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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (527) (entfernen)
This presentation focusses on the thermal test of a typical storage container design for the German final storage repository KONRAD. The preparation of the container, the conduction of the fire test itself and results like the temperature evolution and as-sumptions for thermal material properties are shown.
As thermal test final storage containers have to be exposed to a fire of 800 °C (1472 °F) for 1 hour according to the final storage conditions provided by the federal com-pany for radioactive waste disposal (BGE). The here discussed cask contains a steel covered concrete layer of a thickness of 100/150 mm. Heating up concrete is a highly nonlinear process since the vaporization of residual water consumes high amounts of thermal energy and produce vast amounts of steam.
The constantly measured temperatures provide the basis to adjust common models of thermal properties for concrete esp. for FEAs. Finally in a later step this will allow predictions of similar designed container with different sizes.
der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand und Ergebnisse des laufenden Drittmittelvorhabens LaMEP vor. Hierbei geht es um Alterungsprozesse an sicherheitsrelevanten Behälterkomponenten während der langfristigen trockenen Zwischenlagerung bestrahlter Brennlemente und hochradioaktiver Abfälle. Die Untersuchungen umfassen Metall- und Elstomerdichtungen sowie Polymerkomponenten zur Neutronenabschirmung.
The presentation provides an overview about the understanding of fuel cladding failure mechanisms dominated by hydride embrittlement during long term dry storage. A currently launched research project focuses on the development of a fracture mechanics approach to describe brittle failure of fuel cladding during long term interim storage (BRUZL)“. Finally, the BAM contribution to the current European Joint Program (EJP) on radioactive waste management is illustrated.
Ongoing R&D work at BAM
(2018)
The presentation provides an update on the German nuclear waste management policy towards final disposal and related reasearch at BAM. Topics include long term investigations of metal seals, investigations of fuel cladding failure mechanisms, and the development of requirements and concepts for high level radioactive waste and spent fuel disposal containers.
Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood. Mostly this wood is encapsulated by steel sheets. The impact limiters are needed to ensure that the transport casks meet the IAEA safety requirements. According to the IAEA safety requirements a package has to withstand consecutively severe mechanical tests followed by a thermal test. The mechanical tests have to produce maximum damage concerning the thermal test. Following this, the impact limiters may have serious pre-damage when the thermal tests begins. The IAEA safety requirements state that during and following the fire test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally.
Small scale fire tests with wood filled metal drums by BAM and works of the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) showed that pre-damaged steel encapsulated wooden structures could start smoldering initiated by the thermal test. These processes supply additional energy to the cask which should be considered within the safety assessment of the package.
As not much is known about smoldering processes in encapsulated wooden structures with a reduced oxygen supply the need for a test was identified. To investigate the influence of a smoldering impact limiter concerning the amount of energy supplied to the cask in dependence of the time BAM conducted a large scale impact limiter thermal test. For that, a pre-damaged impact limiter with a diameter of 2,3 m was mounted on a water tank simulating a cask. A complex system of a regulated pump, a heater, a cooler, a slide valve, a flow meter and numerous thermocouples were installed and connected to a control unit to ensure all needed operating conditions.
After a pre-heating compared to typical SNF decay-heat, the 30 min lasting fire phase of the thermal test was started. After that, the expected and initiated smoldering began. The results of the large scale test are presented in this poster. Systematic small scale tests will follow to identify the influence of different parameters, e.g. moisture content and scale effects. The tests took place at BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (TTS) with its various possibilities for mechanical and thermal tests. The results of these tests will have direct influence in the safety assessment of transport cask for the transport of radioactive material.
Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood. Mostly this wood is encapsulated by steel sheets. The impact limiters are needed to ensure that the transport casks meet the IAEA safety requirements. According to the IAEA safety requirements a package has to withstand consecutively severe mechanical tests followed by a thermal test. The mechanical tests have to produce maximum damage concerning the thermal test. Following this, the impact limiters may have serious pre-damage when the thermal tests begins. The IAEA safety requirements state that during and following the fire test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally.
Small scale fire tests with wood filled metal drums by BAM and works of the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) showed that pre-damaged steel encapsulated wooden structures could start smoldering initiated by the thermal test. These processes supply additional energy to the cask which should be considered within the safety assessment of the package.
