LB/M material. This observation and pronounced crack branching and deflection indicate that the cracks are controlled by sharp micromechanical gradients and local crystallite clusters.
In this work, the electrochemical behavior of 4-phenylurazole (Ph-Ur) was studied and the latter was used as a molecular anchor for the electrochemical bioconjugation of tyrosine (Y). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and controlled potential coulometry (CPC) allowed the in-situ generation of the PTAD (4-phenyl-3 H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5(4 H)-dione) species from phenylurazole on demand for tyrosine electrolabeling. The chemoselectivity of the reaction was studied with another amino acid (lysine, Lys) and no changes in Lys were observed. To evaluate the performance of tyrosine electrolabeling, coulometric analyses at controlled potentials were performed on solutions of phenylurazole and the phenylurazole-tyrosine mixture in different proportions (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2). The electrolysis of the phenylurazole-tyrosine mixture in the ratio (1:2) produced a charge of 2.07 C, very close to the theoretical value (1.93 C), with high reaction kinetics, a result obtained here for the first time. The products obtained were identified and characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS and LC- HRMS2). Two products were formed from the click reactions, one of which was the majority. Another part of this work was to study the electrochemical degradation of the molecular anchor 4-phenylazole (Ph-Ur). Four stable degradation products of phenylurazole were identified (C7H9N2O, C6H8N, C6H8NO, C14H13N4O2) based on chromatographic profiles and mass spectrometry results. The charge generated during the electrolysis of phenylurazole (two-electron process) (2.85 C) is inconsistent with the theoretical or calculated charge (1.93 C), indicating that secondary/parasitic reactions occurred during the electrolysis of the latter. In conclusion, the electrochemically promoted click phenylurazole-tyrosine reactions give rise to click products with high reaction kinetics and yields in the (1:2) phenylurazole-tyrosine ratios, and the presence of side reactions is likely to affect the yield of the click phenylurazole-tyrosine reaction.
Exploring the electrochemical and physical stability of lithium-ion cells exposed to liquid nitrogen
(2024)
The transport and storage of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries — damaged or in an undefined state — is a major safety concern for regulatory institutions, transportation companies, and manufacturers. Since (electro)chemical reactivity is exponentially temperature-dependent, cooling such batteries is an obvious measure for increasing their safety.
The present study explores the effect of cryogenic freezing on the electrochemical and physical stability of Li-ion cells. For this purpose, three different types of cells were repeatedly exposed to liquid nitrogen (LN2).
Before and after each cooling cycle, electrical and electrochemical measurements were conducted to assess the impact of the individual freezing steps. While the electrochemical behavior of the cells did not change significantly upon exposure to LN2 , it became apparent that a non-negligible number of cells suffered from physical changes (swelling) and functional failures. The latter defect was found to be caused by the current interrupt device of the cylindrical cells. This safety mechanism is triggered by the overpressure of expanding nitrogen which enters the cells at cryogenic temperatures.
This study underlines that the widely accepted reversibility of LN2 -cooling on a material scale does not allow for a direct extrapolation toward the physical integrity of full cells. Since nitrogen enters the cell at cryogenic temperatures and expands upon rethermalization, it can cause an internal overpressure. This can, in turn, lead to mechanical damage to the cell. Consequently, a more appropriate temperature condition — less extreme than direct LN2 exposure — needs to be found
The corrosion behavior of galvanized steels and zinc components under atmospheric exposure depends mostly on the corrosion product‐based cover layer formation under the prevailing conditions. The use of agar‐based gel electrolytes makes it possible to use electrochemical methods to obtain a characteristic value from these cover layers that describe their current and future protective capacity. It is shown here that different states of galvanized steel can be distinguished very well under laboratory conditions and that this method is also suitable for use under practical conditions. Based on the characteristic values and assuming future time of wetness, it is very easy to draw up a forecast for the future corrosion rate, which provides plausible values.
Tests for assessing prestressing steels' susceptibility to hydrogen‐induced stress corrosion cracking are essential for approvals, in‐house monitoring, and third‐party material testing. According to ISO 15630‐3, the time to brittle fracture by constant load under corrosive conditions in thiocyanate test solutions (A or B) at 50°C is measured. In the literature, a high scattering in stress corrosion tests is reported, which questions the integrity of the test procedure. This paper shows the results of studies about the influence of solution composition on hydrogen charging in electrochemical and permeation measurements. Electrochemical experiments show that polished steel surfaces without common drawing layers have more consistent free corrosion currents, polarization resistances, and B‐values in solution A with low scattering compared to the solution B experiments. The influence of temperature at 50°C and an ambient temperature of 22°C was also tested.
In this study, we demonstrate the applicability of nitrogen microwave inductively coupled atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry (MICAP-MS) for Ca, Fe, and Se quantification in human serum using isotope dilution (ID) analysis. The matrix tolerance of MICAP-MS in Na matrix was investigated, uncovering that high Na levels can suppress the signal intensity. This suppression is likely due to the plasma loading and the space charge effect. Moreover, 40Ca and 44Ca isotopic fractionation was noted at elevated Na concentration. Nine certified serum samples were analyzed using both external calibration and ID analysis. Overestimation of Cr, Zn, As, and Se was found in the results of external calibration, which might be resulted from C-induced polyatomic interference and signal enhancement, respectively. Further investigations performed with methanol showed a similar enhancement effect for Zn, As, and Se, potentially supporting this assumption. The mass concentrations determined with ID analysis show metrological compatibility with the reference values, indicating that MICAP-MS combined with ID analysis can be a promising method for precise Ca, Fe, and Se determination. Moreover, this combination reduces the influences of matrix effects, broadening the applicability of MICAP-MS for samples with complex matrix.
This technical note highlights the fact that CF-LIBS algorithms work in mole fractions, while results of spectrochemical analysis are usually reported in mass fractions or mass percent. Ignoring this difference and not converting mole fractions to mass fractions can lead to errors in reported concentrations determined by the CF-LIBS method and inadequate comparison of these concentrations with certified concentrations. Here, the key points of the CF-LIBS algorithm are reproduced and the formulae for converting a mole fraction to a mass fraction and vice versa are given. Several numerical examples are also given, which show that the greater the difference between the molar mass of an individual element in a sample and the average molar mass, the greater the discrepancy between the mole and mass fractions.
Solvent-free sample preparation offers some advantages over solvent-based techniques, such as improved accuracy, reproducibility and sensitivity, for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) analysis. However, little or no information is available on the application of solvent-free techniques for the MALDI analysis of polymer blends. Solvent-free sample preparation by ball milling was applied with varying sample-to-matrix ratios for MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of various polymers, including polystyrenes, poly(methyl methacrylate)s and poly(ethylene glycol)s. The peak intensity ratios were compared with those obtained after using the conventional dried droplet sample preparation method. In addition, solvent-assisted milling was also applied to improve sample homogeneities.
Depending on the sample preparation method used, different peak intensity ratios were found, showing varying degrees of suppression of the signal intensities of higher mass polymers. Ball milling for up to 30 min was required to achieve constant intensity ratios indicating homogeneous mixtures. The use of wet-assisted grinding to improve the homogeneity of the blends was found to be disadvantageous as it caused partial degradation and mass-dependent segregation of the polymers in the vials.The results clearly show that solvent-free sample preparation must be carefully considered when applied to synthetic polymer blends, as it may cause additional problems with regard to homogeneity and stability of the blends.
