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- Industry 4.0 (13)
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- High-entropy alloy (10)
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- Hydrogen embrittlement (10)
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- Ionizing radiation (10)
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- Nano aerial robot (10)
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- Specialised information system (10)
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- AM (9)
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- BAM List (9)
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- Dangerous Goods Quickinfo (9)
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- In situ monitoring (9)
- In-situ monitoring (9)
- Indirect hard modeling (9)
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- Laserstrahlschweißen (9)
- Layerwise slurry deposition (9)
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- MVT (9)
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- Multiscale model (9)
- Non-Destructive Testing (9)
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- Bauteilprüfung (8)
- Bauwerksüberwachung (8)
- Benchtop NMR (8)
- Bonding Analysis (8)
- Bridges (8)
- C-F bond activation (8)
- Chemically Complex Materials (8)
- Cladding (8)
- Composite pressure vessel (8)
- Composite pressure vessels (8)
- Composite-Druckgefäße (8)
- Core-shell particles (8)
- Cultural heritage (8)
- DNA radiation damage (8)
- Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM) (8)
- Data Analysis (8)
- Deactivation pathways (8)
- Defects (8)
- Dielectric spectroscopy (8)
- Digitization (8)
- Disposal (8)
- Duplex (8)
- Electron backscatter diffraction (8)
- Emission spectroscopy (8)
- Environmental monitoring (8)
- Epoxy (8)
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- Genetics (8)
- Geometric Phase (8)
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- Heat control (8)
- Heterogeneity (8)
- Hybrid laser arc welding (8)
- Hygiene (8)
- In-situ (8)
- Isotope dilution (8)
- Isotopic shift (8)
- Korundschleifen (8)
- LPG (8)
- LTCC (8)
- Laser implantation (8)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS (8)
- Layer formation (8)
- Leakage rate (8)
- Life sciences (8)
- Low Cycle Fatigue (8)
- Magnetocaloric (8)
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- Material Science (8)
- Material moisture (8)
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- Microscopy (8)
- Mikrolegierungseinfluss (8)
- Mikrostruktur (8)
- Modular Production (8)
- Monte-Carlo simulation (8)
- NMR-Spektroskopie (8)
- NbC (8)
- Near ambient pressure xray photo electron spectroscopy (8)
- Nondestructive Testing (8)
- Online (8)
- Orientation (8)
- Oxygen evolution reaction (8)
- PBF-LB/M (8)
- PS (8)
- Particle size (8)
- Persistence (8)
- Phased Array (8)
- Phased array (8)
- Phosphates (8)
- Pigment (8)
- Polymorphism (8)
- Post weld heat treatment (8)
- Prehydrated electron (8)
- Prozess-Sensoren 4.0 (8)
- Prüfmethoden (8)
- Pyrolysis (8)
- QI-Digital (8)
- Quality infrastructure (8)
- RFID sensors (8)
- Radiotherapy (8)
- Reduced volume method (8)
- Reference Material (8)
- Regulations (8)
- Reverse glass painting (8)
- Ringversuche (8)
- SEM/EDX (8)
- Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (8)
- Scanning electron microscopy (8)
- Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (8)
- Stahl (8)
- Strahlenschutz (8)
- Thermal Runaway (8)
- Verwertung (8)
- Wirbelstrom (8)
- X-ray fluorescence (8)
- XANES spectroscopy (8)
- Xray photo electron spectrocopy (8)
- Zinkdeckschichten (8)
- AES (7)
- ASR (7)
- Absolute fluorescence quantum yield (7)
- Abwasser (7)
- Admixtures (7)
- Alloy modification (7)
- Archäometrie (7)
- Artificial neural networks (7)
- Atmospheric pressure plasma (7)
- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (7)
- Austenitic stainless steels (7)
- BBodSchV (7)
- Bauprodukte (7)
- Betonstahl (7)
- Betriebsfestigkeit (7)
- Bioinformatics (7)
- Biozide (7)
- Black fungi (7)
- Blast (7)
- Blast injury (7)
- Building Materials (7)
- CCMat (7)
- CCQM (7)
- CLP-Verordnung (7)
- Calcium cobaltite (7)
- Calcium sulfate (7)
- Carbon steel (7)
- Carbonation (7)
- Centrifugal Adhesion Testing (CAT) (7)
- Chemical composition (7)
- Chlorine (7)
- Coherent Heterodyne (7)
- Construction products (7)
- Container (7)
- Corrosion products (7)
- Corundum grinding (7)
- Crack healing (7)
- Cutting tools (7)
- Cyclic R-curve (7)
- DED-arc (7)
- Damage detection (7)
- Diesel (7)
- Digital Image Correlation (7)
- Digital Twin (7)
- Digital transformation (7)
- Direct damage (7)
- Dislocation (7)
- Dissociative electron attachment (DEA) (7)
- Dissociative electron transfer (DET) (7)
- ESCA (7)
- Ecodesign (7)
- Ecotoxicity (7)
- Electrocatalysis (7)
- Epoxy resin (7)
- Evacuation (7)
- Faserverbundwerkstoffe (7)
- Finite element analysis (7)
- Fire test (7)
- Fireball (7)
- Flammschutz (7)
- Flourescence (7)
- Fluoreszenz (7)
- Foaming (7)
- Foundations (7)
- Fracture Mechanics (7)
- Fungus (7)
- GD-OES (7)
- Gamma radiation (7)
- Gasflaschenventile (7)
- Gefahrstoffverordnung (7)
- Gefährdungsbeurteilung (7)
- Geophysics (7)
- HNBR (7)
- High-power laser (7)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (7)
- Hot cracking (7)
- Hydrated DNA (7)
- Hydrated electron (7)
- Hydration (7)
- Hydration shell (7)
- Hydrodynamic model (7)
- Hydrogen storage (7)
- Implants (7)
- In-situ Monitoring (7)
- Inconel 718 (7)
- Indirect damage (7)
- Interim storage (7)
- Interlaboratory Comparison (7)
- Ionic Liquid crystals (7)
- Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (7)
- Kriechen (7)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (7)
- Kupfer (7)
- Laser Thermography (7)
- Laser beam melting (7)
- Laser induced plasma deposition (7)
- Leakage (7)
- Lebensdauer (7)
- Lignin (7)
- Lithium-ion batteries (7)
- Low temperature (7)
- Luftgekoppelter Ultraschall (7)
- Machining (7)
- Markthochlauf (7)
- Medium Entropy Alloys (7)
- Messtechnik (7)
- Metal matrix composite (7)
- Metrologie (7)
- Microcracking (7)
- Milling (7)
- Model order reduction (7)
- Modul für Beförderungspapier (7)
- Nachrechnung (7)
- Nano particle (7)
- NanoSIMS (7)
- Nanoplastic (7)
- Net-ionization reaction (7)
- Niobium carbide (NbC) (7)
- Numerische Simulation (7)
- Oberflächenanalytik (7)
- Open data (7)
- Organic peroxide (7)
- Ortsbewegliche Druckgeräte (7)
- P92 (7)
- PES (7)
- PFOA (7)
- PFOS (7)
- Papierasche (7)
- Particle scattering simulations (7)
- Particles (7)
- Phenotypic diversity (7)
- Physical phenomenology (7)
- Pile foundations (7)
- Pitting corrosion (7)
- Plume (7)
- Polyaniline (7)
- Polymer optical fibre (7)
- Polyurethane (7)
- Process Control (7)
- Prüflaboratorien (7)
- Quantitative NMR spectroscopy (7)
- Quantitative spectroscopy (7)
- Quasi-direct damage (7)
- REM (7)
- RFID (7)
- Radical (7)
- Radioactive (7)
- Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme (7)
- Residual Stresses (7)
- Resistance evolution (7)
- Rohstoffliches Recycling (7)
- Rostasche (7)
- SERS (7)
- STXM (7)
- Schienenprüfung (7)
- Schwermetalle (7)
- Screening (7)
- Selective Laser Melting (7)
- Semiconductor (7)
- SensRef (7)
- Sialic acid (7)
- Sicherheitsdatenblatt (7)
- Single cell (7)
- Single particle spectroscopy (7)
- Single-strand break (SSB) (7)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (7)
- Smarte Sensoren (7)
- Smouldering (7)
- Specialised Information System (7)
- Structural integrity (7)
- Surface group analysis (7)
- TF Material (7)
- TMDSC (7)
- TPED (7)
- Thermisches Durchgehen (7)
- Thermoresponsive polymer (7)
- Tolerance (7)
- Topas (7)
- Tribologie (7)
- Ultrakurze Laserpulse (7)
- Umweltgefährdend (7)
- Variational Bayesian (7)
- Vessels (7)
- Volatile organic compounds (7)
- WAXS (7)
- Warfarin (7)
- Weld pool shape (7)
- Werkstoffe (7)
- Zündquellen (7)
- 1d laser (6)
- 2. SprengV (6)
- 3D (6)
- AISI 316L (6)
- AKR (6)
- ATEX (6)
- Ab initio simulations (6)
- Acceptance rate (6)
- Adsorbed Layer (6)
- Aerial robot (6)
- Alumina (6)
- Amorphous phases (6)
- Analytical method (6)
- Analytical model (6)
- Antikörper (6)
- Applications (6)
- Arc welding (6)
- Artificial Intelligence (6)
- Atmospheric Corrosion (6)
- Austenitic stainless steel (6)
- BEMMA (6)
- BOS (6)
- BPA (6)
- Bahnerschütterungen (6)
- Battery (6)
- Bioactive (6)
- Biocomposite (6)
- Biocorrosion (6)
- Bodenmaterial (6)
- CALPHAD (6)
- Cancer (6)
- Capillary electrophoresis (6)
- Carbon (6)
- Cascade impactor (6)
- Characterisation (6)
- Cleavable probe (6)
- Cockroach (6)
- Condition monitoring (6)
- Conformity Assessment (6)
- Crack propagation (6)
- Crystal Engineering (6)
- Crystal plasticity (6)
- DTBP (6)
- Damage characterization (6)
- Damage evolution (6)
- Data Fusion (6)
- Datenfusion (6)
- Defect detection (6)
- Deflagration (6)
- Depth-profiling (6)
- Design methods (6)
- Detection (6)
- Dichtheit (6)
- Digitaler Zwilling (6)
- Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor (6)
- Distributed fiber optic sensing (6)
- Distributed fiber sensing (6)
- Drinking water (6)
- Dynamics (6)
- EN 16516 (6)
- EPTIS (6)
- Eisenbahn (6)
- Elastomer (6)
- Electromagnetic backing (6)
- Emerging pollutants (6)
- Endlager (6)
- Endlagerbehälter (6)
- Energy label (6)
- Energy labelling (6)
- Environmental analysis (6)
- Environmentally hazardous substance (6)
- Erdgasnetz (6)
- Erneuerbare Energien (6)
- Erosion (6)
- FKM (6)
- Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde (6)
- Fatigue crack growth (6)
- Fiber optic sensor (6)
- Fire stability (6)
- Flexible crystals (6)
- Fluorescence standard (6)
- Foam (6)
- Formaldehyd (6)
- GEXRF (6)
- GMA Welding (6)
- Gas Tomography (6)
- Gas sensing (6)
- Gas sensor (6)
- Gas tomography (6)
- Geokunststoffe (6)
- Glass ceramic (6)
- Glass fiber reinforced polymers (6)
- Grain size (6)
- Grazing exit (6)
- Guided waves (6)
- HR-CS-AAS (6)
- High temperature (6)
- High temperature corrosion (6)
- High-Resolution Continuum Source Molecular Absorption Spectrometry (6)
- High-entropy alloys (6)
- High-temperature corrosion (6)
- Hollow Specimen Technique (6)
- Holz (6)
- Holzschutz (6)
- Humboldt Codices (6)
- Hydrogen safety (6)
- ISO/IEC 27001 (6)
- Ignition source (6)
- Implant-Test (6)
- In situ real-time monitoring (6)
- Indoor air quality (6)
- Inks (6)
- Integral range (6)
- Internal defects (6)
- Intumescent coating (6)
- Isotope reference material (6)
- Joint sparsity (6)
- Klassifizierung (6)
- Klebfestigkeit (6)
- Konrad (6)
- Korrosionsverhalten (6)
- Künstliche Bewitterung (6)
- LC-ELISA (6)
- LFIA (6)
- Lab automation (6)
- Laminography (6)
- Laser array (6)
- Leather (6)
- Lebensdauervorhersage (6)
- Lifetime encoding (6)
- Lithium-Ionen-Batterie (6)
- Low-cost (6)
- MIP (6)
- MOF (6)
- Magnetic Beads (6)
- Magnetic field (6)
- Mantelverordnung (6)
- Mapping (6)
- Martensitic stainless steels (6)
- Martensitic steel (6)
- Materialcharakterisierung (6)
- Mechanism (6)
- Metal phosphonates (6)
- Metallene Werkstoffe (6)
- Method development (6)
- Microbeads (6)
- Mikroplastik-Analytik (6)
- Modalanalyse (6)
- Model updating (6)
- Moisture transport (6)
- Molecular absorption (6)
- Mycotoxin (6)
- Nanoindentation (6)
- Nanomaterial classification (6)
- Nanomaterialien (6)
- Nanoplastics (6)
- Neutronenbeugung (6)
- Neutronensonde (6)
- Nitrogen (6)
- Normen (6)
- Notches (6)
- Nuclear (6)
- Nucleation (6)
- Online monitoring (6)
- Optical assays (6)
- Optical fiber sensor (6)
- Optical quantification (6)
- PTFE (6)
- Package (6)
- Particle scattering (6)
- Passivschicht (6)
- Permeation (6)
- Physikalische Gefahren (6)
- Plattform MaterialDigital (6)
- Polyethylen (6)
- Polymerization (6)
- Pool fire (6)
- Pores (6)
- ProMoAM (6)
- Prüfrichtlinie (6)
- Purity (6)
- Quality control (6)
- Quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie (6)
- Radioactive decay (6)
- Radiographie (6)
- Reibung (6)
- Release (6)
- Repair (6)
- Richtlinie (6)
- Robotic melting (6)
- Röntgen-Refraktion (6)
- Röntgenstrahlung (6)
- SI traceability (6)
- Safety assessment (6)
- Sample performance chart (6)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (6)
- Schweißnaht (6)
- Schweißprozessparameter (6)
- Sediment (6)
- Self-healing (6)
- Semantic Interoperability (6)
- Semantic Web Technologies (6)
- Sensibilisierung (6)
- Sensor network (6)
- Sensoren (6)
- Sewage sludge ash (6)
- Shape (6)
- Shore hardness (6)
- SiO2 (6)
- Sift-proofness (6)
- Signal processing (6)
- Silica (6)
- Silver (6)
- Sintern (6)
- Soda-lime silicate glass (6)
- Soil-structure interaction (6)
- Spannbetonbauwerke (6)
