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The copper alloyed stainless steel 1.4542 (X5CrNiCuNb16-4) is used in different areas due to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Strength and corrosion resistance can be adjusted by the heat treatment, which is of importance for the application of this alloy. The mechanical properties (strength and hardness) are attributed to the dispersive precipitation of the copper rich ε–Phase. The additional precipitation of chromium carbides can reduce the corrosion resistance. Different ageing states were produced to investigate the precipitation behaviour with various methods. Furthermore, the influence of cold-rolling on the precipitation behaviour was studied in comparison to a solution annealed state without deformation. The microstructure was studied by SEM and the variations of hardness and magnetic proportion were characterised. The electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation
(EPR) was used to determine the corrosion resistance and detect chromium depletion in all heattreated states. The results show that a work hardening accelerates the precipitation rate, while ageing at 600 °C reduces the corrosion resistance due to chromium depletion.
A global transition towards more sustainable, affordable and reliable energy systems is being stimulated by the Paris Agreement and the United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This poses a challenge for the corrosion industry, as building climate‐resilient energy systems and infrastructures brings with it a long‐term direction, so as a result the long‐term behaviour of structural materials (mainly metals and alloys) becomes a major prospect. With this in mind “Corrosion Challenges Towards a Sustainable Society” presents a series of cases showing the importance of corrosion protection of metals and alloys in the development of energy production to further understand the science of corrosion, and bring the need for research and the consequences of corrosion into public and political focus. This includes emphasis on the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions, on the lifetime of infrastructures, implants, cultural heritage artefacts, and a variety of other topics.
Corrosion monitoring of reinforced concrete structures:The DGZfP specification B12 Collaboration
(2023)
Corrosion monitoring of reinforced or prestressed concrete structures has becomeincreasingly important in recent years. Areas of application include componentsthat are no longer accessible after completion or where potential fieldmeasurements cannot be carried out due to existing coatings. Corrosion monitoringcan also be used to monitor the progress of corrosion in corroding systems, e.g. to prove the success of repair measures according to repair principle 8 in accordancewith EN 1504‐9 or repair method 8.3 in accordance with the DIBt repair guideline.It also could be used to prove the functionality of cathodic corrosion protectionsystems in accordance with ISO 12696. Despite the increasing importance ofcorrosion monitoring, no guidelines orrecommendations existed until 2018. Thisgap was closed by the English version of specification B12,“Corrosion Monitoringof Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structures,”of the German Society for Non‐Destructive Testing, which was published in 2021. This article introducesspecification B12 by explaining the basicmeasurement principles and illustratingthe potential of corrosion monitoring in new and existing buildings.
This study focuses on the corrosion mechanism of carbon steel exposed to an artificial geothermal brine influenced by carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The tested brine simulates a geothermal source in Sibayak, Indonesia, containing 1500 mg/L of Cl-, 20 mg/L of SO4 2-, and 15 mg/L of HCO3-with pH 4. To reveal the temperature effect on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel, exposure and electrochemical tests were carried out at 70 °C and 150 °C. Surface analysis of corroded specimens showed localized corrosion at both temperatures, despite the formation of corrosion products on the surface. After 7 days at 150 °C, SEM images showed the formation of an adherent, dense, and crystalline FeCO3 layer. Whereas at 70 °C, the corrosion products consisted of chukanovite (Fe2(OH)2CO3) and siderite (FeCO3), which are less dense and less protective than that at 150 °C.
Control experiments under Ar-environment were used to investigate the corrosive effect of CO2. Free corrosion potential (Ecorr) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirm that at both temperatures, the corrosive effect of CO2 was more significant compared to that measured in the Ar-containing solution. In terms of temperature effect, carbon steel remained active at 70 °C, while at 150 °C, it became passive due to the FeCO3 formation. These results suggest that carbon steel is more susceptible to corrosion at the near ground surface of a geothermal well, whereas at a deeper well with a higher temperature, there is a possible risk of scaling (FeCO3 layer). A longer exposure test at 150 °C with a stagnant solution for 28 days, however, showed the unstable FeCO3 layer and therefore a deeper localized corrosion compared to that of seven-day exposed specimens.
Hard coated steel components are used in a wide application range, mostly for protective, wear resistant and decorative purposes. Despite of these coatings being regarded as relatively dense, there is always a high risk of localized corrosion when a coated low alloyed steel component encounters a surrounding high humidity atmosphere or even an aqueous medium. An approach to enhance the corrosion properties is the addition of magnesium to physical vapor deposited hard coatings, like TiN. It has been found that there is a remarkable increase in corrosion resistance in dependence of magnesium content of the TiMgN coating and its surface properties. In this work the authors will explain the underlying corrosion protection mechanisms by means of electrochemical and analytical studies. The positive impact of magnesium in the coating relates on its preferred dissolution vs. steel. This causes the potential to shift to more negative direction with respect to the steel substrate and additionally leads to a temporarily passivation of the steel due to alkalization of the surrounding electrolyte by formation of magnesium hydroxide.
