Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (2628) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (1903)
- Deutsch (715)
- Mehrsprachig (5)
- Russisch (3)
- Tschechisch (1)
- Portugiesisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Concrete (75)
- Corrosion (62)
- Structural health monitoring (42)
- Simulation (36)
- Monitoring (32)
- Laser beam welding (27)
- Steel (27)
- Korrosion (25)
- Ultrasound (25)
- Drop test (23)
- LIBS (23)
- Non-destructive testing (23)
- Rheology (23)
- Hydrogen (22)
- Wear (22)
- Additive Fertigung (21)
- CCS (21)
- Cement (21)
- Fire (21)
- NDT (21)
- Recycling (21)
- Friction (20)
- Additive manufacturing (19)
- Fatigue (19)
- Additive Manufacturing (18)
- Eigenspannungen (18)
- Schweißen (18)
- Thermography (18)
- Beton (16)
- Creep (16)
- Niobium carbide (16)
- Numerical simulation (16)
- Radioactive material (16)
- Ageing (15)
- Reliability (15)
- Standards (15)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (15)
- Bruchmechanik (14)
- CFD (14)
- Degradation (14)
- Durability (14)
- Explosionsschutz (14)
- Microstructure (14)
- NbC (14)
- Structural Health Monitoring (14)
- Damage detection (13)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (13)
- Finite element method (13)
- Transport (13)
- Acoustic emission (12)
- Building materials (12)
- CO2 (12)
- Composite (12)
- Prozessanalytik (12)
- Safety (12)
- Schwingfestigkeit (12)
- Stainless steel (12)
- VOC (12)
- Baustoffe (11)
- Deponie (11)
- Fire test (11)
- Fracture mechanics (11)
- Geothermal energy (11)
- Mechanical properties (11)
- Temperature (11)
- Testing (11)
- Welding (11)
- Wood (11)
- Alkali-activated materials (10)
- Composites (10)
- Emission test chamber (10)
- Explosion (10)
- Geothermal (10)
- Impact limiter (10)
- MAG-Schweißen (10)
- Radar (10)
- Solidification cracking (10)
- Standardisation (10)
- Standardization (10)
- Transport packages (10)
- UHPC (10)
- Wärmebehandlung (10)
- ATEX (9)
- Aluminium (9)
- Carbonation (9)
- Compression set (9)
- Computed tomography (9)
- Elastomer (9)
- Inspection (9)
- Localized corrosion (9)
- Residual stresses (9)
- SHM (9)
- Seal (9)
- Validation (9)
- Wasserstoff (9)
- Aging (8)
- Bewitterung (8)
- Biofuels (8)
- Chloride (8)
- Coarsening (8)
- Coating (8)
- Compatibility (8)
- DAS (8)
- Deflagration (8)
- Evacuation (8)
- FEM (8)
- Fibre optic sensors (8)
- Fluorescence (8)
- Geokunststoffe (8)
- Ground vibration (8)
- Heat treatment (8)
- Hochfester Stahl (8)
- Interim storage (8)
- Irradiation (8)
- Korrosionsprüfung (8)
- Measurement (8)
- Metal seal (8)
- Moisture (8)
- Numerical modelling (8)
- Pipeline (8)
- Radiography (8)
- Strain sensor (8)
- Tribology (8)
- Ultrasonic (8)
- Weathering (8)
- Brandschutz (7)
- CFRP (7)
- Cask (7)
- Cultural heritage (7)
- Emission (7)
- Ermüdung (7)
- FDS (7)
- Gel-type electrolytes (7)
- Haftfestigkeit (7)
- Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl (7)
- IAEA (7)
- Inconel 718 (7)
- Konformitätsbewertung (7)
- KorroPad (7)
- Korrosionsschutz (7)
- Lamb waves (7)
- Laser powder bed fusion (7)
- Laser processing (7)
- Leichtbeton (7)
- Lochkorrosion (7)
- Machine learning (7)
- Mobile Robot Olfaction (7)
- Modelling (7)
- Nano aerial robot (7)
- Nondestructive testing (7)
- Residual stress (7)
- Ringversuch (7)
- Sealing materials (7)
- Selbstentzündung (7)
- Self-compacting concrete (7)
- Storage (7)
- Strength (7)
- Superplasticizer (7)
- Transport package (7)
- Tunnel (7)
- Ultraschall (7)
- AM (6)
- Active thermography (6)
- Admixtures (6)
- Bauprodukte (6)
- Behälterversagen (6)
- Brand (6)
- CCUS (6)
- CO2-storage (6)
- Cement hydration (6)
- Ceramic (6)
- Circular Economy (6)
- Cobalt (6)
- Compressive strength (6)
- Corrosion resistance (6)
- Crack detection (6)
- Crevice corrosion (6)
- DED (6)
- Dangerous goods (6)
- Datenbank (6)
- Distributed fiber optic sensing (6)
- Distributed sensing (6)
- Distributed sensor (6)
- Dual purpose cask (6)
- Dual purpose casks (6)
- EBSD (6)
- Ecodesign (6)
- Embedded sensors (6)
- Explosion protection (6)
- Feuchte (6)
- Gamma radiation (6)
- Gefahrgut (6)
- Gelartige Elektrolyte (6)
- Hardness (6)
- Hot cracking test (6)
- Impact (6)
- Industrie 4.0 (6)
- LH2 (6)
- Laser Metal Deposition (6)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (6)
- Modeling (6)
- NMR (6)
- Nanoparticles (6)
- Nichtrostender Stahl (6)
- Normung (6)
- Numerical modeling (6)
- OFDR (6)
- OTDR (6)
- Pitting corrosion (6)
- Polycarboxylate ether (6)
- Polymers (6)
- Process analytical technology (6)
- Quality assurance (6)
- Raman spectroscopy (6)
- Rostasche (6)
- Rubber (6)
- Safety assessment (6)
- Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (6)
- Schadensanalyse (6)
- Schädigung (6)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (6)
- Shock absorber (6)
- Shrinkage (6)
- Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen (6)
- Spalling (6)
- Spent fuel (6)
- Spent nuclear fuel (6)
- TDLAS (6)
- Tensile properties (6)
- Tensile strength (6)
- Ti-6Al-4V (6)
- Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen (6)
- Umweltsimulation (6)
- Validierung (6)
- Volatile organic compounds (6)
- Wärmeführung (6)
- 316L (5)
- Adhesion (5)
- Application (5)
- Artificial weathering (5)
- Assessment (5)
- BOFDA (5)
- Biodiesel (5)
- Bridge (5)
- C-OTDR (5)
- Carbon steel (5)
- Coda wave interferometry (5)
- Combustion (5)
- Composite structures (5)
- Copper (5)
- Corrosion testing (5)
- Damage evolution (5)
- Damping concrete (5)
- Deckschichtbildung (5)
- Distributed fiber sensing (5)
- Ductile cast iron (5)
- Duplex steel (5)
- EPR (5)
- Egress (5)
- Elektrochemisches Rauschen (5)
- Femtosecond laser (5)
- Femtosecond laser ablation (5)
- Ferroelectret (5)
- Feuerwiderstand (5)
- GMR (5)
- Gas source localization (5)
- Gas storage areas (5)
- Geopolymers (5)
- Guideline (5)
- IBESS (5)
- Klebfestigkeit (5)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahn (5)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (5)
- LNG (5)
- LTCC (5)
- Laser implantation (5)
- Laser metal deposition (5)
- Laserimplantation (5)
- Laserstrahlschweißen (5)
- Leaching (5)
- Leakage rate (5)
- Lebensdauer (5)
- Long-term behavior (5)
- Machining (5)
- Mauerwerkbruch (5)
- Membrane-based gas sensing (5)
- Messunsicherheit (5)
- Modal analysis (5)
- Modalanalyse (5)
- Non-Destructive Testing (5)
- O-ring (5)
- Online NMR Spectroscopy (5)
- Optical fiber sensors (5)
- Partial discharge (5)
- Plume (5)
- Polyaniline (5)
- Polysaccharides (5)
- Porosity (5)
- Process Analytical Technology (5)
- Prüfmethode (5)
- Quality control (5)
- Qualitätssicherung (5)
- RFID sensors (5)
- Ray tracing (5)
- Repair mortar (5)
- Ring Compression Test (5)
- SBFEM (5)
- Sekundäre Gesteinskörnung (5)
- Sensor network (5)
- Spectral induced polarization (5)
- Spent Nuclear Fuel (5)
- Strain measurement (5)
- Subsurface monitoring (5)
- Super resolution (5)
- Sustainability (5)
- Thermal test (5)
- TiB2 (5)
- Tomography (5)
- Transmission electron microscopy (5)
- Ultrasonic Guided Waves (5)
- Ultrasonic testing (5)
- Weld pool shape (5)
- X-ray refraction (5)
- XRD (5)
- Zentrifugentechnologie (5)
- Zinc coatings (5)
- Zulassung (5)
- Ablation (4)
- Abplatzen (4)
- Absorption (4)
- Acoustic sensing (4)
- Adsorption (4)
- Africa (4)
- Air-coupled (4)
- Alterung (4)
- Anobium punctatum (4)
- Bauartprüfung (4)
- Betonstahl (4)
- Brücke (4)
- Building Materials (4)
- Carbon dioxide (4)
- Carbon steels (4)
- Cathodic protection (4)
- Ceramics (4)
- Change in tensile properties (4)
- Chemical analysis (4)
- Chemometrics (4)
- Chlorine (4)
- Cladding Embrittlement (4)
- Composite pressure vessel (4)
- Compression (4)
- Computational fluid dynamics (4)
- Consequences (4)
- Corrosion fatigue (4)
- Crack growth (4)
- Crack propagation (4)
- Cracks (4)
- Cytop (4)
- DLC (4)
- DSC (4)
- DTBP (4)
- Damage (4)
- Damage localization (4)
- Data fusion (4)
- Diffusion (4)
- Digital image correlation (4)
- Digitalisation (4)
- Dispersion (4)
- Drop testing (4)
- Dust explosion (4)
- EDX (4)
- Earth block masonry (4)
- Earthen materials (4)
- Embedded sensor (4)
- Emissionen (4)
- Energy efficiency (4)
- Explodierender Draht (4)
- Extended storage (4)
- FTIR (4)
- Fatigue strength (4)
- Fe3Al (4)
- Fiber (4)
- Fiber optics sensors (4)
- Fire resistance (4)
- Flame retardancy (4)
- Formaldehyde (4)
- Gefahrgutverpackungen (4)
- Gefahrstoff (4)
- Geführte Ultraschallwellen (4)
- Geosynthetics (4)
- Glass-rubber transition (4)
- Guided waves (4)
- Hard metal (4)
- High power laser beam welding (4)
- Hydration (4)
- Hydroformylation (4)
- Impurities (4)
- Indoor air quality (4)
- Instandsetzung (4)
- Interface (4)
- Kaltrisssicherheit (4)
- Konrad (4)
- Korrosionsbeständigkeit (4)
- LCF (4)
- Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen (4)
- Layer formation (4)
- Leakage (4)
- Legierungsmodifikation (4)
- Leichte Gesteinskörnungen (4)
- Lightweight concrete (4)
- LoRaWAN (4)
- Low-cost (4)
- Martensitic steel (4)
- Measurement methods (4)
- Metal (4)
- Mixture composition (4)
- Multisensor system (4)
- Nano (4)
- Nanoparticle (4)
- Ni-based alloy (4)
- Niobium carbide (NbC) (4)
- Non destructive testing (4)
- Nondestructive evaluation (4)
- Numerical simulations (4)
- OECD (4)
- Oberflächenintegrität (4)
- Optical fiber sensor (4)
- P92 (4)
- Package (4)
- Partikel (4)
- Perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (4)
- Photogrammetry (4)
- Polyethylene grades (4)
- Polymer optical fiber (4)
- Pool fire (4)
- Potentialfeldmessung (4)
- Pressure vessel (4)
- Propan (4)
- Prozess-Spektroskopie (4)
- Prozessindustrie (4)
- Prüfung (4)
- RAM packages (4)
- Radioactive waste (4)
- Radioaktive Stoffe (4)
- Radon exhalation (4)
- Rail inspection (4)
- Railway (4)
- Reaction Monitoring (4)
- Reaction monitoring (4)
- Repair (4)
- Richtlinie 2014/34/EU (4)
- S-phase (4)
- Self-ignition (4)
- Silicone elastomer (4)
- Silicone rubber (4)
- Sintering (4)
- Smart geosynthetics (4)
- Smouldering (4)
- Spectral sensitivity (4)
- Spent fuel assessment (4)
- Starch (4)
- Superplasticizers (4)
- Surface functionalization (4)
- Swarm (4)
- TEM (4)
- ThermoCalc (4)
- Thermografie (4)
- UV (4)
- Ultra-high performance concrete (4)
- Ultrasonic guided waves (4)
- Uncertainty (4)
- Value of information (4)
- Vibration measurements (4)
- Welding simulation (4)
- Werkzeugverschleiß (4)
- X-ray computed tomography (4)
- X-ray imaging (4)
- Zinkdeckschichten (4)
- Zugversuch (4)
- Zündgefahrenbewertung (4)
- AISI D2 (3)
- AKR (3)
- ATR (3)
- Accelerometer (3)
- Acoustic emission analysis (3)
- Aerial robot (3)
- Ageing Management (3)
- Air quality monitoring (3)
- Air-coupled ultrasound (3)
- Aktive Thermografie (3)
- AlSi10Mg (3)
- Alkali activation (3)
- Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (3)
- Alloy 2618A (3)
- Alternative Zündquelle (3)
- Alumina (3)
- Aluminium alloys (3)
- Analytical model (3)
- Auswirkungsbetrachtung (3)
- Automatisierung (3)
- Autonomous micro UAV (3)
- B10 (3)
- Backscatter measurement (3)
- Bahnerschütterungen (3)
- Ballast (3)
- Bauschuttaufbereitung (3)
- Bauteilprüfung (3)
- Behälter (3)
- Beschichtung (3)
- Bestrahlung (3)
- Bonding strength (3)
- Bottom ash (3)
- Bridge transition zone (3)
- Brillouin (3)
- Brillouin sensor (3)
- Brücken (3)
- Building material (3)
- Building vibration (3)
- CCU (3)
- CFK (3)
- CO2 quality (3)
- CONSENS (3)
- Calcined clays (3)
- Calibration (3)
- Carbon (3)
- Carbon capture (3)
- Carbonate layer (3)
- Cargo (3)
- Centrifuge technology (3)
- Cermet (3)
- Certification (3)
- Circular economy (3)
- Civil engineering (3)
- Coatings (3)
- Coherent Heterodyne (3)
- Composite materials (3)
- Computer simulation (3)
- Computertomographie (3)
- Condensation (3)
- Condition monitoring (3)
- Conformity assessment (3)
- Continuous dynamic monitoring (3)
- Corrosion chamber (3)
- Coulometric sensors (3)
- Cutting tools (3)
- Cyclic loading (3)
- Damage mechanics (3)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (3)
- Debonding (3)
- Deconvolution (3)
- Deep penetration laser beam welding (3)
- Deponieverordnung (3)
- Deterioration (3)
- Dickblech (3)
- Digital radiography (3)
- Digitalisierung (3)
- Digitalization (3)
- Directed Energy Deposition (3)
- Directed Enery Deposition (3)
- Disposal (3)
- Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor (3)
- Diutan gum (3)
- Drone (3)
- Druckbehälter (3)
- Duplex stainless steel (3)
- Dynamic load test (3)
- Dämpferbeton (3)
- E-Modul (3)
- E85 (3)
- ESPR (3)
- EU Energy Labelling (3)
- Early hydration (3)
- Eddy current (3)
- Eddy current testing (3)
- Elastomeric seals (3)
- Elastomers (3)
- Electrochemistry (3)
- Electronic nose (3)
- Elektrochemie (3)
- Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadunterstützung (3)
- Elutionsverfahren (3)
- Endlager (3)
- Energy label (3)
- Energy release rate (3)
- Environment (3)
- Environmental evaluation (3)
- Environmental monitoring (3)
- EuroPACT (3)
- Experimental testing (3)
- FED (3)
- FGM (3)
- Fassaden (3)
- Fatigue crack growth (3)
- Fault detection (3)
- Ferritic-martensitic steels (3)
- Fiber Bragg gratings (3)
- Fiber optic sensor (3)
- Fiber optic sensors (3)
- Fibre Bragg grating (3)
- Fibre break (3)
- Fibre-optic sensor (3)
- Fibres (3)
- Field tests (3)
- Finite element methods (3)
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (3)
- Fire exposure (3)
- Fireworks (3)
- Flammability (3)
- Flüssigwasserstoff (3)
- Forschung (3)
