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The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) has developed a load-based test method (compensation method) to determine the energy efficency of heat pumps and air conditioners. The method allows for testing with unfixed compressor speed and active control of the unit. Thus, at low part loads the unit under test is allowed to cycle on-off, when the frequency of the compressor drops below its minimum threshold. Therefore, the associated efficiency losses are directly measured and correction calculations as for the current steady state tests become obsolete. In addition, the testing can be performed without the support of the manufacturer by market surveillance authorities, for instance, since no frequency and expansion valve settings are required. To prove that the compensation method is repeatable and reproducible three round robin tests have been organised by BAM.
Improving the energy efficiency of products was identified as the most important short-term opportunity to decrease energy consumption and therefore CO2-emission worldwide. More efficient products are created due to technical innovation. Restricting market access to efficient products only and making the most efficient products stand out by energy labelling are legislative tools to encourage this development. Market surveillance authorities’ checks are fundamental to protect the consumer from wrongly declared goods on the market and ensure fair competition between manufacturers. However, the activities of market surveillance authorities are limited by their financial resources. Testing all product efficiency parameters in an accredited laboratory is very time consuming and cost intensive. In this study, a theoretical concept is presented which can be used to develop screening tests in order to perform product tests by market surveillance authorities with less financial resources. The method identifies components which lead to non-compliance or make a product less energy efficient with minimum effort. The concept is based on a combination of random product tests, dismantling specific products and comparing components. This represents a new approach in product testing procedures beyond the current market surveillance activities. The concept is being tested within a research project funded by the German government.
In order to increase the total amount of energy savings to be reached in 2020 and 2050 the German government launched a number of initiatives. One of the associated projects aims to support market surveillance authorities in the field of Ecodesign and Energy Labelling, thereby increasing confidence in these instruments. The surveillance of heating appliances is of great importance as the energy consumed by space heaters accounts for a significant share of the total energy demand in the European Union. In this study heat pumps are analyzed as a high efficiency technology and prospective candidate for large energy savings. It is focused on both validating the current measurement standards for heat pumps and further developing these methods for the benefit of market surveillance authorities.
The test method standards, EN 14511 and EN 14825, for testing heat pumps regarding their performance and energy efficiency are validated by conducting round robin tests in independent and accredited test laboratories. Based on these tests the reproducibility and repeatability of the standardized test methods and the laboratories in Europe are assessed.
Identifying deficiencies in the methods is a fundamental step towards a sustained improvement process. Optimization proposals will be developed based on these fundamental investigations and brought to the attention of standardization bodies.
It was figured out that the currently used test methods exhibit high complexity, high financial effort and reveal significant deviations of testing results depending on whether they were determined under laboratory or field test conditions.
New testing and calculation methodologies are developed to simplify the process with the aim to increase the accuracy and affordability of the energy efficiency testing of heat pumps.
The European Standards EN14511 and EN14825 are representing standardized procedures for testing the energy efficiency of heat pumps and air conditioners with electrically driven compressors for both space heating and cooling. In this study, these standards are analyzed and validated. It was figured out that the currently used methods implicate high complexity and high financial effort. In order to clarify the circumstances and to identify the deficits more in detail, a round robin test with independent and accredited laboratories was initiated. The aim is to develop an optimized test procedure that improves the feasibility of the testing procedure and finally its application. This study should lead to a repeatable and reproducible testing procedure, which is also compatible with the state of the art in heat pump technology and real operation conditions.
Single wire Gas Metal Arc Welding (SGMAW) and high power Tandem GMAW (TGMAW) are evaluated with respect to energy efficiency. The key performance indicator Electrical Deposition Efficiency is applied to reflect the energy efficiency of GMAW in different material transfer modes. Additionally, the wall-plug efficiency of the equipment is determined in order to identify the overall energy consumption. The results show that energy efficiency as well as economic process performance can be significantly increased by application of tandem processes. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment of a 30 mm thick weld is conducted to investigate the influences of the energy efficiency on the environmental impacts. Environmental burdens in the categories Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential can be reduced up to 11% using an energy efficient TGMAW process