As not much is known about smoldering processes in encapsulated wooden structures with a reduced oxygen supply the need for a test was identified. To investigate the influence of a smoldering impact limiter concerning the amount of energy supplied to the cask in dependence of the time BAM conducted a large scale impact limiter thermal test. For that, a pre-damaged impact limiter with a diameter of 2,3 m was mounted on a water tank simulating a cask. A complex system of a regulated pump, a heater, a cooler, a slide valve, a flow meter and numerous thermocouples were installed and connected to a control unit to ensure all needed operating conditions.
After a pre-heating compared to typical SNF decay-heat, the 30 min lasting fire phase of the thermal test was started. After that, the expected and initiated smoldering began. The results of the large scale test are presented in this poster. Systematic small scale tests will follow to identify the influence of different parameters, e.g. moisture content and scale effects. The tests took place at BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (TTS) with its various possibilities for mechanical and thermal tests. The results of these tests will have direct influence in the safety assessment of transport cask for the transport of radioactive material.
Dichtungsverhalten bei niedrigen Temperaturen - Untersuchung der unteren Temperatureinsatzgrenze
(2018)
Elastomere werden vielfach in Produkten eingesetzt, die bei verschiedenen Temperaturen verwendet werden. Dabei sind O-Ringe kostengünstige Dichtelemente, die allerdings für die Funktionsfähigkeit und Sicherheit eines Produkts entscheidend sind. Die untere Temperatureinsatzgrenze ist dabei durchaus relevant und aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht nicht allgemeingültig zu definieren, da diese einerseits durch die Änderungen der Materialeigenschaften im Zuge des Gummi-Glas-Übergangs definiert werden, die Temperaturlage dieses Übergangs jedoch sehr stark von den jeweiligen Einsatzbedingungen (z.B. Frequenz) abhängt. Dadurch ergeben sich große Unterschiede zwischen statischen und dynamischen Anwendungen. Verschiedene Untersuchungen sollen vorgestellt und interpretiert werden, um das Auditorium auf verschiedene Herausforderungen aufmerksam zu machen und Lösungsansätze vorzustellen...
Recent developments in standards and IAEA guidance material for package load attachment points
(2018)
For transport package design and operation according to IAEA regulations, the package shall be securely stowed and its retention system shall be capable to withstand load conditions of routine transport. The supporting IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 provides information how to do that.
Up to now package designers in different countries use other load factors for the design of attachment points than those specified in the IAEA guidance material. In particular the acceleration values vary between different countries and lead to difficulties during the validation of foreign approval certificates. Therefore the IAEA started a discussion process to review the existing guidance text. An international working group was constituted in 2013. Representatives came from different stakeholders, e.g. transport operators, competent authorities and modal organizations. The discussions concluded especially on the transport conditions which has to be considered for stowage design, including on the one hand the relevance of the load factors used for strength and fatigue analysis and on the other hand the criteria which have to be considered for the attachment points.
Another standard with relevance to the load attachment of packages is ISO 10276. This standard deals with trunnion design, manufacturing and operational aspects. The regular standard revision phase started in 2017. An expert group discussed new state-of-the-art technology and proposed revised text for the ISO standard for international discussion.
The paper describes relevant tie-down aspects, gives background argumentation, and tries to support harmonized application of the revised IAEA guidance material and future ISO 10276 standard.
In practice, checks on dangerous goods transports often detect leaks of powdered dangerous goods from valved bags. In this work, the influence factors of a sudden release of powdery substances from the valves of valved bags were investigated. Drop tests were carried out on paper bags of UN design type 5M2 with internal sleeve valve using two different powdery substances (Esplas H130 and zinc oxide “Rotsiegel”). The internal sleeve valves of all test samples were not sift-proof with respect to both filling substances. For almost all test samples, the Esplas H130 powder already leaked out of pasted joints during manual filling. This is a contradiction to the requirement in UN 6.1.4.18.1, according to which closures and joints of paper bags 5M2 should be sift-proof. In the drop tests, longer valve lengths had a greater sealing effect for both filling substances (for filling degrees of at least 95% and for test samples which had already been mechanically loaded). As an extreme example, at the drop height of 1.20 m and a filling degree of 100%, the released amount of zinc oxide powder from a 10 cm long valve was about 16 times higher than from a valve length of 12.5 cm. The valve length is therefore a safety-relevant parameter and should be specified by the manufacturer. To ensure that only filling goods with similar physical properties in comparison to the test substance are used for valved bags, the user must be informed of the particle size of the test substance.