This contribution reports the development of a polymerizable BODIPY-type fluorescent probe targeting small-molecule carboxylates for incorporation into molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The design of the probe crosslinker includes a urea recognition site p-conjugated to the 3-position of the BODIPY core and two methacrylate moieties. Titration experiments with a carboxylate-expressing antibiotic, levofloxacin (LEVO), showed a blue shift of the absorption band as well as a broadening and decrease in emission, attributed to hydrogen bonding between the probe’s urea group and the carboxylate group of the antibiotic. Using this probe crosslinker, core–shell particles with a silica core and a thin MIP shell were prepared for the detection of LEVO. The MIP exhibited highly selective recognition of LEVO, with an imprinting factor of 18.1 compared to the non-imprinted polymer. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the core–shell structure and spectroscopic studies revealed that the receptor’s positioning leads to a unique perturbation of the polymethinic character of the BODIPY chromophore, entailing the favourable responses. These features are fully preserved in the MIP, whereas no such response was observed for competitors such as ampicillin. The sensory particles allowed to detect LEVO down to submicromolar concentrations in dioxane. We have developed here for the first time a BODIPY probe for organic carboxylates and incorporated it into polymers using the imprinting technique, paving the way for BODIPY-type fluorescent MIP sensors.
AbstractSorbents are promising materials for applications in atmospheric water harvesting, thermal energy storage, and passive cooling, thereby addressing central challenges related to water scarcity and the global energy transition. Recently, hygroscopic hydrogel composites have emerged as high‐performance sorbents. However, many of these systems are fabricated with unsustainable and costly sorbent materials, which hinders their wide deployment. Here, the synthesis of high‐performance, cost‐efficient polyacrylamide hydrogels loaded with unprecedented amounts of calcium chloride is demonstrated. To this end, the swelling procedure of polyacrylamide hydrogels in aqueous calcium chloride solutions is optimized. The achievable salt loading in the hydrogel is characterized as a function of temperature, calcium chloride concentration in the swelling solution, and the hydrogel preparation conditions. The obtained hydrogel‐salt composites are shown to be stable under repeated sorption‐desorption cycling and enable water uptakes of 0.92 and 2.38 grams of water per gram of dry materials at 30% and 70% relative humidity, respectively. The resulting cost‐performance ratio substantially exceeds lithium chloride‐based systems. Further, the mechanistic insights on hydrogel salt interactions can guide the design of sustainable and low‐cost sorbent materials for future applications in water and energy.
Homochirality is an obvious feature of life on Earth. On the other hand, extraterrestrial samples contain largely racemic compounds. The same is true for any common organic synthesis. Therefore, it has been a perplexing puzzle for decades how these racemates could have formed enantiomerically enriched fractions as a basis for the origin of homochiral life forms. Numerous hypotheses have been put forward as to how preferentially homochiral molecules could have formed and accumulated on Earth. In this article, it is shown that homochirality of the abiotic organic pool at the time of formation of the first self-replicating molecules is not necessary and not even probable. It is proposed to abandon the notion of a molecular ensemble and to focus on the level of individual molecules. Although the formation of the first self-replicating, most likely homochiral molecule, is a seemingly improbable event, on a closer look, it is almost inevitable that some homochiral molecules have formed simply on a statistical basis. In this case, the non-selective leap to homochirality would be one of the first steps in chemical evolution directly out of a racemic “ocean”. Moreover, most studies focus on the chirality of the primordial monomers with respect to an asymmetric carbon atom. However, any polymer with a minimal size that allows folding to a secondary structure would spontaneously lead to asymmetric higher structures (conformations). Most of the functions of these polymers would be influenced by this inherently asymmetric folding. Furthermore, a concept of physical compartmentalization based on rock nanopores in analogy to nanocavities of digital immunoassays is introduced to suggest that complex cell walls or membranes were also not required for the first steps of chemical evolution. To summarize, simple and universal mechanisms may have led to homochiral self-replicating systems in the context of chemical evolution. A homochiral monomer pool is deemed unnecessary and probably never existed on primordial Earth.
Processing and cytocompatibility of Cu-doped and undoped fluoride-containing bioactive glasses
(2024)
Sintered or additive-manufactured bioactive glass (BG) scaffolds are highly interesting for bone replacement applications. However, crystallization often limits the high-temperature processability of bioactive glasses (BGs). Thus, the BG composition must combine high bioactivity and processability. In this study, three BGs with nominal molar (%) compositions 54.6SiO2-1.7P2O3-22.1CaO-6.0Na2O-7.9K2O-7.7MgO (13–93), 44.8SiO2-2.5P2O3-36.5CaO-6.6Na2O-6.6K2O-3.0CaF2 (F3) and 44.8SiO2-2.5P2O3-35.5CaO-6.6Na2O-6.6K2O-3.0CaF2-1.0CuO (F3–Cu) were investigated. The dissolution and ion release kinetics were investigated on milled glass powder and crystallized particles (500–600 μm). All glasses showed the precipitation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals after 7 days of immersion in simulated body fluid. No significant differences in ion release from glass and crystalline samples were detected. The influence of surface roughness on cytocompatibility and growth of preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) was investigated on sintered and polished BG pellets. Results showed that sintered BG pellets were cytocompatible, and cells were seen to be well attached and spread on the surface after 5 days of incubation. The results showed an inverse relation of cell viability with the surface roughness of pellets, and cells were seen to attach and spread along the direction of scratches.
Glycolide was polymerized in bulk by means of four different ROPPOC catalysts: tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (SnOct2), dibutyltin bis(pentafluoro-phenoxide) (BuSnOPF),zinc biscaproate (ZnCap), and zinc bis(pentafluoro-phenyl sulfide) (ZnSPF). The temperature was varied between 110 and 180°C and the time between 3 h and 7 days. For the few polyglycolides (PGAs) that were soluble extremely high molecular masses were obtained. The MALDI TOF mass spectra had all a low signal-to-noise ration and displayed the peaks of cyclic PGAs with a“saw-tooth pattern ”indicating formation of extended-ring crystallites in the mass range below m/z 2500. The shape of DSC curves varied considerably with catalyst and reaction conditions, whereas the long-distance values measured by SAXS were small and varied little with the polymeriza-tion conditions.
Additive manufacturing of concrete structures is a novel and emerging technology. Freecontouring in civil engineering, which allows for entirely new designs, is a significant advantage. Inthe future, lower construction costs are expected with increased construction speeds and decreasingrequired materials and workers. However, architects and civil engineers rely on a certain quality ofexecution to fulfil construction standards. Although several techniques and approaches demonstratethe advantages, quality control during printing is highly challenging and rarely applied. Due to thecontinuous mixing process commonly used in 3D concrete printing, it is impossible to exclude varia-tions in the dry mixture or water content, and a test sample cannot be taken as a representative samplefor the whole structure. Although mortar properties vary only locally, a defect in one layer duringprinting could affect the entire integrity of the whole structure . Therefore, real-time process monitor-ing is required to record and document the printing process.At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) a new test rig for the additive man-ufacturing of concrete is built. The primary purpose is measuring and monitoring the properties of amortar during the printing process.The following study investigates an approach for calculating yield stress and plastic viscosity based onexperimentally recorded pressure data. The calculations assume that fresh mortar behaves as a Bing-ham fluid and that the Buckingham-Reiner-equation is applicable. A test setup consisting of rigid pipeswith integrated pressure sensors at different positions is utilized.Monitoring the printing process with different sensors is crucial for the quality control of an ongoingprocess.