For reliability and safety issues of injection wells, corrosion resistance of materials used needs to be determined. Herein, representative low-cost materials, including carbon steel X70/1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225, were embedded in mortar to mimic the realistic casing-mortar interface. Two types of cement were investigated: (1) Dyckerhoff Variodur commercial Portland cement, representing a highly acidic resistant cement and (2) Wollastonite, which can react with CO2 and become stable under a CO2 stream due to the carbonation process. Exposure tests were performed under 10 MPa and at 333 K in artificial aquifer fluid for up to 20 weeks, revealing crevice corrosion and uniform corrosion instead of expected pitting corrosion. To clarify the role of cement, simulated pore water was made by dispersing cement powder in aquifer fluid and used as a solution to expose steels. Surface analysis, accompanied by element mapping on exposed specimens and their crosssections, was carried out to trace the chloride intrusion and corrosion process that followed.
Although zinc and zinc coatings have been widely used for corrosion protection for decades new zinc coatings are constantly being developed. Characterizing the corrosion protectiveness of these new coatings, however, should not be underestimated. While exposure tests are time intensive, cyclic tests can only be used for a very limited field of application. Thus, electrochemical measurements provide both an efficient and an effective alternative. Conventional aqueous bulk electrolytes influence the surface layers of a tested zinc coating and are therefore not reliable. Gel electrolytes, however, have evolved over the last few years, are minimally invasive and provide reliable results.
This work describes experiments with gel electrolytes made of agar. Unlike previous work, it proposes a composition of gel electrolyte for minimally invasive description of the protective power of naturally formed oxide layers on zinc and zinc coatings. Therefore, as a first part, the gel electrolyte made of agar is verified as a method for zinc and zinc-coated samples. Afterwards, this paper introduces the corrosion product layer resistance RL as a promising parameter to evaluate the protective power of zinc coatings. Results are verified with EIS and FTIR measurements. An example on a representative zinc coating demonstrates the practical application.
Early Stage of Corrosion Formation on Pipeline Steel X70 Under Oxyfuel Atmosphere at Low Temperature
(2020)
The early stage of corrosion formation on X70 pipeline steel under oxyfuel atmosphere was investigated by applying a simulated gas mixture (CO2 containing 6700 ppmv O2, 100 ppmv NO2, 70 ppmv SO2 and 50 ppmv H2O) for 15 h at 278 K and ambient pressure. Short-term tests (6 h) revealed that the corrosion starts as local spots related to grinding marks progressing by time and moisture until a closed layer was formed. Acid droplets (pH 1.5), generated in the gas atmosphere, containing a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3, were identified as corrosion starters. After 15 h of exposure, corrosion products were mainly X-ray amorphous and only partially crystalline. In-situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) results showed that the crystalline fractions consist primarily of water-bearing iron sulfates. Applying Raman spectroscopy, water-bearing iron nitrates were detected as subordinated phases. Supplementary long-term tests exhibited a significant increase in the crystalline fraction and formation of additional water-bearing iron sulfates. All phases of the corrosion layer were intergrown in a nanocrystalline network. In addition, numerous globular structures have been detected above the corrosion layer, which were identified as hydrated iron sulphate and hematite. As a type of corrosion, shallow pit formation was identified, and the corrosion rate was about 0.1 mma−1. In addition to in-situ EDXRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and interferometry were used to chemically and microstructurally analyze the corrosion products.
The corrosion behavior of galvanized steels and zinc components under atmospheric exposure depends mostly on the corrosion product‐based cover layer formation under the prevailing conditions. The use of agar‐based gel electrolytes makes it possible to use electrochemical methods to obtain a characteristic value from these cover layers that describe their current and future protective capacity. It is shown here that different states of galvanized steel can be distinguished very well under laboratory conditions and that this method is also suitable for use under practical conditions. Based on the characteristic values and assuming future time of wetness, it is very easy to draw up a forecast for the future corrosion rate, which provides plausible values.
Novel agar-based test electrolytes are used to perform electrochemical corrosion investigations on ZnFe and ZnNi binary as well as ZnFeMo ternary zinc coatings. The objectives of the electrochemical investigations include the characterization of the corrosion behavior, the description of the protective effect of the coatings as well as the investigation of the layer formation and degradation under artificial aging. ZnFe and ZnFeMo coatings are applied with varying iron content as well as an additional passivation layer, respectively, to study the effect on corrosion resistance. The results show that the protective effect of the coatings is not negatively influenced by different iron contents or the addition of molybdenum. Additional passivation of the ZnFe-containing coatings by means of a passivating agent leads to a significant improvement in the protective effect. Artificial aging leads to slight degradation of the additional passivation layer whereas coatings without post-treatment enhance their protective effect by the formation of corrosion product layers.