- Speciation analysis (6)
- Spent nuclear fuel (6)
- Struvite (6)
- Submerged arc welding (6)
- Surface (6)
- Swarm (6)
- TPU (6)
- TRGS (6)
- Tank (6)
- Tanks (6)
- Termites (6)
- Test material (6)
- Thin polymer films (6)
- Titanium dioxide (6)
- Transducer (6)
- Transformation (6)
- Ultraschallwandler (6)
- Ultrasonic Guided Waves (6)
- Upconversion nanocrystal (6)
- Upconversion nanoparticle (6)
- Upconverting nanoparticles (6)
- VCSEL (6)
- VCSEL array (6)
- Verbundfestigkeit (6)
- Verschlussbauwerke (6)
- Virtual wave (6)
- Wasserstoffversprödung (6)
- Workflow (6)
- ZCF (6)
- Zement (6)
- Zentrifugentechnologie (6)
- Zerspanung (6)
- ZfP 4.0 (6)
- Zinküberzüge (6)
- Zwischenlagerung (6)
- i-TRIBOMAT (6)
- AI (5)
- Acetylen (5)
- Acrylamide (5)
- Advanced Materials (5)
- Air quality monitoring (5)
- Air-coupled (5)
- Air-coupled ultrasonic testing (5)
- Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (5)
- Aluminium alloy (5)
- Ammonia (5)
- Analyse (5)
- Analytical Sciences (5)
- Anhydrite (5)
- Anthropogenic markers (5)
- Antibodies (5)
- Antimicrobial Resistance (5)
- Artificial intelligence (5)
- AuNP (5)
- BFR (5)
- BLEVE (5)
- BOFS (5)
- Batteries (5)
- Bauartprüfung (5)
- Bayesian Statistics (5)
- Beförderung (5)
- Beständigkeit (5)
- Betonfahrbahndecke (5)
- Bewertung (5)
- Bewitterung (5)
- Biobased polymers (5)
- Biocide tolerance (5)
- Biomimetics (5)
- Boron isotopes (5)
- Brandversuch (5)
- Brillouin (5)
- Böden (5)
- C-OTDR (5)
- COMAR (5)
- Carbamazepin (5)
- Carbon dioxide (5)
- Carbon steels (5)
- Carrier gas hot extraction (5)
- Cathodic delamination (5)
- Cellular polypropylene (5)
- Certified reference materials (5)
- Charakterisierung (5)
- Charpy impact toughness (5)
- Chemometrie (5)
- Coatings (5)
- Coda Wave Interferometry (5)
- Combustion ion chromatography (5)
- Comparability (5)
- Compatible solute (5)
- Composite cylinder (5)
- Composite structures (5)
- Concrete pavements (5)
- Consequences (5)
- Construction and demolition waste (5)
- Copolymer (5)
- Coptic (5)
- Crack detection (5)
- Cylinder (5)
- Cytop (5)
- DED-Arc (5)
- DICONDE (5)
- DNA damage (5)
- DRIFTS (5)
- DSC (5)
- DVS (5)
- Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (5)
- Data (5)
- Data processing (5)
- Deep penetration laser beam welding (5)
- Delta values (5)
- Diffusion coefficient (5)
- Digitale Transformation (5)
- Digitaler Reifegrad (5)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) (5)
- Double-strand break (DSB) (5)
- Drop testing (5)
- Droplet corrosion (5)
- Ductile cast iron (5)
- Düngemittel (5)
- Dünger (5)
- EDC (5)
- EFQM-excellence-model (5)
- EMPIR project (5)
- EOF (5)
- EPDM (5)
- EXAFS (5)
- Ectoin (5)
- Eddy Current (5)
- Egress (5)
- Elastomers (5)
- Electron irradiation (5)
- Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) (5)
- Electrospray deposition (5)
- Elutionsverfahren (5)
- Emissionen (5)
- Encoding (5)
- Environmental Simulation (5)
- Environmental stress cracking (5)
- Erstarrungsriss (5)
- Estrich (5)
- Evakuierung (5)
- Existing structures (5)
- Extended interim storage (5)
- FAIR data management (5)
- FPIA (5)
- Faseroptik (5)
- Fast Scanning Calorimetry (5)
- Fatigue tests (5)
- Feinkornbaustahl (5)
- Fertilizer (5)
- Fibre optic sensors (5)
- Fire behaviour (5)
- Fireworks (5)
- Flame retardants (5)
- Fluorescence decay kinetics (5)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (5)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (5)
- Freibewitterung (5)
- Functionalization (5)
- Fungi (5)
- Fußboden (5)
- GDMS (5)
- Gas source localization (5)
- Gaseous hydrogen (5)
- Gefahrenklasse (5)
- Geopolymer (5)
- Gichtgasschlamm (5)
- Glutaraldehyde (5)
- Großversuch (5)
- Grundwasser (5)
- Gründungsstrukturen (5)
- Hazardous substances (5)
- Heißriss (5)
- Heißrisse (5)
- High Entropy Alloys (5)
- High entropy alloy (5)
- High-throughput (5)
- Hybrid laser-arc welding (5)
- Hydraulic reactivity (5)
- Hydroformylierung (5)
- Hydroxyectoine (5)
- Hydroxyl radicals (5)
- ISO 16000-6 (5)
- ISO/IEC 17025 (5)
- Image analysis (5)
- Image processing (5)
- Impact limiter (5)
- Impurities (5)
- Infrared thermography (5)
- Inspektion (5)
- Instrumentierte Eindringprüfung (5)
- Intermetallics (5)
- Intumescence (5)
- Iron aluminides (5)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (5)
- Iron-gall ink (5)
- Isotope fractionation (5)
- Kaltriss (5)
- Kaltrisse (5)
- Kathodische Enthaftung (5)
- Keramik (5)
- Klärschlammasche (5)
- Klärschlammverordnung (5)
- Knoevenagel condensation (5)
- Knowledge graph and ontologies (5)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahn (5)
- Kunststoffe (5)
- LC-MS/MS (5)
- LIPSS (5)
- LMD (5)
- Lab-on-a-chip (5)
- Laser cladding (5)
- Laser-induced X-ray emission (5)
- Lichtbogensensorik (5)
- Liquid chromatography (5)
- Load transfer (5)
- Long-term behavior (5)
- Lubricants (5)
- MALDI (5)
- ML (5)
- MSG-Engspaltschweißen (5)
- MSG-Schweißen (5)
- Market surveillance (5)
- Martensite (5)
- Maschinelles Lernen (5)
- Material characterization (5)
- Materialien (5)
- Materials (5)
- Materials science (5)
- Mechanochemie (5)
- Mesoporosity (5)
- Metal organic frameworks (5)
- Methodenvalidierung (5)
- Microbeam analysis (5)
- Microfluidic (5)
- Microgravity (5)
- Mobile robotic olfaction (5)
- Modes of action (5)
- Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (5)
- Museum (5)
- NDT 4.0 (5)
- Nachrechnungsrichtlinie (5)
- Nanoparticles separation capillary electrophoresis asymmetrcial flow field flow fractionation (5)
- Nanosafety (5)
- Nanosensor (5)
- Netzwerk (5)
- Neural network (5)
- Nitrocellulose (5)
- Non-Destructive testing (5)
- Numerical Simulation (5)
- OTDR (5)
- Oberflächenmesstechnik (5)
- Oberflächentechnik (5)
- Ochratoxin A (5)
- Offshore Windenergieanlagen (5)
- Optical assay (5)
- Optimization (5)
- Organic coatings (5)
- Organische Beschichtungen (5)
- Osmolyte (5)
- Oxygen (5)
- PFC (5)
- PGM-free catalyst (5)
- PXRD (5)
- Papier (5)
- Patents (5)
- Peptides (5)
- Perovskite (5)
- Pesticides (5)
- Phase diagrams (5)
- Phase grating (5)
- Phonons (5)
- Pipeline monitoring (5)
- Planar tomography (5)
- Plastic (5)
- Policy making (5)
- Polydopamine (5)
- Polymer blends (5)
- Polymorph (5)
- Porosität (5)
- Portland cement (5)
- Poröse Granulate (5)
- Potential mapping (5)
- Presolvated electron (5)
- Pressure wave (5)
- Probabilistic (5)
- Probability of Detection (5)
- Probability of detection (5)
- Proficiency testing (5)
- Provenance (5)
- Prozessüberwachung (5)
- Publications (5)
- Pyrethroids (5)
- QI-FoKuS (5)
- Quality-X (5)
- Quantum Yield (5)
- Quenching and partitioning (5)
- RFID based sensors (5)
- Radiation (5)
- Rail inspection (5)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (5)
- Rapid test (5)
- Rayleigh scattering (5)
- Reconstruction (5)
- Repair welding (5)
- Reparaturschweißen (5)
- Reproducibility (5)
- Research (5)
- Ressourcenrückgewinnung (5)
- Reverse Time Migration (5)
- Risikobewertung (5)
- Road (5)
- Rock-inhabiting fungus (5)
- Rohrleitungen (5)
- Round robin tests (5)
- Rührreibschweißen (5)
- SMASH (5)
- Salzbeton (5)
- Schadstoffe (5)
- Schleifen (5)
- Sealing materials (5)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (5)
- Selective Laser Melting (SLM) (5)
- Sensors in concrete (5)
- Shrinkage (5)
- Simulations (5)
- Size distribution (5)
- Smart geosynthetics (5)
- Smart structures (5)
- Smartphone (5)
- Social (5)
- Solubility (5)
- Sorption (5)
- Spalling (5)
- Spannbeton (5)
- Specific heat spectroscopy (5)
- Spectrometry (5)
- Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (5)
- Spent Fuel (5)
- Spray drying (5)
- Stahlbau (5)
- Strahlen (5)
- Störfall-Verordnung (5)
- Sulfur (5)
- Supercritical/dense phase CO2 (5)
- Surface modification (5)
- Sustainable (5)
- Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (5)
- TAHYA project (5)
- Taxonomic analysis (5)
- Technische Regeln (5)
- Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe (5)
- Thermal cycles (5)
- Thermal desorption analysis (5)
- Thermische Analyse (5)
- Thermographie (5)
- Thermogravimetrie (5)
- Thick-walled steel (5)
- Thin Films (5)
- Time-resolved (5)
- Titania (5)
- Toxicity (5)
- Tragbare Feuerlöscher (5)
- Transformationsprodukte (5)
- Transition metal (5)
- Transport package (5)
- Treibgasflaschen (5)
- Trichodiene (5)
- Tubular X-joints (5)
- UCST-type polymer (5)
- Ultrakurzpulslaser (5)
- Ultrasonic Testing (5)
- Umweltsimulation (5)
- Upconversion nanoparticles (5)
- VVOCs (5)
- Virus protoemics (5)
- Viscosity (5)
- Vor-Ort-Analytik (5)
- WAAM (5)
- WRC 1992 diagram (5)
- Wandler (5)
- Wasser (5)
- Water content (5)
- Waveguide (5)
- Weldments (5)
- White light interference microscopy (5)
- Wissensrepräsentation (5)
- Wärmenachbehandlung (5)
- XRF analysis (5)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (1249)
- 6 Materialchemie (1190)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (949)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (913)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (815)
- 4 Material und Umwelt (584)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (576)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (526)
- 9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen (377)
- 7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz (373)
In der automatisierten Ultraschallprüfung von Komponenten mit komplexen Oberflächengeometrien werden zur Führung des Prüfkopfes zunehmend 6-Achsen-Roboter erprobt. Diese stellen die notwendige Automatisierbarkeit und Flexibilität bereit, um die lokal senkrechte Einschallung sicherzustellen. Durch den Einsatz von linearen Arrays und bildgebenden Verfahren können die Bilder oder die daraus extrahierten Merkmale zu einer Rekonstruktion in 3D zusammengesetzt werden. Die Anforderungen an die Prüfbahnen für die bildgebende Array-Ultraschallprüfung gehen dabei über konventionellen Bahnplanungsprogramme hinaus. Es wird ein Prozess vorgestellt, der Roboterbahnen auf der Grundlage des 3D-Modells von Körpern mit doppelt gekrümmter Oberfläche unter Berücksichtigung der Prüfparameter erzeugt. Hierbei wird zum einen die senkrechte Prüfkopfstellung und zum anderen eine optimale Abdeckung der Oberfläche realisiert. Dabei wird die lokale Oberflächengeometrie beachtet, da diese das Reflexionsverhalten beeinflusst und sich daher auf die optimale Verteilung und Orientierung der Prüfpositionen auswirkt. Damit einhergehend erfolgt eine Ablösung von konventionellen Konzepten, die auf linearen Prüfbahnen basieren, welches spannende neue Prüfstrategien eröffnet.
Durch das alkalische Porenwassermilieu ist Stahl im Beton vor Korrosion geschützt. Unter ungünstigen Umgebungsbedingungen (Karbonatisierung, Chlorideintrag) kann die passive Deckschicht auf der Stahloberfläche zerstört werden. Im weiteren Verlauf können sich korrosionsbedingte Folgeschäden, wie Risse und Abplatzungen am Bauwerk ergeben. Um notwendige Sanierungsmaßnahmen sind frühzeitige und weitgehend zerstörungsfrei ermittelte Informationen über das aktuelle Korrosionsverhalten der Stahlbewehrung von großer Bedeutung. Die Potentialfeldmessung ist ein etabliertes und weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Beurteilung des Korrosionszustandes der Bewehrung in Stahlbetonbauwerken. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens können Bereiche aktiv korrodierender Bewehrung zerstörungsfrei lokalisiert werden. In der Regel kommt diese Messmethode bei der Detektion chloridinduzierter Korrosion zum Einsatz. Wie und unter welchen Randbedingungen dieses Messverfahren zielführend eingesetzt werden kann, ist im Merkblatt B 03 der dgzfp erörtert.
Electrochemical potential mapping is a recognized technique for the localization of corroding reinforcing steels. Areas of corroding reinforcement steel can be located in a non-destructive manner by means of this procedure. Half‐cell potential measurements are used in order to detect chloride‐induced corrosion. However, it is not recommended in order to assess the risk of carbonation‐induced corrosion. For this purpose, determining the carbonation depth and the concrete cover appears more appropriate. The content of this specification exclusively refers to the application of mobile, local variable reference electrodes, which are only placed on the concrete surface while measuring. The technique distinguishes itself thereby from the range of corrosion monitoring systems with stationary installed reference electrodes and sensor systems, respectively, whereby it is possible to continuously track measurements within the area of the installed electrodes. However, these methods are not dealt with in this specification.