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) conducted on an equiatomic MoNbTaW bcc medium-entropy alloy that was annealed at 2273 K reveals unexpectedly small 1st and 2nd shell element-specific lattice distortions. An experimental size-mismatch parameter, δexp, is determined to be ca. 50% lower than the corresponding calculated value. Around W, short-range order (SRO) preferring 4d elements in the 1st and 2nd shells persists. A Nb-W ordering is found, which is reminiscent of ordering emerging at lower temperatures in the B2(Mo,W;Ta,Nb)- and B32(Nb,W)-phases. With high-temperature ordering preferences in fcc also foreshadowing low-temperature phase, these findings suggest a general feature of high-temperature SRO.
The digitalization of materials science and engineering (MSE) is currently leading to remarkable advancements in materials research, design, and optimization, fueled by computer‐driven simulations, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. While these developments promise to accelerate materials innovation, challenges in quality assurance, data interoperability, and data management have to be addressed. In response, the adoption of semantic web technologies has emerged as a powerful solution in MSE. Ontologies provide structured and machine‐actionable knowledge representations that enable data integration, harmonization, and improved research collaboration. This study focuses on the tensile test ontology (TTO), which semantically represents the mechanical tensile test method and is developed within the project Plattform MaterialDigital (PMD) in connection with the PMD Core Ontology. Based on ISO 6892‐1, the test standard‐compliant TTO offers a structured vocabulary for tensile test data, ensuring data interoperability, transparency, and reproducibility. By categorizing measurement data and metadata, it facilitates comprehensive data analysis, interpretation, and systematic search in databases. The path from developing an ontology in accordance with an associated test standard, converting selected tensile test data into the interoperable resource description framework format, up to connecting the ontology and data is presented. Such a semantic connection using a data mapping procedure leads to an enhanced ability of querying. The TTO provides a valuable resource for materials researchers and engineers, promoting data and metadata standardization and sharing. Its usage ensures the generation of finable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable data while maintaining both human and machine actionability.
The energy demand of private households contributes globally to 36.5% of the total CO2 emissions. To analyze the emissions reduction potential, we conducted a comparative life cycle assessment of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell in a residential application and a conventional system with a stand-alone gas condensing boiler and electricity from a grid mix. The period under review was referred to as the service life of the PEMFC and is assumed to be 10 years (83,038 h of PEMFC). The applicability of this in a single-family house built between 1991 and 2000 under German climatic conditions was investigated. The functional unit is set to the thermal energy demand of 16,244 kWh/a and electricity demand of 4919 kWh/a of a single-family house. The impact assessment method “CML 2001–August 2016” was used in this investigation. The manufacturing phase of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell showed disadvantages, whereby the use phase had significant advantages in most of the environmental impact categories as compared to the conventional energy supply system. Considering the whole life cycle, the advantages from the use phase could outperform the disadvantages from the manufacturing phase in most of the impact categories, except for ADP elements and TETP.
A high precision nail‐penetration (NP) tool for characterizing the mechanically induced thermal‐runaway (TR) of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) cells in a defined range of temperatures down to −140 °C was developed. To understand the cell specific behavior at low temperatures aiming at the determination of safe handling conditions, different scenarios are analyzed. First, accuracy tests of the NP‐tool regarding motion and penetration depth are conducted with cylindrical cells at different temperatures. Thus, postmortem computer tomographic (CT) images are compared to the data measured with the newly integrated 3‐axis force sensor which is further combined with a high‐resolution position sensor. The herein developed setup allows evaluation of the NP‐metrics at an accuracy of ±1 pierced electrode layer without CT‐scans. Further NP examinations at 20 °C of fully charged cylindrical lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cells reveal a reproducible minimum damage as a reliable TR‐trigger. Moreover, NP‐tests at low temperature disclose a relation of the short circuit conductivity and TR‐reactions during subsequent rethermalization to room temperature. Finally, the implementation of a novel fixture for a controlled very fast cooling of LIB‐cells during critical damage opens the way to investigate the individual steps during a TR and, thus, to gain important information of the specific TR‐mechanism of different LIB‐cells.
Thermal transient problems, essential for modeling applications like welding and additive metal manufacturing, are characterized by a dynamic evolution of temperature. Accurately simulating these phenomena is often computationally expensive, thus limiting their applications, for example for model parameter estimation or online process control. Model order reduction, a solution to preserve the accuracy while reducing the computation time, is explored. This article addresses challenges in developing reduced order models using the proper generalized decomposition (PGD) for transient thermal problems with a specific treatment of the moving heat source within the reduced model. Factors affecting accuracy, convergence, and computational cost, such as discretization methods (finite element and finite difference), a dimensionless formulation, the size of the heat source, and the inclusion of material parameters as additional PGD variables are examined across progressively complex examples. The results demonstrate the influence of these factors on the PGD model’s performance and emphasize the importance of their consideration when implementing such models. For thermal example, it is demonstrated that a PGD model with a finite difference discretization in time, a dimensionless representation, a mapping for a moving heat source, and a spatial domain non-separation yields the best approximation to the full order model.
In situ chemical analysis of duplex stainless steel weld by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
(2024)
The high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel (DSS) are due to its special chemical composition, which is a balanced phase ratio of ferrite (α) and austenite (γ). Many industrial applications require the integration of DSS components. For this, Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is an excellent choice, as it allows an automated operation with high reproducibility. However, when the weld pool solidifies, critical ratios of α- and γ- phases can occur, which lead to solidification cracking, increased susceptibility to corrosion, and a decrease in ductility and critical strength. Previous studies have shown that these defects can be caused by the accumulation of manganese and chromium in the heat affected zone (HAZ), requiring ongoing monitoring of this accumulation. A suitable method for such monitoring is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which can be used in two operating modes: calibration using standard reference samples and calibration-free. Unlike conventional quantitative LIBS measurements, which require reference samples to generate a calibration curve, calibration-free LIBS (CF-LIBS) allows chemical compositions to be determined solely from the emission spectrum of the plasma. Numerous publications show that CF-LIBS is a fast and efficient analytical method for the quantitative analysis of metal samples. In this work, CF-LIBS is applied to spectra obtained during GTAW DSS welding and the result is compared with those obtained by PLS analysis. A good correlation was found between both types of analysis, demonstrating the suitability of the CF-LIBS method for this application. The CF-LIBS method has a significant advantage over conventional LIBS due to the rapid in situ measurement of concentrations of major alloying elements without calibration procedure. This, combined with fast feedback and appropriate adjustment of welding parameters, helps prevent welding defects.
