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The presentation goes into the characterization of TiO2 engineered nanoparticles within EU/FP7 SETNanoMetro Project and the nanomaterial classification according to the EC definition tested within EU/FP7 NanoDefine Project. Further, ISO/TC 229/JWG 2 activities related on ISO standards in development and inter-laboratory comparisons on measurement of nanoparticle size and shape distribution by SEM and TEM are discussed.
Electrospray ionization constitutes a promising deposition technique for high-resolution imaging. Particle distribution on TEM grids takes place homogeneously and no losses occur. Suspension must be appropriate (stabilizer may induce artefacts). ESI parameters need to be optimized for each material.
The potential of electrospray deposition, for the controlled preparation of particles for imaging in electron microscopes, is evaluated on various materials: from mono-modal suspensions of spherical particles to multimodal suspensions and to real-world industrial materials. It is shown that agglomeration is reduced substantially on the sample carrier, compared with conventional sample preparation techniques. For the first time, it is possible to assess the number concentration of a tri-modal polystyrene suspension by electron microscopy, due to the high Deposition efficiency of the electrospray. We discovered that some suspension stabilizing surfactants form artifact particles during electrospraying. These can be avoided by optimizing the sprayed suspension.