- Fractography (3)
- Gas Tomography (3)
- Gas tomography (3)
- Geogitter (3)
- Geometric Phase (3)
- Geophysics (3)
- Germany (3)
- Ground penetrating radar (3)
- Gypsum (3)
- HPC (3)
- Hammer impact (3)
- Heat Flux (3)
- Heterogeneity (3)
- High strength steel (3)
- High voltage cable accessories (3)
- Historische Bauwerke (3)
- Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle (3)
- Holzschutz (3)
- Hot cracking (3)
- Human behaviour (3)
- Humidity (3)
- Hydrothermal treatment (3)
- Ignition source (3)
- Image resolution (3)
- Impact damage (3)
- Inconel 686 (3)
- Inertial navigation system (3)
- Integrity (3)
- Inverse Probleme (3)
- J-integral (3)
- Kaltriss (3)
- Kaltrisse (3)
- Keyhole (3)
- Korrosionsschnelltest (3)
- L-PBF (3)
- LPG (3)
- Laser (3)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (3)
- Laser cleaning (3)
- Laser thermography (3)
- Laser-induced X-ray emission (3)
- Laserhybridschweißen (3)
- Layered soil (3)
- Lead (3)
- Leak detection (3)
- Leakage detection (3)
- Lehmbau (3)
- Leichtgranulat (3)
- Lichtbogenofen (3)
- Lifetime (3)
- Long-term storage (3)
- Low temperature (3)
- MSG-Schweißen (3)
- Machine Learning (3)
- Magnesium (3)
- Maintenance (3)
- Marble (3)
- Martensitischer nichtrostender Stahl (3)
- Masonry rubble (3)
- Mass loss (3)
- Master Curve (3)
- Material (3)
- Material model (3)
- Materialcharakterisierung (3)
- Measurement uncertainty (3)
- Metal seals (3)
- Microplastics (3)
- Mikroplastik (3)
- Mobile robot olfaction (3)
- Model interpolation (3)
- Nachhaltigkeit (3)
- Nanostäube (3)
- Nichtelektrische Geräte (3)
- Nondestructive Testing (3)
- Normen (3)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (3)
- Numerical analysis (3)
- Numerical model (3)
- Oberflächenbehandlung (3)
- Offshore wind energy (3)
- Online NMR spectroscopy (3)
- Ontology (3)
- Organic peroxide (3)
- Organische Peroxide (3)
- Oscillation (3)
- Oxidation (3)
- PEEK (3)
- POF (3)
- Paper (3)
- Patents (3)
- Phosphor (3)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (3)
- Piles (3)
- Pipeline network (3)
- Pipelines (3)
- Polyethylenformstoffe (3)
- Polymer optical fibers (3)
- Polymer optical fibre (3)
- Polymere (3)
- Polysaccharide (3)
- Polyurethane foam (3)
- Probability of Detection (3)
- Probability of detection (3)
- Process control (3)
- Prüfrichtlinie (3)
- Prüfverfahren (3)
- Publications (3)
- Qualitätskontrolle (3)
- RSSI (3)
- Radiation monitoring (3)
- Radon measurement (3)
- Rail (3)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (3)
- Rammed earth (3)
- Rayleigh scattering (3)
- Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme (3)
- Rechenmodelle (3)
- Recommendations (3)
- Regulations (3)
- Reibung (3)
- Reinforcement (3)
- Resource recovery (3)
- Restoration (3)
- Restraint (3)
- Rheologie (3)
- Risk (3)
- Road (3)
- Round robin test (3)
- SEM (3)
- Sauerstoff (3)
- Scaled boundary finite element method (3)
- Schadensdetektion (3)
- Schadenstoleranz (3)
- Schallemissionsanalyse (3)
- Sensor (3)
- Sewage sludge ash (3)
- Shaker (3)
- Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen Staub (3)
- Silver (3)
- Sloshing (3)
- Smart sensors (3)
- Smoldering (3)
- Soil (3)
- Spannbeton (3)
- Spectroscopy (3)
- Stahlbau (3)
- Stahlwerksschlacke (3)
- Stainless Steel (3)
- Static load test (3)
- Staubexplosionen (3)
- Staubexplosionsschutz (3)
- Steels (3)
- Strain (3)
- Strengthening (3)
- Stress corrosion cracking (3)
- Structural build-up (3)
- Surface texturing (3)
- Synchrotron (3)
- Synchrotron radiation (3)
- THz radiation (3)
- TMF (3)
- TPU (3)
- Tank (3)
- Temperature behavior (3)
- Temperature measurement (3)
- Temperature rejection (3)
- Terahertz time domain spectroscopy (3)
- Thermal radiation (3)
- Thermal treatment (3)
- Thermoakustik (3)
- Thermogravimetrie (3)
- Thermomechanical fatigue (3)
- Third body (3)
- Timber (3)
- Titanium dioxide (3)
- Trace humidity measurement (3)
- Transmission (3)
- Transportation (3)
- Tribofilm (3)
- Tribologie (3)
- Tungsten carbide (WC) (3)
- Turning (3)
- Typ-B (3)
- UP-Schweißen (3)
- UV radiation (3)
- VVOC (3)
- WAAM (3)
- WEZ-Erweichung (3)
- Weld pool dynamics (3)
- Wind (3)
- Windenergie (3)
- Wirbelstromprüfung (3)
- Wireless sensors (3)
- X-ray CT (3)
- Zement (3)
- ZfP (3)
- Zonation (3)
- 3D (2)
- 3D Druck (2)
- 3D visualization (2)
- ASR (2)
- ATEX Richtlinie 2014/34/EU (2)
- Abbruch (2)
- Abfallverbrennung (2)
- Ablösungen (2)
- Abrasion (2)
- Acceleration (2)
- Accelerometers (2)
- Acetylen (2)
- Active fibers (2)
- Additive (2)
- Adhesive strength (2)
- Adhäsion (2)
- Adiabatic calorimeter (2)
- Adjustment calculation (2)
- Aggregates (2)
- Aging management (2)
- Air quality (2)
- Air-coupled ultrasonic transducers (2)
- Aktivkohle (2)
- Alkali silica reaction (2)
- Alkali-activation (2)
- Alkali-silica reaction (2)
- Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) (2)
- Altitude measurement techniques (2)
- Analysis (2)
- Analytik (2)
- Anchor pins (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Antimony (2)
- Apanteles carpatus (2)
- Aperture focusing (2)
- Applications (2)
- Architectural Concrete (2)
- Artungleiche Werkstoffe (2)
- Assessment criteria (2)
- Atmospheric pressure plasma (2)
- Austenitic stainless steel (2)
- Austenitic stainless steels (2)
- Autoclave (2)
- Autoclaved aerated concrete (2)
- Autoklav (2)
- Automated operational modal analysis (2)
- Automation (2)
- Automotive assembly (2)
- BIM (2)
- BLEVE (2)
- BOTDA (2)
- Bacteria (2)
- Baryscapus tineivorus (2)
- Bauschutt (2)
- Bauwerke (2)
- Bauwerksüberwachung (2)
- Bayesian updating (2)
- Beförderung (2)
- Behälterbau (2)
- Benchmark (2)
- Berstscheibe (2)
- Betonfahrbahndecke (2)
- Beurteilungskriterien (2)
- Bewehrungen aus Kunststoff (2)
- Bewehrungsgitter aus Kunststoff (2)
- Bindemittel (2)
- Binder (2)
- Biogas (2)
- Biological control (2)
- Biologically inspired robots (2)
- Bisphenol A degradation (2)
- Blast injury (2)
- Blended cement (2)
- Blended cements (2)
- Bluetooth (2)
- Brandlastberechnung (2)
- Brandszenarien (2)
- Brandversuch (2)
- Brandversuche (2)
- Brennbare Stäube (2)
- Bridge Monitoring (2)
- Brillouin scattering (2)
- Brillouin sensing (2)
- Brown Coal Fly Ash (2)
- Bulging effect (2)
- Burner (2)
- Burst test (2)
- Bürogeräte (2)
- CDW processing (2)
- CFD simulation (2)
- CNG (2)
- CNT (2)
- CO2 assisted impregnation (2)
- CO2 corrosion (2)
- CT (2)
- CTW test (2)
- CTW-Test (2)
- Cable failure (2)
- Cable-stayed bridge (2)
- Calorimetry (2)
- Capillary suction (2)
- Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (2)
- Cask accident scenario (2)
- Cassava (2)
- Cast iron (2)
- Cathodic corrosion protection (2)
- Change in MFR and tensile properties (2)
- Change in mass (2)
- Characterisation (2)
- Characterization (2)
- Chemisch instabile Gase (2)
- Chlorid (2)
- Chlorides (2)
- Cladding (2)
- Classification (2)
- Climatic conditions (2)
- Closed vessel (2)
- Co-firing (2)
- Cohesive Zone Modelling (2)
- Cold cracking (2)
- Comparative study (2)
- Computed Tomography (2)
- Computed radiography (2)
- Computed tomography (CT) (2)
- Concrete bridges (2)
- Concrete pavements (2)
- Concrete-glazing (2)
- Constitutive equation (2)
- Construction product (2)
- Consumer (2)
- Container (2)
- Container inspection (2)
- Container loading (2)
- Coordinate metrology (2)
- Copolymer (2)
- Correlation (2)
- Corrosion detection (2)
- Corrosion investigations (2)
- Crack (2)
- Crack initiation (2)
- Creep-Fatigue (2)
- Critical strain (2)
- Cu(InGa)Se2 (2)
- Cutting material (2)
- Cutting tool (2)
- DMD (2)
- Dalles de verres (2)
- Damage characterization (2)
- Damage detection system (2)
- Dangerous goods packagings (2)
- Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM) (2)
- Data analysis (2)
- Data evaluation (2)
- Datenmanagement (2)
- Decontamination (2)
- Deep penetration (2)
- Defect detection (2)
- Deflagrationen (2)
- Defokussierung (2)
- Dehnratenabhängigkeit (2)
- Dehnungsmessung (2)
- Dekonvolution (2)
- Deponieabdichtungen (2)
- Deponien (2)
- Diagonal compression test (2)
- Diameter (2)
- Diamond like carbon (2)
- Dichtung (2)
- Dielectric materials (2)
- Dielectrics (2)
- Diffraction (2)
- Digital twin (2)
- Digitaler Zwilling (2)
- Dimensional metrology (2)
- Distributed fibre optic sensors (2)
- Distributed linear sensor (2)
- Distributed vibration sensing (2)
- Distribution function (2)
- Doping (2)
- Dosimetry (2)
- Druckgasbehälter (2)
- Dual Purpose Casks (2)
- Ductile Cast Iron (2)
- Duplexstahl (2)
- Dust explosion testing (2)
- Dust sensor (2)
- Dye (2)
- Dyes (2)
- Dynamic Fracture Toughness (2)
- Dynamic loading (2)
- Dynamic sensor (2)
- Dynamic testing (2)
- Dynamische Beanspruchung (2)
- EN AW-2618A (2)
- EPS (2)
- Early-damage-detection (2)
- Earth construction (2)
- Earth masonry (2)
- Edge effects (2)
- Einpressmörtel (2)
- Eisenbahnschiene (2)
- Electrochemical characterization (2)
- Electromagnetic forces (2)
- Electromagnetic weld pool support (2)
- Electron backscatter diffraction (2)
- Electron microscopy (2)
- Electronics (2)
- Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadbeeinflussung (2)
- Elektronenstrahlschweißen (2)
- Element transport (2)
- Ellipsometry (2)
- Elongation at break (2)
- Embedded systems (2)
- Emerging technologies (2)
- Emission testing (2)
- Endkrater (2)
- Endlager Konrad (2)
- Endlagerung (2)
- Energy (2)
- Energy harvesting (2)
- Energy labelling (2)
- Engineering data (2)
- Environmental condition (2)
- Environmental effects (2)
- Environmental/operational effects (2)
- Epoxy resin (2)
- Ermüdungsrissausbreitung (2)
- Ersatzbaustoffverordnung (2)
- Erschütterungen (2)
- Evakuierung (2)
- Evaluation (2)
- Experimental (2)
- Experimental setup (2)
- Experimental study (2)
- Explainable machine learning (2)
- Exploding wire (2)
- Explosion characteristics (2)
- Explosionsgrenzen (2)
- Extended Storage (2)
- Extensometer (2)
- Facade (2)
- Facade Elements (2)
- Facades (2)
- Fail-safe (2)
- Failure of gas vessels (2)
- Fallprüfung (2)
- Faseroptik (2)
- Faseroptische Sensorik (2)
- Feature extraction (2)
- Fenton oxidation (2)
- Ferrite (2)
- Ferrofluid (2)
- Ferromagnetischer Stahl (2)
- Feuerwehr (2)
- Fiber optical sensing (2)
- Fibre optic sensing (2)
- Finite element analysis (2)
- Fire engineering (2)
- Fire safety (2)
- Fireball (2)
- Flame retardants (2)
- Flammable gas (2)
- Flammendurchschlagsicherungen (2)
- Flash (2)
- Fließmittel (2)
- Fluorescent dyes (2)
- Flying line thermography (2)
- Forest (2)
- Foundation load (2)
- Foundations (2)
- Fracture Mechanics (2)
- Fracture toughness (2)
- Fragmentation (2)
- Fraktografie (2)
- Fraktographie (2)
- Freeze-thaw (2)
- Freisetzung (2)
- Full-scale (2)
- Funktionally Graded Material (2)
- Fügetechnologie (2)
- GFRP (2)
- GHS (2)
- GMAW (2)
- GPR (2)
- Gas Distribution Mapping (2)
- Gas cylinders (2)
- Gas detector (2)
- Gas dispersion simulation (2)
- Gas explosion (2)
- Gas explosion venting (2)
- Gas generation (2)
- Gas sensing (2)
- Gas sensors (2)
- Gasausbreitung (2)
- Gassicherheit (2)
- Gefahrguttanks (2)
- Gefährdungsbeurteilung (2)
- Gefügedegradation (2)
- Geomonitoring (2)
- Geschlossener Behälter (2)
- Gips (2)
- Grain refinement (2)
- Ground movement monitoring (2)
- Grout mortar (2)
- Gusseisen (2)
- Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (2)
- HMW (2)
- HSC (2)
- HTLS (2)
- Halbtechnische Versuche (2)
- Hard materials (2)
- Harmonisation (2)
- Heart rate sensor (2)
- Heat pumps (2)
- Heißrisse (2)
- Heritage (2)
- High cycle fatigue (2)
- High pressure (2)
- High-cycle (2)
- High-energy X-ray imaging (2)
- High-strength concrete (2)
- High-strength steel (2)
- Historical buildings (2)
- Hochspannung (2)
- Hot cell testing (2)
- Hot steam (2)
- Human Factors (2)
- Human factors (2)
- Humboldt Codices (2)
- Hybrid Laser Arc Welding (2)
- Hybrid components (2)
- Hybride Gemische (2)
- Hydraulic lime (2)
- Hydrogen diffusion (2)
- Hydrogen sensor (2)
- Hygienische Bewertung (2)
- Härteprüfung (2)
- I-OFDR (2)
- ICCP (2)
- IN718 (2)
- Image processing (2)
- Image quality (2)
- Image reconstruction (2)
- Imaging plates (2)
- Impact echo (2)
- Impact limiters (2)
- Implant-Test (2)
- In situ (2)
- In-situ monitoring (2)
- Indirect Hard Modeling (2)
- Indirect hard modeling (2)
- Indoor air (2)
- Inertial measurement unit (2)
- Influence (2)
- Information Security (2)
- Infrared spectroscopy (2)
- Infrared thermography (2)
- Infrastructure (2)
- Ink (2)
- Innenhydrophobierung (2)
- Inorganic acids (2)
- Inspection planning (2)
- Instrumentierte Eindringprüfung (2)
- Integrity testing (2)
- Integritätsprüfung (2)
- Interlaboratory tests (2)
- Inverted classroom (2)
- Ionic conductivity (2)
- Jet grouting (2)
- Joining dissimilar materials (2)
- KI (2)
- Kalkhydrat (2)
- Kaltrissprüfung (2)
- Kaltverfestigung (2)
- Kenngrößen (2)
- Kerbschlagzähigkeit (2)
- Klärschlamm (2)
- Klärschlammasche (2)
- Klärschlammverordnung (2)
- Knowledge Representation (2)
- Konrad repository (2)
- Kontaminierte Böden (2)
- Korrosionsuntersuchungen (2)
- Korynetes caeruleus (2)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (2)
- Kriechen (2)
- Kunststoffe (2)
- Künstliche Bewitterung (2)
- LD-Schlacke (2)
- LTCC technology (2)
- Laboratory (2)
- Lamb-waves (2)
- Laminate (2)
- Laminography (2)
- Large scale testing (2)
- Laser ablation (2)
- Laser dispersing (2)
- Laser hybrid welding (2)
- Laser scanning (2)
- Laser welding (2)
- Laser-Hybridschweißen (2)