A corrosion study is performed on six variations of titanium grade 5 (Ti6Al4V) samples. Samples are prepared in different conditions by variation of preanodization, postanodization, and picosecond-laser (ps-laser) surface treatment, while polished and anodized samples serve as reference. Microcones and nanosized periodic surface features are successfully produced on Ti6Al4V samples. The morphology and topography of the structures are visualized by scanning electron microscopy and white light interference microscopy. Furthermore, the relative electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) is determined for the ps-laser-treated samples. It is determined that the preanodized and laser-treated sample has 3.5 times larger ECSA than a polished sample, and that the laser-treated sample has 4.1 times larger area. Moreover, Tafel analysis is performed to determine the corrosion properties of the samples. It is shown that the corrosion resistance improves for both laser-structured samples after the anodization. To further study the surface of the samples, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements are conducted. The study indicates that the ps-laser-treated and anodized Ti6Al4V is suitable to be used for the fabrication of bone screws and plates due to its improved corrosion resistance as compared to nonanodized samples.
Heterogeneous sandwich immunoassays are widely used for biomarker detection in bioanalysis and medical diagnostics. The high analyte sensitivity of the current “gold standard” enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) originates from the signal-generating enzymatic amplification step, yielding a high number of optically detectable reporter molecules. For future point-of-care testing (POCT) and point-of-need applications, there is an increasing interest in more simple detection strategies that circumvent time-consuming and temperature-dependent enzymatic reactions. A common concept to aim for detection limits comparable to those of enzymatic amplification reactions is the usage of polymer nanoparticles (NP) stained with a large number of chromophores. We explored different simple NP-based signal amplification strategies for heterogeneous sandwich immunoassays
that rely on an extraction-triggered release step of different types of optically detectable reporters. Therefore, streptavidinfunctionalized polystyrene particles (PSP) are utilized as carriers for (i) the fluorescent dye coumarin 153 (C153) and (ii) hemin (hem) molecules catalyzing the luminol reaction enabling chemiluminescence (CL) detection. Additionally, (iii) NP labeling with hemin-based microperoxidase MP11 was assessed. For each amplification approach, the PSP was first systematically optimized regarding size, loading concentration, and surface chemistry. Then, for an immunoassay for the inflammation marker C- eactive protein (CRP), the analyte sensitivity achievable with optimized PSP
ystems was compared with the established ELISA concept for photometric and CL detection. Careful optimization led to a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ng/mL for MP11-labeled PSP and CL detection, performing similarly well to a photometric ELISA (0.13 ng/mL), which demonstrates the huge potential of our novel assay concept.
The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Aleksey I. Ekimov (prize share 1/3), Louis E. Brus (prize share 1/3), and Moungi G. Bawendi (prize share 1/3) for groundbreaking inventions in the field of nanotechnology, i.e., for the discovery and synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals, also termed quantum dots, that exhibit size-dependent physicochemical properties enabled by quantum size effects. This feature article summarizes the main milestones of the discoveries and developments of quantum dots that paved the road to their versatile applications in solid-state lighting, display technology, energy conversion, medical diagnostics, bioimaging, and image-guided surgery.
Determination of short carbon fiber orientation in zirconium diboride ceramic matrix composites
(2024)
In fiber-reinforced components, the fiber alignment and orientation have paramount influence on the thermomechanical properties of the resulting composite, for both short and continuous fiber. Here we present the case of an ultra-refractory matrix intended for extreme environment applications, ZrB2, reinforced with 20 vol% and 50 vol% short carbon fibers. In both cases, fibers tend to align perpendicular to the uniaxial pressure applied during shaping and sintering of a pellet, although the fiber tilt across the pellet thickness is difficult to determine. Moreover, for high volume fractions of reinforcement, the spatial distribution of the fibers is heterogeneous and tends to have domains of preferential orientations. We compare the information on the fiber distribution as collected by scanning electron microscopy images, X-ray computed tomography and synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (SXRR). The three techniques prove to be complementary. Importantly, we demonstrate that SXRR yields the most statistically significant information due to the largest field of view, yet with a sensitivity down to the nanometer, and that can be successfully applied also to heavy matrix materials, such as zirconium boride.
Transparent conductive oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO) are standards for thin film electrodes, providing a synergy of high optical transparency and electrical conductivity. In an electrolytic environment, the determination of an inert electrochemical potential window is crucial to maintain a stable material performance during device operation. We introduce operando ellipsometry, combining cyclic voltammetry (CV) with spectroscopic ellipsometry, as a versatile tool to monitor the evolution of both complete optical (i.e., complex refractive index) and electrical properties under wet electrochemical operational conditions. In particular, we trace the degradation of ITO electrodes caused by electrochemical reduction in a pH-neutral, water-based electrolyte environment during electrochemical cycling. With the onset of hydrogen evolution at negative bias voltages, indium and tin are irreversibly reduced to the metallic state, causing an advancing darkening, i.e., a gradual loss of transparency, with every CV cycle, while the conductivity is mostly conserved over multiple CV cycles. Post-operando analysis reveals the reductive (loss of oxygen) formation of metallic nanodroplets on the surface. The reductive disruption of the ITO electrode happens at the solid–liquid interface and proceeds gradually from the surface to the bottom of the layer, which is evidenced by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy imaging and complemented by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping. As long as a continuous part of the ITO layer remains at the bottom, the conductivity is largely retained, allowing repeated CV cycling. We consider operando ellipsometry a sensitive and nondestructive tool to monitor early stage material and property changes, either by tracing failure points, controlling intentional processes, or for sensing purposes, making it suitable for various research fields involving solid–liquid interfaces and electrochemical activity.
AbstractIn this study, we compare the residual stress state in a laser powder bed fusion (PBF‐LB/M) AlSi10Mg alloy in the as‐built (AB) condition with that after two different heat treatments (265 °C for 1 h, HT1; and 300 °C for 2 h, HT2). The bulk residual stress (RS) is determined using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (SXRD), and near‐surface profiles are determined using laboratory energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction (EDXRD). The EDXRD results do not reveal any notable difference between the conditions at a depth of 350 μm, suggesting that the machining process yields a comparable residual stress state in the near‐surface regions. On the other hand, the SXRD results show that HT1 is more effective in relieving the bulk RS. It is observed that HT1 reduces the RS state in both the aluminium matrix and the silicon network. In addtion, HT2 does not have a significant impact on relaxing the RS as‐built state of the matrix, although it does induce a reduction in the RS magnitudes of the Si phase. It is concluded that the heat treatment stress relieving is effective as long as the Si‐network is not disaggregated.
There is only sparse empirical data on the settling velocity of small, non-buoyant microplastics thus far, although it is an important parameter governing their vertical transport within aquatic environments. This study reports the settling velocities of 4031 exemplary microplastic particles. Focusing on the environmentally most prevalent particle shapes, irregular microplastic fragments of four different polymer types (9–289 µm) as well as five discrete length fractions (50–600 µm) of common nylon and polyester fibers were investigated, respectively. All settling experiments were carried out in quiescent water using a specialized optical imaging setup. The method has been previously validated in order to minimize disruptive factors, e.g. thermal convection or particle interactions, and thus enable the precise measurements of the velocities of individual microplastic particles (0.003–9.094 mm/s). Based on the obtained data, ten existing models for predicting a particle’s terminal settling velocity were assessed. It is concluded that models, which were specifically deduced from empirical data on larger microplastics, fail to provide accurate predictions for small microplastics. Instead, a different approach is highlighted as a viable option for computing settling velocities across the microplastics continuum in terms of size, density and shape.
