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Der immer steigende Bedarf nach Prüfungsverfahren von Verbundwerkstoffen eröffnet die Möglichkeit von Prüfverfahren mittels luftgekoppelten Ultraschalls. Die Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit der Luftultraschall-Wandler erhöht deren Einsatzbereich. Die größte Herausforderung des Verfahrens stellt die Impedanzanpassung an die Luft dar. Ende der 1990er Jahre entdeckte man in Ferroelektreten (geladenen zellulären Polymeren) das Potential zur Lösung dieser Problematik. Geladenes zelluläres Polypropylen, mit einer geringen akustischen Impedanz als bei den meist verwendeten piezoelektrischen Materialien, bietet eine deutlich bessere Anpassung an die Luft. Sein piezoelektrisches Verhalten mit einem piezoelektrischen Koeffizient d33 von 200-800 pm/V ähnelt dem von piezoelektrischen Keramiken. Grund für dieses Verhalten sind die polarisierten Zellen, die eine permanente Ladung erzeugen. Die permanente Ladung erzeugt ein starkes elektrisches Feld in der Folie.
Eine auf die Oberfläche einwirkende Kraft staucht die Zellen, wodurch sich die eingeschlossenen Ladungsträger im Verhältnis zueinander bewegen. Durch diese Potential- Verschiebung entsteht eine Ladung auf der Oberfläche. Mit angelegter Vorspannung kann die Empfindlichkeit des Wandlers kontrolliert werden, indem die vorgegebene Polarisierung temporär unterstützt oder reduziert wird. In diesem Beitrag ist die Entwicklung eines Ultraschallempfängers aus geladenem zellulärem Polypropylen mit Anwendung der Vorspannung dargestellt. Eine Verbesserung des Signal-Rausch-Abstands bei der Durchschallung eines Testkörpers um 12-15 dB wurde erreicht.
The presentation deals with the progess, the use of beads brings with it when developing and using immunoanalytical methods. While with conventional assays (e.g. ELISA) fill/empty/wash steps have to be performed within the same microplate well, antibodies on beads bring the possibility of incubating the sample with the capture antibodies in one compartment and then transport it, e.g. in microfluidic channels, to the site of detection. Especially magnetic nanoparticles, that can be captured and released easily, have a wide field of application.
Due to the promising combination of chemical, thermal and mechanical properties, springs made of advanced ceramics have attracted much attention as a replacement for metal springs in highly demanding applications, operating at high temperatures and in harsh environments when hardened metals can no longer be used. A further application was recently proposed by using ceramic springs with metalized surfaces as capacitive force sensors. Prior to any design of an instrument, application-specific static and/or dynamic loading experiments are necessary to investigate the stability of spring properties under the given conditions. These experiments can also be used to determine seldom measured material properties like the shear modulus of ceramics.
Helical Springs with a rectangular cross-section have been machined from straight tubes of alumina (99.99% α-AI203,) and zirconia (Y/Ce-TZP). The sintered density of both materials was above 99% of the theoretical density.
The stress/displacement curves turned out to be extremely linear and the spring constants were not altered, even after more than one million cycles of compression loading at various temperatures from -15°C to +60°C. This means that such springs can be a far more reproducible and reliable source of an elastic response to applied forces than handmade springs from molten quartz wires. The behavior found for in-house fabricated springs contrasts to the behavior found for a commercial ceramic spring, which was produced by injection molding and exhibits a less linear response.
Furthermore, high-temperature displacement behavior of fabricated alumina and zirconia springs was tested under static loading conditions in different atmospheres (air, N2 and H2) at temperatures up to 1000 °C.
Besides the traditional areas of application such as separation and enrichment which made molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) very attractive, they have emerged as a valuable detection tool in the field of environmental analysis due to the low production costs, high stability, format adaptability and the possibility to imprint and thus specifically recognize a wide variety of target analytes. Regarding optical sensing, however, MIPs have only been used in considerably few applications, especially in fluorescence sensors, basically because of the challenge to incorporate a fluorescently responding moiety into a polymer matrix. One way to overcome this limitation is the coating of a thin MIP layer onto the surface of silica nanoparticles using tailor-made fluorescent indicator monomers or cross-linkers for direct transfer of the binding event into an optical signal.
Regarding sensors for environmental monitoring, microfluidic devices utilizing optical detection modules are especially appealing because of their versatility in terms of miniaturization and automation. So far, MIPs have only rarely been used in combination with microfluidic sensor devices.
Here, we present the hydrogen bond-mediated optical response of fluorescent MIP sensor particles against a typical small-molecule analyte 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophen¬oxyacetic acid) which is an important herbicide widely used in agriculture and known to cause adverse health effects when ingested by contaminated water. By combining the sensor particles with droplet-based 3D microfluidics, a microfluidic phase-transfer assay was designed which enables the direct analysis of 2,4-D in river and lake water without sample pre-treatment or clean-up.