At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), within a recent research project, the aging process of composite pressure vessels is investigated in order to be able to give more accurate lifetime predictions in future. All investigations are primarily based on type III pressure vessels consisting of an aluminium tank which is fully wrapped with carbon fibre reinforced plastics. Research is focused on residual stresses which are induced into the pressure vessel during manufacturing process in order to increase high cycle fatigue. However, with increasing lifetime residual stress conditions of type III pressure vessels change. For measuring and monitoring inner stress conditions, the application of a non-destructive measurement method is aspired.
Within this paper, the potential of an experimental modal analysis is tested to determine aging and degradation effects of pressure vessels. Based on this method, information about changes of the residual stresses can be obtained via an analysis of the modal parameters. Realizing this, first a finite element model is used to prove and evaluate potential capability and validity for the application of an experimental modal analysis. Based on this, a test bench is set up and successively optimized in its accuracy and efficiency. The sensitivity of the applied measurement technique is experimentally evaluated via measuring multiple prestress modified pressure vessels. Furthermore, a selection of prestress modified pressure vessels is monitored via the presented method. Finally, experimentally obtained results are interpreted and evaluated with the help of numerically gained finding.
For many sealing applications rubbers are applied due to their special material properties and easy use. In many applications as e.g. in aviation, traffic or process technology the material can be exposed to low temperatures during operation. Therefore, it is important to know the material behaviour at those low temperatures to determine the temperature range that allows a safe operation of the seal.
In this work, we focus on the behaviour of elastomer seals at low temperatures with regard to potential decrease of leak-tightness or catastrophic seal failure of O-ring rubber seals. This is required as material properties of rubbers are strongly temperature dependent but their temperature application range is not always clearly defined.
Based on previous investigations which considered the physical material properties and the seal behaviour under purely static conditions we widen the focus on the sealing performance after a fast partial relief of compressed seals and additional materials.
For the investigations, different typical rubber seal materials were used as e.g. fluorocarbon (FKM), ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) and hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene (HNBR) rubber.
The correlation of the physical material properties with seal performance is studied. This includes as well purely static sealing applications as the performance during/after fast partial relief of seals at low temperatures.
In practice, checks on dangerous goods transports often detect leaks of powdered dangerous goods from valved bags. In this work, the influence factors of a sudden release of powdery substances from the valves of valved bags were investigated. Drop tests were carried out on paper bags of UN design type 5M2 with internal sleeve valve using two different powdery substances (Esplas H130 and zinc oxide “Rotsiegel”).
The internal sleeve valves of all test samples were not sift-proof with respect to both filling substances. For almost all test samples, the Esplas H130 powder already leaked out of pasted joints during manual filling. This is a contradiction to the requirement in UN 6.1.4.18.1, according to which closures and joints of paper bags 5M2 should be sift-proof.
In the drop tests, longer valve lengths had a greater sealing effect for both filling substances (for filling degrees of at least 95% and for test samples which had already been mechanically loaded). As an extreme example, at the drop height of 1.20 m and a filling degree of 100%, the released amount of zinc oxide powder from a 10 cm long valve was about 16 times higher than from a valve length of 12.5 cm. The valve length is therefore a safety-relevant parameter and should be specified by the manufacturer.
To ensure that only filling goods with similar physical properties in comparison to the test substance are used for valved bags, the user must be informed of the particle size of the test substance.
Heizöllagerbehälter aus Polyethylenformstoffen werden seit Beginn der 70-iger Jahre in Deutschland hergestellt. Die Hersteller empfehlen zur Gewährleistung der Sicherheit nach Ablauf von 30 Jahren den Ersatz dieser Behälter. Polyethylenformstoffe unterliegen im Laufe ihrer Nutzungsdauer der Alterung durch die Veränderung ihrer Eigenschaften. Das Ausmaß der Alterung und die Art des Abbauvorganges hängen im Wesentlichen vom chemischen Abbau des Polyethylens, der Wanddicke des Behälters und den Umgebungsbedingungen ab. Bisher lagen keine Untersuchungen zum Langzeitverhalten der Polyethylenformstoffe vor, insbesondere nach einer Nutzungsdauer der Tanks über 30 Jahre. Ziel der Untersu-chungen war, den tatsächlichen Schädigungsgrad der Polyethylenformstoffe im Vergleich zu den unbelasteten Formstoffen zu ermitteln. Da die BAM bis Mitte der 90-iger Jahre für die Prüfungen und Gutachten zur Zulassung dieser Behälter zuständig war, sind die Werkstoffdaten noch vorhanden.