- Laserschweißen (2)
- Layered soils (2)
- LiDAR (2)
- Lichtbogensensorik (2)
- Light absorption (2)
- Lignite Coal (2)
- Liquid crystals (2)
- Liquid phase sintering (LPS) (2)
- Load vector (2)
- Loam (2)
- Local reduced pressure (2)
- Localization (2)
- Localization of gas sources (2)
- Lockin (2)
- Long period grating (LPG) (2)
- Longitudinal weld (2)
- Low Cycle Fatigue (2)
- Low emissions (2)
- Low temperature behavior (2)
- Luftultraschall (2)
- MIC (2)
- Macrobending sensor (2)
- Magnetic domains (2)
- Magnetic field (2)
- Magnetic sensors (2)
- Magnetohydrodynamics (2)
- Maintenance planning (2)
- Manufacturing (2)
- Martensite (2)
- Martensitic stainless steel (2)
- Masonry (2)
- Mass burning rate (2)
- Master Curve Concept (2)
- Master Curve-Konzept (2)
- Material classification (2)
- Material degradation (2)
- Material efficiency (2)
- Material test (2)
- Materialien (2)
- Materialmodellierung (2)
- Measurement uncertainties (2)
- Measurements (2)
- Mechanical strength (2)
- Mechanical testing (2)
- Mechanism (2)
- Mehr-Proben-Prüfung (2)
- Mercury intrusion porosimetry (2)
- Metakaolin (2)
- Metal matrix composite (2)
- Methane (2)
- Micro solar cell (2)
- Microstructured polymer optical fibre (mPOF) (2)
- Mikrolegierungseinflüsse (2)
- Mikrostruktur (2)
- Mittelalterliches Glas (2)
- Mix design (2)
- Mobile vacuum (2)
- Modellierung von Bränden (2)
- Modified spray arc (2)
- Modulus of elasticity (2)
- Moisture clog (2)
- Moisture measurements (2)
- Moisture transport (2)
- Molybdenum (2)
- Monte-Carlo (2)
- Mortar (2)
- Movable cellular automata (2)
- Moving mesh (2)
- Multi-Layer Insulation (2)
- Multi-sensor system (2)
- Multiaxial loading (2)
- Multicopter (2)
- Multifunctional supercapacitor (2)
- Multiple-sample testing (2)
- Multiscale model (2)
- NDT-wide (2)
- NIR (2)
- Nanocatalysts (2)
- Nanopowder (2)
- Nanosecond laser (2)
- Natural pozzolans (2)
- Natural stone (2)
- Natural ventilation (2)
- Near-service testing (2)
- Neutron diffraction (2)
- Neutron imaging (2)
- Neutron tomography (2)
- Ni (2)
- Nichtatmosphärische Bedingungen (2)
- Nichtmetallische Einschlüsse (2)
- Nichtrostende Stähle (2)
- Nickel (2)
- Nickel based alloys (2)
- Nickelbasislegierung (2)
- Non-centrosymmetry (2)
- Non-destructive evaluation (2)
- Nuclear fuel (2)
- Numerical Simulation (2)
- OSB (2)
- Oberflächencharakterisierung (2)
- Oberflächenenergie (2)
- Offshore (2)
- Offshore wind turbines (2)
- Oil (2)
- Online (2)
- Online monitoring (2)
- Online-NMR-Spektroskopie (2)
- Open Guided Waves Platform (2)
- Optical backscatter reflectometry (2)
- Optical fibre (2)
- Optical films (2)
- Optical reflection (2)
- Optische Messtechnik (2)
- Orbital welding (2)
- Organic acids (2)
- Organische Schadstoffe (2)
- Overhead transmission lines (2)
- Overpressure (2)
- P91 (2)
- PV modules (2)
- Package design (2)
- Packaging (2)
- Pandemic (2)
- Papierasche (2)
- Parallel seismic (2)
- Partial release (2)
- Particle board (2)
- Passive Smart Dust (2)
- Passive sensor interface (2)
- Passivschicht (2)
- Pedestrians with disabilities (2)
- Penetration (2)
- Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (2)
- Permeability (2)
- Permeation (2)
- Peroxy-fuels (2)
- Person tracking (2)
- Pfahl (2)
- Phase change material (2)
- Phase composition (2)
- Phase contrast (2)
- Phase identification (2)
- Phase transformation (2)
- Phased Array (2)
- Photocatalysis (2)
- Photodegradation (2)
- Photothermal imaging (2)
- Pipeline transport (2)
- Pitting (2)
- Planar tomography (2)
- Plasma (2)
- Plasma acoustics (2)
- Plastic deformation (2)
- Plastic optical fibers (2)
- Plattierung (2)
- Policy making (2)
- Polycarbonate (2)
- Polycarboxylate (2)
- Polycarboxylate ether (PCE) (2)
- Polycarboxylatether (2)
- Polyethylene (2)
- Polymer (2)
- Polymer 3R (2)
- Polymer cement mortar (PCC) (2)
- Polymer materials (2)
- Polymethyl methacrylate (2)
- Polypropylen (2)
- Polypropylene fibres (2)
- Polyurethan Schaum (2)
- Poolfeuer (2)
- Porenstruktur (2)
- Position detection (2)
- Power cable monitoring (2)
- Power plant (2)
- Prepregs (2)
- Presshärten (2)
- Pressure build-up (2)
- Pressure wave (2)
- Pressure-assisted sintering (2)
- Procedure (2)
- Process Control (2)
- Process chain (2)
- Process monitoring (2)
- Production technology (2)
- Propane (2)
- Propane cylinder (2)
- Protective glazing (2)
- Prüftechnik (2)
- Public security (2)
- Pull-out tests (2)
- Pyrometallurgy (2)
- Pyrotechnic (2)
- Pyrotechnic articles (2)
- Quality infrastructure (2)
- Quantification (2)
- Quantum yield (2)
- Querdehnungsbehinderung (2)
- RAM (2)
- RASEM (2)
- REACH (2)
- RF components (2)
- RFID (2)
- RFID based sensors (2)
- RFID-based sensors (2)
- RPT (2)
- Radiation dosimetry (2)
- Radiation protection (2)
- Radioactive (2)
- Radioactive Waste (2)
- Radioactive materials (2)
- Radioactive waste container (2)
- Radiographic testing (2)
- Radiographic testing (RT) (2)
- Radon (2)
- Railroad (2)
- Railway axles (2)
- Railway track (2)
- Railways (2)
- Raman (2)
- Range hood (2)
- Rapid corrosion test (2)
- Rare earth nanoparticles (2)
- Rauchausbreitung (2)
- Rauchgase (2)
- Rauheit (2)
- Rauigkeit (2)
- Ray tracing method (2)
- Reactive plume tracking (2)
- Rebar (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Recyclingbaustoffe (2)
- Reference material (2)
- Reference specimen (2)
- Reflection (2)
- Reinforced concrete (2)
- Release (2)
- Renewables (2)
- Reparatur (2)
- Repository (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Residual Stress (2)
- Residual Stresses (2)
- Residual evaluation (2)
- Resistance spot welding (2)
- Resonance (2)
- Response behavior (2)
- Restauriermörtel (2)
- Retention (2)
- Risse (2)
- Rissfortschritt (2)
- Road tankers (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Rollkontaktermüdung (2)
- Roughness (2)
- Round robin tests (2)
- Rubber seal (2)
- Rubber stress cone (2)
- Rundnaht (2)
- Röntgen-3D-Computertomographie (2)
- Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (2)
- Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen (2)
- S-N curve (2)
- SAFT (2)
- SAXS (2)
- SCM (2)
- SDDLV (2)
- SHCC (2)
- SPS (2)
- Safety characteristics (2)
- Safety factors (2)
- Salt eutectics (2)
- Sandstone (2)
- Scatter (2)
- Scattering (2)
- Schadstofffreisetzung (2)
- Schallemission (2)
- Schienenfehler (2)
- Schlossbrücke (2)
- Schweißnahtbewertung (2)
- Schweißverfahren (2)
- Screed (2)
- Seal performance (2)
- SealWasteSafe (2)
- Seismic tomography (2)
- Selective Laser Melting (2)
- Selective Laser Melting (SLM) (2)
- Selective emitter (2)
- Selective laser melting (2)
- Self-Cleaning Properties (2)
- Semi-finishing (2)
- Semitransparency (2)
- Sensor calibration and validation (2)
- Sensornetzwerk (2)
- Sensors (2)
- Sensors in concrete (2)
- Sequential Learning (2)
- Serial sectioning (2)
- Setting (2)
- Shear behaviour (2)
- Shock wave generator (2)
- Shore hardness (2)
- SiO2 (2)
- Sibayak (2)
- Sicherheit (2)
- Sicherheitsabstände (2)
- Silicone rubbers (2)
- Size effect (2)
- Slab track (2)
- Sliding friction (2)
- Slip-rolling (2)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (2)
- Smart Sensors (2)
- Smart structures (2)
- Smarte Sensoren (2)
- Smartphone (2)
- Sodium (2)
- Soft matter radiography (2)
- Soil-building interaction (2)
- Soil-pile interaction (2)
- Soil-wall-floor model (2)
- Solar energy (2)
- Solution doping (2)
- Sorption (2)
- Spannungsrelaxationsriss (2)
- Spannungsrissbeständigkeit (2)
- Spatial Interpolation (2)
- Spatial distributed sensor (2)
- Spatial resolution (2)
- Spectrum (2)
- Spektroskopie (2)
- Spruce (2)
- Stahl und Aluminium (2)
- Stainless steels (2)
- Statistical evaluation (2)
- Statistical tests (2)
- Steel and aluminium (2)
- Steel corrosion (2)
- Steel drum (2)
- Steifigkeit (2)
- Stereo photogrammetry (2)
- Stone reprofiling (2)
- Stone restoration (2)
- Storage facility (2)
- Stoßbelastung (2)
- Stoßdämpfende Werkstoffe (2)
- Strain rate (2)
- Stress (2)
- Stress cone (2)
- Structural analysis (2)
- Structural electrolyte (2)
- Structural health monitoring (SHM) (2)
- Structural systems (2)
- Structure (2)
- Structure health monitoring (2)
- Stäube (2)
- Sub-Saharan Africa (2)
- Submerged arc welding (2)
- Subspace methods (2)
- Subspace-based method (2)
- Sulfate attack (2)
- Superaustenite steel (2)
- Supercritical CO2 (2)
- Supercritical CO2- (2)
- Supercritical/dense phase CO2 (2)
- Supplementary cementitious materials (2)
- Surface (2)
- Surface application reliability (2)
- Surface protection (2)
- Surface structuring (2)
- Surface treatment (2)
- Tangential radiography (2)
- Tanker (2)
- Tantalum (2)
- Technical safety (2)
- Temperatur (2)
- Temperaturabhängigkeit (2)
- Temperature dependency (2)
- Temperature field (2)
- Temperature sensor (2)
- Tempered Martensite Ferritic Steels (2)
- Tensile test (2)
- Tension (2)
- Terahertz spectroscopy (2)
- Test method standard optimization (2)
- Test methods (2)
- Thermal desorption (2)
- Thermal energy storage (2)
- Thermal wave (2)
- Thermische Strahlung (2)
- Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (2)
- Thermoacoustics (2)
- Thermoanalyse (2)
- Thermoanalytische Methoden (2)
- Thermodynamische Simulation (2)
- Thermomechanics (2)
- Thermoresponsive polymer (2)
- Thickness (2)
- Thixotropy (2)
- Time dependent effects (2)
- Time of flight diffraction (2)
- Titanium grade 2 (UNS 50400) (2)
- ToF-SIMS (2)
- Tobermorite (2)
- Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes (2)
- Tool wear (2)
- Toxicity (2)
- Track deterioration (2)
- Track-soil interaction (2)
- Tragfähigkeit (2)
- Trail detection (2)
- Trail following (2)
- Train passage (2)
- Train-induced ground vibration (2)
- Train-track-bridge-interaction (2)
- Transient heat transfer (2)
- Transmission characteristics (2)
- Transport Package (2)
- Transport externalities (2)
- Transporttanks (2)
- Trinkwasser (2)
- Turbine disk (2)
- Turbulent combustion (2)
- Turning maneuvers (2)
- Turning trials (2)
- UAV (2)
- UFP (2)
- Ultrasonic echo (2)
- Ultrasonic imaging (2)
- Ultrasonics (2)
- Upconversion (2)
- Utilization (2)
- VOC emission test chamber (2)
- VOC-Emission (2)
- VOCs (2)
- Valve (2)
- Vapour plume (2)
- Vehicle model (2)
- Vehicle-track interaction (2)
- Venting (2)
- Verbundfestigkeit (2)
- Versuchsprogramm (2)
- Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik (2)
- Vibrations (2)
- Vibrator (2)
- Viscosity modifying agent (2)
- Void detection (2)
- WEEE (2)
- Warmzugversuch (2)
- Wastewater (2)
- Water (2)
- Wear mechanisms (2)
- Wear resistance (2)
- Welan gum (2)
- Welds (2)
- Wet content (2)
- Whole-chain CCS scenario (2)
- Wind turbine (2)
- Wooden artworks (2)
- Workability (2)
- Wärmenachbehandlung (2)
- X38CrMoV5-3 (2)
- XRF (2)
- Young´s modulus (2)
- Zerspankräfte (2)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen (2)
- Zinc (2)
- Zink (2)
- ZrCN (2)
- Zugglieder (2)
- Zustandsüberwachung (2)
- Zyklische R-Kurve (2)
- Zündkriterium (2)
- alkali-silica-reaction (2)
- computed tomography (2)
- failure mechanisms (2)
- grade 12 (UNS 53400) (2)
- i-TRIBOMAT (2)
- leaching (2)
- micromechanics (2)
- optical fiber sensors (2)
- radiation dosimetry (2)
- µ-CT (2)
- Ökobilanzielle Bewertung (2)
- Überlappbereich (2)
- (U)HMWPE (1)
- 1-m-punch-bar-drop-test (1)
- 1.4362 (1)
- 100Cr6 (1)
- 13CrMoV9-10 (1)
- 1H NMR relaxometry (1)
- 2-span bridge (1)
- 22MnB5 (1)
- 2D-map (1)
- 2D/3D thermographic registration (1)
- 3 DoF (1)
- 3-axis gimbal (1)
- 3D Laser Scanning (1)
- 3D Printing (1)
- 3D computed tomography (1)
- 3D computer tomography (CT) imaging (1)
- 3D printer (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 3D sensor (1)
- 3D-Geoinformation (1)
- 3D-Messverfahren (1)
- 3D-Printing (1)
- 3DDruck (1)
- 4-Eye Principle (1)
- 60 °C-CPT (1)
- 9%Ni steel, (1)
- AC dielectric strength (1)
- ACC (1)
- AD (1)
- AFM (1)
- AFm (1)
- AIBN (1)
- AISI 304L (1)
- AISI 316L (1)
- AKR, Betonfahrbahndecke, Tausalzeintrag, Innenhydrophobierung (1)
- AKR-Betonversuche (1)
- AKRVermeidungsstrategie (1)
- ALD-Hybridprozesse (1)
- ANSYS FLUENT (1)
- ASET (1)
- ASR expansion monitoring (1)
- Abbott (1)
- Abbrandfaktor m (1)
- Abbruchmaterialien (1)
- Abdichtungssystem (1)
- Abdichtungssysteme (1)
- Aberfan flowslide (1)
- Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Abfälle (1)
- Abgasturbolader (1)
- Absorptionskante (1)
- Absorptive capacity (1)
- Abwasserbauwerke (1)
- Abwasserbehandlung (1)
- Abwasserinfrastruktur (1)
- Accelerant (1)
- Accelerated ageing (1)
- Accelerated concrete prism test (1)
- Accelerated stress testing (1)
- Accident Scenario (1)
- Accident conditions of transport (1)
- Accreditation (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acetylene (1)
- Achsfolgespektren (1)
- Achsschenkel (1)
- Acid Dew and Fog (1)
- Acid resistance (1)
- Acoustic Emission (1)
- Acoustic Emission Analysis (1)
- Acoustic damping (1)
- Acoustic emission testing (1)
- Acoustic emissions (AE) (1)
- Acoustic levitator (1)
- Acoustic signal processing (1)
- Acoustic waveguide (1)
- Action spectrum (1)
- Active learning (1)
- Active thermal cycling (1)
- Actual state analysis (1)
- Actuators (1)
- Additions (1)
- Additiv (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (1)
- Additive manufacturing (AM) (1)
- Additives (1)
- Adhesive (1)
- Adhesive Bonding (1)
- Adhesive Pull-Strength (1)
- Adhesive bonds (1)
- Adhesive joint (1)
- Adhesive joints (1)
- Adhesive tapes (1)
- Adhesives (1)