The stress–strain behavior of certain ceramics, such as aluminum titanate (AT, Al2TiO5), has features that are unusual for brittle material. In particular, a substantial nonlinearity under uniaxial tension, and load–unload hysteresis caused by the increase of the incremental stiffness at the beginning of unloading. These features are observed experimentally and attributed to microcracking. In this study, we investigate the mechanical response of an AT material at room and high temperature. Microstructure and microcracking are analyzed by means of electron microscopy, and both synchrotron micro computed tomography (µCT) and refraction radiography (SXRR). Synchrotron refraction radiography is combined with in-situ heating at high-temperatures (up to 1400°C) to be able to monitor the relative closure of microcracks as a function of increasing/decreasing temperatures.
Non-specific Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have long been routinely used in clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the interaction of such contrast agents with tissue components is not yet fully understood.
Alongside cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of mammalian tissue. It is a three-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Many diseases, including inflammation, fibrosis, and tumour invasion, are associated with characteristic ECM changes. The ECM consists of structural proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin) and proteoglycans, which are composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) covalently linked to a protein core. GAGs are long, linear polysaccharides consisting of repeated disaccharide units widely varying in molecular mass, disaccharide structure, and sulfation degree. Characteristic of GAGs is their ability to form complexes with cations such as lanthanides. Thus, GAGs could be a potential binding partner for GBCA molecules as a whole or for dechelated Gd.
Currently, there are still many unanswered questions about the interaction of contrast agents with ECM components. This study therefore investigated the uptake and distribution of different GBCAs in spheroids that mimic biological tissue and have different ECM expressions.
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and GAG-depleted CRL-2242 cells were used to prepare spheroids. These were then incubated for several minutes with gadolinium chloride and various linear and macrocyclic GBCAs. Cryosections of the spheroids were used for imaging measurements with a low-dispersion laser ablation system coupled to an inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LA/ICP-ToF-MS). Gelatine doped with multi-element solutions was used for matrix-matched quantification of Gd and other relevant elements such as Cu, Fe and Zn.
Although all spheroids were incubated with identical Gd concentrations, significant differences in the amount of Gd taken up were observed. Gadolinium chloride is absorbed more strongly than the contrast agents and accumulates mainly in the outer regions of the spheroids. In contrast, after incubation with the linear and macrocyclic contrast agents, Gd is detected in the interior of both types of spheroids.
DIN 4871
(2024)
Laboratory sources offer a unique advantage compared to synchrotron sources, largely in terms of freedom of operation. This freedom from user obligations, technology and software stacks and legacy decisions make the laboratory a very flexible place to develop and explore new ideas. The unparalleled availability furthermore allows for iterative improvement of instrumentation, sample environments and measurement methodologies to maximise the quality of the data obtained.
This talk will highlight the use of the laboratory as an agile test-bed and development space, by giving examples of some complete and incomplete investigations undertaken in our laboratory over the last years. Furthermore, it will introduce the concept of holistic experimentation, where the laboratory provides broad-ranging support for materials science investigations. This means that we assist in the experimental preparation, perform the measurements, correction and analysis, and follow-up with assistance in interpretation of our analyses in light of the results from other techniques applied to the investigation.
A chemical engineer by training, Brian drifted towards physics and now focuses on a broad spectrum of activities with the aim to improve scientific reproducibility. This includes studies on holistically improving data quality, data collection efficiency and traceability, as well as concomitant laboratory automation for the preparation of consistent, well-documented sample series. The need for pragmatism led to an inexpensive, flexible laboratory automation platform that can be implemented in a modest amount of time. This talk presents that effort.
Additive manufacturing is one of the most promising techniques for industrial production and maintenance, but the specifics of the layered structure must be considered. The Direct Energy Deposition-Arc process enables relatively high deposition rates, which is favourable for larger components. For this study, specimens with different orientations were prepared from one AISI316 steel block – parallel and orthogonal to the deposition plane. Quasistatic tensile loading tests were carried out, monitored by an infrared camera. The obtained surface temperature maps revealed structural differences between both orientations. The consideration of surface temperature transients yields more details about the behaviour of the material under tensile loading than the conventional stress-strain-curve. These preliminary investigations were supplemented by thermographic fatigue trials. Although the anisotropy was also observed during fatigue loading the fatigue behaviour in general was the same, at least for both inspected specimens. The presented results demonstrate the abilities and the potential of thermographic techniques for tensile tests.
ACCORDs is an Horizon Europe project working in the development of an imaging-based characterization framework (ACCORDs framework) for the holistic correlative assessment of Graphene Family Materials (GFMs) as a representative of 2D nanomaterials (NMs) to assess and predict 2D NMs health and environmental risks. The ACCORDs framework will operationalise safe and sustainable by design (SSbD) strategies proposed in past or ongoing H2020 projects or within OECD by correlating low-, medium-, and high-resolution physico-chemical-biological imaging-based methods with non-imaging methods in a tiered approach. ACCORDs will deliver the ACCORDs framework and user guidance, new imaging-based characterisation methods, reference in vitro tests, new reference 2D NMs for different matrices, a new minimum information reporting guideline for FAIR data sharing and reuse of images as well as an atlas with reference images for diagnostics of compromised safety of GFMs/GFM products. The new guidelines and standard proposals will be submitted to standardisation bodies to allow creation of regulatory ready products. The novelty of ACCORDs is in translating the principles of medical imaging-based diagnostics to 2D material hazard diagnostics. ACCORDs will accelerate industrial sectors in the area of aviation, marine construction, drone production, flexible electronics, photovoltaics, photocatalytics and print inks-based sensors. The value ACCORDs proposes to the graphene industry are practical, easy, imaging-based tools for GFM quality monitoring next to the production line with a possibility to be correlated with advanced highresolution imaging characterization methods in case hazard i.e. deviation from controls (benchmark values) are diagnosed. The ACCORDs framework and tools will contribute to the European Green Deal by addressing the topic: “Graphene: Europe in the lead” and to a new European strategy on standardization, released on 2nd February, 2022.
Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt. Hier wird ein Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse gegeben und deren Limitierungen diskutiert. Darüber hinaus wird eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen aufgezeigt, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Abschließend wird eine, auf den experimentellen Ergebnissen und im Dialog mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik entwickelten, Technologiebewertung vorgestellt.
Im Rahmen des Projektes MRO2.0, das sich mit der digitalen Transformation des Servicezyklus von modernen Gasturbinenschaufeln beschäftigt, wurde gezeigt, wie sich automatisiert und flächendeckend die (Rest-)Wanddicke an variabel gekrümmten Prüfgeometrien bestimmen lässt. Es wurde ein Roboterarm verwendet, der ein lineares Ultraschallarray in Tauchtechnik führt und Prüfdaten aufnimmt, die mit einer adaptierten TFM (Total Focusing Method) zu Rekonstruktionen der Außen- und Innenoberfläche verarbeitet werden. In der aktuellen zweiten Projektphase wird die Methode für Werkstoffe erweitert, die anisotrope akustische Eigenschaften aufweisen. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Methode vorgestellt, wie sich die Kristallausrichtung bzw. die richtungsabhängige Schallgeschwindigkeit mittels eines linearen Ultraschallarrays bestimmen lässt. Für den Sendefall eines Randelements in Kontakttechnik können dabei Wellen identifiziert werden, die sich parallel zur Prüfkopfapertur im Prüfobjekt ausbreiten und mit der richtungsabhängigen Schallgeschwindigkeit skalieren. Die ermittelte Schallgeschwindigkeitsverteilung kann dann verwendet werden, um die lokale Wanddickenbestimmung für die Anisotropie zu adaptieren.
Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt. Hier geben wir einen Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse und diskutieren deren Limitierungen. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen auf, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Nach der Präsentation der Projektergebnisse erfolgte in der Diskussion mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik eine Technologiebewertung für die Nutzung von CF in pyrometallurgischen Prozessen.
Ultrasonic testing (UT) of objects with complex geometries often requires the use of a robotic arm to position the probe perpendicular to the local surface. Using immersion makes it possible to test these objects with standard ultrasonic linear array probes. Here, the probe positions and orientations provided by the robot are used for merging the locally acquired image data into a 3D-reconstruction. The quality of this reconstruction is highly dependent on the alignment of the tool center point (TCP) of the physical probe with the TCP used in the digital model. For common industrial tools, the TCP is usually acquired using geometric features of the tools. However, for ultrasonic arrays in immersion, there is a water standoff between the probe and the test object, therefore the TCP is in free space in front of the array and cannot be acquired with the common method. To overcome this challenge, we propose a method that allows the robotic ultrasonic system to automatically self-adjust the positioning of the UT probe using a test block made of steel with defined geometric features as a target for referencing. For each of the six degrees of freedom, a scan and adjustment routine are established using the data acquired by the UT probe to update the TCP’s position and orientation in the robot control. Given a coarse pre-definition of the TCP and the known target test block, no human interaction is required while the system determines the optimum tool position and orientation. Part of this work will be used to improve and extend standards for robotic ultrasonic test systems, e.g. ISO 24647.
A new hydrogen-based test rig is being developed for a feasibility study on the use of hydrogen as an energy source for thermal testing in accordance with the IAEA SSR-6 guidelines for transport packages containing radioactive materials.
The test rig will be capable of combusting hydrogen for a wide range of different burner geometries, mass flows and if necessary hydrogen blends. As this type of fire test according to the IAEA boundary conditions (SSR-6 & SSG-26) does not yet exist, a large number of preliminary investigations, safety assessments and calculations must be carried out in order to develop a viable concept for hydrogen fires.
A new hydrogen-based test rig is being developed for a feasibility study on the use of hydrogen as an energy source for thermal testing in accordance with the IAEA SSR-6 guidelines for transport packages containing radioactive materials.
The test rig will be capable of combusting hydrogen for a wide range of different burner geometries, mass flows and if necessary hydrogen blends. As this type of fire test according to the IAEA boundary conditions (SSR-6 & SSG-26) does not yet exist, a large number of preliminary investigations, safety assessments and calculations must be carried out in order to develop a viable concept for hydrogen fires.
Modern laser systems have proven to be versatile heat sources for active thermographic testing applications. Compared to more traditional light sources, e.g. flash or halogen lamps, their output power can be easily modulated at high rates, allowing a wide variety of complex excitations to be realized. Although their total optical output power can be theoretically scaled to arbitrary values, the maximum output power is practically limited by many factors: the maximum power that the sample under test can absorb without altering the lighted surface itself, the trade-off between power density and inspected area, the cost of the laser system, etc. Furthermore, when working with spatial modulator systems, the output power could be limited to avoid provoking any damages on such devices. Nevertheless, to guarantee sufficient heating even for highly thermally conductive materials and/or deeply buried defects, the heating times can be extended, e.g., either by using step heating, long pulse thermography, or by lock-in thermography with a continuously modulated heating. However, for all these approaches, the ranging capabilities of the thermographic defect detection are reduced due to the limited frequency content of the excitation.
To tackle this problem, i.e. to increase the excitation energy while preserving its frequency content, new approaches have been developed in the last two decades, among which the use of coded excitations combined with pulse-compression, and the use of multiple lock-in analysis or of a frequency modulated excitation signal. The challenges of such temporally structured heating techniques are manifold, for example, the DC component inherent in optical heating must be taken into account. In general, a wider frequency bandwidth or greater variability of the frequency components also means greater complexity for signal generation and data processing. In this paper, temporal structured excitation schemes with different degrees of complexity are compared on a high power laser system.
Guaranteeing safety and security of citizens requires a significant effort and innovative tools from national and international agencies and governments, especially when it comes to the field of explosives detection. The need to detect Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and Home-made Explosives (HMEs) at a point of suspicion, has grown rapidly due to the ease with which the precursors can be obtained and the reagents synthesised. The limited availability of immunoanalytical tools for HME detection presents an opportunity for the development of new devices, which enable a rapid detection and recognise the target analyte with high specificity and sensitivity. In this work, we introduce an optical biosensor for highly specific and sensitive HME detection. The immunoassay system is placed in a hydrogel environment permeable to the analyte and transparent to light interrogating the fluorescently labelled antibodies. The readout of the immunoanalytical system is realized with Supercritical Angle Fluorescence (SAF), an advanced microscopy technique. To accomplish this, we made use of recent, commercial high resolution (< 22 µm) Liquid Crystal Display 3D printers to fabricate a parabolic optical element with high refractive index (RI>1.5) and transmission values (>90%) from photo-resin. Aiming at a new generation of sensors, which not only can meet the requirements of trace detection, but can also be used for substance identification, the combination of immunoanalytical recognition with SAF detection offers a modularity and versatility that is principally well suitable for the measurements of target analytes at trace levels.
Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören.
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen") als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken") können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen.
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).
The global plastic industry relies on fossil-based materials, presenting environmental challenges. A sustainable polymer namely poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC), made of limonene and CO2 as two monomers from non-food sources, shows advances in various applications where additives such as flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to comply with fire safety measures.
The variety of FRs is wide, and therefore the approach involved conducting a comparative study of four different halogen-free flame retardant systems that are conventionally used in polycarbonates and polyolefins to understand which FR enhances the flame resistance of PLimC most effectively. The primary task of the project is to conduct experimental evaluations to analyze the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. This data will offer valuable insights towards the advancement of safer and more sustainable materials.
To safely dispose of nuclear waste in underground facilities, engineered barrier systems are needed to seal shafts and galleries. The material used in these barriers must be adapted to the host rock parameters. Shrinking and cracking must be avoided to provide a barrier with almost zero permeability. For repositories in salt rock environments, several types of salt concrete (SC) are possible construction materials.
Within the project SealWasteSafe, we compared the behavior of an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) with standard SC in their hydration and hardening phase. To monitor the microstructural changes within the two materials SC and AAM, acoustic emission (AE) signals have been recorded for up to ~250 days on 340-liter-cubic specimens.
The phenomenon of AE is defined as the emission of elastic waves in materials due to the release of localized internal energy. Such energy release can be caused by the nucleation of micro-fracture, e.g., in concrete while curing or when exposed to load. The occurrence of AE events gives first rough indications of microstructural changes and potentially occurring cracking and thus, provides insights for structural health monitoring (SHM).