Als Untersuchungsmethoden wurden die Bestimmung der Schmelze-Masse-Fließrate (MFR) und die Fourier-Transformation-IR-Spektroskopie (FTIR) von Tankausschnitten aus dem Bereich des Bodens, des Mantels und des Daches von 10 ausgesonderten Behältern aus den Polyethylenformstoffen A und B herangezogen. Die Messungen der MFR der Tankaus-schnitte aus diesen Bereichen zeigten Unterschiede in den Werten in Abhängigkeit vom Ge-wicht (5 kg oder 21,6 kg), welches eingesetzt wurde. Eine Abnahme der MFR-Werte wurde für die größere Anzahl der Tankwandungsausschnitte aus dem Formstoff B nach einer Lebensdauer der Tanks > 30 Jahre gemessen. Dieser Formstoff wurde hauptsächlich durch innere Alterung infolge Vernetzungen, Verzweigungen und Weichmacherverlust und weniger durch oxidativen Abbau geschädigt. Die FTIR-Messungen der Proben aus dem Bereich des Bodens und des Mantels der Tanks zeigten, dass die Intensität der asymmetrischen/symmetrischen CH2 -Streckschwingungen im Bereich: 2800 - 2900 cm-1 und der CH2 -Biegeverformungsschwingung bei 1400 cm-1 aufgrund von Kettenspaltungen zugenommen haben. Die Intensität der Carbonylstreckschwingung C=O bei 1740 cm-1 ist niedrig. Sie ist ein Maß für die Oxidation des Polymerwerkstoffes.
Component and material investigations on metal seals for high level radioactive waste containers
(2018)
In Germany casks for interim storage of spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste are equipped with Helicoflex® metal seals as main sealing barrier of the double lid system. The long-term behaviour of those seals is investigated at Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in order to evaluate the safety function of the containment at different temperatures over storage periods of 40 years or more in case extended interim storage becomes necessary.
Long-term investigations have been done for ageing times of up to 8.5 years at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150 °C. It was found that the seal force and useable resilience decrease over time, which is mainly caused by creep deformation of the aluminium (or silver) outer jacket of the seals. This effect becomes stronger with increasing temperature.
The ageing processes of the seal material and the overall seal behaviour is under investigation in order to derive analytical descriptions for the long-term seal performance. Thus, standardized tests on the basic seal materials, with focus on aluminium, and additional investigations on the seals as a component are conducted. The current investigations include compression and tension creep measurements as well as tensile testing. Furthermore, ageing of seal segments provides information on the development of the contact area width, jacket thickness and microstructural changes in dependence of time and temperature. The obtained data are used for the development of material models and an analytical approach to describe and predict the time and temperature dependent sealing behaviour in the long-term.
Assessment of Quality Management for Transport Packages not requiring Authority Design Approval
(2018)
The poster presents the german approach for the assessment of quality management systems for transport packages for radioactive material not requiring authority design approval. As legal basis the IAEA regulations, the ADR as well as the GGVSEB are highlighted and examples for these transport packages are given. The GGR 016 is mentioned, main duties and responsibilities as well as the manufacturing and quality surveillance system are described.
Typical transport packages used in Germany are equipped with encapsulated wooden impact limiting devices. We would like to present the current status regarding the development of a Finite Element (FE) material model for the crush of wood for the FE-code LS-DYNA. The crush of is a phenomenon governed by macroscopic fracture. Here, we would like to reproduce fracture and failure mechanisms over the continuous volume. In a first step we altered an existing LS-DYNA material model for foams, which considers an ellipse shaped yield surface. For the use for longitudinal compression of wood, we modified the existing material model to consider the deviatoric strain for the evolution of the yield surface as well. This is in accordance with the results of crush tests with spruce wood specimens, where the crushing deformation was rather deviatoric for uniaxial stress states and rather volumetric for multiaxial stress states We rate the basic idea of this approach to be reasonable, though other problems exist regarding the shape of the yield surface and the assumption of isotropic material properties. Therefore we developed a new transversal isotropic material model with two main directions, which considers different yield curves according to the multiaxiality of the stress state via a multi-surface yield criterion and a non-associated flow rule. The results show the ability to reproduce the basic strength characteristics of spruce wood. Nevertheless, problems with regularization etc. show that additional investigations are necessary.