- Adhesives and adhesive tapes (1)
- Adiabate Kompression (1)
- Admixture (1)
- Adsorbed water film (1)
- Advanced Manufacturing (1)
- Advanced experimental (1)
- Advanced high strength steels (1)
- Advanced process control (1)
- Aerial Robot (1)
- Aerial Systems (1)
- Aerial platform (1)
- Aerial robot olfaction (1)
- Aerial survey (1)
- Aerodynamic damping (1)
- Aerosol measurements (1)
- Aerospace materials (1)
- AgBB (1)
- AgBB evaluation scheme (1)
- Aged biodiesel (1)
- Aged heating oil with 10% biodiesel (B10) (1)
- Ageing mechanisms (1)
- Aggregation (1)
- Aggressive environment (1)
- Agile (1)
- Aging mechanisms (1)
- Agricultural (1)
- Air coupled ultrasonics (1)
- Air exchange rate (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Air sampling (1)
- Air-coupled transducers (1)
- Air-tight building envelope (1)
- Airborne (1)
- Aircraft cabin air flow (1)
- Airtight building (1)
- Ait-coupled ultrasound (1)
- Akaziengummi (1)
- Aktivitätsfreisetzung (1)
- Al Ti5B1 (1)
- Al-Cu-Li alloys (1)
- Al-Mg-Si (1)
- Al-Mg-Si-Legierungen (1)
- Al/Mg alloys (1)
- Al2O3-Schichten (1)
- Alclad (1)
- Aldehydes (1)
- Algorithmic Differentiation (1)
- Alit (1)
- Alite (1)
- Alkali aktivierte Bindemittel (1)
- Alkali silica reaction (ASR) (1)
- Alkali-Activated Mortars (1)
- Alkali-Silica Reaction (1)
- Alkali-activated slag mortar (1)
- Alkaliaktivierte Bindemittel (1)
- Alkalikieselsäure-Reaktion (1)
- Alkaline solution (1)
- Alkalis (1)
- All-optical switching (1)
- Alloy 1050A (1)
- Alloy 247 (1)
- Alloy 2818A (1)
- Alloy 31 (UNS N08031) (1)
- Alloy 36 (1)
- Alloy 5083 (1)
- Alloy 59 (UNS N06059) (1)
- Alloy 6082 (1)
- Alloy B-2 (UNS N10665) (1)
- Alloy modification (1)
- Alternative Antriebe (1)
- Alternative Kraftstoffe (1)
- Altfett (1)
- Alumina & silica dissolution (1)
- Aluminium alloy (1)
- Aluminium alloy 2618A (1)
- Aluminium-Druckguss (1)
- Aluminum (1)
- Aluminum alloys (1)
- Ambient conditions (1)
- Ambient pressure (1)
- Ambient vibration tests (1)
- Ameisensäure (1)
- Ammonia gas sensor (1)
- Ammonium nitrate (1)
- Amoxicillin (1)
- Amplitude-charge weight laws (1)
- Amplitude-distance laws (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analysis of wormholes (1)
- Analytical Design Methods (1)
- Analytical and empirical calculations (1)
- Analytical centrifugation (1)
- Analytical technique (1)
- Analytics (1)
- Analytische Zentrifuge (1)
- Analytisches Modell (1)
- Anatase (1)
- Anchoring (1)
- Anemometer (1)
- Anerkennung (1)
- Anforderungen (1)
- Anisotropic wave propagation (1)
- Anlagenbau (1)
- Anlagensicherheit (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Ansys Autodyn (1)
- Ansys CFX (1)
- Anti-Graffiti (1)
- Anti-corrosion systems (1)
- Anti-counterfeiting (1)
- Anti-graffiti (1)
- Anti-korrosions Beschichtungssysteme (1)
- Antibiotika (1)
- Antragsverfahren (1)
- Anwendungen (1)
- Apartment building (1)
- Apha-alumina (1)
- Apis mellifera (1)
- Applicability (1)
- Applied research (1)
- Applikation (1)
- Approved packages (1)
- Aquatische Toxizität (1)
- Aqueous polymer solution (1)
- Aquifer (1)
- Arbeitsschutz (1)
- Arbeitsschutzvorschriften (1)
- Arc Welding Automation (1)
- Arc sensor (1)
- Arch bridges (1)
- Archaeological provenance (1)
- Architectural use (1)
- Archäometie (1)
- Archäometrie (1)
- Arising gases (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Artificial Neural Network (1)
- Artificial Neural Networks (1)
- Artificial intelligence (1)
- Artificial neural networks (1)
- Artificial potential field (1)
- Artificial soiling (1)
- Artificial third body (1)
- Ashes (1)
- Asperities (1)
- Asphalt (1)
- Asphaltene content (1)
- Assess (1)
- Assessment concept (1)
- Assessment method (1)
- Assessment of concrete structures (1)
- Asymmetric coupler (1)
- Atmospheric (1)
- Atmospheric humidity (1)
- Atmospheric pressure discharges (1)
- Atomic Layer Deposition (1)
- Atomic force microscopy (1)
- Attenuated total reflection (1)
- Attenuated total reflection configuration (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- Aufbaustrategie (1)
- Aufbereitung (1)
- Aufprallfundament (1)
- Auftragschweißen (1)
- Auftriebskräfte (1)
- Ausbrandrisiko (1)
- Ausflussziffer (1)
- Ausgangsriss (1)
- Ausgleichsrechnung (1)
- Auslagerungsversuche (1)
- Austenitic CrNiMo steel (1)
- Austenitic weld (1)
- Austenitic welds (1)
- Austenitische Stähle (1)
- Austenitizing (1)
- Australia (1)
- Auswirkungsbetrachtungen (1)
- Authorisation (1)
- Autocalve testing (1)
- Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) (1)
- Autogenous deformation (1)
- Autoklaventest - beschleunigte Alterung (1)
- Autoklavierung (1)
- Automated finite element analysis (1)
- Automated inspection system (1)
- Automated manufacturing (1)
- Automated system identification (1)
- Automated testing (1)
- Automatic 3D calibration (1)
- Automation Bias (1)
- Automatische Finite Element Simulation (1)
- Automobilbau (1)
- Automotive (1)
- Autonomous UAV (1)
- Autonomous underwater vehicles (1)
- Avoid (1)
- Axle Inspection (1)
- Axle impulses (1)
- Axle loads (1)
- Axle-sequence spectrum (1)
- Azodicarbonamid (1)
- Azodicarboxamide (1)
- B1uTHz-region (1)
- BAM-List (1)
- BAM-Liste (1)
- BAM-list (1)
- BBR (1)
- BBodSchV (1)
- BEMMA (1)
- BEV (1)
- BLDC (1)
- BONARES (1)
- BPR (1)
- BSE contrast (1)
- Back end (1)
- Back scatter imaging (1)
- Background (1)
- Backscatter reflectometry (1)
- Bags (1)
- Ball milling (1)
- Ballast track (1)
- Ballast tracks (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Bankia sp (1)
- Bar length (1)
- Barium and calcium silicate plass powders (1)
- Barker codes (1)
- Basic qualification (1)
- Basic research (1)
- Bau- und Abbruchabfälle (1)
- Bauchemie (1)
- Baumusterprüfungen (1)
- Bauteilbewertung (1)
- Bauteile (1)
- Bauteilmonitoring (1)
- Bauteiltest (1)
- Bauthermografie (1)
- Bauwerksoberflächen (1)
- Bauwesen (1)
- Bauzustandsanalyse (1)
- Bayesian System Identification (1)
- Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification (1)
- Bayesian inverse problems (1)
- Bayesian methods (1)
- Bayesian system identification (1)
- Bayesian updating method (1)
- Beanspruchung auf Zug und Druck (1)
- Bedarf (1)
- Behavioural change (1)
- Behälterwerkstoff (1)
- Belastungsversuch (1)
- Belebtschlamm (1)
- Bend (1)
- Bending (1)
- Bending load (1)
- Bending tests on pipe segments (1)
- Benetzungsverhalten (1)
- Bentheimer Sandstone (1)
- Berlin Main Station (1)
- Berstdruck (1)
- Bersten (1)
- Berstversuch (1)
- Bestandsbauwerke (1)
- Bestrahlungsstärke (1)
- Beständigkeit gegen oxidativen Abbau (1)
- Beständigkeitsbewertung (1)
- Betatron (1)
- Betondickglasfenster (1)
- Betonfahrbahn (1)
- Betonfahrdecke (1)
- Betonfertigteil (1)
- Betoninstandsetzung (1)
- Betonpflasterstein (1)
- Betontechnologie (1)
- Betriebspunktoptimierung (1)
- Betriebsverhaltenskenngrößen (1)
- Beurteilungsmethoden der BAM (1)
- Bewegtes Gitter (1)
- Bewegungsanalyse (1)
- Bewehrung (1)
- Bewertung (1)
- Bi-material structure (1)
- Bi-spectral (1)
- Bicontinuous morphology (1)
- Biegebelastung (1)
- Biegemoment (1)
- Biene (1)
- Big Data (1)
- Bildhauerbeton (1)
- Bildqualitätsnachweis (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Biocidal Products Regulation (1)
- Biocide (1)
- Biocorrosion (1)
- Bioethanol (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biofilms (1)
- Biogene Schwefelsäurekorrosion (1)
- Biokohlen (1)
- Biolabels (1)
- Biological (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung (1)
- Biomass (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Biomotox (1)
- Bioprozess (1)
- Bioreceptivity (1)
- Biorezeptivität (1)
- Biozide (1)
- Biozide Wirksamkeit (1)
- Bitter Technique (1)
- Bitter method (1)
- Bitumen (1)
- Blast experiment (1)
- Blast furnace sludge (1)
- Blast loaded glass windows (1)
- Blast protection (1)
- Blasting (1)
- Blei (1)
- Bleimennige-Überzüge (1)
- Blended Portland cement (1)
- Bleve (1)
- Blitzanregung (1)
- Blue LED light (1)
- Bluetooth Low Energy (1)
- Bluetooth Low Energy Computed Tomography (1)
- Bodeneigenschaften (1)
- Bodenfruchtbarkeit (1)
- Bodenmaterialien (1)
- Bodenvariabilität (1)
- Bodenübertragungsfunktion (1)
- Bogie design (1)
- Bolt connections (1)
- Bolt design (1)
- Bond strength (1)
- Bondline (1)
- Bored pile (1)
- Borehole monitoring (1)
- Boron (1)
- Boron isotope variations (1)
- Bottom ash (BA) (1)
- Boundary conditions (1)
- Boundary element method (1)
- Bouts (1)
- Brake friction materials (1)
- Brake pad formulation (1)
- Braking (1)
- Braking event (1)
- Braking in a turn (1)
- Brand- und Explosionsgefahren (1)
- Brand- und Explosionsschutz (1)
- Brandbeanspruchung (1)
- Brandbeschleuniger (1)
- Brandfrüherkennung (1)
- Brandgefahr (1)
- Brandmelder (1)
- Brandschutzbeschichtung (1)
- Brandsimulation (1)
- Brandverhalten (1)
- Brass (1)
- Braunkohlenflugasche (1)
- Breakdown strength (1)
- Brechungsindex (1)
- Bremsbeschleunigung (1)
- Brennelementverhalten (1)
- Brettschichtholz (1)
- Brick clays (1)
- Bridge Knowledge (1)
- Bridge components (1)
- Bridge deck (1)
- Bridge inspection (1)
- Bridge knowledge (1)
- Bridge monitoring (1)
- Bridge resistance model (1)
- Bridging voids (1)
- Brightness (1)
- Brillouin distributed sensing (1)
- Brillouin frequency domain analysis (1)
- Brillouin frequency shift (1)
- Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) (1)
- Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA) (1)
- Brillouin-Frequenzverschiebung (1)
- Brillouin-Streuung (1)
- Brittle Fracture (1)
- Brittle fracture (1)
- Brominated flame retardants (1)
- Brown coal fly ash (1)
- Bruchmechanische Auslegung (1)
- Bruchverhalten (1)
- Brückeninfrastruktur (1)
- Brückenmonitoring (1)
- Build - up Strategy (1)
- Build direction (1)
- Build-up Orientation (1)
- Building component (1)
- Building floors (1)
- Building product (1)
- Building products (1)
- Building waste (1)
- Bulge formation (1)
- Buliding materials (1)
- Buoyancy (1)
- Buried gas pipeline (1)
- Buried thick film resistors (1)
- Burner concept (1)
- Burst (1)
- Bus (1)
- Bus depot fires (1)
- Bus interior material (1)
- Bus materials (1)
- Bus materials investigation (1)
- Busses (1)
- C(T)-Proben (1)
- C-S-H (1)
- C3A (1)
- C3A hydration (1)
- CASTOR-Behälter (1)
- CDW recycling (1)
- CDW treatment (1)
- CFAST (1)
- CFD simulations (1)
- CFD-Model (1)
- CFD-model (1)
- CIGS (1)
- CLP (1)
- CLP-Verordnung (1)
- CMOS (1)
- CMT (1)
- CMT welding (1)
- CNN (1)
- CO2 Corrosion (1)
- CO2-Absorption (1)
- CO2-injection (1)
- CO2-storage CCS (1)
- CODE AGE (1)
- COORAL (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CPT (1)
- CT simulation, spherical step-wedge (1)
- CTOD (1)
- Cable accessories (1)
- Cable monitoring (1)
- Cable-suspended parallel manipulator (1)
- Cadmium (1)
- Calcium carbonate (1)
- Calculation time (1)
- Calibrated reference standards (1)
- Calibration of electrical quantities (1)
- Calibration of force (1)
- Calibration of temperature (1)
- Calorimeter (1)
- Calorimetric test (1)
- Calziumchlorid (1)
- Camera calibration (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Canny approach (1)
- Capability (1)
- Capillary transport coefficient (1)
- Capsizing (1)
- Capture (1)
- Carbamazepin (1)
- Carbide formation (1)
- Carbograph 5TD (1)
- Carbolineum (1)
- Carbon Capture and Storage (1)
- Carbon Fber Reinforced Polymers (1)
- Carbon capture storage (1)
- Carbon capture utilization (1)
- Carbon emission (1)
- Carbon emissions (1)
- Carbon feeding (1)
- Carbon fiber (1)
- Carbon fibre (1)
- Carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) (1)
- Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (1)
- Carbon fibres (1)
- Carbon nanotube CNT (1)
- Carbon nanotubes (1)
- Carbon storage (1)
- Carbonate (1)
- Carbonate matrix stimulation (1)
- Carbonitride (1)
- Carbopack X (1)
- Carbotrap 300 (1)
- Carrier gas hot extraction (1)
- Cascade impactor (1)
- Cascade impector (1)
- Cask handling accident (1)
- Cask load scenarios (1)
- Casks (1)
- Casting (1)
- Casting environment (1)
- Catalogues (1)
- Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) (1)
- Cellular polypropylene (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Cement additive (1)
- Cement production (1)
- Cement, hydration (1)
- Cemented carbide (1)
- Cementitious composites (1)
- Cementitious materials (1)
- Center of gravity shifting (1)
- Centre plate (1)
- Centrifugal compressor wheel (1)
- Centrifuge test (1)
- Ceramic liners (1)
- Certification guidelines (1)
- Cesium corrosion (1)
- Chalcopyrite (1)
- Chalkopyrite (1)
- Chamber measurement (1)
- Changing process noise (1)
- Charlottenburger Tor (1)
- Charpy impact toughness (1)
- Chemical and wind sensing (1)
- Chemical characterization (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemical durability (1)
- Chemical exposure (1)
- Chemical plants (1)
- Chemical reaction (1)
- Chemical sensing (1)
- Chemical splicing (1)
- Chemical stability (1)
- Chemically unstable gases (1)
- Chemikalienrecht (1)
- Chemische Analyse (1)
- Chemischer Angriff (1)
- Chemometric techniques (1)
- Chloride ingress (1)
- Chloride migration (1)
- Chloride migration coefficient (1)
- Chloride penetration (1)
- Chloride transport (1)
- Chrom-Nickel-Überzug (1)
- Chromate (1)
- Chromatography (1)
- Chromverarmung (1)
- Chrush (1)
- Chunky graphite (1)
- Circular (1)
- Circumvention (1)
- CityGML (1)
- Civil Engineering (1)
- Cladding-doped fibers (1)
- Clay fill (1)