The dripping behaviour of polymers is often observed experimentally through the UL94 flammability standard test. In this work, polymeric dripping under fire is investigated numerically using particle finite element method. A parametric analysis was carried out to observe the influence of a single property on overall dripping behaviour via a UL94 vertical test model. Surrogates and property ranges were defined for variation of the following parameters: glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), decomposition temperature (Td), density (ρ), specific heat capacity (Cp), apparent effective heat of combustion of the volatiles, char yield (μ), thermal conductivity (k), and viscosity (η). Polyamide, poly(ether ether ketone), poly(methyl methacrylate), and polysulfone were used as benchmarks. Simulated results showed that specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and char yield allied with viscosity were the properties that most influenced dripping behaviour (starting time and occurrence).
EPDM, HNBR and FKM materials were exposed at 150 ◦C to air under atmospheric pressure and to hydrogen at 50 bar for different ageing times. All measurements after hydrogen exposure were conducted on samples in degassed condition to assess irreversible effects resulting from that exposure and to compare them to those after ageing in air. Density, hardness, tensile properties, compression set, and hydrogen permeability of all samples were analysed. In both ageing environments, HNBR exhibited the most significant changes of material properties.
However, for both EPDM and HNBR, considerably less severe ageing effects were observed under hydrogen in comparison to ageing in air. On the other hand, FKM showed about the same low level of deterioration in both ageing environments but exhibited poor resistance against damage due to rapid gas decompression in hydrogen environment that can lead to seal failure. The obtained results may serve as a guidance toward a better understanding for design and utilisation of elastomeric materials in future hydrogen infrastructure components.
Powder Bed Fusion – Laser Beam (PBF-LB) of high γ’ strengthened Ni-base superalloys, such as CM247LC, is of great interest for high temperature applications in gas turbines. However, PBF-LB of CM247LC is challenging due to the high cracking susceptibility during PBF-LB processing (solidification cracking) and heat treatment (strain age cracking, mostly caused by residual stresses). This study focuses on understanding the impact of process parameters on microstructure, residual stresses and solidification cracking. Laser power (P), speed (v) and hatch spacing (h) were varied while the layer thickness (t) was fixed. The melt pool size and shape were found to be key factors in minimizing solidification cracking. Narrower and shallower melt pools, achieved using a low line energy density (LED = P/v ≤ 0.1 J/mm), gave low crack densities (0.7 mm/mm2). A tight hatch spacing (h = 0.03 mm) resulted in reduced lack of fusion porosity. Electron backscatter diffraction investigations revealed that parameters giving finer microstructure with 〈100〉crystallographic texture had low crack densities provided they were processed with a low LED. Atom probe tomography elucidated early stages of spinodal decomposition in the as-built condition, where Cr and Al cluster separately. The extent of spinodal decomposition was found to be affected by the LED and the hatch spacing. Samples with low LED and small hatch spacing showed higher degrees of spinodal decomposition. X-ray diffraction residual stress investigations revealed that the residual stress is proportional to the volumetric energy density (VED = P/(v. h. t)). Although low residual stresses can be achieved by using low VED, there is a high risk of lack of fusion. Hence, other parameters such as modified scan strategy, build plate pre-heating and pulsed laser mode, must be further explored to minimize the residual stresses to reduce the strain age cracking susceptibility.
The frequency-domain (FD) method provides an alternative to the commonly used time-domain (TD) approach in characterizing the luminescence kinetics of luminophores, with its own strengths, e.g., the capability to decouple multiple lifetime components with higher reliability and accuracy. While extensively explored for characterizing luminophores with down-shifted emission, this method has not been investigated for studying nonlinear luminescent materials such as lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), featuring more complicated kinetics. In this work, employing a simplified rate-equation model representing a standard two-photon energy-transfer upconversion process, we thoroughly analyzed the response of the luminescence of UCNPs in the FD method. We found that the FD method can potentially obtain from a single experiment the effective decay rates of three critical energy states of the sensitizer/activator ions involved in the upconversion process. The validity of the FD method is demonstrated by experimental data, agreeing reasonably well with the results obtained by TD methods.
Four donor-acceptor boron difluoride complexes based on the carbazole electron donor and the [1,3,5,2]oxadiazaborinino[3,4-a][1,8]naphthyridine acceptor were designed, synthesized, and systematically spectroscopically investigated in solutions, in the solid states, and dye-doped polymer films. The dyes exhibit an intense blue to red solid-state emission with photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 56% in pure dye samples and 86% in poly(methyl methacrylate) films. All boron complexes show aggregation-induced emission and reversible mechanofluorochromism. The optical properties of these dyes and their solid state luminescence can be tuned by substitution pattern, i.e., the substituents at the naphthyridine unit. Exchange of CH3- for CF3-groups does not only increase the intramolecular charge transfer character, but also provides a crystallization-induced emission enhancement.
AbstractMicroplastics (MP) can be detected in all environmental systems. Marine and terrestrial aquatic systems, especially the transported suspended solids, have often been the focus of scientific investigations in the past. Sediments of aquatic river systems, on the other hand, were often ignored due to the time‐consuming sample preparation and analysis procedures. Spectroscopic measurement methods counting particle numbers are hardly suitable as detection methods, because there are plenty of natural particles next to a small number of MP particles. Integral methods, such as thermoanalytical methods are determining the particle mass independently of the inorganic components.In this study, a workflow for sample preparation via density separation and subsequent analysis by thermal extraction desorption‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is presented, which leads to representative and homogeneous samples and allows fast and robust MP mass content measurements suitable for routine analysis. Polymers were identified and quantified in all samples. Polyethylene and styrene‐butadiene rubber are the dominant polymers, besides polypropylene and polystyrene. Overall, total polymer masses between 1.18 and 337.0 µg/g could be determined. Highest MP concentrations in riverbed sediment are found in sites characterized by low flow velocities in harbors and reservoirs, while MP concentrations in sandy/gravelly bed sediments with higher flow velocities are small.
A poly(L-lactide) with a trifluoroethyl ester end group and an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 50 was synthesized by ROP of L-lactide initiated with trifluoroethanol. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in combination with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements revealed an average crystal thickness of 13 nm, corresponding to 45 repeat units. This suggests that most crystallites were formed by extended PLA chains, and both flat surfaces were covered by CF3 groups. The crystalline PLAs were annealed at 140 or 160 °C in the presence of two catalysts: tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, (SnOct2) or dibutyltin bis(pentafluorophenoxide) (BuSnPhF). The chemical reactions, such as polycondensation and cyclization, proceeded in the solid state and were monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-offlight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements. Under optimal conditions a large fraction of linear chains was transformed into crystallites composed of extended cycles. Additionally, MALDI TOF MS analysis of GPC fractions from samples annealed for 28 or 42 days detected chain elongation of the linear species up to a factor of 20.
The development of hydrogen technologies entails high safety requirements in distribution and dispensing infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue research on material compatibility in hydrogen, especially for critical parts with tribological issues.