The results show, that for the first 28 days after casting, less AE activity was detected in the AAM compared to SC. After 61 days, in the AAM material, the number of AE events exceeded those observed in the SC. However, the majority of the AE detected and located in AAM was related to surface effects, and not to microstructural changes or occurring cracks within the bulk volume. Additionally, the source location analysis indicated, that despite lower activity in SC, we observed some clustering of the events. In contrast, in AAM, the activity inside the specimen is randomly distributed over the whole volume. The monitoring results help to estimate the material’s sealing properties which are crucial to assess their applicability as sealing material for engineered barriers.
The crucial part of nuclear waste storage is the construction of sealing structures made of reliable, well-understood, and safe materials. Within the SealWasteSafe project, we compared the performance of an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) and standard salt concrete (SC), as potential materials for sealing structures for nuclear waste repositories. Two 340-liter-cubic specimens were studied for up to ~250 days by a multisensory monitoring setup. Specifically, the long-term acoustic emission monitoring aimed to analyze the development of microstructural changes within materials.
The monitoring analysis showed fewer acoustic emission events in AAM compared to SC in the first 61 days. After approximately two months of monitoring, the number of AE events in AAM significantly exceeded the number of events in SC. The analysis showed, however, that the increased AE activity was mainly caused by surface effects of the AAM material and not by the formation of cracks within the material.
This contribution presents the use of acoustic emission analysis, both in the time and frequency domains, for monitoring and characterization of materials with potential use as engineering barriers for nuclear waste repositories.
One of the major tasks in nuclear waste management is to design safe and reliable sealing structures for radioactive waste repositories. Particularly for salt as a host rock, engineered barrier systems for underground waste disposal must be constructed of well-understood (cementitious) materials that will sustain environmental conditions and ensure high durability.
Within the SealWasteSafe project, we studied two materials with a potential for sealing structures for nuclear waste repositories: an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) and standard salt concrete (SC). To analyze the development of microstructural changes within the materials, we monitored microseismicity (aka acoustic emission monitoring) occurring during the hardening and setting period in two 340-liter-cubic specimens for up to ~250 days.
The monitoring results showed, that in the first 61 days, fewer events occurred in AAM compared to SC. After this time the number of events in AAM sharply increased and significantly exceeded those observed in SC. However, the source localization analysis revealed that the increase of microseismicity in AAM material was not related to the formation of macro-cracks within the material but was mainly caused by the surface effects. Accompanying analysis of the test specimens with additional methods (such as e.g., X-ray CT) proved that no macro-cracks were observed inside the AAM specimen. Further analysis in the time and frequency domains helped to characterize the tested materials and to estimate their potential to be used for engineered barriers in nuclear waste repositories.
Overall, our study shows the potential of microseismicity monitoring for feasibility studies and quality assurance in a broad range of applications, also in structural health monitoring.
Standardised methods need validation. The main validation parameters like trueness, repeatability and intermediate precision and reproducibility are presented. Furthermore, different methods for the validation are disussed: (certified) reference materials, representative testing materials and interlaboratory comparisons. At last, the need of proficiency testing is stressed.
Revealing surface functionalities of micro- and nanoplastic particles’ surface by means of XPS
(2024)
Over the last 20 years, many researchers, politicians, and citizens themselves have become increasingly aware of the growing plastic problem of our time. Inadequate recycling concepts, collection points, and careless dumping of plastic products in the environment lead to an accumulation of plastic. External weather influences can cause these to degrade and fractionate, so that today microplastics (1-1000 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020) [1] of different polymer materials can be detected in all parts of the world.
The precautionary principle applies to microplastics. The particles can break down further to form nanoplastics (<1 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020) [1]. Whether microplastics or nanoplastics pose a toxicological hazard is being investigated in a variety of ways. Valid results are still pending, however, investigations into the frequency, transport, possible sinks and entry paths must be taken into account. This is why monitoring of microplastics is already required in the revision of the Drinking Water Framework Directive [2]. The same is still pending in the final version of the revision of the Waste Water Framework Directive this year, but is expected.
Nanoplastics are particularly under discussion for having a toxic effect on humans and animals, as these particles are small enough to be absorbed by cells. For targeted toxicological studies, it is important to have test and reference materials that resemble the particles found in the environment. To mimic environmental samples, these materials should also have an irregular shape and show aging at the surface, which can be detected with XPS or SEM/EDS.
BAM in collaboration with the EMPIR project "PlasticTrace" works on a reference material candidate of nano-sized polypropylene (nano-PP) [3]. The nano-PP vials were tested for homogeneity with PTA and further characterized with bulk and surface-sensitive techniques. An SEM image and a corresponding XPS spectrum are presented in Figure 1. Raman measurements as well as XPS indicate an aged surface.
Wasserstoff stellt einen potenziellen Energieträger für den großskaligen Import von Energie nach Europa dar. Von seinen verschiedenen Speicherformen eignet sich hierfür insbesondere verflüssigter Wasserstoff, mit dem sich auf gleichem Volumen deutlich mehr Energie speichern lässt als bei der druckbasierten Speicherung. Verflüssigter Wasserstoff wird bei minus 253°C gespeichert und muss für dessen Transport lange bei dieser niedrigen Temperatur gehalten werden. Dies stellt besondere Herausforderungen an die thermische Isolation von Tanks. Der Erforschung nachhaltiger, kosten- und energieeffizienter sowie sicherer thermischen Isolationen wird im NICOLHy Projekt, unter Leitung der BAM, nachgegangen.
Small-area XPS analysis is one of the most popular and powerful methods for analysing the surface of features in the micro-range. When measuring microstructures, the ques-tion arises whether the measuring point is really located at the point intended to be ana-lysed. Information in a measured spectrum might originate within the field of view (FoV) on the surface of the sample, from outside the FoV, or even from inherent contamination. To ensure that small structures can be measured correctly regardless of user and instru-ment, certain instrument and sample settings must be known and selected correctly: beam and aperture size as well as the aperture settings and the approximate dimensions of the structure to be analysed. This is the only way to ensure that the information in the spectrum originates only from the FoV on the analysed structure.
To test the performance of the XPS instruments, a dedicated test material was developed that consists of a gold surface on which 8 circles and 8 squares of chrome are incorpo-rated using a masking process, so that the Au substrate and the Cr structure surfaces are in the same surface plane. In order to be able to test as many as possible instruments from different manufacturers, the structures have been designed with a size ranging from 300 µm down to 7 µm. The layout of the test material has been optimised in regard of the handling. The structures are arranged along lines instead of a circumference, marking arrows around the smaller structures (≤50 µm) are added, and the lithography mask is optimised regarding edge and diffraction effects. Furthermore, the manufacturing process was changed from electron-beam deposition to mask lithography due to costs reasons. The structures on the test material were measured with a metrological SEM to determine their accurate dimensions and check the repeatability of the manufacturing process. XPS investigations with a Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD and an ULVAC-Phi Quantes demonstrates the suitability of this new test material for measuring the analysed area.
Ni-Fe oxide nanoparticles have gained a lot of interest because of their high activity in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) which is crucial for water splitting. [1] Although there have been great efforts in the last years, the understanding of the synergistic effect between Fe and Ni is still under discussion.
Therefore, we prepared different Ni-Fe oxide nanoparticles with different compositions from pure iron oxide to pure nickel oxide adapting a known procedure. [2,3] Size and morphology of the nanoparticles depend on the composition which was shown with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The compositions of the nanoparticles were measured with a comparative approach using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with the TEM providing detailed chemical information of the nanoparticles in different sample regions. EDS reveals that the different sample regions are dominated by one of the components, Fe or Ni, but a slight mixing between the components can be found (see Figure 1), which was confirmed with X-ray Diffraction (XRD). XPS indicates the enrichment of Fe at the sample surface, while HAXPES and EDS data agree on the stoichiometry of the bulk. High-resolution XPS and HAXPES exhibit some differences in the valence states of Fe and Ni, whereas Ni seems to be easier to reduce than Fe. Further investigations combining these different techniques and additionally Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) are ongoing by using in situ approaches and coupling cyclic voltammetry to the analytical techniques.
Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören.
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen") als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken") können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen.
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).
The main properties and main methods which are needed for the physico-chemical characterisation of graphene related 2D materials are discussed. As expample for standardization, protocols for the measurement of the chemical composition with XPS are discussed. The results of an interlaboratory comparisons led to new recommendations for the reliable measurments protocols.
The key for a transition into clean energy sources is based on the construction of safe energy infrastructure, such as transportation pipelines for Hydrogen. Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are an essential component used nowadays in the construction of transportation pipelines because of their many distinctive qualities. The choice of DSS for a particular hydrogen application mainly depends on its susceptibility level to Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) or Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC). Since the 20th century, the literature indicates three factors that must be considered: the microstructure of the alloy steel, the hydrogen concentration, and the mechanical load. Several mechanisms have been also proposed to describe the occurring microscale processes behind HE or HAC, and these include metastable phase transformation, Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP), and Hydrogen Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE).
The following contribution describes the path to ascertain if DSS is suitable for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen applications. The interplay between several critical factors that result in HAC was examined using high-pressure gaseous hydrogen charging, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), and hydrogen concentration measurements using Carrier Gas Hot Extraction (CGHE). It was determined whether the strain-induced martensitic transformation of the austenite was present in a DSS 1.4462 (DSS2205) in-service pipe and in samples of freshly charged DSS 1.4462. In comparison to the common electrochemical charging described broadly in the literature, no major direct martensitic phase transformation of the austenite phase under a high-pressure hydrogen environment was observed. As for future experiments, the intention is to analyse the impact of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen on the welded components of this grade, and under mechanical load via the hollow specimen technique.
Fire-induced spalling of normal strength concrete with different types of blended Portland cement
(2024)
The cement industry is looking to reduce its overall CO2 footprint. Greener manufacturing can be achieved by the introduction of more clinker-reduced cements. Concrete exposed to fire tends to show explosive spalling caused by thermomechanical and thermohydraulic processes. It is therefore essential to determine how concretes with clinker-reduced cements behave under fire exposure, especially for concretes containing calcined clays, as these are expected to be the supplementary cementitious material of the future. In this paper, normal strength concretes with four different cements (CEM I, CEM II/A-LL, CEM III/A and CEM II/B-Q) were examined for their fire-induced spalling behaviour. In addition, a mix with PP fibres was investigated for each concrete. The experiments were conducted on ring-restrained cylindrical specimens exposed to the hydrocarbon fire curve. The results showed that the cement type influences spalling behaviour. Samples with CEM I spalled the least, followed by CEM II/A-LL and CEM III/A. Finally, samples with CEM II/B-Q showed the most severe damage. It was found that the spalling behaviour of different concretes correlates with the moisture content before exposure to fire, meaning that higher moisture content leads to higher spalling susceptibility. The use of 2 kg/m³ PP fibres completely inhibited spalling regardless of the cement type used and therefore remains a successful avoidance strategy.
To accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy while exploiting existing infrastructure, hydrogen can be injected to the natural gas network. However, many technical and regulatory gaps should be closed, and adaptations and investments made to ensure that multi-gas networks across Europe will be able to operate in a reliable and safe way while providing a highly controllable gas quality and required energy demand. The SHIMMER project aims to enable a higher integration and safer hydrogen injection management in multi-gas networks by contributing to the knowledge and better understanding of hydrogen projects, their risks, and opportunities.
Graphene and related 2D materials (GR2Ms) are now entering an exciting phase of commercialization and use in products. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) can be obtained in rather large quantities, but the properties of these industrially produced powders can vary depending on the production method, and even from batch to batch. Understanding and optimizing the surface chemistry of GNPs, modified through chemical functionalization processes is crucial, because it affects their dispersibility in solvents and matrices for the purpose of embedding them into real-world products. Therefore, reliable and repeatable measurements of the surface chemistry of functionalized GNPs are an important issue for suppliers as well as users of these materials. To address these concerns, international documentary ISO standards for measurement methodologies are under development which incorporate protocols that are becoming widely accepted in the community.
Recently, it was shown that pelletizing led to lower average O/C atomic ratios than those measured for powders [1]. In another study, the influence of the morphology on the degree of functionalization was shown [2]. As expected, a higher degree of functionalization was detected for smaller GNPs. The functionalization was located at the outermost surfaces of the GNPs by comparing experiments using photoelectron with soft (Al Kα, 1.486 keV) and hard X-rays (Cr Kα, 5.405 keV). Therefore, it is important for those using GNPs to understand both the physical and chemical properties of these particles, when considering their use in different applications.
The next step for reliable characterization protocols was the realization of an interlaboratory comparison under the auspices of VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards) with 22 participating laboratories from all over the world. Samples of oxygen-, nitrogen-, and fluorine- functionalized GNPs were provided to the participants along with a measurement protocol. Participants were asked to prepare the samples as powders on a tape, powders in a sample holder recess, or as pellets. The lower measured O/C ratio reported for pelletized samples [1] was confirmed. The lowest scattering of the results was observed for the powders measured in the recess (Fig. 1). Furthermore, an influence of the humidity on the results was observed.
Interlaboratory comparisons (ILCs) are an important tool for the validation of characterisation methods, and, herwith, a prerequisite for standardisation. The "Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards" offers a framework for performing such ILCs: (i) TiO2 nanoparticles using ToF-SIMS, and (ii) the chemical composition of functionalized graphene using XPS. The results of both ILCs underline the importance of sample preparation for the measured results.
Wir stellen unseren Ansatz und unsere Methodik zur Simulation von Piping-Erosion vor, welche während des Installationsprozesses von Suction Bucket Fundamenten für Offshore-Windkraftanlagen auftreten kann und ein kritisches Versagen des Installationsprozesses darstellt. Wir zeigen die Ergebnisse mehrere Simulationen und analysieren die hydrodynamischen und Kontaktkräfte, die auf das granulare Medium wirken, sowie die Druckdifferenz der flüssigen Phase. Solche Simulationen können zum besseren Verständnis von Piping-Erosion und letztendlich zu dessen Verhinderung beitragen.
Transportierbarkeit von Transport- und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe, welche nach eine längerfristigen trockenen Zwischenlagerung
transportiert werden müssen. Überblick über die aktuellen Regelwerke und Richtlinien sowie die Zeitpläne für das Finden eines Endlagers für hochradioaktive Stoffe und die damit verbundene verlängerte Zwischenlagerung. Des Weiteren werden das für die verlängerte Zwischenlagerung notwendige Alterungsmanagement und die noch erforderlichen Forschungstätigkeiten vorgestellt.
Transportierbarkeit von Transport- und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe, welche nach eine längerfristigen trockenen Zwischenlagerung
transportiert werden müssen. Überblick über die aktuellen Regelwerke und Richtlinien sowie die Zeitpläne für das Finden eines Endlagers für hochradioaktive Stoffe und die damit verbundene verlängerte Zwischenlagerung. Des Weiteren werden das für die verlängerte Zwischenlagerung notwendige Alterungsmanagement und die noch erforderlichen Forschungstätigkeiten vorgestellt.
