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Im Gegensatz zu den zulassungspflichtigen Versandstücken für die gemäß der gefahrgutrechtlichen Regelwerksanforderungen eine behördlich ausgestellte Zulassung erforderlich ist, ist für die prüfpflichtigen Versandstücke lediglich eine behördliche Anerkennung und Überwachung des Managementsystems für die Auslegung, Herstellung, Prüfung, Dokumentation, den Gebrauch, die Wartung und Inspektion erforderlich.
In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist gemäß den Festlegungen in der Gefahrgutverordnung Straße, Eisenbahn und Binnenschifffahrt die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) zuständig für die Anerkennung und Überwachung von Managementsystemen.
In order to study the time- and temperature-dependent long-term behavior of metal seals, experimental investigations on special metal seals have been carried out at five different temperatures in a temperature range between 20 and 150°C for more than 7 years. Experimental results indicate a noticeable change of relevant sealing properties like seal force and usable resilience depending on time and temperature. In this study, the metal seals are treated as a homogeneous material block so that the identified decrease in seal force can be treated as a material relaxation effect. For the time-dependent behavior of seal force, an enhanced power-law model is introduced for the first time and is compared with the currently used power-law model. Additionally, regarding the influence of temperature, the timetemperature superposition principle is applied to metal seals for the first time with a clearly defined process. Thus, possible mistakes in the application of principle could be avoided. The introduced method is widely available for different applications regarding effects the principle with time and temperature.
Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel shall meet the International Atomic Energy Agency regulations to ensure safety under different transport conditions. The physical state of spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of package capabilities under these conditions. In this paper, the mechanical behavior of high burn-up spent fuel assemblies (> approx. 50 GWd/tHM, value averaged over the fuel assembly) under transport conditions is analyzed with regard to the assumptions which are used in the Containment and criticality safety analysis. In view of the complexity of the interactions between the fuel rods as well as between the fuel assemblies, basket, and cask containment, the exact mechanical analysis of such phenomena is nearly impossible. Additionally, the gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellet behavior, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated. Considerations and knowledge gaps for the transport after extended interim storage are issues of growing interest. In this context, practical approaches are discussed based on the experience of BAM within the safety assessment of packages approved for transport of spent nuclear fuel.
High and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes were gamma-irradiated with doses up to 600 kGy. The changes in the material properties were analysed using DSC, DMA, IR spectroscopy, as well as measurements of density and insoluble content. The irradiation led to an increase of the degree of crystallinity because of chain scissions during irradiation, leading to shorter and thus more mobile chains. Both the plateau value of the shear modulus G′ and the insoluble content increased with Irradiation dose, indicating the formation of additional crosslinks. Furthermore, IR spectroscopy revealed irradiation induced oxidation and the formation of double bonds, indicating that some of the hydrogen atoms responsible for the neutron shielding capability have been released.
Component and material investigations on metal seals for high level radioactive waste containers
(2018)
Long-term investigations performed at BAM look to extend the state of knowledge on safety-related components of interim storage containers. Metal seals act as the primary sealing barrier in the bolted double lid closure system of the containers. The behaviour of metal seals has been investigated for ageing times up to 8.5 years and for various temperatures. The main cause for reduction in useable resilience overtime was due to creep deformation of the outer jacket of the seal.
Elastomers are susceptible to chemical ageing, i.e., scission and cross-linking, at high temperatures. This thermally driven ageing process affects their mechanical properties and leads to limited operating time. Continuous and intermittent stress Relaxation measurements were conducted on ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) samples for different ageing times and an ageing temperature of 125 °C. The contributions of chain scission and cross-linking were analysed for both materials at different ageing states, elucidating the respective ageing mechanisms. Furthermore, compression set experiments were performed under various test conditions. Adopting the two-network model, compression set values were calculated and compared to the measured data. The additional effect of physical processes to scission and cross-linking during a long-term thermal exposure is quantified through the compression set analysis. The characteristic times relative to the degradation processes are also determined.
Determining a suitable and reliable end-of-lifetime criterion for O-ring seals is an important issue for long-term seal applications. Therefore, seal failure of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) O-rings aged in the compressed state at 125 °C and at 150 °C for up to 1.5 years was analyzed and investigated under static conditions, using both non-lubricated and lubricated seals. Changes of the material properties were analyzed with dynamic-mechanical analysis and permeability experiments. Indenter modulus measurements were used to investigate DLO effects. It became clear that O-rings can remain leak-tight under static conditions even when material properties have already degraded considerably, especially when adhesion effects are encountered. As a feasible and reliable end-of-lifetime criterion for O-ring seals under static conditions should include a safety margin for slight dimensional changes, a modified leakage test involving a small and rapid partial decompression of the seal was introduced that enabled determining a more realistic but still conservative end-of-lifetime criterion for an EPDM seal.
Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) materials have a remarkable technical poten-tial and economic impact in modern industry. These features are closely related to the question of how the cast materials can be produced without structural defects and graphite degenerations such as for example chunky graphite. Although the chunky graphite degeneration superficially seems to be well known, its metallurgical background is still controversially discussed, appropriate field-tested non-destructive tools for its quantification in castings are lacking and the knowledge on its impact on material properties is fairly limited. Addressing this status, the article is providing a current overview on the subject. Existing theories on formation and growth mechanisms of chunky graphite are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, from a metallurgical point of view, causes for the appearance of chunky graphite as well as preventive measures are concisely summarized. Particular attention is paid to the morphology of chunky graphite and how it can be characterized by destructive and non-destructive techniques. Special emphasis was laid on providing a comprehensive overview on the impact of chunky graphite on strength, ductility, fatigue limit, fatigue crack growth rate as well as fracture tough-ness of ferritic SGI materials based on experimental data. Moreover, conclusions for the assessment of castings affected by chunky graphite are drawn.
Editorial
(2019)
Dear Readers, a new year started for all of us (as I write these lines, possibly it was already some time ago when these lines are finally available) and this is the time for the so-called New Year’s resolutions. Setting goals and changing our behavior as well in a private as in a professional context.
For Scientists the resolutions may comprise tasks like finalizing a longago started publication, picking up the loose ends of an application for funding or just bringing the running projects in a greater structure.