- Clean and safe cement production (1)
- Cleaning efficiency (1)
- Cleaning threshold (1)
- Cleavage Fracture (1)
- Click Chemistry (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate chamber (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Climate control through building elements (1)
- Climate measurement (1)
- Climatic impact (1)
- Climatic simulation (1)
- Climatic stability (1)
- Clinker reduction (1)
- Closed Vessel (1)
- Closed test sequence (1)
- Closure system (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Co (1)
- Co-60 (1)
- Coastal protection (1)
- Coda Wave Interferometry (1)
- Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) (1)
- Coda wave inteferometry (1)
- Codawelleninterferometrie (1)
- Coefficient of Friction (1)
- Coefficient of performance (1)
- Coefficient of thermal expansion (1)
- Coherent Rayleigh OTDR (1)
- Coherent Rayleigh OTDR, (1)
- Coil winding (1)
- Cold Cracking Test (1)
- Cold Spray (1)
- Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (1)
- Cold metal transfer (1)
- Colloidal processing (1)
- Cologne accident (1)
- Colorimetric Sensor (1)
- Colorimetric sensor particles (1)
- Column (1)
- Column chromatography (1)
- Column diameter (1)
- Column/wall resonance (1)
- Combined laser manufacturing (1)
- Combustible (1)
- Combustion chamber (1)
- Commidities (1)
- Compaction Grouting (1)
- Compaction grouting (1)
- Comparative assessment (1)
- Comparative simulations (1)
- Compensation of insufficient knowledge (1)
- Complex microstructure (1)
- Complex resistivity (1)
- Complex shaped component testing (1)
- Component (1)
- Component Test (1)
- Component assessment (1)
- Component integrity (1)
- Component size (1)
- Component tests (1)
- Component welding (1)
- Composite Materials (1)
- Composite Pressure Vessel (1)
- Composite UHPC elements (1)
- Composite and fire (1)
- Composite cylinder (1)
- Composite material (1)
- Composite panels (1)
- Composite pressure vessels (1)
- Composite reinforced tanks (1)
- Composite-Druckgefäße (1)
- Composites in fire (1)
- Composition (1)
- Compressed earth blocks (1)
- Compressed hydrogen storage (1)
- Compression Set (1)
- Compression and shear testing (1)
- Compression behaviour (1)
- Compression pre-cracking (1)
- Compression stress relaxation (1)
- Compression test (1)
- Compressive Cyclic loading (1)
- Compressive cyclic loading (1)
- Compressive strenght (1)
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Computational physics (1)
- Computed radiography (CR) (1)
- Computed radiology (1)
- Computed tompgraphy (1)
- Computer Aided Manufacturing (1)
- Computer Tomographie (1)
- Computer Vision (1)
- Computer modelling (1)
- Computer supported testing (1)
- Computer tomography (1)
- Computertomografie (1)
- Concentrically braced steel frames (1)
- Conceptual design (1)
- Concrete Beam (1)
- Concrete aggregates (1)
- Concrete bridge (1)
- Concrete construction (1)
- Concrete cracking (1)
- Concrete damage (1)
- Concrete deterioration (1)
- Concrete evaluation (1)
- Concrete foundation (1)
- Concrete glazing (1)
- Concrete multilayer pavers (1)
- Concrete pavement surface textures (1)
- Concrete paving stone (1)
- Concrete pile (1)
- Concrete properties (1)
- Concrete rehabilitation (1)
- Concrete repair (1)
- Concrete sleepers (1)
- Concrete structures (1)
- Concrete-glass windows (1)
- Condensate (1)
- Condition assesment (1)
- Condition diagnostics (1)
- Conduction (1)
- Conductor (1)
- Conductor cables (1)
- Cone Calorimeter (1)
- Cone Shaped Phased Array (1)
- Confetti (1)
- Confidence level (1)
- Conformity Assessment (1)
- Conformity assessment body (1)
- Conical hole sheet (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Constitutive law (1)
- Constrained sintering (1)
- Constraint (1)
- Construction (1)
- Construction and demolition waste (1)
- Construction material (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction products (1)
- Construction sector (1)
- Consumer article (1)
- Consumer products (1)
- Contact area (1)
- Contact problem (1)
- Contactless temperature measurement (1)
- Container for radioactive waste (1)
- Containerprüfung (1)
- Containment (1)
- Containmentsicherheit (1)
- Content analysis (1)
- Content simulation (1)
- Continnum damage model (1)
- Continous monitoring (1)
- Continuous cooling transformation behaviour (1)
- Continuous monitoring (1)
- Continuously inhomogeneous soils (1)
- Contraband detection (1)
- Contrast to noise ratio (1)
- Contrast-to-noise ratio (1)
- Control (1)
- Control charts (1)
- Controlled atmosphere (1)
- Controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter (1)
- Conventional Ni-based austenitic welding electrode (1)
- Conventional testing (1)
- Conveux (1)
- Convex bottom (1)
- Convidence intervals (1)
- Convolutional LSTM (1)
- Convolutional Neuronal Networks (1)
- Cooking fume extractor (1)
- Coolant-free (1)
- Cooperation (1)
- Copper coating (1)
- Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGSe) (1)
- Copper powder particles (1)
- Core-rim (1)
- Core-shell nanoparticles (1)
- Corona (1)
- Corresponding relative humidity (1)
- Corrosion and storage (CCUS) technology (1)
- Corrosion monitoring (1)
- Corrosion potential (1)
- Corrosion prevention (1)
- Corrosion resistant materials (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Corynetes caeruleus (1)
- Coulometric humidity sensor (1)
- Coulometrische Sensoren (1)
- Coupled FE-SBFE model (1)
- Coupled generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (1)
- Coupler systems (1)
- Covid-19 (1)
- Crack Detection (1)
- Crack Luminescence (1)
- Crack formation (1)
- Crack pattern (1)
- Crack propagation test (1)
- Crack resistance curve (1)
- Crack tip opening displacement (1)
- Crack-closure (1)
- Cracking (1)
- Cracking (Materials) (1)
- Cracking susceptibility (1)
- Cracking susceptibility of AHSS (1)
- Crater wear (1)
- Creep data (1)
- Creep rupture (1)
- Creep-resistant steel (1)
- Crevice (1)
- Crisis (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- Critical speed (1)
- Critical strains (1)
- Criticality (1)
- Cross-correlation (1)
- Crosshole (1)
- Crosshole sonic logging (1)
- Crosslinking (1)
- Crushable foam material model (1)
- Cryogenic Steel (1)
- Cryogenic steel (1)
- Cryogenic storage tank (1)
- Cryogenic temperature (1)
- Cryogenics (1)
- Crystal branch development (1)
- Crystal microstructure (1)
- Crystal plasticity (1)
- Crystallinity amorphization (1)
- Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (1)
- CuSn1 (1)
- Culture (1)
- Cunductive (1)
- Curative wood preservatives (1)
- Current state analysis (1)
- Cusum (1)
- Cutting (1)
- Cyanine dye (1)
- Cyber security (1)
- Cyber-Physical Systems (1)
- Cybersecurity (1)
- Cyclic R curve (1)
- Cyclic R-curve (1)
- Cyclinc loading (1)
- Cylinder (1)
- Cylindrical Cask (1)
- Cylindrical cask (1)
- DDT (1)
- DEA (1)
- DED-EB (1)
- DED-LB (1)
- DEM (1)
- DET (1)
- DIN (1)
- DIN 19573 (1)
- DIN 50100 (1)
- DIN norms (1)
- DLP (1)
- DMA (1)
- DMD coupled laser (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA barcode (1)
- DSR (1)
- DSS (1)
- DUCON® (1)
- DVS (1)
- Dalle-de-verre (1)
- Dalles de verre (1)
- Damage Detection (1)
- Damage Evolution (1)
- Damage analysis (1)
- Damage assessment (1)
- Damage detection and localisation (1)
- Damage identification (1)
- Damage imaging (1)
- Damage indices (1)
- Damage onset (1)
- Damage quantification (1)
- Damage state (1)
- Damage threshold (1)
- Damage tolerance (1)
- Damage tolerance design (1)
- Dampfdruck (1)
- Dangerous goods packaging (1)
- Dark-field transmission electron miscoscopy (1)
- Data Fusion (1)
- Data Integrity (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data based decision making (1)
- Data management (1)
- Data provenance (1)
- Data reduction (1)
- Data-fusion (1)
- Database (1)
- Datenablage (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Datenfusion (1)
- Datenkonzepte (1)
- Dauerhafigkeit (1)
- Dduplex stainless steel (1)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (1)
- Dead reckoning (1)
- Deckschichten (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Deep learning (1)
- Defect shape reconstruction (1)
- Defects (1)
- Definition of nanomaterial (1)
- Deflagrationsgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Deformation mechanism (1)
- Deformation-induced martensite (1)
- Deformationsmessung (1)
- Degassing (1)
- Degree of polymerization (1)
- Dehngeschwindigkeit (1)
- Dehnung (1)
- Dehnungsfehler (1)
- Delamination (1)
- Delaminations (1)
- Delay lines (1)
- Delayed addition (1)
- Delta reference materials (1)
- Delta-scale (1)
- Demolition/selective dismantling (1)
- Denkmalpflege (1)
- Dense phase (1)
- Density separation (1)
- Dental implants (1)
- Depassivation (1)
- Deponieabdichtung (1)
- Deponieabdichtunssysteme (1)
- Deponietechnik (1)
- Deposition rate (1)
- Derailment (1)
- Dermbach (1)
- Desiccation (1)
- Design Fire (1)
- Design and qualification standards (1)
- Design approval (1)
- Design assessment of RAM packages (1)
- Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) (1)
- Design of the packaging attachment points (1)
- Design testing (1)
- Design type tests (1)
- Detection of dangerous materials (1)
- Detection of formic and acetic acid (1)
- Detektion (1)
- Detektion korrosionsempfindlicher Oberflächen (1)
- Deterioration model (1)
- Determination of materials (1)
- Detonationsgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Developing countries (1)
- Di-tert-butyl peroxide (1)
- Diagonal compression tests (1)
- Diagonal-compression (1)
- Diamond Grinding (1)
- Diaphragm walls (1)
- Dichtheit (1)
- Dichtheitsprüfung (1)
- Dichtheitsprüfverfahren (1)
- Dichtungskontrollsystem (1)
- Dichtungskontrollsysteme (1)
- Die-cast aluminum (1)
- Dielectric properties (1)
- Dielectric strength (1)
- Different welding position (1)
- Differential displacements (1)
- Diffractive X-ray optics (1)
- Digital (1)
- Digital Certificates (1)
- Digital Detector Array (DDA) (1)
- Digital I-OFDR (1)
- Digital Image Correlation (1)
- Digital Image Correlation (DIC) (1)
- Digital Layer (1)
- Digital Models (1)
- Digital Twin (1)
- Digital Twins (1)
- Digital detector array (DDA) (1)
- Digital detector arrays (1)
- Digital image corelation (1)
- Digital image correlation (DIC) (1)
- Digital material representation (1)
- Digital maturity (1)
- Digital transformation (1)
- Digitale Bildkorrelation (DIC) (1)
- Digitale Bildkorrelationstechnik (1)
- Digitaler Filmersatz (1)
- Dilatometry (1)
- Dimensionelle Metrologie (1)
- Dioxins (1)
- Direct Energy Deposition (1)
- Direct Laser Metal Deposition (1)
- Direct detection (1)
- Direct energy deposition (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Directed energy deposition (1)
- Directive 2014/34/EU (1)
- Directive on Eco-design (1)
- Directivity (1)
- Discontinuities (1)
- Discretization (1)
- Disinfection (1)
- Disinfection pitting corrosion stainless steel (1)
- Dispersion curves (1)
- Dispersionsmessung (1)
- Displacement (1)
- Displacement measurement (1)
- Displacements (1)
- Display fireworks (1)
- Disposal container (1)
- Dissimilar joint (1)
- Dissimilar welds (1)
- Distortion (1)
- Distortion simulation (1)
- Distributed Brillouin sensing (1)
- Distributed fiber optical sensor (1)
- Distributed fibre optic acoustic sensing (1)
- Distributed measurement (1)
- Distributed multifunctional sensor (1)
- Distributed radiation sensing (1)
- Distributed robotics (1)
- Distributed strain measurement (1)
- Distributed strain sensor (1)
- Distributed temperature gradient sensing (1)
- Donaldson factor (1)
- Downhole (1)
- Downhole seismic (1)
- Drain (1)
- Drain core stability (1)
- Drainage (1)
- Drift effects (1)
- Dripping agent (1)
- Driving (1)
- Drop (1)
- Drop Tests (1)
- Drop test program (1)
- Drop test results (1)
- Drop tests (1)
- Drop tower (1)
- Droplet (1)
- Droplet corrosion (1)
- Druck- und Schubprüfung (1)
- Druckanschwingen (1)
- Druckanstiegsrate (1)
- Druckbehälterprüfung (1)
- Druckentlastung (1)
- Druckentlastungseinrichtung (1)
- Drucker-Prager (1)
- Druckfestigkeit (1)
- Druckverformungsrest (1)
- Druckversuch (1)
- Druckversuche (1)
- Dry friction (1)
- Drying (1)
- Dual energy imaging (1)
- Dual-core photonic crystal fiber (1)
- Ductile Cast iron (1)
- Ductile damage (1)
- Ductility (1)
- Duplex stainless steels (1)
- Duplex steels (1)
- Duplexsteel (1)
- Duplexstähle (1)
- DuraBASt (1)
- Durability assessment (1)
- Durchstrahlungsprüfung (1)
- Dust explosions (1)
- Dust layers (1)
- Dustiness (1)
- Dynamic (1)
- Dynamic Tensile Test (1)
- Dynamic Test Method (1)
- Dynamic characterisation (1)
- Dynamic compression (1)
- Dynamic fracture (1)
- Dynamic fracture mechanics tests (1)
- Dynamic fracture toughness (1)
- Dynamic impact tests (1)
- Dynamic loads (1)
- Dynamic numerical simulation (1)
- Dynamic pile testing (1)
- Dynamic pressures (1)
- Dynamic tests (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- Dynamisch (1)
- Dynamische Belastung (1)
- Dynamische Bodensteifigkeit (1)
- Dynamische Tests (1)
- Düngemittel (1)
- Düngemittelgewinnung (1)
- Dünnschichten (1)
- Dünnschichtsolarzellen (1)
- E-modulus (1)
- E10 (1)
- EBAM (1)
- ECA (1)
- ECHA (1)
- EDS (1)
- EFNDT working groups (1)
- EIS (1)
- ELISA (1)
- EN 1504 (1)
- EN 196 (1)
- EPDM (1)
- ESEM (1)
- ETICS (1)
- EU regulations (1)
- Early shrinkage of cement paste (1)
- Early warning (1)
- Earth (1)
- Earth blocks (1)
- Earth masonry mortar (1)
- Earth mortar (1)