The focus of this study is to evaluate the influence of hydrogen on a wider range of commercially available polymer materials. Thereby, the friction and wear behavior of different grades of TPE, POM, PA66, PA12, PPA, PEEK, PPS, PTFE, PAI, PI and PBI were investigated against a rotating steel disk (AISI 304). Filled and unfilled polymers from different suppliers were evaluated at room temperature in air, vacuum and hydrogen gas (H2) as well as in liquid hydrogen at - 253°C (LH2).
The sliding behavior of the polymer materials is discussed by means of surface analyses, whereby special attention is paid to the formation of a transfer film.
According to the results at ambient temperature, the effect of hydrogen environment on the tribological behavior of neat polymers may be related to lack of moisture, but also to saturated hydrocarbons in gaseous hydrogen. In liquid hydrogen, the best tribological performances were achieved with neat PA polymers as well as PPS and PI composites.
Effect of high-pressure hydrogen environment on the physical and mechanical properties of elastomers
(2024)
This study presents the influence of high-pressure hydrogen environment on the physical and mechanical properties of two types of cross-linked hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers. Based on the CSA/ANSI standard, static exposures in hydrogen experiments were performed up to 100 MPa at 120 °C. Characterization before and after exposure was conducted by means of density and hardness measurements, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile tests, compression set, FT-IR and AFM analyses to assess effects after decompression. While the effect of high-pressure exposure is significant immediately after exposure, most of the physical and mechanical properties recover after 48 hours. FT-IR, AFM, SEM and compression set results indicate, however, permanent effects.
Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) are gaining interest in corrosion and electrocatalysis research due to their electrochemical stability across a broad pH range and the design flexibility they offer. Using the equimolar CrCoNi alloy, we observe significant metal dissolution in a corrosive electrolyte (0.1 M NaCl, pH 2) concurrently with the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the transpassive region despite the absence of hysteresis in polarization curves or other obvious corrosion indicators. We present a characterization scheme to delineate the contribution of OER and alloy dissolution, using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for OER-onset detection, and quantitative chemical analysis with inductively coupled-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ultraviolet visible light (UV-Vis) spectroscopy to elucidate metal dissolution processes. In-situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) revealed that the transpassive metal dissolution on CrCoNi is dominated by intergranular corrosion. These results have significant implications for the stability of MPEAs in corrosion systems, emphasizing the necessity of analytically determining metal ions released from MPEA electrodes into the electrolyte when evaluating Faradaic efficiencies of OER catalysts. The release of transition metal ions not only reduces the Faradaic efficiency of electrolyzers but may also cause poisoning and degradation of membranes in electrochemical reactors.
The Na salt of chloroacetic acid is condensed in suspension. Furthermore,glycolic acid is condensed in bulk or in concentrated solution by means of SnCl2 or 4-toluene sulfonic acid (TSA) as catalysts. The temperatures are varied from 160 to 200°C and the time from 1 to 5 days. Low molar mass cyclic poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is detected by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry in most PGAs. A predominance of certain cycles having an even number of repeat units is observed suggesting a thermodynamically favored formation of extended-ring crystals. Extremely high melting temperatures (up to 237.5°C)and high melting enthalpies are found for polycondensations with TSA in 1,2-dichlorobenzene.
Reclassification of bridges, i.e., a change in load rating, using reliability-based methods and a direct update with proof load information has been presented by many authors. However, bridge reclassification has hardly been studied from a decision analytic perspective, i.e., with quantification of the risks and benefits of different classification choices, and the expected benefit gain from proof loading. We derive, explain and exemplify a decision analytic approach for bridge reclassification along with models for (1) elastic and ultimate capacity and their adaptation with proof load information, (2) proof load information with classification outcomes accounting for target reliabilities and, (3) utilities including socio-economic benefits from reclassification. The approach and models are exemplified with a case study based on reclassification of bridges with a low existing classification. Decision rules, for practical use by a highway authority to find the optimal classification, are identified and documented based on: (1) the measurement of the capacity at elastic limit by proof loading, (2) the bridge reclassification benefits, and, (3) the required annual reliability level. From a Value of Information analysis, it is concluded that the proof load information is highly valuable for reclassification in cases of high socio-economic benefits and high reliability requirements.
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) based on phosphinine and thiophene building blocks have been synthesized with two different side groups. The materials are denoted as CPSF-MeO and CPSF-EtO where CxxF correspond to the covalent framework, whereas P and S are related to heteroatoms phosphorous and sulfur. MeO and EtO indicate the substituents, i.e. methoxy and ethoxy.
Their morphologies were studied by scanning electron microcopy and X-ray scattering. The absence of crystalline reflexes in the X-ray pattern reveal that both materials are amorphous and can be considered as glasses. Furthermore, N2 adsorption measurements indicate substantial Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area values pointing to the formation of three-dimensional pores by stacking of the aromatic 2D layer. An analysis of the porosity of both COFs showed a mean radius of the pores to be of ca. 4 nm, consistent with their chemical structure. The COFs form nanoparticles with a radius of around 100 nm. The thermal behavior of the COFs was further investigated by fast scanning calorimetry. These investigations showed that both COFs undergo a glass transition. The glass transition temperature of CPSF-EtO is found to be ca. 100 K higher than that for CPSF-MeO. This large difference in the glass transition is discussed to be due to a change in the interaction of the COF sheets induced by the longer ethoxy group. It might be assumed that for CPSF-EtO more individual COF sheets assemble to larger stacks than for CPSF-MeO. This agrees with the much larger surface area value found for CPSF-EtO compared to CPSF-MeO. To corroborate the results obtained be fast scanning calorimetry dielectric measurements were conducted which confirm the occurrence of a dynamic glass transition. The estimated temperature dependence of the relaxation rates of the dielectric relaxation and their absolute values agrees well with the data obtained by fast scanning calorimetry. Considering the fragility approach to the glass transition, it was further found that CPSF-MeO is a fragile glass former whereas CPSF-EtO behaves as a strong glass forming material. This difference in the fragility points also to distinct differences in the interaction between the 2D COF molecules in both materials.
Wind turbines are exposed to a high number of load cycles during their service lifetime. Therefore, the fatigue strength verification plays an important role in their design. In general, the nominal stress method is used for the fatigue verification of the most common used butt-welded joints. The Eurocode 3 part 1–9 is the current design standard for this field of application. This paper presents recent results of fatigue tests on small-scaled specimens and large components with transverse butt welds to discuss the validity of the FAT-class. Furthermore, results from numerical simulations for the verification with the effective notch stress and the crack propagation approach are used for comparison. Based on the consistency between the numerical results and the fatigue tests, the influence of the seam geometry on the fatigue resistance was investigated. Finally, a prediction of the fatigue strength of butt-welded joints with plate thicknesses up to 80 mm was carried out.