The paper focuses on the preliminary determination of the bar length and the experimental performance of the 1m-puncture test in compliance with the guidelines of the IAEA under the given boundary conditions. Following aspects have to be considered concerning the determination of an appropriate length of the bar to obtain maximum damage to the specimen: the design of the package, its drop orientation and the impact point as well as a pre-damage of the package resulting from a previous 9m drop test. According to the Regulations the minimum length of the bar is defined as 20 cm, which has to be adapted to the outer surface of the package, especially to packages with large impact limiters.
In this context, two main aspects are important: First, the realisation of a maximum puncture load applied to the package while no other component of the package has contact with the impact target. Second, the reduction of the risk of buckling and maximising the stiffness of the bar by a length which is as short as possible. In order to optimize the bar length, finite element calculations are often done by simulating the global behaviour of the package during the puncture test. The evaluation of the conducted puncture test regarding IAEA compliance is done by analysing deceleration measurements. The paper presents a possible approach to determine the length of the bar and the construction of a form-fitted connection to the target showing various examples of puncture tests.
A preliminary analysis has been presented on the advantages for Mexico to migrate the cargo from trucking to railways. While the approach is highly unrealistic, it describes interesting figures that should animate the interest of Mexico to develop its railway infrastructure. Adverse situations due to the topographic characteristics of the mostly populated area of Mexico. The data presented in this paper suggest that the building of railway infrastructure is economically feasible.
BAM is the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and the competent authority for mechanical and thermal safety assessment of transport packages for spent fuel and high level waste. In context with safety assessment of RAM packages BAM performed numerous drop tests in the last decades. The tests were mostly accompanied by extensive and various measurement techniques especially by instrumented measurements with strain gages and accelerometers.
The procedure of drop testing and the resulting measurement analysis are the main methods to evaluate the safety against mechanical test conditions. Measurement techniques are dedicated to answer questions in regard to the structural integrity of a RAM package, the mechanical behavior of the prototype as well as of its content under impact conditions.
Test results like deceleration-time functions constitute a main basis for the validation of assumptions in the safety analysis and for the evaluation of numerical calculations. In this context the adequate selection of accelerometers and measurement systems for the performance of drop tests is important. Therefore it is not only necessary to find suitable positions for the accelerometers at the test specimens, but also to consider technical boundary conditions as e.g. temperature.
Drop testing of a container for the storage, transport and disposal of intermediate level waste
(2018)
Impact tests were performed, as part of a corresponding container’s substantiation, during design development of a shielded container proposed for use at Sellafield for waste retrieval from the First Generation Magnox Storage Pond (FGMSP) in the UK.
The mechanical test program comprised a 9m free drop test onto an unyielding target in a container long lid edge down orientation at ambient conditions. Further, a 0,5m free drop test onto a punch target was performed. Here, the container was orientated with the lid downwards in a way that the punch, a mild steel bar, impacts a filter lid.
The test specimen was instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers for the drop tests. Transient strains at selected points of the inner and outer container walls, at the shielding lid, as well as at the lid bolts were measured during the container’s impact. Furthermore, decelerations of the container body, container lid, and the skip were measured. The complex geometrical changes of the container due to impact were determined by optical 3d- deformation measures using the projected fringes method in combination with multi-image photogrammetry.
This paper summarizes the performance of the drop tests and various drop test results in context with the design development as well as aspects regarding the associated Finite Element (FE) analyses and post-test evaluation.
For transport operations according IAEA regulations SSR-6, the package shall be securely stowed and the package shall be capable to withstand specific effects, e.g. accelerations, during routine transport conditions. The supporting IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 provides information how to do that. General information and detailed load factors for use in safety demonstrations are provided.