Optical measurements of scattering luminescent materials dispersed in liquid and solid matrices and luminescent powders play an important role in fundamental research and industry. Typical examples are luminescent nano- and microparticles and phosphors of different composition in different matrices or incorporated into ceramics with applications in energy conversion, solid-state lighting, medical diagnostics, and security barcoding. The key parameter for the performance of these materials is the photoluminescence quantum yield QY, i.e., the number of emitted photons per number of absorbed photons. QY of transparent luminophore solutions can be determined relatively to a fluorescence quantum yield standard of known QY. Such standards are meanwhile available as certified reference materials.[1] The determination of QY of scattering liquid and solid samples like dispersions of luminescent nanoparticles, solid phosphors, and optoceramics requires, however, absolute measurements with an integrating sphere setup. Although the importance of reliable absolute QY measurements has been recognized, no interlaboratory comparisons (ILCs) on measurement uncertainties and the identification of typical sources of uncertainty have been yet reported. Also, no scattering reference materials with known QY are available.
We present here the results of a first ILC of 3 laboratories from academia and industry performed to identify and quantify sources of uncertainty of absolute QY measurements of scattering samples. Thereby, two types of commercial stand-alone integrating sphere setups with different illumination and detection geometries were utilized for measuring QY of transparent and scattering dye solutions and solid phosphors. As representative and industrially relevant solid and scattering samples, YAG:Ce optoceramics of varying surface roughness were chosen, applied, e.g., as converter materials for blue light emitting diodes. Special emphasis was dedicated to the influence of the measurement geometry, the optical properties of the blank, utilized to determine the number of photons of the incident excitation light absorbed by the sample, and the sample-specific surface roughness. While matching QY values could be obtained for transparent dye solutions and scattering dispersions, here using a blank with scattering properties closely matching those of the sample, QY measurements of optoceramic samples with different blanks revealed substantial differences, with the blank's optical
properties accounting for measurement uncertainties of more than 20 %. Based upon the ILC results, we recommend non-absorbing blank materials with a high reflectivity (>95 %) such as a 2 mm-thick PTFE target placed on the sample holder which reveals a near-Lambertian light scattering behavior, yielding a homogeneous light distribution within the integrating sphere.
The design of bridges often overlooks the vertical component of earthquakes or considers it of secondary importance, despite compelling evidence indicating specific structural damage caused by primary earthquake waves. Conversely, during the operational phase, the combined influence of ground motion and moving loads from vehicles can significantly impact the structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridges. This study aims to evaluate the simultaneous effect of vertical earthquake vibrations and moving vehicle loads on simply supported bridges. The research employs a practical methodology based on the eigenfunction expansion method to analyze change of deflection due to the effect of these concurrent forces under seven different earthquake records. It is shown that within a realistic range of vehicle mass and velocity, the average of changing the maximum deflection at the mid-span of the main beam (denoted as M_n) reaches up to 163% under various scenarios. Subsequently, the seismic parameters influencing this phenomenon are identified through a statistical analysis of set of 100 different earthquake records with unique features. A linear regression equation is presented to predict the M_n based on the earthquake specific properties. Additionally, to control the vertical vibration of bridge systems, a novel vibration suppression system utilizing steel pipe dampers is introduced, and its reliability is examined across a broad spectrum of bridge flexural rigidity. The results indicate that the system's efficiency depends on M_n and the soil type of the bridge construction, enabling a reduction in structural sections (up to 27%) while achieving the same maximum target deflection in the initial state. This efficiency leads to a more economical design solution, emphasizing the potential benefits of the proposed system for practical application.
Ausgehend von den Grundlagen der Korrosion stellt der Vortrag die Möglichkeiten des Korrosionsschutzes mit Zink vor. Dabei wird sowohl auf den kathodische Korrosionsschutz mit aktiven Zink-Anoden, als auch auf den Korrosionsschutz durch Deckschichtbildung an Zink und Zinküberzügen eingegangen. Veränderte Umweltbedingungen in Europa in den letzten Jahrzehnten, ermöglichen mit Schichtdicken um 80 µm einen Korrosionsschutz von über 100 Jahren, wenn konstruktive Randbedingungen beachtet werden.
Hydrogen gas plays a key role in the European energy transition strategy. When transmitting and storing compressed hydrogen gas, safety is one of the most important conditions. With increasing hydrogen pressure and temperature, more hydrogen is absorbed by the steel components, such as pipelines or valves, and may lead to embrittlement. Although, a deep understanding of microstructure on the hydrogen solubility in steels is missing. Classical Sieverts’ law is only valid at high temperatures and low gas pressures. For that purpose, new theory is presented, which explains the role of microstructure on hydrogen solubility. Hydrogen trapping at microstructural defects is a thermally activated mechanism and causes an increase of the hydrogen solubility with decreasing temperatures. This mechanism has to be considered in cryogenic applications, such liquid or compressed hydrogen storage.
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method
that has the potential to overcome the limitations and complement
the current techniques for qualifying metallic materials under highpressure
hydrogen gas.
In this technique, an axial hole is manufactured in a tensile
specimen, which is then filled with hydrogen gas, sealed, and
placed in a standard testing machine. This method requires
significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety
measures and does not require complex equipment or a specialised
laboratory, unlike the conventional autoclave technique.
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing
hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen
technique. This led to the establishment of the committee ISO/TC
164/SC 1/WG 9 to standardise the method, however, there are still
open questions that currently prevent the technique from being
standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions are being
addressed in the H2HohlZug project, which is presented in this
contribution.
The use of hydrogen demands high safety requirements, since hydrogen can be absorbed by metallic materials and may cause hydrogen embrittlement (HE) under certain conditions. Slow strain rate (SSR) tensile testing is a widespread method to quantify the hydrogen-induced ductility loss of alloys. Here, the hollow specimen technique was used to evaluate the effect of 150 bar hydrogen on the tensile properties of solution annealed and hardened 100Cr6 steel, which is a common material for bearing systems. This technique reduces the required amount of hydrogen and minimizes the duration and costs of the tests performed compared to in-situ tensile tests in autoclaves.
The growing demand for hydrogen requires an expansion of testing capabilities to assess the performance of metallic materials under hydrogen exposure. Considering only gaseous atmospheres, there is a variety of in-situ and ex-situ methods used to investigate the material behavior while or after exposed to hydrogen, respectively.
Among these methods, a more conservative one is the in-situ testing at slow strain rates (SSRT) using conventional tensile specimens. While results obtained by a conservative procedure may be more applicable in many cases than those of ex-situ experiments, the tests are quite demanding, leading to limited testing capacities and high costs, especially for very slow strain rates. A possible solution that can enable in-situ testing at relatively low cost is the hollow specimen technique which gained increasing interest in the last decade. The main reasons are the minimal volume of hydrogen required and the elimination of a high-pressure hydrogen autoclave leading to significantly lower costs and enabling more laboratories worldwide to perform these tests. However, interpreting results from hollow specimens, especially when compared to conventional ones, remains a significant challenge.
To address this, an experimental study was conducted using conventional and hollow specimens, both uncharged and pre-charged. Pre-charging was achieved using pure hydrogen (5.0, i.e. 99.999 %) at 100 bar and 300 °C for around 21 days. In order to obtain suitable reference specimens, other specimens were stored in argon at 100 bar and 300 °C for the same period of time. The tests were performed at various strain rates, down to 1E-6 1/s.
While these ex-situ experiments are not directly comparable to in-situ tests with both types of specimens, they do provide some insights into the differences between the results of hollow and conventional specimens. Therefore, the elongation at fracture and reduction of area (RA) were compared, among other aspects. In addition, fractographical analyses were carried out using SEM images. Elongation at fracture was not significantly affected by hydrogen in conventional specimens, but it was slightly reduced in hollow specimens. RA, on the other hand, was lower for tests with hydrogen in both types of specimens across all strain rates. Moreover, the strain rate did not appear to influence hydrogen embrittlement in conventional specimens whereas in hollow specimens, tests conducted at higher strain rates (1E-4 1/s) showed a greater impact of hydrogen on elongation at fracture than those at lower strain rates (1E-6 1/s), which is contrary to the typical expectation.
These findings suggest that the influence of hydrogen differs between conventional and hollow specimens, possibly due to factors such as surface roughness and differing stress states. However, further experiments are needed to fully understand these differences, including in-situ experiments to understand potential differences in hydrogen absorption between the two specimen types.
Characterization and quantification of functional groups and coatings on nanoobjects an overview
(2024)
Characterization of Nanoparticles – Questions to Ask, Functional Nanoparticles (NPs) – Organic, Inorganic, and Hybrid Nanoparticles Nanomaterial Characterization Standardization – Addressing Remaining Gaps Surface FGs Particle Surface Chemistry - Why is it Important? Particle Surface Chemistry - A Key Driver for Performance, Applications, and Safety Aspects Method Development for Quantifying FGs and Ligands on Particle Surfaces FG Quantification – Method Choice & Criteria Relevant for Data Interpretation Quantifying the Amount of Total and Accessible FGs on Aminated Silica Nanoparticles (SiO2-NH2) Comparing the Total and Accessible –NH2 Content on Aminated Silica NPs of Different Size Characterization of Nanoparticles Standardization Standardized Measurements of Surface FGs on Nanoparticles EMP Project SMURFnano EMP Project SMURFnano Work Packages & Goals Certified Reference Materials from BAM
Wasserstoff als Energieträger gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Untersuchung von Störfallauswirkungen mit Wasserstoff rückt somit stärker in den Fokus. Da Wasserstoff meist unter Druck gelagert und transportiert wird, ist ein zu betrachtendes Szenario die Freisetzung aus einer Leckage mit anschließender Zündung. Die daraus resultierende Freistrahlflamme (Jet Flame) muss hinsichtlich der in die Umgebung emittierten Wärmestrahlung charakterisiert werden. In der Literatur existieren bereits verschiedene Modelle ([1], [2]), welche jedoch vermehrt auf Daten aus Kohlenwasserstoffflammen mit geringem Impuls basieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle wird im Zuge des BAM internen H2 Jet Flame Projektes die sicherheitstechnische Untersuchung von impulsbehafteten Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen vorgenommen. Hierfür finden Versuche im Realmaßstab auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM-TTS) statt. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von realistischen Freisetzungsszenarien hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie und der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung. Dabei werden Parameter wie Freisetzungswinkel, Leckagedurchmesser (z.Zt. 1 mm bis 10 mm), Druck (z.Zt. bis max. 250 bar) und Massenstrom (bis max. 0,5 kg/s) variiert. Zusätzlich können auch Einflüsse wie Art der Zündung, Zündort sowie Zündung mit zeitlichem Verzug untersucht werden. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen bereits vorhandener Modelle verglichen und diese im Bedarfsfall weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere wird der Fokus auf die Modellierung der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung von Wasserstoffflammen gelegt. Herausforderung dabei stellt die IR-Vermessung und Modellierung von Sichtmodellen der Flammen dar. Die Visualisierung der Flammengeometrie wird mit Hilfe mehrerer Infrarot Kamerasystemen (aus mindestens zwei Blickwinkeln) vorgenommen.
Bisherige Messungen, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, basieren meist auf instationären Auströmbedingungen. Der hier verwendete Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht ein stationäres Ausströmen für mehrere Minuten und somit eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit mit den existierenden (stationären) Modellen.
Weiterhin ist der Versuchsstand umrüstbar für Vergleichsmessungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen (Methan etc.) sowie Mischungen aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen.
For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests at real-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration to obtain a (quasi) stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data.
Hydrogen-enriched natural gas, H2NG is a mixture of natural gas and H2 that can be used on existing natural gas infrastructure with little or even no modification to be applied H2NG is thus an option in the transition from fossil fuels to a hydrogen economy, as it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can accelerate the adoption of H2 from renewable sources. Theoretically, H2 can be mixed with NG in any ratio, but H2NG mixtures with up to 20 vol-% of H2 represent the most realistic near term option due to technical and economic reasons. The addition of H2 to natural gas alters the thermodynamic properties of the mixture, which affects its transport, storage, and combustion characteristics. In this work, we present experimental density measurements for different H2NG mixtures, performed with a high-precision single sinker densimeter from 250 to 350 K and up to 20 MPa. The mixtures were prepared gravimetrically according to ISO 6142-1 for maximum precision in their composition.
Cryogenic liquefied gases, such as liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquefied natural gas (LNG), are becoming more popular as eco-friendly energy sources. However, using these gases more often increases the risk of accidents, making it important to conduct thorough risk assessments. The storage systems for these gases rely on thermal superinsulation (TSI), which can fail under extreme heat, especially during fires. Therefore, it is essential to study how and why TSI fails. This research (part of PhD topic) aims to examine insulation performance, thereby improving the overall safety of cryogenic storage systems.
An overview with the basics of size and shape measurement of particles and 2D structures according to established methodologies (and popular imaging processing software packages) with imaging techniques is given. Main descriptors are explained based on practical cases are determined interactively at the flipchart.
To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, energy carries such as hydrogen consider to be a solution. Consumption of hydrogen as a fuel meets several restrictions such as its low volumetric energy density in gas phase. To tackle this problem, storage as well as transportation in liquid phase is recommended. To be able to handle this component in liquid phase, an efficient thermal insulation e.g., MLI insulation is required. Some studies have been revealed vulnerability of this type of insulation against high heat flux, for instance a fire accident. Some investigations have been depicted the importance of consideration of the MLI thermal degradation in terms of its reflective layer. However, limited number of studies have been focused on the thermal degradation of spacer material and its effect on the overall heat flux.
In this study, through systematic experimental measurements, the effect of thermal loads on glass fleece, glass paper as well as polyester spacers are investigated. The results are reported in various temperature and heat flux profiles. Interpreting the temperature profiles revealed as the number of spacers in the medium increases, the peak temperature detectable by the temperature sensor on the measurement plate decreases. Moreover, the contribution of each individual spacer in all cases regarding the experimental temperature range is assessed to be around 8%. This value may increase to around 50% for glass paper and polyester spacers, and to around 25% for glass fleece spacers as the number of spacer layers increases up to six layers.
To utilize the outcomes of the experiment later and integrate the results into numerical and CFD simulations, a model is proposed for the mentioned experimental temperature range up to 300°C to predict a heat flux attenuation factor. The model proposes a fitting factor that can reproduce the least square fitted line to the experimental data.