A systematic, nature-inspired chemical engineering approach is employed to solve the issue of flooding in electrochemical devices. The mechanism of passive water transport utilized by lizards living in arid environments is leveraged to design flow-fields with a microchannel structure on their surface, through which capillary pressure rapidly removes the water generated in the electrochemical device. This water management strategy is implemented in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with a lunginspired flow-field, which ensures uniform distribution of reactants across the catalyst layer. Jointly, this nature-inspired approach results in flood-free, stable operation at 100% RH and a B60% increase in current (B1.9 A cm-2) and peak power density (B650 mW cm−2) compared to current PEMFCs with a flood-prone, serpentine flow-field (B0.8 A cm-2 and 280 mW cm-2, respectively). This significant advance allows for PEMFC operation at fully humidified conditions.
Despite the advances in hardware and software techniques, standard numerical methods fail in providing real-time simulations, especially for complex processes such as additive manufacturing applications. A real-time simulation enables process control through the combination of process monitoring and automated feedback, which increases the flexibility and quality of a process. Typically, before producing a whole additive manufacturing structure, a simplified experiment in the form of a beadon-plate experiment is performed to get a first insight into the process and to set parameters suitably. In this work, a reduced order model for the transient thermal problem of the bead-on-plate weld simulation is developed, allowing an efficient model calibration and control of the process. The proposed approach applies the proper generalized decomposition (PGD) method, a popular model order reduction technique, to decrease the computational effort of each model evaluation required multiple times in parameter estimation, control, and optimization. The welding torch is modeled by a moving heat source, which leads to difficulties separating space and time, a key ingredient in PGD simulations. A novel approach for separating space and time is applied and extended to 3D problems allowing the derivation of an efficient separated representation of the temperature.
The results are verified against a standard finite element model showing excellent agreement. The reduced order model is also leveraged in a Bayesian model parameter estimation setup, speeding up calibrations and ultimately leading to an optimized real-time simulation approach for welding experiment using synthetic as well as real measurement data.
Thermoelectric generators are very attractive devices for waste heat energy harvesting as they transform a temperature difference into electrical power. However, commercially available generators show poor power density and limited operation temperatures. Research focuses on high‐temperature materials and innovative generator designs. Finding the optimal design for a given material system is challenging. Here, a theoretical framework is provided that allows appropriate generator design selection based on the particular material properties. For high‐temperature thermoelectric oxides, it can be clearly deduced that unileg multilayer generators have the highest potential for effective energy harvesting. Based on these considerations, prototype unileg multilayer generators from the currently best thermoelectric oxide Ca3Co4O9 are manufactured for the first time by industrially established ceramic multilayer technology. These generators exhibit a power density of 2.2 mW/cm² at a temperature difference of 260 K, matching simulated values and confirming the suitability of the technology. Further design improvements increase the power density by a factor of 22 to facilitate practicable power output at temperature differences as low as 7 K. This work demonstrates that reasonable energy harvesting at elevated temperatures is possible with oxide materials and appropriate multilayer design.
Distributed fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring of composite pressure vessels
(2024)
In diesem Beitrag geben wir einen umfassenden Überblick über unsere Forschung auf dem Gebiet der verteilten faseroptischen Sensorik für die strukturelle Zustandsüberwachung von Wasserstoffdruckbehältern aus Verbundwerkstoffen. Insbesondere zeigen wir, wie die Integration von faseroptischen Sensoren in Druckbehälter aus Verbundwerkstoffen die Sicherheit erhöht und gleichzeitig die Wartungskosten senkt. Die geringe Größe von Lichtwellenleitern ermöglicht ihre Integration in Verbundwerkstoffstrukturen während des Herstellungsprozesses, wodurch eine kontinuierliche Überwachung sowie eine präzise Erkennung und Lokalisierung von Strukturschäden während des Betriebs der Druckbehälter ermöglicht wird. Wir erörtern auch das Potenzial modernster Signalverarbeitungsmethoden und des maschinellen Lernens für die Weiterentwicklung der vorausschauenden Instandhaltung. Die von uns vorgestellten Anwendungen von faseroptischen Sensoren zeigen, dass sie einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Energiewende hin zu erneuerbaren Energien leisten können.
A novel distributed acoustic sensing technique is proposed that exploits both phase and amplitude of the Rayleigh backscattered light to quantify the environmental variation. The system employs a wavelength-scanning laser and an imbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer to acquire the reflection spectra and the phase of the detected light, respectively. Fading-free and low-frequency measurements are realized via the crosscorrelation of the reflection spectra. The discrete crosscorrelation is used to circumvent the nonlinear frequency sweeping of the laser. Based on the phase of the backscattered light, it is possible to quantify fast environmental variations. The whole system requires no hardware modification of the existing system and its functionality is experimentally validated. The proposed system has the potential to monitor ground motion/movement at very low frequency band like subsidence around mining areas and at high frequency band like earthquakes and vibrations induced by avalanches.
The BAM Data Store
(2023)
As a partner in several NFDI consortia, the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM, German federal institute for materials science and testing) contributes to research data standardization efforts in various domains of materials science and engineering (MSE). To implement a central research data management (RDM) infrastructure that meets the requirements of MSE groups at BAM, we initiated the Data Store pilot project in 2021. The resulting infrastructure should enable researchers to digitally document research processes and store related data in a standardized and interoperable manner. As a software solution, we chose openBIS, an open-source framework that is increasingly being used for RDM in MSE communities.
The pilot project was conducted for one year with five research groups across different organizational units and MSE disciplines. The main results are presented for the use case “nanoPlattform”. The group registered experimental steps and linked associated instruments and chemicals in the Data Store to ensure full traceability of data related to the synthesis of ~400 nanomaterials. The system also supported researchers in implementing RDM practices in their workflows, e.g., by automating data import and documentation and by integrating infrastructure for data analysis.
Based on the promising results of the pilot phase, we will roll out the Data Store as the central RDM infrastructure of BAM starting in 2023. We further aim to develop openBIS plugins, metadata standards, and RDM workflows to contribute to the openBIS community and to foster RDM in MSE.
The plant secondary metabolite families of coumarin and 4-hydroxy coumarin have a broad pharmacological spectrum ranging from antibacterial to anticancer properties. One prominent member of this substance class is the synthetic but naturally inspired anticoagulant drug and rodenticide warfarin (coumadin). A vast number of publications focus on the identification of warfarin and its major cytochrome P450-mediated phase I metabolites by liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) detection techniques. For the first time, electron ionization (EI) induced high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric (HR-qToF-MS) data of in-liner derivatized warfarin and selected hydroxylated species is provided in this study as an alternative to LC-MS/MS approaches. Furthermore, the characteristic fragments and fragmentation pathways of the analyzed methyl ethers are concluded. The obtained data of analytical standards, specific deuterated and 13C-labeled compounds prove inductive cleavage of the acyl or acetonyl side chain, methyl migration, and H-migration, along with consequential inductive cleavage as predominant fragmentation routes. Based on the HR-spectral data, commonalities and differences between the analyzed compounds and fragment groups were evaluated with future applicability in structure elucidation and spectra prediction of related compounds.