- Earth panel (1)
- Earth plaster mortar (1)
- Earthen building materials (1)
- Earthen panel (1)
- Earthquake (1)
- East Africa (1)
- Echo defect shape (1)
- Echtzeitoptimierungsverfahren (1)
- Edge artefact (1)
- Education (1)
- Effect of Pressure (1)
- Effective crack propagation data (1)
- Efficacy evaluation (1)
- Efficiency testing (1)
- Efficient modelling (1)
- Efflux (1)
- Einbau (1)
- Eindringmodul (1)
- Eindringtiefen (1)
- Eindringversuche (1)
- Einfluss auf Schweißeigenspannungen (1)
- Einflußgrößen (1)
- Eingebettete Sensorik (1)
- Einspanngrad (1)
- Einstufung (1)
- Einstufung gefährlicher Stoffe (1)
- Einzelfaserdurchzugsversuch (1)
- Eisenaluminid (1)
- Eisenbahnkesselwagen (1)
- Elastic constants (1)
- Elastic wave propagation (1)
- Elastic waves (1)
- Elastische Gebäudelagerung (1)
- Elastische Gleiselemente (1)
- Elastische Konstanten (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Elastomer seals (1)
- Elastomeric polymer optical fibre (1)
- Electric arc furnace dust (1)
- Electrical Energy Storage (1)
- Electrical conductivity (1)
- Electrical properties (1)
- Electrical relaxation (1)
- Electrical resistivity (1)
- Electrical treeing (1)
- Electrochemical dressing (1)
- Electrochemical investigations (1)
- Electrochemical measurements (1)
- Electrochemical permeation (1)
- Electrochemical realkalisation (1)
- Electrodynamic shaker (1)
- Electromagnetic Weld Pool Support (1)
- Electromagnetic influence (1)
- Electromagnetic weld pool control (1)
- Electron beam (1)
- Electron beam lithography (1)
- Electron irradiation (1)
- Electron irradiation of DNA (1)
- Electronic Detonators (1)
- Electropolishing (1)
- Elektonenstrahlschweißen (1)
- Elektretwandler (1)
- Elektrische Energiespeicher (1)
- Elektrochemische Realkalisierung (1)
- Elektrodynamisch (1)
- Elektrodynamische Sonde (1)
- Elektrolyseverfahren (1)
- Elektromagnetische Porenreduktion (1)
- Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadsicherung (1)
- Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadstütze (1)
- Elektronische Nase (1)
- Element mapping (1)
- Elemental analysis (1)
- Elevated temperature tensile test (1)
- Elevated temperatures (1)
- Ellipsometrie (1)
- Embedded (1)
- Embedded FBG sensors (1)
- Embedded Sensors (1)
- Embedded fiber optic sensor (1)
- Embedded system (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission chamber testing (1)
- Emission from materials (1)
- Emission of pollutants from building materials (1)
- Emission reference material (1)
- Emissions testing (1)
- Emissionskammer (1)
- Emissivität (1)
- Emmbedded sensor (1)
- Emulsions (1)
- Emuslions (1)
- Enantioselectivity (1)
- Encapsulation (1)
- Encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel (1)
- End-crater (1)
- Energetic systems (1)
- Energetische Kristalle (1)
- Energieeffizienz (1)
- Energiekabel (1)
- Energy Labelling (1)
- Energy and material resources (1)
- Energy discrimination (1)
- Energy dispersive diffraction (1)
- Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (1)
- Energy dissipation (1)
- Energy efficient products (1)
- Energy policy (1)
- Energy saving (1)
- Energy saving potentials (1)
- Energy sustainability (1)
- Energy transfer (1)
- Energy use (1)
- Energy-Label (1)
- Engineered barrier systems (1)
- Engineered barriers (1)
- Engineering design (1)
- Engineering inspection (1)
- Enhancement strategy (1)
- Entropy Noise (1)
- Entropy-Nozzle Interaction (1)
- Entzündbares Gas (1)
- Environment Monitoring and Management (1)
- Environmental Effects (1)
- Environmental Monitoring (1)
- Environmental analysis (1)
- Environmental and operational effects (1)
- Environmental changes (1)
- Environmental conditions (1)
- Environmental media (1)
- Environmental simulation (1)
- Environmental technology (1)
- Envrionmental simulation (1)
- Enzymkatalyse (1)
- Epoxidharz (1)
- Epoxy (1)
- Equivalent heat source (1)
- Equivalent volumetric heat source (1)
- Erdbau (1)
- Erdbebensicherheit (1)
- Erdgas - LNG (1)
- Erfassung von Goldmosaiken der letzten 130 Jahre mit Aufbau einer Datenbank (1)
- Ermüdung bei hoher Temperatur (1)
- Ersatzbaustoff (1)
- Ersatzgeometrie (1)
- Erschütterungsausbreitung (1)
- Erschütterungsminderung (1)
- Erschütterungsprognose (1)
- Erschütterungsursachen (1)
- Erwärmtes Trinkwasser (1)
- Essential oils (1)
- Estrich (1)
- Etalon effects (1)
- Ethanol (1)
- Ethylenoxid (1)
- Ettringen tuff (1)
- Ettringit (1)
- Ettringite (1)
- EuP/ErP (1)
- European (1)
- European Guide (1)
- European Metrology Network (EMN) (1)
- European standard (1)
- Europäisches Tribologie-Zentrum (1)
- Evaluation study (1)
- Excitation forces (1)
- Excitation power density (1)
- Execution (1)
- Exergie (1)
- Existing bridges (1)
- Existing structures (1)
- Expansion joint (1)
- Expansion modelling (1)
- Experience feedback list (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimental approach (1)
- Experimental approaches (1)
- Experimental data to trustworthy (1)
- Experimental procedure (1)
- Experimente (1)
- Explicit dynamic FEM (1)
- Explosion Protection (1)
- Explosion groups (1)
- Explosion phenomena (1)
- Explosion regions (1)
- Explosion-induced ground vibrations (1)
- Explosions (1)
- Explosionsdruckentlastung (1)
- Explosionsfeste Bauweise (1)
- Explosionsgeschützte mechanische Geräte (1)
- Explosionsstoffe (1)
- Explosive cutting (1)
- Explosive spalling (1)
- Explosives (1)
- Export (1)
- Exposed aggregate concrete (1)
- Expositionsstudie in-vivo (1)
- Exposure (1)
- Exposure conditions (1)
- Exposure test (1)
- Extended Interim Storage (1)
- Extended interim storage (1)
- Extending service life (1)
- Externally loaded test (1)
- Extinction coefficients (1)
- Extrapolation (1)
- Extrembeanspruchung (1)
- Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (1)
- Eye Tracking (1)
- F-N-diagram (1)
- FAIR-Prinzip (1)
- FAME (1)
- FBG (1)
- FD (1)
- FE simulation (1)
- FE-model (1)
- FEA (1)
- FEBEM and simplified methods (1)
- FEM analysis (1)
- FEM model (1)
- FEM modelling (1)
- FEM simulations (1)
- FEM-Analyse (1)
- FEM-modelling (1)
- FFF-3D-Printer (1)
- FIBC (1)
- FLUENT (1)
- FORM (1)
- FSW (1)
- FTIR analysis (1)
- FTIR spectra (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- FTIR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Fabry-Perot layers (1)
- Fabry-Perot-Interferometer (1)
- Facade fires (1)
- Fading suppression (1)
- Fahrbahndeckenbetone (1)
- Fahrrad (1)
- Fahrzeugbrand (1)
- Failure (1)
- Failure Analysis (1)
- Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (1)
- Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) (1)
- Failure mode (1)
- Failure rate (1)
- Falltest (1)
- Fallturm (1)
- Far Infrared (1)
- Far infrared refractive index (1)
- Far-infrared absorption measurements (1)
- Far-infrared spectra (1)
- Far-infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Faser-Bragg Gitter (1)
- Faser-Bragg-Gitter (1)
- Faserkunststoffverbund (1)
- Faserkunststoffverbunde (1)
- Fasermodifikation (1)
- Faseroptischer Sensor (1)
- Faseroptischer Strahlungssensor (1)
- Fasersensorik (1)
- Fassade (1)
- Fassadenbegrünung (1)
- Fast calculation (1)
- Fatigue at high temperature (1)
- Fatigue behaviour (1)
- Fatigue biaxial (1)
- Fatigue crack (1)
- Fatigue crack propagation (1)
- Fatigue safety (1)
- Fatigue standardisation (1)
- Fatigue tests (1)
- Fatty acid (1)
- Fault isolation (1)
- Fe-Al alloys (1)
- Fehlerquellen (1)
- Fem (1)
- Fermentation (1)
- Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron (1)
- Ferritic stainless steels (1)
- Ferritic welding electrode (1)
- Ferroelektret (1)
- Ferroelektrete (1)
- Festigkeit (1)
- Festschmierstoffe (1)
- Feuchtdiffusion (1)
- Feuchtemessung (1)
- Feuchtetransport (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Feuerball (1)
- Feuerbälle (1)
- Fib model code (1)
- Fiber annealing (1)
- Fiber bragg grating (1)
- Fiber optic sensing (1)
- Fiber optical sensor (1)
- Fiber optics (1)
- Fiber reinforced plastics (1)
- Fiber reinforcement (1)
- Fiber sensors (1)
- Fiber-optic condition monitoring (1)
- Fiber-optic sensing (1)
- Fiber-optic vibration monitoring (1)
- Fiberoptic sensor (1)
- Fibers (1)
- Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) (1)
- Fibre concrete (1)
- Fibre melt (1)
- Fibre optic acoustic sensing (1)
- Fibre optic sensor (1)
- Fibre optic sensor technology (1)
- Fibre optic strain sensor (1)
- Fibre optical sensing (1)
- Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) (1)
- Fibre-optic (1)
- Fibre-optic condition monitoring (1)
- Fibre-optic strain sensor (1)
- Fibre-reinforced plastics (1)
- Fiction (1)
- Field (1)
- Field Robots (1)
- Field conditions (1)
- Field measurements (1)
- Field validation (1)
- Filament winding (1)
- Film (1)
- Filmersatz durch digitale Detektoren (1)
- Filter effects (1)
- Filterstaub (1)
- Filtration criteria (1)
- Final disposal container (1)
- Final repository Konrad (1)
- Fine-grained concrete (1)
- Finite Element (1)
- Finite Element Simulation (1)
- Finite Elemente Methode (1)
- Finite Elemente Simulation (1)
- Finite element (1)
- Finite element analysis (FEA) (1)
- Finite element anaylsis (1)
- Finite element model (1)
- Finite element models (1)
- Finite element numerical modelling (1)
- Finite elements analysis (1)
- Finite impulse response filters (1)
- Finite volume method (1)
- Finite-difference time-domain calculations (1)
- Finite-element boundary-element method (1)
- Fire Dynamics Simulator (1)
- Fire Qualification (1)
- Fire Reference (1)
- Fire Reference Package (1)
- Fire Test (1)
- Fire Test Stand (1)
- Fire Tests (1)
- Fire ball (1)
- Fire behaviour (1)
- Fire detection (1)
- Fire following earthquake (1)
- Fire prooving (1)
- Fire protection coating (1)
- Fire residue (1)
- Fire retardants (1)
- Fire safety concept (1)
- Fire safety design (1)
- Fire scenario (1)
- Fire scenarios (1)
- Fire simulations (1)
- Fire testing (1)
- Fire-induced concrete spalling (1)
- Firestone (1)
- Firm size (1)
- First Principles (1)
- First arrival (1)
- First principles (1)
- First year students (1)
- Flame merging (1)
- Flame retardant (1)
- Flame temperatures (1)
- Flammability limits (1)
- Flammable gases (1)
- Flammable liquid (1)
- Flammschutz, Witterungsbeständigkeit, Langzeitbeständigkeit, UV, E&E (1)
- Flank (1)
- Flank wear (1)
- Flash excitation (1)
- Flash thermography (1)
- Flask (1)
- Flat bottom holes (1)
- Flaw assessment (1)
- Flawed rotors (1)
- Flexible electronics (1)
- Flexible sensors (1)
- Flexural testing (1)
- Fließfähigkeit (1)
- Flipped classroom (1)
- Floor amplification (1)
- Floor resonance (1)
- Flow (1)
- Flow Model (1)
- Flow curve (1)
- Flow pattern (1)
- Flowable concrete (1)
- Fluid flow (1)
- Fluid transport (1)
- Fluidic devices (1)
- Fluidic oscillators (1)
- Fluidised geomaterials (1)
- Fluorescence dye (1)
- Fluorescence labeling (1)
- Fluorescence lifetime imaging (1)
- Fluorescence sensor (1)
- Fluorescent POF (1)
- Fluorescent materials (1)
- Fluorescent optical fibers (1)
- Fluorescent polymer optical fibres (1)
- Fluorescent sensor (1)
- Fluoreszenz-Spektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzlöschung (1)
- Fly ash (1)
- Fly ash geopolymer concrete (1)
- Flying ballast impact (1)
- Flying spot thermography (1)
- Flüssigkeitssensor (1)
- Foam tiles (1)
- Foaming (1)
- Focusing (1)
- Folienelektrode (1)
- Fontainebleau Sandstone (1)
- Food manufacturing (1)
- Food safety (1)
- Food standards (1)
- Footbridge (1)
- Force (1)
- Force distance curve (1)
- Formalkinetische Daten (1)
- Forschung und Entwicklung (1)
- Forschungsprojekt (1)
- Foundation (1)
- Foundation Pile (1)
- Foundation piles (1)
- Foundation reduction (1)
- Foundation reliability analysis (1)
- Four point bending test (1)
- Four-point bending test (1)
- Fourier transform spectroscopy (1)
- Frachtcontainer (1)
- Fractional effective dose (1)
- Fracture (1)
- Fracture (Process) (1)
- Fracture initiation (1)
- Fragmented manuscripts (1)
- Fragments (1)
- Frame (1)
- Freianlagen (1)
- Freight train (1)
- Freileitung (1)
- Freileitungen (1)
- Freistrahlflamme (1)
- Fremdprüfung (1)
- Frequency modulation (1)
- Frequenzbereiche (1)
- Fresh concrete (1)
- Fretting (1)
- Friction spot welding (1)
- Friction stir welding (1)
- Friction wear (1)
- Friedel's rule (1)
- Frost (1)
- Frost-Tausalz (1)
- Frühe Brandphase (1)
- Fs-laser patterning (1)
- Fuel (1)
- Fuel Cells (1)
- Fuel cell vehicles (1)
- Fuel cells (1)
- Fuel cladding (1)
- Fuel economy (1)
- Fuel rods (1)
- Full Penetration (1)
- Full notch creep test (1)
- Fume (1)
- Functional analysis (1)
- Functionalization (1)
- Functionally Graded Materials (1)
- Funken (1)
- Funkgestützte Sensorik (1)
- Funksensorik (1)
- Funktionelle Oberflächen (1)
- Funktionelle Schichten (1)
- Funktionsverhalten (1)
- Furnaes (1)
- Furniture (1)
- Fußgänger (1)
- Fügequalität (1)
- Fügetechnik (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GFK (1)
- GLOBE (1)
- GMA welding (1)
- GMR-sensors arrays (1)
- GPS (1)
- GTAW (1)
- GUM (1)
- GYRO (1)
- GaN (1)
- GaP (1)
- Galvanized rebar (1)
- Gamma-Co-60 radiation (1)
- Gammastrahlung (1)
- Ganzheitlich (1)
- Gap analysis (1)
- Gaps (1)
- Gas Camera (1)
- Gas Dispersion Simulator (1)
- Gas Source Localization (1)
- Gas cloud explosion (1)
- Gas detection (1)
- Gas discharges (1)
- Gas distribution mapping (1)
- Gas distribution mapping and gas source localization (1)
- Gas distribution modelling (1)
- Gas flaring (1)