Traceable morphological and chemical characterization of nanomaterials with respect to the various possible sizes, size distributions, shapes, and concentrations of real-world nanoparticles (NPs) is a challenging task. Particularly for the nonspherical, non-monodisperse nanoparticles – as typically for most of the commercial particles, including their strong tendency to agglomerate, there is a lack of standard operation procedures providing accurate nanoparticle characterisation.
In the framework of the pre-standardisation framework of VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards, www.vamas.org) two interlaboratory comparison (ILC) studies are being carried out under the Technical Working Area (TWA) 34 “Nanoparticle Populations”:i) Project #15 addresses the analysis of the size and shape distribution of TiO2 bipyramidal NPs by traceable imaging methods such as TEM, SEM, STEM-in-SEM, AFM as well as with SAXS as an ensemble method. This ILC is thought as the next level development of the case studies exemplified in the published ISO standards ISO 21363 and ISO 19749. It was agreed to complete the first ILC with the NPs already prepared according to the same procedure on a TEM grid, and, at a later stage, to carry out second ILCs with the same NPs distributed to the participants as liquid suspensions together with protocols for the uniform NP deposition on suited substrates - as developed and optimized within the European project nPSize. Once having good deposition protocols available, the door for automated image analysis gets opened. Corresponding image analysis protocols and reporting templates have been distributed to the ILC participants, too.
ii) Project #16: two spherical SiO2 NP samples with bi-modal size distributions in two nominal relative number concentrations were prepared and distributed also as liquid suspensions accompanied by sample preparation, measurement, and image analysis protocols and reporting templates. Here, the NP concentration is the primary parameter to be measured. For the imaging methods it is targeted to
measure the relative nanoparticle concentrations (relative populations of the two modes).
The results of all the participating laboratories, in both ILCs, compiled in comparative representations will be shown and discussed for the first time. The reduction of the measurement uncertainties associated to the size, shape and number-concentration results induced by the significant improvement of the sample preparation on substrates (as single particles with a high-density coverage), combined with welldefined image analysis procedures will be highlighted.
Porous films play an important role particularly in energy applications like photovoltaics, electrolysis or batteries. Thin film properties such as thickness, chemical composition, crystallinity of the framework, and porosity define the activity of the porous films. The accurate morpho-chemical characterisation of mesoporous thin films is a challenging analytical task which requires the consideration of new analytical approaches based on the combination of data of different methods able to address the structure and chemical composition at the nanoscale. In this contribution we characterise thin mesoporous iridium-titanium mixed oxide film properties by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) at an SEM applied in a dedicated “thin film analysis” approach. Thus, the film mass deposition, film thickness and the film density can be determined. Further, by dividing the measured film density to an assumed (theoretical) metal oxide framework (skeletal) density, the thin film porosity can be extracted, too.
In order to assess the homogeneity of the thin film properties like the chemical composition, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Auger Electron Spectrometry are applied in the depth profiling mode, so that possible in-depth gradients are detected. Lateral inhomogeneities in the chemical composition and structure of the thin mesoporous films are also identified by applying the same methods in the line-scan or mapping mode, which can be further combined with in-depth sputtering for 3D information. The role of the spatial resolution of the analytical methods considered, which can go down well below 100 nm, will be highlighted.
Following parts of the research project as proceeded at University of Birminngham are presented: Translocation, Experiments, Synthesis of DNA Structures, Antibody, Biomarker, Binding. Following works have been carried out at BAM: High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Dedicated Sample Preparation, Surface Analysis Methods.
Schwefelhexafluorid (SF6) ist ein 22.800-mal stärkeres Treibhausgas als CO2, wird aber aufgrund seiner isolierenden Eigenschaften in Mittel- und Hochspannungssystemen wie Schaltanlagen eingesetzt. Voraussetzung für die Durchschlagfestigkeit ist ein geringer Wasserdampfgehalt. Viele aktuelle Feuchtigkeitssensoren zeigen jedoch eine Querempfindlichkeit gegenüber CO2. Diese Richtlinienarbeit zielt darauf ab, den aktuellen Stand der Technik zu erweitern und neue Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen. Abschließend erfolgt eine Erweiterung der Richtlinie zur Gasfeuchte-Messung VDI/VDE 3514.
In the course of decarbonizing the energy industry, cryogenic energy carriers as liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are seen as having great potential. In technical applications, the challenge is to keep these energy carriers cold for a long time. This is achieved in the road transport sector and also stationary applications by thermal super insulations (TSI) which based on double-walled tanks with vacuum and multilayer insulation (MLI) in the interspace. This study focuses on the behaviour of widely used combustible MLI in a fire scenario, at vacuum and atmospheric pressure conditions. The former corresponds to the typical design condition and the latter to the condition after an outer hull rapture of a tank. Furthermore, two fire scenarios were taken into account: a standard-oriented approach and a hydrocarbon fire-oriented approach. For the study, a test rig was applied that allows testing of TSI at industrial conditions and subsequent analysis of TSI samples. The test rig allows thermal loading and performance analysis of TSI samples at the same time. Comparing the tests, the samples degraded differently. However, no sudden failure of the entire MLI was observed in any test. These results are relevant for the evaluation of incidents with tanks for the storage of cryogenic fluids and can thus contribute to the improvement of TSI and the development of emergency measures for the protection of persons and infrastructures.
Analyzing materials composed of multiple elements with spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger-Electron Spectroscopy (AES) or Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), can be challenging due to spectral overlap. Moreover, each analytical method introduces its own set of challenges, e.g., the strong secondary fluorescence effect for neighbor elements in EPMA, thus, making the accurate elemental quantification in such materials difficult. When the material is available as thin film, additional constraints are inherently present. To provide a reference material for these analytical challenges high entropy alloys (HEAs) are excellent candidates. Currently, there is no thin film reference available containing more than 2 elements.
Unlike traditional alloys, which typically consist of one or two main elements and smaller amounts of secondary elements, HEAs are characterized by the presence of multiple principal elements in almost equal proportions. This unique composition results in a high degree of disorder at the atomic level, leading to exceptional mechanical, physical, and often unexpected properties. HEAs have garnered significant attention in materials science and engineering due to their potential applications in a wide range of industries, from aerospace and automotive to electronics and renewable energy.
For the preparation of a dedicated thin film reference material, we have chosen to prepare HEAs by magnetron sputtering, since it is not associated with elemental segregation that may occur due to the high configurational entropy of HEAs, which promotes atomic rearrangements. Our goal was to prepare films with a homogeneous thickness and defined chemical composition to be analyzed by various methods dedicated to surface analysis.
The material, consisting of titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, and nickel was deposited as film on silicon substrates - to our knowledge the first HEA thin film of this type reported in literature. A set of different thickness of the films was chosen, on the one hand to facilitate the analysis with different techniques, and on the other side to evaluate the limitations of the respective methods. The films morphology was characterized as prepared by SEM followed by the analysis of their 2D compositional homogeneity by EDX, XRF, ToF-SIMS and XPS. in-depth chemical composition was evaluated by ToF-SIMS and AES. The outcomes of analyzing the initial batches of films will be presented.
Nanopipettes are a type of solid-state nanopore with needle-like geometry. Their applications range from imaging, sensing, diagnostics, and use as injectors. The response of nanopipette sensors is highly dependent on the size, geometry and chemical properties of the sensing region. As nanopipettes are increasingly tuned and modified for specific analytes, a better understanding of the surface chemistry and morphology of the inner channel is necessary. For exploring these effects, quartz nanopipettes were modified by gas phase silanization, a well-utilised technique in the field to enhance performance of nanopipettes, and further functionalised with a metal bis thiolate complex, to aid in chemical analysis. The inner channel of the sensing region was exposed with focused ion beam (FIB) milling as a dedicated sample preparation method for nanoscale surface analysis. The sample characterisation involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low-energy energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results demonstrate the first steps towards full characterisation of nanopipettes at the nanoscale, notably with access to the inner channel. The methods used here can be applied to gain further understanding of the response of these sensors to complex analytes, and allow for the study of different surface functionalisation at the all-important sensing region.
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M) is a layer wise metal additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which enables significant advancements of component design, leading to potential efficiency and performance improvements. However, the thermal cycles inherent to the process comprising large localized thermal gradients and repeated melting and solidification cycles leads to the generation of high magnitude residual stresses. These residual stresses can be detrimental both during manufacturing of components and in subsequent application. Therefore, a deep understanding of the influence of process parameters on the residual stresses are crucial for efficient manufacturing and safe application. The experimental characterization of these residual stresses is therefore crucial and can provide a reliable baseline for simulations of both the process and applications.
Diffraction-based methods for residual stress analysis using penetrating neutrons and high energy X-rays enable non-destructive spatially resolved characterization of both surface and bulk residual stresses. However, the unique microstructural features inherent to the process can challenge some of our assumptions when using these methods. These challenges include the determination of a stress-free reference, the use of correct elastic constants (both SCEC and DEC) and the influence of surface roughness, texture, and porosity on residual stresses.
This presentation will detail recent insights and recommendations for the characterization of residual stresses in a range of PBF-LB/M metallic alloys (Fe, Ni, Al and Ti)
Nanopipettes are a type of solid-state nanopore with needle-like geometry. Their applications range from imaging, sensing, diagnostics, and use as injectors. The response of nanopipette sensors is highly dependent on the size, geometry and chemical properties of the sensing region. As they are increasingly tuned and modified for specific analytes, a better understanding of the surface chemistry and morphology of the inner channel is necessary. With the aim of developing a comprehensive approach for characterisation of such nanopipettes, this research focuses on combining surface-sensitive analysis methods with advanced sample preparation techniques. Quartz substrates were modified by gas phase silanization, a well-utilised technique in the field to enhance performance of nanopipettes, and further functionalised with a metal bis thiolate complex, to aid in chemical analysis. The sample characterisation involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM), low-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Using focused ion beam (FIB) milling under gentle conditions, the inner surface of quartz nanopipettes was exposed whilst preserving the integrity of the overall structure (see figure). Owing to the challenging analysis conditions, modification and analysis of flat quartz substrates has been performed in parallel for optimisation purposes. The results demonstrate the first steps towards full characterisation of nanopipettes at the nanoscale, notably with access to the inner channel. The methods used here can be applied to gain further understanding of the response of these sensors to complex analytes and allow for the study of different surface functionalisations at the all-important sensing region.
Graphene has been commercialized for over a decade. It is usually used in the form of suspensions or inks. In this study, we analyze the starting material for commercial functionalized graphene (FG) solutions and inks as well as their starting material (FG powders) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX), time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Graphene was functionalized with fluorine, oxygen, ammonia, and carboxylic acid.
Our results suggest a significant effect of water and commercial resins on the presence as well as the morphological behavior of graphene and associated functionalized group. For example, XPS analysis shows some significant differences between the solutions and the starting materials (powders). These changes can be explained by the location of the functionalization at the outer most surface as indicated by Chemello et al.
The determination of residual stress in additively manufactured materials is a challenge, even after decades from the establishment of the basics of residual stress analysis. This is due to the peculiar microstructure of such materials. In fact, researchers have discovered that conventional methods for the determination of RS in materials do not properly work for AM materials. In this tutorial, the basics of RS analysis will be explained, together with the basics of AM manufacturing techniques. The microstructure of the peculiar materials (AM) dealt with here will be elucidated. Successively, the necessary modifications to the conventional approaches to RS analysis will be explained and case studies will be displayed, for the attendant to touch with hands the peculiarities of the approaches. Finally, a few experimental and theoretical tips will be given on dos and don’ts for a correct determination of RS in AM materials.
Graphene has been commercialized for over a decade. It is usually used in the form of suspensions or inks. In this study, we analyze the starting material for commercial functionalized graphene (FG) solutions and inks as well as their starting material (FG powders) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX), time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Graphene was functionalized with fluorine, oxygen, ammonia, and carboxylic acid.
Our results suggest a significant effect of water and commercial resins on the presence as well as the morphological behavior of graphene and associated functionalized group. For example, XPS analysis shows some significant differences between the solutions and the starting materials (powders). These changes can be explained by the location of the functionalization at the outer most surface as indicated by Chemello et al.
Ensuring the purity of air and water is essential for the overall well-being of life on earth and the sustainability of the planet's diverse ecosystems. To achieve the goal of zero pollution, as outlined in the 2020 European Green Deal by the European Commission,[1] significant efforts are in progress. A key aspect of this commitment involves advancing more efficient and economically viable methods for treating wastewater. This includes the systematic monitoring of harmful pollutants such as heavy metals, microplastics, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals.
One example is the presence of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac in water systems, primarily originating from its use as a gel or lotion for joint pain treatment. Diclofenac contamination in surface waters has been detected at approximately 10 μg L-1 (0.03 μM)[2] which is not solely due to widespread usage but also because of the drug's resistance to microbial degradation. Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which rely on biodegradation, sludge sorption, ozone oxidation, and powdered activated carbon treatment, struggle to efficiently remove diclofenac from wastewater.[3],[4] For instance, to enable WWTPs to efficiently monitor and optimize their processes, it would be advantageous to develop on-site detection and extraction methods for persistent pharmaceutical residues in aqueous samples.
In this work, a sol-gel process was used to prepare Nile blue-doped silica nanoparticles (dSiO2-NPs) with a diameter of ca. 30 nm that were further functionalized to enable reversible-addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. To achieve fluorescence detection, a fluorescent monomer was used as a probe for diclofenac in ethyl acetate, generating stable complexes through hydrogen bond formation. The diclofenac/fluorescent monomer complexes were imprinted into thin molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shells on the surface of the dSiO2-NPs. Thus, the MIP binding behaviour could be easily evaluated by fluorescence titrations to monitor the spectral changes upon addition of the analyte. Doping the core substrate with Nile blue generates effective dual fluorescent signal transduction. This approach does not solely depend on a single fluorescence emission band in response to analyte recognition. Instead, it enables the fluorescent core to function as an internal reference, minimizing analyte-independent factors such as background fluorescence, instrumental fluctuation, and operational parameters.[5] Rebinding studies showed that the MIP particles have excellent selectivity towards the imprinted template and good discrimination against the competitor ibuprofen, with a discrimination factor of 2.5. Additionally, the limit of detection was determined to be 0.6 μM. Thus, with further optimization of the MIP, there is potential for the development of a MIP-based biphasic extract-&-detect fluorescence assay for simple, sensitive and specific sensing of diclofenac in aqueous samples down to the required concentrations of 0.03 μM.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a class of synthetic organofluorine chemicals extensively utilized in the manufacturing of various materials such as firefighting foams, adhesives, and stain- and oil-resistant coatings. In recent years, PFAS have been considered as emerging environmental contaminants, with particular focus on perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), the most prevalent type among PFAS. PFCAs are characterized by a fully fluorinated carbon backbone and a charged carboxylic acid headgroup. Notably, they have been designated as Substances of Very High Concern and added to the REACH Candidate List due to their persistence in the environment, non-biodegradability and toxicological effects.