Up to now package designers in different countries use other load factors for the design of attachment points than those specified in the IAEA guidance material. In particular the acceleration factors vary between different countries and lead to difficulties during the validation of foreign approval certificates. The background of the existing guidance including specified load values was not clear enough. The application of specified values and the boundary conditions, i.e. transport conditions, seemed to be improvable.
The IAEA started a discussion process to review the existing guidance text. An international working group was constituted in 2013. Representatives came from different stakeholders, e.g. transport operators, competent authorities and modal organizations. The discussions concluded especially on the transport conditions which has to be considered for stowage design, including on the one hand the relevance of the load factors used for strength and fatigue analysis and, on the other hand the criteria which have to be considered for the attachment points. In addition, complementary questions relative to the operational aspects were discussed. Revised load values for different transport modes were proposed. The values are derived from standards and include safety factors now.
As a result of those discussions, the international working group wrote new guidance material for stowage in transport, addressing all the previously quoted topics.
Update on Work and Meetings in Germany about the Spent Fuel Behavior for Transport and Storage
(2018)
The presentation gives an update about the work on the spent fuel behavior for transport and storage in Germany. Recent developments and meetings are discussed. In this context the results of the hot cell tests on fuel rod segments performed at JRC in Karslruhe in collaboration with BAM are shown. Furthermore, a new research project about the investigations on potential brittle failure of cladding materials under long-term dry interim storage conditions, which is currently starting at BAM 3.4 is presented.
Transport and storage containers for low and midlevel radioactive waste are getting more and more of relevance due to the nuclear phase out decision in 2011. For higher activities Type B(U) approved waste containers will be needed for the shut down and dismantling phases of NPPs. It is expected that large quantities are required in the near future. German waste containers are generally approved for transport and interim storage and are also intended for the final disposal in the Konrad repository. BAM is involved in the authority licensing of transport package designs in Germany. In this context, BAM is responsible for the assessment of safe containment, mechanical, thermal and quality management issues. BAM also operates test facilities and performs drop as well as thermal tests during package licensing procedures.
This paper summarizes our experience in the transport package design assessment of Type B(U) waste containers. A general overview of the approval process, the requirements and approaches BAM applies are described. Some examples are used to illustrate different aspects and technical issues we are addressing during the package assessment. In the first part of the paper the specific design aspects of German waste containers are described. Here, a general overview is given e.g. about closure systems, impact limiter designs, and the handling concepts. Furthermore, the wide range of radioactive content and their physical behavior including the impact on the packages assessment are described. The second part is focused on questions about the licensing and assessment process of German waste containers from the BAM authority point of view. The general approaches for the strategy of demonstration are outlined on the basis of the test conditions according to IAEA Regulations SSR-6. Furthermore, particular issues of the mechanical and thermal assessment with respect to the specific test conditions are discussed. For accident conditions of transport, aspects to be mentioned are e.g. the assessment of the lid bolts, the axial gap applied between content and lid, and the thermal behavior of the wood filled impact limiter after the fire test. However, issues of the assessment for routine and normal conditions of transport are addressed in this paper, too. The intention of this paper is introduce recent approval procedure experience in Germany, describing technical evaluation issues and so reduce rounds of questions during applications.
Aufgrund zwischenstaatlicher Verträge werden in den nächsten Jahrzehnten zahlreiche Transporte von hoch radioaktiven Abfällen notwendig. Die BAM führt die Bauartprüfung von dafür vorgesehenen Castor-Behältern durch. In diesem Zusammenhang sind 17 Fallprüfungen durchgeführt worden. Ergänzt werden diese durch komplexe numerische Analysen, die die BAM prüft und eigene Modellierungen vornimmt. Der Beitrag stellt darüber hinaus das mehrjährige Validierungsverfahren zur Akzeptanz der bruchmechanischen Berechnungswerkzeuge vor.
Das Einsatzspektrum von den besonders leichten Druckbehältern aus Faserverbund-werkstoffen erweitert sich kontinuierlich. Dies führt dazu, dass mit der erweiterten Verwendung auch die thermisch zulässigen Einsatzgrenzen dieser Behälter ausgeschöpft und sogar teilweise überschritten werden. So können bspw. Atemluftflaschen im Brandeinsatz der Feuerwehr an der Behälteroberfläche derart hohen Umgebungstemperaturen ausgesetzt werden, dass die zulässige Höchsttemperatur von 65 °C deutlich überschritten wird.
