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Due to the demand of monitoring the water quality regarding emerging pollutants, such as drug residues, selective, high-throughput and multi-target analytical methods must be established. On the one hand, the influence of sewage on natural surface waters must be routinely monitored. On the other hand, estimation of removal efficiencies of pollutants, such as drug residues, is in the focus of industrial and public wastewater treatment. Immunoassays, such as ELISA, offer the possibility to be highly sensitive and selective due to the high target affine and specific recognition of antibodies to target molecules. Batch-wise processing in microtiter plates allow the necessary high-throughput, but only a single analyte can be determined within one measurement.
To overcome these disadvantages, we developed a four-plex micro-bead based flow cytometric assay, which is adaptable for the microtiter plate format. The modular and self-prepared bead support consists of polystyrene-core-silica-shell particles. While the polystyrene core is used for encoding, by introducing different amounts of fluorescent dyes, the silica-shell creates a solid-support for the immunoassay: The target analytes, three drugs, carbamazepine, diclofenac and caffeine and the f ecal marker isolithocholic acid are covalently coupled to amino-groups on the surface via NHS-chemistry. A competitive immunoassay is subsequently conducted in a simple mix-and-read procedure. Finally, we could use SAFIA to assess the influent of treated and untreated waste water on the Douro river estuary in Portugal. The results of the analysis are comparable to ELISA. However, measurements could be carried out in 25% the time of analysis.
Plastics are a diverse group of materials used in packaging, construction, medical applications, and many more. Due to their favourable properties their production and consequently their input into natural systems has increased drastically over the last decades. In the environment (photo-)oxidation processes and mechanical abrasion may then lead to the decomposition of the plastics. During this process microplastics (<5 mm) are formed. It has been noted that xenobiotics which are present in the same compartments can sorb to microplastics. However, knowledge on this topic is still limited. The work presented here aimed to investigate the sorption of the type 2 diabetes drug metformin and the triazole fungicide difenoconazole to virgin polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). Additionally, sorption to cryo-milled PP and acid-treated PA was studied. The latter was also characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC). Sorption experiments were planned on the basis of a full factorial design with agitation, salinity, and pH value as parameters. Results of the study revealed that metformin did not show any affinity towards the tested materials. Difenoconazole however, sorbed to all microplastics. Data analysis showed that agitation is the main influencing factor, whereas salinity and the pH value held little to no significance. Mechanical and chemical treatment of the polymers led to enhanced sorption of difenoconazole. Long-term sorption experiments confirmed the hypothesis that particle size strongly influences the time until sorption-desorption equilibrium is reached.
MaUS is an acronym for ”Material und Umweltsimulationen“. Plastics are in the focus of environmental politics due to their long term behaviour and therefore to their persistence. Not only that they appear as visible contaminants in the sea and on the beach, but their unknown behaviour concerning their additives as well as the related transformation products are anxious. Therefore, we wish to establish a certified reference method to provide a method for testing plastics.
Aim of this project is the development of fast motion standard reference methods for testing plastics regarding to their environmental compatibility. To establish these testing methods, we use polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) with environmental relevant brominated flame retardants, known for their persistent bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties. In case of PS the material contains 1 wt% of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecan (HBCD) and in case of PP 0.1 wt% bromodiphenylether (BDE-209), which is known as a substance of very high concern (SVHC). Furthermore, we use polycarbonate (PC), which is still used as material in baby flasks and releases Bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic active substance.
As an additional material PTFE is used for its importance as a source for two ubiquitous environmental substances (PFOS and PFOA), whose toxicological effects are still incompletely known.
The focus in this current work is set on the transfer of potential pollutants out of applied materials mentioned above into environmental compartments like water or soil. Here an accelerated aging concept should be developed to shortened time consuming natural processes. For these resulting simulations we use a programmable weathering chamber with dry and wet periods and with high and low temperatures. These programmes run for several weeks and according to a defined sampling schedule we take water samples, run a clean-up procedure by SPE (Molecular imprinted polymers (MiPs) resp. polymer based cartridges (Waters Oasis HLB)) and analyse them by HPLC-UV resp. LC-MS/MS. Of most interest in case of flame retardants are photocatalytic transformation products. Therefore, we conduct a non-target-screening resp. a suspected target-screening by LC-MS/MS and HRMS.
Potentials for sustainable cement and concrete technologies - Comparison between Africa and Europe
(2017)
Cement and concrete technologies in Africa provide vast potentials for sustainable future technologies as well as enormous challenges. The main focus of the symposium is to address existing challenges, possible solutions, and future potentials with all participants. This symposium also aims at offering a platform for networking with relevant players in science and industry.