Conventional techniques for the analysis of PFCA, such as GC-MS, HRMS and HPLC-based methods, are laborious, not portable, costly and require skilled personnel. In contrast, fluorescence assays can be designed as easy-to-operate, portable and cost-effective methods with high sensitivity and fast response, especially when analyte binding leads to a specific increase of a probe’s emission. Integration of such probes with a carrier platform and a miniaturized optofluidic device affords a promising alternative for PFCA monitoring.
Here, a novel guanidine BODIPY fluorescent indicator monomer has been synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the specific detection of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The MIP layer was formed on tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride doped silica core particles for optical internal reference and calibration-free assays. Such system allows selective and reliable detection of PFCA from surface water samples, with minimum interference by competitors, matrix effects and other factors. Integration of the assay into an opto-microfluidic setup resulted in a miniaturized and easy-to-operate detection system allowing for micromolar detection of PFOA in less than 15 minutes from surface water sample.
Electron microscopy applied in different operating modes, e.g., SEM, TEM or STEM-in-SEM, is the gold standard method to investigate the exact size and shape of individual nanoparticles. However, when fine nanoparticles with a non-monodisperse size distribution and non-spherical shapes are analysed, achieving an accurate result is challenging. Deviations in size measurements of more than 10% may occur. Understanding of the contrasts and sensitivities characteristic to the individual operating modes of an electron microscope is key in interpreting and evaluating quantitatively the measurement uncertainties needed for an eventual certification of specific nanoparticles via traceable results. Further, beyond the pure measurement, the other components in the analysis workflow with significant impact on the overall measurement uncertainties are the sample preparation and the image segmentation. In the present study the same areas of selected iron oxide fine nanoparticles (<25 nm) as reference nanomaterial (candidate) prepared on substrate for electron microscopy imaging are analysed correlatively with SEM, STEM-in-SEM and TEM with respect to their size and shape distribution. Individual significant measurement uncertainties are discussed, e.g., the sensitivity of secondary electron detectors of InLens-type to the surface morphology, particularly to the presence of an ultrathin organic coating or signal saturation effects on the particle edges, to electron beam exposure, to surface contamination, or the selection of the threshold for image segmentation. Another goal of this study is to establish a basis of analysis conditions which shall guarantee accurate results when both manual and particularly (semi-)automated segmentation approaches are applied. Advantages as well as limitations of the use of different electron microscopy operating modes, applied individually and correlatively, are highlighted.
Graphene and graphene-oxide (GO) are advanced materials which – similar to other graphene-related 2D materials (GR-2M) - are already used for instance in catalysis processes, biomedical applications, in inks and resins, or as composite materials for the aviation industry. The lateral/structural characterization of graphene oxide (GO) flakes is a challenging task, with steps like sample preparation, representative image selection and exact determination of the particle size distribution of well-defined size and shape descriptors being crucial for an accurate analysis. To ensure that safe-by-design principles are met within the various application fields, the commercial material must be thoroughly characterized and specified through well-known and standardized procedures.
GO flakes with different degrees of complexity were selected to assess the requirements for an accurate evaluation of their physico-chemical properties. These samples show inherent features with complex nanoscale characteristics such as porosity and edge roughness; further, the lateral size (quantified via equivalent circular diameter (ECD), minimum Feret and maximum Feret) of isolated and overlapping particles deposited on a substrate span over several orders of magnitude (nano to micron scale). The samples showed different degrees of agglomeration (and possible aggregation) with sizes ranging between submicron to a few tens of micrometers.
One focus is the automated segmentation and evaluation of images obtained by electron microscopy. The GO samples appear translucent with well-defined contrast between single and overlapping flakes both with the secondary electron detector of type InLens as well as with SEM in the transmission mode (STEM) utilizing a dedicated sample holder. To this end it is of utmost importance for the accurate image segmentation to carefully select thresholds both manually and through semi-automatic approaches using well-known threshold algorithms such as “IsoData” and pre-defined segmentation applications such as the ParticleSizer software package.
Further specific challenges in identifying and extracting key features of selected graphene oxide flakes are being discussed and approaches towards accurate and representative characterization are presented.
The EU member states have set out ambitious long-term goals for deploying offshore wind energy. The installed offshore wind capacity is set to increase from 14.6 GW in 2021 to around 320 GW in 2050. This signifies the role of offshore wind energy as a major contributor to reaching the EU’s climate and energy goals. To ensure that the defined targets are met, a significant number of new wind farms has to be installed and existing wind farms reaching the end of their planned life need to be reused efficiently. Some of the relevant reuse alternatives are lifetime extension, repowering based on the existing support structures and repowering with new turbines.
As a basis of the decision-making regarding the reuse of existing offshore wind farm, the expected utility of each relevant option should be determined based on the associated expected rewards, costs and risks. The optimal concept maximizes the utility of the decision-maker and fulfills the existing constraints and requirements. To facilitate such a quantitative decision-making, models and methods have to be developed. In particular, models are required that enable predictions of (a) the condition and performance of the turbines and support structures and (b) the renumeration, costs and consequences of adverse events. These predictions have to consider (a) the governing uncertainties, (b) the available information from the planning, construction, installation and operating phase, (b) potential repair, retrofitting and strengthening schemes and (c) possible monitoring, inspection and maintenance regimes for the future operating phase.
Over the past years, several models, methods and tools have been developed at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) to support the structural integrity management of offshore wind turbine substructures. These include:
(a) a prototype for reliability-based, system-wide, adaptive planning of inspections of welded steel structures in offshore wind farms,
(b) a method for monitoring and risk-informed optimization of inspection and maintenance strategies for jacket structures subject to fatigue, and
(c) a probabilistic cost model of inspection and maintenance of welded steel structures in offshore wind farms.
This contribution provides an overview on these works and discusses how they can be adapted and extended to support the decision-making regarding lifetime extensions and repowering of offshore wind farms.
Due to the advantages of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB), i.e., design freedom and the possibility to manufacture parts with filigree structures, and the considerable amount of knowledge available for 316L in its conventional variant, the mechanical behavior, and related microstructure-property relationships of PBF-LB/316L are increasingly subject of research. However, many aspects regarding the - application-relevant - mechanical behavior at high temperatures are not yet fully understood. Here, we present the results of an experimental study on the LCF behavior of PBF-LB/316L featuring a low defect population, which makes this study more microstructure-focused than most of the studies in the literature. The LCF tests were performed between room temperature (RT) and 600 °C. The mechanical response is characterized by strain-life curves, and hysteresis and cyclic deformation curves. The damage and deformation mechanisms are studied with X-ray computed tomography, and optical and electron microscopy. The PBF-LB/M/316L was heat treated at 450 °C for 4 h, and a hot‑rolled (HR) 316L variant with a fully recrystallized equiaxed microstructure was tested as a reference. Besides, selected investigations were performed after a subsequent heat treatment at 900 °C for 1 h. The PBF-LB/316L exhibits higher cyclic stresses than HR/316L for most of the fatigue life, especially at room temperature. At the smallest strain amplitudes, the fatigue lives of PBF-LB/M/316L are markedly shorter than in HR/316L. The main damage mechanisms are multiple cracking at slip bands (RT) and intergranular cracking (600 °C). Neither the melt pool boundaries nor the gas porosity have a significant influence on the LCF damage mechanism. The cyclic stress-strain deformation behavior of PBF-LB/M/316L features an initial hardening followed by a continuous softening. The additional heat treatment at 900 °C for 1 h led to decreased cyclic stresses, and a longer fatigue life.
Die additive Fertigung mittels Schweißverfahren bietet große ökonomische Vorteile für eine ressourceneffiziente Bauteilherstellung. Offene Fragen bezüglich Homogenität, Anisotropie der Schweißgefüge und den damit verbundenen Bauteileigenschaften stehen einer wirtschaftlichen Verarbeitung oftmals im Wege. Finale Bauteilgeometrie und Oberflächengüte erfordern meist komplementäre subtraktive Fertigungsschritte. Werkstoffe für hochbelastbare Komponenten sind oftmals schwer spanbar. In einem Vorhaben der BAM und des ISAF wurde untersucht, wie die Modifikation der AM-Schweißzusätze und das ultraschallunterstützte Fräsen (US) die Zerspanungssituation verbessern. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Legierung, Gefüge und Zerspanung zweier schwer spanbarer Hochleistungslegierungen (FeNi und CoCr) dar. Großes Potenzial zeigte neben dem US die Modifikation mit Zr und Hf bei Zulegierung in das Schweißgut mittels Beschichtung von Massivdrähten bzw. Herstellung von Fülldrähten.
The strength of age-hardenable aluminum alloys is based on the controlled formation of nm-sized precipitates, which represent obstacles to dislocation movement. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is generally used to identify precipitate types and orientations and to determine their size. This geometric quantification (e.g., length, diameter) is often performed by manual image analysis, which is very time consuming and sometimes poses reproducibility problems. The present work aims at the digital representation of this characterization method by proposing an automatable digital approach. Based on DF-TEM images of different precipitation states of alloy EN AW-2618A, a modularizable digital workflow is described for the quantitative analysis of precipitate dimensions. The integration of this workflow into a data pipeline concept is also presented. The semantic structuring of data allows data to be shared and reused for other applications and purposes, which enables interoperability.
The determination of residual stress in additively manufactured materials is a challenge, even after decades from the establishment of the basics of residual stress analysis. This is due to the peculiar microstructure of such materials. In fact, researchers have discovered that conventional methods for the determination of RS in materials do not properly work for AM materials. In this tutorial, the basics of RS analysis will be explained, together with the basics of AM manufacturing techniques. The microstructure of the peculiar materials (AM) dealt with here will be elucidated. Successively, the necessary modifications to the conventional approaches to RS analysis will be explained and case studies will be displayed, for the attendant to touch with hands the peculiarities of the approaches. Finally, a few experimental and theoretical tips will be given on dos and don’ts for a correct determination of RS in AM materials.
The experimental determination of residual stress becomes more complicated with increasing complexity of the structures investigated. Unlike the conventional and most of the additive manufacturing (AM) fabrication techniques, laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) allows the production of complex structures without any additional manufacturing step. However, due to the extremely localized melting and solidification, internal stress-induced deformation and cracks are often observed. In the best case, significant residual stress is retained in the final structures as a footprint of the internal stress during manufacturing.
Here we report solutions to the most prevalent challenges when dealing with the diffraction-based determination of residual stress in AM structures, in particular the choice of the correct diffraction elastic constants. We show that for Nickel-based alloys, the diffraction elastic constants of AM material significantly deviate from their conventional counterparts. Furthermore, measurement strategies to overcome the hurdles appearing when applying diffraction-based techniques to complex-shaped lattice structures are presented: a) proper sample alignment within the beam, b) the proper determination of the residual stress field in a representative part of the structure (i.e., with an engineering meaning). Beyond the principal stress magnitude, the principal direcions of residual stress are discussed for different geometries and scan strategies, as they are relevent for failure criteria.
We show that the RS in the lattice struts can be considered to be uniaxial and to follow the orientation of the strut, while the RS in the lattice knots is more hydrostatic. Additionally, we show that strain measurements in at least seven independent directions are necessary for the correct estimation of the principal stress directions. The measurement directions should be chosen according to the sample geometry and to an informed choice on the possible strain field (i.e., reflecting the scan strategy).
We finally show that if the most prominent direction is not measured, the error in the calculated stress magnitude increases in such a manner that no reliable assessment of RS state can be made.
The influence of test temperature and frequency on the fatigue life of the alloy EN AW-2618A (2618A) was characterized. The overaged condition (T61 followed by 1000 h/230 °C) was investigated in load-controlled tests with a stress ratio of R = -1 and two test frequencies (0.2 Hz, 20 Hz) at room temperature and at 230°C, respectively. An increase in the test temperature reduces fatigue life, whereby this effect is more pronounced at lower stress amplitudes. Decreasing the test frequency in tests at high temperatures further reduces the service life.
The determination of residual stress in additively manufactured materials is a challenge, even after decades from the establishment of the basics of residual stress analysis. This is due to the peculiar microstructure of such materials. In fact, researchers have discovered that conventional methods for the determination of RS in materials do not properly work for AM materials. In this tutorial, the basics of RS analysis will be explained, together with the basics of AM manufacturing techniques. The microstructure of the peculiar materials (AM) dealt with here will be elucidated. Successively, the necessary modifications to the conventional approaches to RS analysis will be explained and case studies will be displayed, for the attendant to touch with hands the peculiarities of the approaches. Finally, a few experimental and theoretical tips will be given on dos and don’ts for a correct determination of RS in AM materials.
Modern high-pressure H2 tanks consist of fiber-reinforced composite materials and a plastic lining on the inside. The use of glass would drastically increase the H2 barrier effect. This could be achieved with glass liners or fiber-reinforced polymer-bonded glass capillary storage tanks and would enable lower wall thicknesses, higher gravimetric storage densities and variable designs and thus a much more effective use of space.
However, the decisive material parameters for the development of these technologies, such as the hydrogen permeation, are unknown. This study focuses on H2 diffusion in glasses of different chemical compositions.
H2 permeation is measured by mass spectrometry. For this purpose, the mass spectrometer (MS), which is located in a high vacuum, is separated from the pressure side by the test specimen. Pure H2 gas is present on the pressure side, so that the mass flow is recorded qualitatively and quantitatively in the MS. The permeation coefficients are calculated from the sample geometry and the mass flow rates. The very low H2 permeation of glass is measured on bundles of thin-walled commercially available glass capillaries and compared with the hydrogen permeation data of the glass powder method.