Durch experimentelle Temperaturversuche an Typ-III-Atemluftflaschen mit einem Innenbehälter aus Aluminium konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei der Brandbekämpfung die untersuchten Atemluftflaschen lokal über das in der Zulassung abgeprüfte Temperaturspektrum erhitzt werden. Der Glasübergangsbereich des Faserverbundwerkstoffs wird partiell um bis zu 95 °C überschritten. Um die reale Sicherheit der Atemluftflasche bewerten zu können, wurde ein analytisches Hybridbehältermodell entwickelt, das die Beanspruchungen mit validierten Materialtemperaturverläufen berechnet. Mit der Einbindung von Schädigungsansätzen konnte ein bisher nicht hinreichend beachtetes thermisches Degradationsverhalten in den Berechnungen berücksichtigt werden. Zudem wurden insgesamt 90 altersbedingt ausgesonderte Feuerwehr-Atemluftflaschen zerstörend geprüft, um nähere Erkenntnisse über den Sicherheitszustand am Ende der Lebenszeit zu erhalten.
In diesem Kolloquium werden Forschungsergebnisse vorgestellt, die im Rahmen einer Promotionsarbeit die Auswirkungen dieser erhöhten thermischen Betriebslasten auf eine Typ-III-Atemluftflasche mit einem Innenbehälter aus Aluminium darstellen und bewerten.
Wasserdruckprüfung kann entfallen: Schutzziel definieren, Qualitätssichernde Maßnahmen während der Herstellung, Nachweise der vorhandenen Qualität muss stetig erfolgen mittels: Betriebsüberwachung, zfP Bewertung des Standes der Technik: Zustandsorientierte Instandhaltung/Inspektion, Reduzierung von Ausfallzeiten durch optimierten Betrieb
Biofuels including ethanol and biodiesel (FAME) represent a renewable fuel alternative to petroleum-derived transport fuels. The aim of this work was to study the interaction between high density polyethylene (HDPE) with permeation barriers in form of polyamide (PA) and fluorination, and biofuels such as E85 (fuel with 85 % ethanol), biodiesel and B10 (heating oil with 10 % biodiesel). 10 l jerrycans made of polyethylene with permeation barrier of PA were filled with E85 and biodiesel and exposed to temperatures of 20 °C and 40 °C for 5 years. Half of the 20 l jerrycans of HDPE for filling with B10 were fluorinated at the inner layer to prevent permeation before the exposure. Tensile properties were determined once a year, and FTIR-spectroscopy was used to evaluate possible changes.
The tensile properties tensile strength and breaking elongation of HDPE jerrycan cuttings with permeation barrier decreased, but not significantly, after immersion in E85, biodiesel and B10. The elasticity modulus of the polyethylene grades was especially reduced during exposure to E85.
The FTIR spectra of HDPE jerrycan cuttings with permeation barrier showed that immersion tests for five years with the test fuels at 20 °C and 40 °C did not lead to a decomposition of the permeation barriers.
Der Vortrag illustriert den Stand und die Herausforderungen im Rahmen der Behälter-Bauartprüfungen für das Endlager Konrad. Ausgehend von den Grundlagen der Bauartprüfung und die aktuelle Situation bei den Antragsverfahren werden die fachlichen Begutachtungsschwerpunkte sowie Maßnahmen zur Optimierung Prozess- und Verfahrenssteuerung erläutert.
This Presentation adresses the major needs and challenges of qualification processes for nuclear waste packages performed by BAM. Packages include those for high level radioactive waste like spent fuel as well as those for low and intermediate level waste to be disposed of in the Konrad repository.
Beginning with the current German nuclear waste management policy design testing capabilities and experience at BAM is explained followed by illustrating the major strategic process to identify future challenges including specific R&D needs.
The monitoring of oil and gas pipelines by means of distributed fibre optic sensors is becoming common. The most recent development in the field of fibre optic sensing is the distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), which allows to detect and to localize third party threats to pipelines. For this purpose, fibre optic telecommunication cables located close to the pipelines are usually used. However, DAS carries a far greater potential for continuous condition monitoring of pipelines.