- Gas flow (1)
- Gas metal arc welding (1)
- Gas mixtures (1)
- Gas pore pressure (1)
- Gas pressure cable (1)
- Gas pressure influence (1)
- Gas pressure sintering (1)
- Gas release (1)
- Gas releases (1)
- Gas storage (1)
- Gas storage sites (1)
- Gas- und Druckmengenmessung (1)
- Gase (1)
- Gasfreisetzung (1)
- Gassensor (1)
- Gaswolkenexplosion (1)
- Gaussian Process (1)
- Gaussian Processes (1)
- Gaussian process regression (1)
- Geant4 (1)
- Gear steel (1)
- Gefahrenabschätzung Pfad Boden-Grundwasser (1)
- Gefahrguteinstufung (1)
- Gefahrguttransport (1)
- Gefügte Nickelbasislegierungen (1)
- Geführter Ultraschall (1)
- Generalized linear model (1)
- Generalized plasticity (1)
- Generische Kenngrößen (1)
- Genetisches Barcoding (1)
- Geocomposite drains (1)
- Geographic differentiation (1)
- Geogrid (1)
- Geomatten (1)
- Geomembanes (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Geometrical analysis (1)
- Geometrical collection efficiency (1)
- Geometrical misalignment (1)
- Geometry (1)
- Geopolymer binders (1)
- Geotechnical site-characterization (1)
- Geotextile (1)
- Geotextiles (1)
- Geotextilien (1)
- Geothermal borehole (1)
- Geothermal power (1)
- Geotxtiles (1)
- German landfill ordinance (1)
- Geruch (1)
- Geruchsmessung (1)
- Gesamtdehnung bei Höchstkraft (1)
- Geschlossenes System (1)
- Gesundheitsgefährdung (1)
- Gichtgasschlamm (1)
- Glas-chemische Charakteristika verschiedener Goldmosaiktypen (1)
- Glasanalysen (1)
- Glasmalerei (1)
- Glass fiber composites (1)
- Glass optical fibre (GOF) (1)
- Glass transformation temperature (1)
- Glass-like carbon (1)
- Glaszusammensetzung (1)
- Glasübergang (1)
- Gleiströge (1)
- Global Positioning System (1)
- Global engineering (1)
- Glued-laminated timber (glulam) (1)
- Grabenkorrosion (1)
- Grain growth (1)
- Granular Cohesive Materials (1)
- Graph neural networks (1)
- Green Facade (1)
- Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1)
- Grenzflächenaktive Verbindung (1)
- Grenzflächenreaktion (1)
- Grillen (1)
- Ground Robot (1)
- Ground motion (1)
- Ground movement (1)
- Ground penetrating radar (GPR) (1)
- Ground penetration radar (1)
- Ground vibration measurements (1)
- Ground water (1)
- Groundwater remediation (1)
- Grout (1)
- Grouted Connection (1)
- Grouted column (1)
- Grouted connection (1)
- Grouted connections (1)
- Großbrand (1)
- Große Volumina (1)
- Großer Fallturm Horstwalde (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Guar Gum (1)
- Guar gum (1)
- Guidance (1)
- Guidance material (1)
- Guide (1)
- Guided (1)
- Guided Ultrasonic Wave (1)
- Guided drop tests (1)
- Gutachten (1)
- Gypsum fiberboards and synthetic gypsum (1)
- Gypsum recycling (1)
- Gyroscope (1)
- Gyroscopes (1)
- HAZID (1)
- HDPE geomembrane (1)
- HEat control (1)
- HFC (1)
- HFOs (1)
- HIP (1)
- HMW-PE (1)
- HV insulation (1)
- Hafenanlage (1)
- Haftung von Partikeln (1)
- Haftvermittler (1)
- Halbraum (1)
- Haldenbrand (1)
- Half-cell potential mapping (1)
- Hall-Flow (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Hammer tests (1)
- Hand-held (1)
- Hard coatings (1)
- Hard impact (1)
- Hard tungsten (1)
- Hard-turning (1)
- Hardmetal (1)
- Hardmetals (1)
- Harmful substances (1)
- Harmonised Standards (1)
- Harmonization (1)
- Harter Anprall an Stahlbetonstrukturen (1)
- Hartstoffphasen (1)
- Haynes 282 (1)
- Hazard Detection (1)
- Hazard group (1)
- Hazardous areas (1)
- Hazardous materials (1)
- Hazardous scenarios (1)
- Hazardous substances (1)
- Head Check (1)
- Head capacity (1)
- Healthcare monitoring (1)
- Heat Transfer (1)
- Heat Treatment (1)
- Heat accumulation (1)
- Heat conduction (1)
- Heat control (1)
- Heat evolution (1)
- Heat flow calorimetry (1)
- Heat flux (1)
- Heat of hydration (1)
- Heat pump (1)
- Heat radiation (1)
- Heat release rate (1)
- Heat storage (1)
- Heat transfer (1)
- Heat treatments (1)
- Heavy gas (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Hedonic tone (1)
- Height measurements (1)
- Heißbemessung (1)
- Heißriss (1)
- Heißrissanfälligkeit (1)
- Heißrissbildung (1)
- Heißrissresistenz (1)
- Heißrisstypen (1)
- Herculaneum (1)
- Herkunft (1)
- Herstellungstechnik und Besonderheiten (1)
- Heterogeneous groups (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Hexanal (1)
- Hi-Tension (1)
- High - temperature corrosion (1)
- High Entropy Alloy (1)
- High Performance Concrete (1)
- High Speed Testing (1)
- High alloyed steel (1)
- High alloyed steels (1)
- High burn-up (1)
- High contact pressure (1)
- High ductility (1)
- High energy (1)
- High energy beam welding (1)
- High impact shock application (1)
- High level waste (1)
- High load (1)
- High molecular PE (1)
- High performance concrete (1)
- High power fiber laser (1)
- High power laser keyhole welding (1)
- High salinity (1)
- High speed (1)
- High strength concrete (1)
- High temperature (1)
- High temperature behaviour (1)
- High temperature corrosion (1)
- High temperature low sag (1)
- High temperature low sag conductors (1)
- High temperature mechanical properties (1)
- High temperatures (1)
- High throughput biosensing (1)
- High toughness steel (1)
- High velocity impact crushing (1)
- High voltage (1)
- High voltage DC (1)
- High voltage cable (1)
- High-Cycle (1)
- High-Rise Building (1)
- High-Strength Steel (1)
- High-density polyethylene HDPE (1)
- High-energy X-ray CT (1)
- High-entropy alloy (1)
- High-performance concrete (1)
- High-power laser (1)
- High-resolution (1)
- High-resolution camera (1)
- High-speed (1)
- High-speed train (1)
- High-strength Steel (1)
- High-strength steels (1)
- High-strength structural steels (1)
- High-temperature resistance (1)
- High-voltage cable accessories (1)
- High-voltage power cable (1)
- Higher-strength steels (1)
- Highly alloyed steels (1)
- Highspeed-plasma-laser-cladding (1)
- Historic building (1)
- Historic plaster (1)
- Historical timber structures (1)
- Hitzeinsel (1)
- Hochenergie-Computertomographie (1)
- Hochenergieradiographie (1)
- Hochentropie Legierung (1)
- Hochentropielegierung (1)
- Hochfest (1)
- Hochleistungsbeton (1)
- Hochleistungslaserstrahlschweißen (1)
- Hochleistungsschweißen (1)
- Hochtemperaturbeständigkeit (1)
- Hochtemperaturkorrosion (1)
- Hochzähe Stähle (1)
- Hollow Axle Inspection (1)
- Holz (1)
- Holz Konstruktionen (1)
- Holz-Holz-Kontakte (1)
- Holz-Stahl-Kontakte (1)
- Honeycombing (1)
- Honeycombs (1)
- Honing (1)
- Honing Stone (1)
- Hopkinson bar (1)
- Horizontal drop test (1)
- Horizontal stress (1)
- Hot spot Theorie (1)
- Hot storage tests (1)
- Hot-Stamping (1)
- Humidity sensor (1)
- Humidity sensors (1)
- Huygens elementary waves (1)
- Hybrid (1)
- Hybrid Part (1)
- Hybrid build-up (1)
- Hybrid cements (1)
- Hybrid construction types (1)
- Hybrid laser arc welding (1)
- Hybrid laser-arc welding (1)
- Hybrid method (1)
- Hybrid repair (1)
- Hybrid testing (1)
- Hybrid welding (1)
- Hybrid-laser-arc welding (1)
- Hybride Zemente (1)
- Hydratation (1)
- Hydratationswärme (1)
- Hydraulic engineering (1)
- Hydraulic levelling system (1)
- Hydraulic lime based grout (1)
- Hydride precipitation (1)
- Hydroformylierung (1)
- Hydrogarnet (1)
- Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC) (1)
- Hydrogen Storage (1)
- Hydrogen Trade (1)
- Hydrogen assisted cracking (1)
- Hydrogen composite cylinder risk consequence (1)
- Hydrogen concentration (1)
- Hydrogen detection (1)
- Hydrogen embrittlement (1)
- Hydrogen energy (1)
- Hydrogen environment (1)
- Hydrogen evolution (1)
- Hydrogen pickup (1)
- Hydrogen sensors (1)
- Hydrogen technology (1)
- Hydrogen transport in pipelines (1)
- Hydrogen-methane mixtures (1)
- Hydrogranat (1)
- Hydrolyseprodukte (1)
- Hydrophobic surfaces (1)
- Hydrophobierung (1)
- Hydrophobization (1)
- Hydrostatic pressure (1)
- Hydrothermal curing (1)
- Hydrothermal synthesis (1)
- Hydrothermale Behandlung (1)
- Hydrothermale Calcinierung (1)
- Hydrothermale Herstellung (1)
- Hydroxyellestadit (1)
- Hydroxyl radicals (1)
- Hydroxylellestadite (1)
- Hygric deformations (1)
- Hygroscopic earth and wooden materials (1)
- Hygroscopic earthen and wooden building materials (1)
- Hygroscopic earthen and wooden materials (1)
- Hygroskopische Lehm- und Holzbaustoffe (1)
- Hygrothermal behaviour (1)
- Hyperlinks (1)
- Hypothesis tests (1)
- Härtevergleichsplatten (1)
- Höherfester Feinkornbaustahl (1)
- Hüllrohr (1)
- I-Girder (1)
- IAEA Regu-lations (1)
- IAEA Thermal Test (1)
- IAEA fire test (1)
- IAEA fire testing (1)
- IAEA regulations (1)
- IAEA regulations (SSR-6, SSG-26) (1)
- ICT (1)
- ICT development index (1)
- IECEx-System (1)
- IED (1)
- IETF (1)
- IIoT (1)
- ILW package (1)
- IN 718 (1)
- IP-2 (1)
- IP-3 (1)
- IPM (1)
- IPM in museums (1)
- IR (1)
- IR-Thermometer (1)
- ISO (1)
- ISO 12106 (1)
- ISO 12111 (1)
- ISO 15686 (1)
- ISO 3690 (1)
- ISO 80079-36/37 (1)
- ISO/IEC 27001 (1)
- ISRU (1)
- IT-Security (1)
- IUCLID (1)
- Ignition (1)
- Illitic clays (1)
- Image analysis (1)
- Image enhancement (1)
- Image evaluation (1)
- Image reconstructions (1)
- Image restoration (1)
- Image-based models (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imaging Ellipsometrie (1)
- Imaging XPS (1)
- Imaging condition (1)
- Imaging modifizierter Oberflächen (1)
- Immission (1)
- Immunoassay (1)
- Impact angle (1)
- Impact damage on reinforced concrete (1)
- Impact load (1)
- Impact test (1)
- Impact-Schaden (1)
- Impakt (1)
- Impakt-Echo-Messverfahren (1)
- Implant-abutment interface (1)
- Implantat (1)
- Impregnation (1)
- Impuls-Anregungsmethode (1)
- Impuls-Radar-Messverfahren (1)
- Impulse-thermography (1)
- In situ measurement (1)
- In situ strain (1)
- In vivo imaging (1)
- In-Service Inspection (ISI) (1)
- In-situ (1)
- In-situ Monitoring (1)
- In-situ Prozessüberwachung (1)
- In-situ XRD (1)
- In-situ effect (1)
- In-situ experiment (1)
- In-situ sensing (1)
- In-situ-Sanierung (1)
- Inclinometer (1)
- Inclusions (1)
- Incubation (1)
- India (1)
- Indications and inspections (1)
- Indicator (1)
- Indirect Combustion Noise (1)
- Indirect Hard Modelling (1)
- Indirect noise (1)
- Individual cell tracking (1)
- Indoor Localization (1)
- Indoor positioning (1)
- Indoor positioning error reduction (1)
- Industrial X-ray imaging (1)
- Industrial application (1)
- Industrial explosions (1)
- Industrial fires (1)
- Industrial monitoring (1)
- Industrial prefabrication (1)
- Industrielle Radiographie (1)
- Industry 4.0 (1)
- Inelastic torsion (1)
- Inertial Interaction (1)
- Inertial navigation (1)
- Inertial tracking (1)
- Inertisierung (1)
- Inertization (1)
- Informal construction sector (1)
- Information security (1)
- Infrared camera (1)
- Infrared radiation (1)
- Infrarotspektroskopie (1)
- Infrastructural development (1)
- Infrastrukturmonitoring (1)
- Inhalation exposure (1)
- Inhomogeneous materials (1)
- Initial gap (1)
- Initial hydration (1)
- Injection (1)
- Injection Sequence (1)
- Inks (1)
- Innenraum (1)
- Innovation (1)
- Innovative Messverfahren (1)
- Innovative measurement technology (1)
- Inoculative release (1)
- Insektenmonitoring (1)
- Inserts (1)
- Insitu test (1)
- Inspections (1)
- Inspektion (1)
- Installation (1)
- Instandhaltung (1)
- Instrumented indentation test (1)
- Instrumented measurements (1)
- Insulation failure (1)
- Integral absorption (1)
- Integral range (1)
- Integrated monitoring system (1)
- Integrierte Analyse (1)
- Intensity extraction (1)
- Intensity of Restraint (1)
- Inter-robot measurements (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interaction simulator (1)
- Interdisciplinary cooperation (1)
- Interface Crack (1)
- Interface crack (1)
- Interference (1)
- Interference fringes (1)
- Interferometer-based (1)
- Interferometry (1)
- Intermetallics (1)
- Internal defects (1)
- Internal gaps (1)
- Internal impacts (1)
- Internal shock absorber (1)
- Internal sulfate resistance (1)
- Internal water-repellent treatment (1)
- International (1)
- International diffusion (1)
- Interrupted milling (1)
- Intraguild predation (1)
- Intrinsischer Schwellenwert gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung (1)
- Intumescent Coating (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Intumescent fire protection coating (1)
- Intumescent layer (1)
- Intumescent material (1)
- Inventaraufprall (1)
- Inverse Methods (1)
- Inverse Verfahren (1)
- Inverse analysis (1)
- Inverse modelling (1)
- Inversion (1)
- Inverter-type Air Conditioner (1)
- Investitionsgüter (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Ionic liquids (1)
- Ionic liquids. (1)
- Ionische Flüssigkeiten (1)
- Iron aluminides (1)
- Iron arch bridge (1)
- Iron-based alloys (1)
- Iron-gall ink (1)
- Irregular ballast (1)
- Irregular buildings (1)
- Irregular soil (1)
- Irregular topography (1)
- Irregularities (1)
- Isotope reference materials (1)
- Isotopenverhältnisse (1)
- Isotrope Materialien (1)
- Jacket Support Structures (1)
- Jet fires (1)
- Jet flame (1)
- Jet grout (1)
- Jet-Feuer (1)
- Joint capacity (1)
- Joint sealing (1)
- Joints (1)
- Junction strenght (1)
- Junctions (1)
- KG-value (1)
- KW-Poolfeuer (1)
- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (1)
- Kalke (1)
- Kalorimetrie (1)
- Kaltrissbildung (1)
- Kalzinierter Ton (1)
- Kaolin (1)
- Kapazitive Methoden (1)
- Kathodischer Schutz (1)
- Kavernenspeicher (1)
- Kennwert (1)
- Kennwertstreuung (1)
- Keramik (1)
- Keramische Multilayer (1)
- Kerbschlagarbeit (1)
- Kerbschlagbiegeversuch (1)