A damaging action of HNO3-55% only occurs in combination with its decomposition into nitrous gases, which can be caused by UV radiation. In a laboratory test, transparent HDPE jerrycans have been exposed to both UV radiation and 55 wt-% nitric acid solution at (41 ± 2)°C, for up to 20 days. For comparison, UV radiant exposure (21 days) and nitric acid exposure (up to 6 weeks) were performed separately, at nearly equal temperatures. The respective damages are compared with FTIR spectroscopy in ATR and HT-gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on a molecular level and with hydraulic internal pressure testing as a component test. For the used jerrycans, relevant oxidation can only be found after the combined exposure. The gradual increase in oxidative damage shows the good reproducibility of the lab exposure. The decomposition of nitric acid into nitrous gases by UV radiation – as well as the jerrycan oxidation – is also observed at lower HNO3 concentration (28 wt- %). Similar results are obtained after outdoor tests. Again, the damage occurs only after combined exposure, in contrast to the exposures to UV only and to HNO3 only, which were conducted in parallel. Outdoor exposures are most readily accepted as they represent possible end-use conditions. However, the reproducibility of these exposures is poor due to the large temporal variations in weather. There are also several safety risks, which is why the number of replicates remains limited. Since the outdoor and lab exposure tests show the same qualitative results, it is appropriate to conduct systematic studies in the laboratory. After 6 days of lab exposure, the oxidation damage is rated as critical, which corresponds to about 1/10 year in Central Europe, according to the UV radiant exposure. It should be noted that this amount can also occur in two sunny weeks.
A common engineering practice is to optimize the geometry of a structure by an iterative process, in which an objective function is minimized by systematically choosing the value of design variables and computing the value of the objective function many times.
However, regarding multiscale problems, this direct numerical approach is not feasible for a number of reasons.
The model has to take into account both the structural and unit cell (UC) scale, because the objective function to be minimized is a global quantity, while the parameters are related to the shape or material parameters of the UC.
In the absence of a clear separation of scales, the direct resolution of both scales in the numerical model leads to a significant increase in computational cost, which makes it impossible to repeatedly evaluate the model during the optimization process.
The main goal of this contribution is to overcome the aforementioned limitations and develop a new efficient computational framework for the optimal design of lattice structures.
To this end, parametric MOR is combined with DD methods.
The change in geometry of each UC within the lattice is modelled by introducing a transformation that maps the reference to the physical domain.
In offline simulations, suitable localized approximation spaces, that account for the change in geometry of the UC and its neighbours, are constructed using the concept of oversampling and random sampling.
These are then integrated into a dual DD framework to derive a robust and scalable solver, i.e. a fast-to-evaluate reduced order model (ROM).
The ROM is validated on the example of optimizing a concrete arc or pre-stressed multi beam structure minimizing its mass.
Optical glasses and glass ceramics are present in many devices often used in our daily routine, such as the mobile phones and tablets. Since the 1960´s with the development of glass lasers, and more recently, within the search for efficient W-LEDs, sensors and solar converters, this class of materials has experienced extreme research progress. In order to tailor a material for such applications, it is very important to understand and characterize optical properties such as refractive index, transmission window, absorption and emission cross sections, quantum yields, etc. These properties can often be tuned by appropriate compositional choice and post-synthesis processing. In this lecture we will discuss the optical properties of glasses and glass ceramics, relevant to that end.
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of type 4 composite pressure vessels can be seen as key to better understanding the behaviour of the composite structure and the impact of the manufacturing process on its quality. In this presentation, NDT methods used in the “Trustworthy Hydrogen” project are introduced. A brief discussion of the observed phenomena is provided.
Society is currently confronted with two global challenges, climate change and sustainable development. This reality reverberates amongst the leading nations of the world and is articulated as a priority by the United Nations through the Framework Convention on Climate Change and its seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. In 2016, under the Paris Accord, Mission Innovation, MI, emerged as a global response to climate change and developed eight innovation challenges to mitigate its effect, including Clean Energy Materials, IC6. This innovation challenge focused its efforts on accelerating the development and deployment of clean energy materials by more than a factor of ten through Materials Acceleration Platforms, MAPs – autonomous, self-driving materials laboratories and renewed itself under the current mandate as Materials for Energy, M4E.
Self-driving labs deploy artificial intelligence, robotic automation and high-performance simulation and modeling in a closed loop system of material synthesis and characterization. An international ecosystem for accelerated materials discovery has been established and finds applications in many enabling materials technologies, including nanomaterials. The importance of nanomaterials to catalysis for hydrogen production and carbon dioxide conversion as well as energy storage in batteries is well known. In this work, the international efforts under Materials for Energy will be elaborated including the development of MINERVA - MAP for Intelligent Nanomaterial synthesis Enabled by Robotics for Versatile Applications. MINERVA was specifically built to include the specialized equipment required for the synthesis, characterization and closed-loop optimization of various nano- and advanced materials, ranging from simple inorganic (silica, metal, metal oxide) or polymeric nanoparticles to more complex core-shell architectures and materials with well-defined porosity or surface chemistry. Currently, we are investigating materials for applications in antimicrobial and antibiofouling surface coatings, sensor materials, as well as the reproducible synthesis of reference materials with this platform.
Material Acceleration Platforms (MAPs) represent a transformative approach to the development of resilient and sustainable technology value chains. These platforms can identify candidate chemistries and structures via simulations, and database searches and leverage machine learning-based rapid screening to accelerate the discovery and deployment of novel materials, thereby addressing critical challenges in modern technology sectors.
Incorporating high-fidelity advanced characterization in the early phases of material development is crucial for early de-risking. Advanced characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, advanced electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques provide comprehensive insights into the structural, chemical, and physical properties of materials. Long-term testing further contributes to the de-risking process by evaluating the durability and stability of materials under various environmental and operational conditions. Early identification of potential degradation mechanisms enables the refinement of material compositions and processing methods, ultimately leading to the development of more resilient materials.
Early upscaling attempts are integral to assessing the feasibility of material leads generated through machine learning-based rapid screening to evaluate the scalability of synthesis and processing techniques. This step is critical for identifying potential challenges in manufacturing, such as issues related to reproducibility, yield, and cost-effectiveness. Process design has to be a major part of the MAP-based material design to cope with the increasing share of secondary raw materials in supply chains.
This presentation will briefly summarize possible strategies to address these issues and provide deep-dives on best practices. As the demand for advanced materials continues to grow, MAPs will play an increasingly vital role in driving technological advancements and addressing global challenges.
Übersicht über den Aktuellen Stand der Durchführungsmaßnahmen der EU zur Ökodesign-Richtlinie sowie der delegierten Rechtsakte zum EU Energielabel. Der Fokus liegt auf die Änderungen bzgl. gesetzlicher Anforderungen, die Überwachung durch die Vollzugsbehörden und mögliche diesbezügliche Informationsquellen.
Übersicht über die Umsetzung des EU Green New Deal, des Circular Economy Action Plan sowie der Sustainable Product Initiative. Ebenfalls erfolgt eine Zusammenfassung der Auswirkungen der Änderungen im EU-Produktrecht auf die Revision des geltenden Rechts und das Zusammenspiel zwischen Rechtssetzung und Normung.
Überblick über den Paradigmenwechsel der EU-Rechtsetzung zu Produkten, sowie die Erweiterung des Geltungsbereiches auf Zirkularitätsaspekte (Circular Economy). Der Überblick wird anhand des Beispieles Produktlebensdauer erklärt und die Vorteile eines Zusammenspiels zwischen der Legislative und Normungsarbeit erörtert.
Following the new paradigm of materials development, design and optimization, digitalization is the main goal in materials sciences (MS) which imposes a huge challenge. In this respect, the quality assurance of processes and output data as well as the interoperability between applications following FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, reusability) principles are to be ensured. For storage, processing, and querying of data in contextualized form, Semantic Web Technologies (SWT) are used since they allow for machine-understandable and human-readable knowledge representations needed for data management, retrieval, and (re)use.
The project ‘platform MaterialDigital’ (PMD) is part of an initiative that aims to bring together and support interested parties from both industrial and academic sectors in a sustainable manner in solving digitalization tasks and implementing digital solutions. Therefore, the establishment of a virtual material data space and the systematization of the handling of hierarchical, process-dependent material data are focused. Core points to be dealt with are the development of agreements on data structures and interfaces implemented in distinct software tools and to offer users specific added values in their projects. Furthermore, the platform contributes to a standardized description of data processing methods in materials research. In this respect, selected MSE methods are ontologically represented which are supposed to serve as best practice examples with respect to knowledge representation and the creation of knowledge graphs used for material data.
Accordingly, this presentation shows the efforts taken within the PMD project to store data in accordance with a testing standard compliant ontological representation of a tensile test of metals at room temperature (ISO 6892-1:2019-11). This includes the path from developing an ontology in accordance with the respective standard up to connecting the ontology and data. The semantic connection of the ontology and data leads to interoperability and an enhanced ability of querying. For further enhanced reusability of data and knowledge from synthesis, production, and characterization of materials, the PMD core ontology (PMDco) was developed as mid-level ontology in the field of MSE. The semantic connection of the tensile test ontology (TTO) to the PMDco leads to enhanced expressivity and interoperability.
Moreover, as a best practice example, generation and acquisition of test data semantically connected to the ontology (data mapping) was realized by applying an electronic laboratory notebook (ELN). Corresponding tensile tests were performed by materials science students at university. This enabled a fully digitally integrated experimental procedure that can be transferred to other test series and experiments. In addition to facilitating the acquisition, analysis, processing, and (re)usability of data, this also raises the awareness of students with respect to data structuring and semantic technologies in the sense of education and training. The entire data pipeline is further seamlessly integrable in a laboratory information management system (LIMS). More specifically, the integration of semantic conceptualization and knowledge graphs may become essential parts in LIMS as this would be very beneficial. Therefore, some first approaches of SWT integration in LIMS will also be presented briefly.
The digital era has led to a significant increase in innovation in scientific research across diverse fields and sectors. Evolution of data-driven methodologies lead to a number of paradigm shifts how data, information, and knowledge is produced, understood, and analyzed. High profile paradigm shifts in the field of materials science (MS) include exploitative usage of computational tools, machine learning algorithms, and high-performance computing, which unlock novel avenues for investigating materials. In these presentations, we highlight prototype solutions developed in the context of the Platform MaterialDigital (PMD) project that addresses digitalization challenges. As part of the Material Digital Initiative, the PMD supports the establishment of a virtual materials data space and a systematic handling of hierarchical processes and materials data using a developed ontological framework as high priority work items. In particular, the mid-level ontology PMDco and its augmentation through application-specific ontologies are illustrated. As part of the conclusion, a discussion encompasses the evolutionary path of the ontological framework, taking into account standardization efforts and the integration of modern AI methodologies such as natural language processing (NLP). Moreover, demonstrators illustrated in these presentations highlight: The integration and interconnection of tools, such as digital workflows and ontologies, Semantic integration of diverse data as proof of concept for semantic interoperability, Improved reproducibility in image processing and analysis, and Seamless data acquisition pipelines supported by an ontological framework. In this context, concepts regarding the application of modern research data management tools, such as electronic laboratory notebooks (ELN) and laboratory information management systems (LIMS), are presented and elaborated on. Furthermore, the growing relevance of a standardized adoption of such technologies in the future landscape of digital initiatives is addressed. This is supposed to provide an additional basis for discussion with respect to possible collaborations.
Im Projekt GlasDigital sollen digitale Werkzeuge für die Hochdurchsatzentwicklung neuartiger Glaswerkstoffe erarbeitet werden. Dies soll durch die Kombination robotischer Syntheseverfahren mit selbstlernenden Maschinen und ihre Einbindung in eine Ontologie-basierte digitale Infrastruktur realisiert werden.
Steel tension members with hollow sections are used in applications such as trusses. To ensure the fire resistance, the steel must be prevented from heating up too quickly. A suitable solution is the application of intumescent coatings. However, the approval-based scope of application of these products generally does not include steel tension members with hollow section. This is mainly due to the lack of a corresponding European test and assessment standard. To investigate the characteristics to be considered when testing these structural members and assessing the contribution of the intumescent coating to the fire resistance, several mechanically loaded fire tests were carried out using a special tension test furnace. The fire tests have shown that intumescent coatings can provide a significant improvement in the fire resistance of steel tension members with hollow section. However, this specific application generally places particularly high demands on the performance of the intumescent coating. This is partly due to the four-sided fire exposure and the mainly filigree cross sections, which both result in high section factors. In addition, there is an increased crack formation due to the tensile load. As a result, the thermal protection of the tested intumescent coating on the tension members decreased compared to columns with the same section factor and fire exposure. Consequently, the presence of a mechanical load in the fire test as well as the type of loading affect the thermal protective performance of the intumescent coating and shall be considered.
Glasses stand out by their wide and continuously tunable chemical composition and large variety of unique shaping techniques making them a key component of modern high technologies. Glass development, however, is still often too cost-, time- and energy-intensive. The use of robotic melting systems embedded in an ontology-based digital environment is intended to overcome these problems in future.
For this purpose, a robotic high throughput glass melting system is equipped with novel inline sensors for process monitoring, machine learning (ML)-based, adaptive algorithms for process monitoring and optimization, novel tools for high throughput glass analysis and ML-based algorithms for glass design. This includes software tools for data mining as well as property and process modelling. The presentation provides an overview of how all these tools merge into a digital infrastructure and illustrates their usability using examples.
All infrastructural parts were developed by a consortium consisting of the Fraunhofer ISC in Würzburg, the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena (OSIM), the Clausthal University of Technology (INW) and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM, Division Glasses) as part of a joint project of the German research initiative MaterialDigital.
Digital Transformation in Materials Science: Insights From the Platform MaterialDigital (PMD)
(2024)
The digital era has led to a significant increase in innovation in scientific research across diverse fields and sectors. Evolution of data-driven methodologies lead to a number of paradigm shifts how data, information, and knowledge is produced, understood, and analyzed. High profile paradigm shifts in the field of materials science (MS) include exploitative usage of computational tools, machine learning algorithms, and high-performance computing, which unlock novel avenues for investigating materials. In these presentations, we highlight prototype solutions developed in the context of the Platform MaterialDigital (PMD) project that addresses digitalization challenges. As part of the Material Digital Initiative, the PMD supports the establishment of a virtual materials data space and a systematic handling of hierarchical processes and materials data using a developed ontological framework as high priority work items. In particular, the mid-level ontology PMDco and its augmentation through application-specific ontologies are illustrated. As part of the conclusion, a discussion encompasses the evolutionary path of the ontological framework, taking into account standardization efforts and the integration of modern AI methodologies such as natural language processing (NLP). Moreover, demonstrators illustrated in these presentations highlight: The integration and interconnection of tools, such as digital workflows and ontologies, Semantic integration of diverse data as proof of concept for semantic interoperability, Improved reproducibility in image processing and analysis, and Seamless data acquisition pipelines supported by an ontological framework. In this context, concepts regarding the application of modern research data management tools, such as electronic laboratory notebooks (ELN) and laboratory information management systems (LIMS), are presented and elaborated on. Furthermore, the growing relevance of a standardized adoption of such technologies in the future landscape of digital initiatives is addressed. This is supposed to provide an additional basis for discussion with respect to possible collaborations.