The emission of ultrafine particles from small desktop Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printers has been frequently investigated in the past years. However, the vast majority of FFF emission and exposure studies have not considered the possible occurrence of particles below the typical detection limit of Condensation Particle Counters and could have systematically underestimated the total particle emission as well as the related exposure risks. Therefore, we comparatively measured particle number concentrations and size distributions of sub-4 nm particles with two commercially available diethylene glycol-based instruments – the TSI 3757 Nano Enhancer and the Airmodus A10 Particle Size Magnifier. Both instruments were evaluated for their suitability of measuring FFF-3D printing emissions in the sub-4 nm size range while operated as a particle counter or as a particle size spectrometer. For particle counting, both instruments match best when the Airmodus system was adjusted to a cut-off of 1.5 nm. For size spectroscopy, both instruments show limitations due to either the fast dynamics or rather low levels of particle emissions from FFF-3D printing in this range. The effects are discussed in detail in this article. The findings could be used to implement sub-4 nm particle measurement in future emission or exposure studies, but also for the development of standard test protocols for FFF-3D printing emissions.
Hydrogen has great potential on the path towards decarbonization of the energy and transport sectors and can mitigate the urgent issue of global warming. It can be sustainably produced through water electrolysis with potentially zero emissions, and efficiently used (e.g., in fuel cell systems). Despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen-metal interactions could result in the degradation of the mechanical properties of several structural materials. In order to determine the magnitude of the material degradation in relation to hydrogen exposure, extensive material testing is required. The standardized procedure for in-situ testing for the quantification of the impact of compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) relies on the utilization of an autoclave around the tested specimen. Such test set-up is complex, expensive, time-consuming and requires special equipment, trained personnel, and strict safety procedures. A relatively recent method to circumvent these issues and provide affordable results consists of using hollow specimens, thus applying the hydrogen pressure inside rather than outside the specimen. It allows to reduce the volume of hydrogen by several orders of magnitude and to perform the tests more efficiently and in a safer manner. This study focuses on evaluating the tensile properties of X65 vintage pipeline steel tested in a high-pressure hydrogen environment using hollow specimens. Tests are performed in 6 MPa H2 and Ar at the nominal strain rate of 10−6 s−1 to evaluate the reduced area at fracture and the elongation loss. The effect of surface finishing on crack initiation and propagation is investigated by comparing two different manufacturing techniques. In this way, this study provides insights into the applicability of a novel, reliable, and safe testing method which can be used to assess the hydrogen-assisted ductility loss in metallic materials.
The unusual behavior observed in the coefficient of thermal expansion and specific heat capacity of CrFeNi, CoCrNi, and CoCrFeNi medium/high-entropy alloys is commonly referred to as the K-state effect. It is shown to be independent of the Curie temperature, as demonstrated by temperature-dependent magnetic moment measurements. CoCrFeNi alloy is chosen for detailed characterization; potential reasons for the K-state effect such as texture, recrystallization, and second-phase precipitation are ruled out. An examination of the electronic structure indicates the formation of a pseudo-gap in the Density of States, which suggests a specific chemical interaction between Ni and Cr atoms upon alloying. Hybrid Monte Carlo/Molecular Dynamic (MC/MD) simulations indicate the presence of non-negligible chemical short-range order (CSRO). Local lattice distortions are shown to be negligible, although deviations around Cr and Ni elements from those expected in a fully disordered structure are experimentally observed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The determined bonding distances are in good agreement with MC/MD calculations. A mechanism is proposed to explain the anomalies and calorimetric experiments and their results are used to validate the mechanism.
The LOBSTER (Deringer et al., 2011;Maintz et al., 2013 ,2016 ;Nelson et al., 2020 ) software aids in extracting quantum-chemical bonding information from materials by projecting the plane-wave based wave functions from density functional theory (DFT) onto an atomic orbital basis. LobsterEnv, a module implemented in pymatgen (Ong et al., 2013) by some of the authors of this package, facilitates the use of quantum-chemical bonding information obtained from LOBSTER calculations to identify neighbors and coordination environments. LobsterPy is a Python package that offers a set of convenient tools to further analyze and summarize the LobsterEnv outputs in the form of JSONs that are easy to interpret and process. These tools enable the estimation of (anti) bonding contributions, generation of textual descriptions, and visualization of LOBSTER computation results. Since its first release, both LobsterPy and LobsterEnv capabilities have been extended significantly. Unlike earlier versions, which could only automatically analyze Crystal Orbital Hamilton Populations (COHPs) (Dronskowski & Blöchl, 1993), both can now also analyze Crystal Orbital Overlap Populations (COOP) (Hughbanks & Hoffmann, 1983) and Crystal Orbital Bond Index (COBI) (Müller et al., 2021). Extracting the information about the most important orbitals contributing to the bonds is optional, and users can enable it as needed. Additionally, bonding-based features for machinelearning (ML) studies can be engineered via the sub-packages “featurize” and “structuregraphs”. Alongside its Python interface, it also provides an easy-to-use command line interface (CLI) that runs automatic analysis of the computations and generates a summary of results and publication-ready figures. LobsterPy has been used to produce the results in Ngo et al. (2023), Chen et al. (2024), Naik et al. (2023), and it is also part of Atomate2 (2023) bonding analysis workflow for generating bonding analysis data in a format compatible with the Materials Project (Jain et al., 2013) API.
Multiple principal element alloys encompass the well-known high entropy alloys (HEA). The alloy system represents a new class of materials consisting of at least three alloying elements, each containing 5 to 35 at.%. Thus, this alloying concept differs fundamentally from conventional materials such as steel or nickel alloys. For this purpose, the alloying elements are specifically selected, the microstructures are adjusted in a single-phase and, in some cases, multi-phase manner. In particular, conflicting goals, such as the trade-off between strength and ductility in conventional steels, are overcome. However, in the last 20 years, the focus has been on material synthesis. With the increase in available material quantities, the focus is now on processing issues such as joining and welding processes. The weldability of HEAs has received very little attention so far. The experience with dissimilar metal welds is completely lacking but is essential for the application of these materials in combination with conventional materials. The present study presents comprehensive experimental results on the weldability of an equimolar CoCrFeMnNi-HEA in cold-rolled and heat-treated condition, which was joined by tungsten inert gas welding to an austenitic steel AISI 304. The mechanical properties of the dissimilar metal welds were characterized by cross-weld tensile samples, whereas the local deformation in the weld of the different welding zones was measured by digital image correlation. In accordance with the respective initial HEA condition (cold-rolled vs. heat-treated), the local strain behavior was divergent and influenced the global mechanical properties of both DMW types. Nonetheless, the experiments provided proof in principle of the weldability for dissimilar joints of the CoCrFeMnNi-HEA welded to conventional materials like austenitic stainless steels ensuring a corresponding capability for mechanical loading. This allows further considerations on the application of these innovative materials.
Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) is a form of intergranular stress corrosion cracking that occurs in irradiated austenitic alloys. It requires an irradiated microstructure along with high temperature water and stress. The process is ubiquitous in that it occurs in a wide range of austenitic alloys and water chemistries, but only when the alloy is irradiated. Despite evidence of this degradation mode that dates back to the 1960s, the mechanism by which it occurs has remained elusive. Here, using high resolution electron backscattering detection to analyze local stress-strain states, high resolution transmission electron microscopy to identify grain boundary phases at crack tips, and decoupling the roles of stress and grain boundary oxidation, we are able to unfold the complexities of the phenomenon to reveal the mechanism by which IASCC occurs. The significance of the findings impacts the mechanical integrity of core components of both current and advanced nuclear reactor designs worldwide.