The interdisciplinary research project AGIFAMOR (Ageing Infrastructures – Fibre Optic Monitoring of Pipes) at BAM investigates a new technical approach to extend the application field of DAS towards the detection and localization of acoustic signals that indicate critical alterations and certain damage scenarios originated from within the pipeline or the pipe wall. Therefore, the optical fibre sensors are applied onto the pipe itself and the application procedure towards an optimal acoustic signal transduction is optimized.
A number of laboratory scale experiments were performed focusing on the signal transmission of acoustic signals as well as the detection of damage in the pipe wall by means of DAS. Furthermore, real-scale tests on a pipeline DN100 of 38 m length have been carried out at the BAM test site for technical safety (BAM-TTS) to study the detection and localization of leaks and of changing flow profiles due to corrosion or sedimentation processes.
Fachinformationssystem Datenbank GEFAHRGUT - Jetzt auch Hilfe bei der Kennzeichnung der Umweltgefahr
(2018)
Um Gefahrgutumschließungen richtig kennzeichnen zu können ist es erforderlich zu wissen, ob ein Stoff umweltgefährdende Eigenschaften hat. Als Informationsquelle hierfür kann sowohl die Rechercheanwendung der Datenbank GEFAHRGUT als auch die Daten des Gefahrgutdatenservices im BAM-Nummern-System als auch im UN-Nummern-Systems verwendet werden.
Heizöllagerbehälter aus Kunststoffen (z.B. Polyethylen) sind für einen sicheren Betrieb von 30 Jahren, dem Zeitraum der Produkthaftung, ausgelegt. Die Tankhersteller empfehlen zur Gewährleistung der Sicherheit nach Ablauf von 30 Jahren den Ersatz dieser Behälter. Kunststoffe unterliegen im Laufe ihrer Nutzungsdauer der Alterung durch die Veränderung ihrer Eigenschaften. Das Ausmaß der Alterung und die Art des Abbauvorganges hängen im Wesentlichen vom chemischen Abbau des Kunststoffes, der Wanddicke des Behälters und den Umgebungsbedingungen ab. Aufgrund der Komplexität der Alterungsvorgänge sind Aussagen zum Langzeitverhalten bzw. zur Lebensdauer der Heizöllagerbehälter ohne geeignete Langzeitprüfungen problematisch. Bisher liegen keine Untersuchungen zum Langzeitverhalten der Kunststoffe vor, insbesondere nach einer Nutzungsdauer über 20 Jahre. In der BDH-Broschüre: Effiziente Systeme und erneuerbare Energien wird darauf hingewiesen, dass ca. 45 % der Heizöllagerbehälter aus Kunststoffen in Deutschland 26 Jahre und älter sind. Viele dieser Tankanlagen sind zudem noch nie von einem Sachverständigen überprüft worden. Schätzungen gehen davon aus, dass mehr als 10.000.000 Tankanlagen aus Kunststoffen in Deutschland vor 1987 errichtet wurden.
Ziel der Untersuchungen ist, den Schädigungsgrad der Kunststoffe im Vergleich zu den unbelasteten Werkstoffen zu ermitteln. Da die BAM bis Ende der 80-iger Jahre für die Zulassung dieser Behälter zuständig war, sind die Daten über den eingesetzten Werkstoff für den Vergleich noch vorhanden. Der Bundesverband Lagerbehälter e.V. und das Institut für Wärme und Oeltechnik (IWO) befürworten diese Untersuchungen, um eine Überalterung der Tankanlagen zu vermeiden. Diese Überalterung könnte die zukünftige Gefahr für die Heizöltankanlage sein, nicht der Wettbewerb mit anderen Energieformen.
Parameter study for CFD in the bottle – grid resolution plays an important role on the temperature at the specific positions, 2D axi-symetrical calculation is a sufficient solution strategy in regards to the examined particular Problem. The intensity of filling process can be controlled by pressure “User defined function” provided by experiments. Numerical simulation demonstrated feasibility to predict temperature progress during the filling process successfully validated by experiments. The turbulent model k-w SST is the best strategy for the turbulent property calculations. The most intensive turbulent kinetic energy appeared in the middle region of the pressure bottle, the impact of the eddy viscosity on the wall was mostly in the wall region.
TAHYA Kick-Off Meeting
(2018)