- Kerbschlagbiegeversuch, Untermaßproben, Normalproben, Skalierung von Ergebnissen (1)
- Kerntechnik (1)
- Keyhole collapse (1)
- Keyhole mode laser beam welding (1)
- Keyhole mode welding (1)
- Keyhole porosity (1)
- Kinematic Interaction (1)
- Kinetic data (1)
- Kinetic parameters (1)
- Kinetics (1)
- Kinetische Daten (1)
- Kissing Bonds (1)
- Kleb- und Haftfestigkeit (1)
- Kleinprobenprüfung (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klimamessungen (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Klärschlammdüngung (1)
- Knotenweise Zwangsbedingungen (1)
- Knowledge and Technology Transfer (1)
- Knowledge spillovers (1)
- Kohelnstoffmaterialien (1)
- Kohlenmonoxid (1)
- Kombinationsverfahren PVD-ESI (1)
- Kombinierte Geräte (1)
- Konditionierungsdauer (1)
- Konfokalmikroskopie (1)
- Konservierung (1)
- Konstruktion (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Korrosionselement (1)
- Korrosionsmechanismus (1)
- Korrosionsschaden (1)
- Korrosionsschnelltest für nichtrostenden Stahl (1)
- Korrosionsschutzpigmente (1)
- Korynaetes caeruleus (1)
- Kraftabhängige Funktion (1)
- Kraftwerkstechnik (1)
- Kristalline CSH-Phase (1)
- Kritikalität (1)
- Kulturelles Erbe (1)
- Kulturguterhaltung (1)
- Kunststein (1)
- Kunststoff-Dränelemente (1)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen auf Polyolefinbasis (1)
- Kunststoffschweißen (1)
- Kurzfaserverstärktes Polyamid (1)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (1)
- Künstliche Neuronale Netze (1)
- Künstliche neuronale Netze (1)
- Künstliches Meerwasser (1)
- L-BOFDA (1)
- LAUS (Large Apertur Ultrasonic System) (1)
- LBW (1)
- LCA (1)
- LCST (1)
- LDPE (1)
- LET (1)
- LIMS (1)
- LIPS (1)
- LIPSS (1)
- LMD (1)
- LTCC Multilayer (1)
- LTT (1)
- LW (1)
- Lab-on-a-Chip (1)
- Lab-on-a-chip (1)
- Labelling (1)
- Laboratory Experiment (1)
- Laboratory beam structure (1)
- Laboratory method (1)
- Laboratory specimens (1)
- Laboratory test (1)
- Laboratory tests (1)
- Lachenverdunstung (1)
- Lagerung (1)
- Lahendong (1)
- Lamb Wellen (1)
- Laminated metal composite (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill cover systems (1)
- Landfill liner (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Landwirtschaftliche Klärschlammverwertung (1)
- Langzeitverhalten (1)
- Langzeitversuch (1)
- Lanthanide (1)
- Large and intermediate scale tests (1)
- Large electrical high-voltage machine (1)
- Large objects (1)
- Large scale (1)
- Large scale fire tests (1)
- Large scale soil test field (1)
- Large scale test (1)
- Large-scale test (1)
- Large-scale tests (1)
- Larson and Miller relationship (1)
- Larson-Miller-Parameter (1)
- Laser Doppler Vibrometer (1)
- Laser Doppler vibrometer (1)
- Laser Doppler vibrometry (1)
- Laser Metal Deposition; Laser Beam Welding; Duplex; Stainless Steel (1)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (1)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M) (1)
- Laser Pulver Auftragsschweißen (1)
- Laser Scanning Microscopy (1)
- Laser Welding (1)
- Laser applications (1)
- Laser beam Welding (1)
- Laser beam melting (LBM) (1)
- Laser beam wlding (1)
- Laser cladding (1)
- Laser energy distribution (1)
- Laser excited ultrasonic waves (1)
- Laser impact on surfaces (1)
- Laser material processing (1)
- Laser materials processing (1)
- Laser plasma (1)
- Laser scanner optics (1)
- Laser triangulation (1)
- Laser- und Lichtbogenenergie (1)
- Laser-Metal-Deposition (1)
- Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen (LPA) (1)
- Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen; Laserstrahlschweißen, Duplex, Pufferschichten (1)
- Laser-based displacement measuring system (1)
- Laser-beam welding, (1)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (1)
- Laser-induced breakldown spectroscopy (1)
- Laser-induced damage threshold (1)
- Laser-induced forward transfer (1)
- Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface strcutures (LIPSS) (1)
- Laser-thermography (1)
- Laserdispergieren (1)
- Laserdrucker (1)
- Laserpulverauftragschweißen (1)
- Laserscanner (1)
- Laserstrahl-(Hybrid)schweißen (1)
- Laserstrahl-MSG-Hybridschweißen (1)
- Laserstrahlschmelzen (1)
- Laserstrukturierung (1)
- Laserthermografie (1)
- Lasertriangulation (1)
- Laserverfahren (1)
- Lastabsenkung (1)
- Lastanschlag (1)
- Lateral load transfer (1)
- Lateral load transfer ratio (1)
- Lateral stability (1)
- Latin Hypercube (1)
- Lattice (1)
- Layer thickness (1)
- Leak (1)
- Leak detection systems (1)
- Leak tightness (1)
- Leakage Rate (1)
- Least-squares adjustment (1)
- Lebensdauerverlängerung (1)
- Lecture videos (1)
- Legacy waste (1)
- Legged robots (1)
- Legierung (1)
- Lehm (1)
- Lehmplatte (1)
- Lehmstabilisierung (1)
- Lehre (1)
- Lehrfilm (1)
- Lehrfilmformate (1)
- Length (1)
- Length change measurement (1)
- Length of puncture bar (1)
- Levee (1)
- Levenberg-Marquardt method (1)
- Library pests (1)
- Lichtbogenschweißen (1)
- Lichtmikroskopie (1)
- Lid behavior (1)
- Lid/content interaction (1)
- Life cycle extension (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Life span (1)
- Life time prediction (1)
- Light (1)
- Light reflection (1)
- Lightweight Design (1)
- Lightweight aggreagtes (1)
- Lightweight aggregates (1)
- Lightweight aggregates (LWA) (1)
- Lightweight design (1)
- Lightweight materials (1)
- Lightweight tank (1)
- Lignosulfonate (1)
- Lime based hydraulic gout (1)
- Lime based hydraulic grout (1)
- Lime-pozzolan binders (1)
- Limestone filler (1)
- Limit values (1)
- Limiting distances (1)
- Limiting oxygen concentration (1)
- Limnoria spp (1)
- Linear energy transfer (1)
- Linear parameter varying systems (1)
- Linear sensor (1)
- Lineare Aufheizung (1)
- Liner (1)
- Linienlaser (1)
- Liquation Cracking (1)
- Liquefied hydrogen (1)
- Liquefied natural gas (1)
- Liquid Hydrogen (1)
- Liquid cargoes (1)
- Liquid extinction coefficient (1)
- Liquid metal embrittlement (1)
- Liquid nitrogen (1)
- Liquid phase sintering (1)
- Liquids (1)
- Listed buildings and monuments (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Batterie (1)
- Lithium-ion battery (1)
- Load attachment (1)
- Load capacity (1)
- Load cases for transport (1)
- Load cycle test (1)
- Load cycles (1)
- Load decreasing (1)
- Load quantification (1)
- Load-bearing (1)
- Loading factor (1)
- Local structural transformations (1)
- Locally resolved strength (1)
- Lochkeimbildung (1)
- Lockin-Thermografie (1)
- Lockin-Thermography (1)
- Log term behavior (1)
- Lokale Festigkeit (1)
- Long period grating (1)
- Long term corrosion monitoring (1)
- Long term monitoring (1)
- Long time effects of cathodic polarisation (1)
- Long-Term Behaviour (1)
- Long-span bridge (1)
- Long-term behaviour (1)
- Long-term interim storage (1)
- Long-term loading (1)
- Long-term measurement (1)
- Long-term safety (1)
- Long-term shear strength (1)
- Long-term studies (1)
- Long-term water flow capacity (1)
- Longitudinal Wave (1)
- Lonizing radiation (1)
- Lorentz force (1)
- Lost cases (1)
- Low Temperature Toughness (1)
- Low and medium level radioactive waste (1)
- Low carbon steel (1)
- Low cycle Fatigue (1)
- Low cycle fatigue (1)
- Low energy electrons (1)
- Low energy sensor (1)
- Low strain pile integrity testing (1)
- Low transformation (1)
- Low-temperature (1)
- Lowlevel and midlevel radioactive waste (1)
- Lubricated sliding (1)
- Lubrication (1)
- Luft (1)
- Luftdichte Gebäudehülle (1)
- Luftgekoppelte Ultraschallprüfung (1)
- Luftgekoppelter Ultraschall (1)
- Luftschadstoffe (1)
- Luftverunreinigung (1)
- Luggage inspection (1)
- Luminescence (1)
- Lunar habitat (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- Länge (1)
- Löschwirkung (1)
- Lötverbindung (1)
- MAG (1)
- MAG Prozesssteuerung (1)
- MAG welding (1)
- MIS-structure (1)
- MLI (1)
- MOISHUM (1)
- MPI (1)
- MPLS (1)
- MRFA (1)
- MRFC (1)
- MSG-Engspaltschweißen (1)
- MSWI (1)
- MSWI Bottom Ash (1)
- MVT (1)
- Machinability (1)
- Machined olfaction (1)
- Machinelles Lernen (1)
- Macro Processing (Joining, Welding) (1)
- Macro processing (1)
- Macromechanical Sample Strength (1)
- Magnesia shotcrete (1)
- Magnesium-Calcium (1)
- Magnetic Domains (1)
- Magnetic field measurement (1)
- Magnetic field sensor (1)
- Magnetic flux leakage (1)
- Magnetic powder test (1)
- Magnetic swimmers (1)
- Magneto-optischer Sensor (1)
- Magnetohydrodynamic technology (1)
- Magnetostrictive metal coating (1)
- Magnetostriktive Beschichtung (1)
- Main-flow oriented vorticity-nozzle interaction (1)
- Makronährstoffe (1)
- Management (1)
- Management System Standard (1)
- Management system (1)
- Management system standard (1)
- Management system standards (1)
- Maneuvers (1)
- Manganese alloyed stainless steels (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Mapping modifizierter Oberflächen (1)
- Marangoni convection (1)
- Marble decay (1)
- Marine borers (1)
- Maritime Atmosphäre (1)
- Maritime Components (1)
- Maritime atmosphere (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Marktüberwachung (1)
- Marmor (1)
- Martensitic stainless steels (1)
- Maschinelles Lernen (1)
- Maschinenbetrieb (1)
- Maschinennachgiebigkeit (1)
- Masonry tower (1)
- Masonry towers (1)
- Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Massenabbrandrate (1)
- Massenabbrandraten (1)
- Massenhydrophobierung (1)
- Mast (1)
- Material Point Method (MPM) (1)
- Material Processing (1)
- Material characterisation (1)
- Material characterization (1)
- Material model wood (1)
- Material modeling (1)
- Material models (1)
- Material properties (1)
- Material ranking (1)
- Material testing (1)
- Material tests (1)
- Materialdaten (1)
- Materialdesign (1)
- Materialerkennung (1)
- Materialmodell (1)
- Materials (1)
- Materials Design (1)
- Materials behavior (1)
- Materials characterisation (1)
- Materials parameters (1)
- Materialschutz (1)
- Materialschäden (1)
- Materialwissenschaft (1)
- Mathematisches Modell (1)
- Matrix Array (1)
- Matrix arrays (1)
- Matrixschädigung (1)
- Mauerwerk (1)
- Maßstabseffekt (1)
- Measurement hardware (1)
- Mechanical assessment (1)
- Mechanical behavior (1)
- Mechanical behaviour (1)
- Mechanical loading (1)
- Mechanical sparks (1)
- Mechanical stress (1)
- Mechanical systems (1)
- Mechanics (1)
- Mechanik (1)
- Mechanisch erzeugte Funken (1)
- Mechanisch technologische Kennwerte (1)
- Mechanische Bewertung (1)
- Mechanische Ex-Betriebsmittel (1)
- Mechanisches Verhalten (1)
- Medieval stained glass (1)
- Medieval-stained glass (1)
- Mediumentropie Legierung (1)
- Mehr-Proben-Kleb-Vorrichtung (1)
- Mehr-Proben-Kleben (MSB) (1)
- Mehr-Proben-Kleben/-Prüfen (1)
- Mehr-Proben-Prüfen (CAT) (1)
- Mehr-Proben-Prüfen/Kleben (1)
- Mehrfachriss (1)
- Mehrkanalmethode (1)
- Mehrphasige Materialien (1)
- Mehrprobenprüfung (1)
- Melt flow (1)
- Melt-pool-monitoring (1)
- Membranabdeckung (1)
- Membrane-based linear gas sensor (1)
- Mercury intrusion capillary pressure (1)
- Mesh analysis (1)
- Messeinrichtungen am Leiterseil (1)
- Messing (1)
- Messlänge (1)
- Messraster (1)
- Messtechnik (1)
- Metadaten (1)
- Metal Gasket (1)
- Metal Magnetic Memory (1)
- Metal Restaurierung (1)
- Metal Seal (1)
- Metal bond (1)
- Metal forming tools (1)
- Metal gasket (1)
- Metal matrix (1)
- Metal oxide semiconductor (1)
- Metal seals reliability (1)
- Metal sulphides (1)
- Metal sulphies (1)
- Metallanker (1)
- Metallic coatings (1)
- Metallic seal (1)
- Metallpulver (1)
- Metals hygienic assessment release (1)
- Metamodel (1)
- Methane measuring (1)
- Methanol (1)
- Method combination (1)
- Methodenvalidierung (1)
- Methodology (1)
- Methods (1)
- Metrology (1)
- Metrology in chemistry (1)
- Micoemulsion (1)
- Micro Reactor (1)
- Micro chemical analysis (1)
- Micro cracking (1)
- Micro gears (1)
- Micro hollow cathode discharge (1)
- Micro plastic (1)
- Micro reactor (1)
- Micro structure (1)
- Micro technology (1)
- Micro-chamber (1)
- Micro-reinforcement (1)
- Microbiological investigation (1)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (1)
- Microdosimetry (1)
- Microemulsions (1)
- Microfluidics (1)
- Micromechanical Tensile Failure (1)
- Micromechanical model (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microsecond laser (1)
- Microstructure evolution (1)
- Microstructure-property-correlation (1)
- Microstructured POF (mPOF) (1)
- Microwave (1)
- MidIR Fourier transform spectroscopy (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikro CT (1)
- Mikrodrohne (1)
- Mikrolegierungseinfluss (1)
- Mikrolegierungselemente (1)
- Mikroskaliert (1)
- Mikroskopie (1)
- Mikrowellentechnik (1)
- Milling (1)
- Minderungsmaßnahmen (1)
- Mineral aggragates (1)
- Mineralischer Reststoff (1)
- Mini-plant (1)
- Miniaturized sensor device (1)
- Minimum ignition temperature (1)
- Minimum waiting time (1)
- Miscellaneous (1)
- Mischbrandkrippen (1)
- Mischverbindung (1)
- Mitigate (1)
- Mitigation (1)
- Mixed formulation (1)
- Mizellen (1)
- MoS2 (1)
- Mobile Robot (1)
- Mobile Robotic Olfaction (1)
- Mobile elements (1)
- Mobile robotic olfaction (1)
- Mobile sensing system (1)
- Mobiles LIBS (1)
- Modal force spectrum (1)
- Mode mixity (1)
- Model bias (1)
- Model checking (1)
- Model updating (1)
- Model validation (1)
- Modeling and simulation (1)
- Modeling approach (1)
- Modeling strategies (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modell der konstanten Flammentemperaturen (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modern earthen building materials (1)
- Moderne Lehmbaustoffe (1)
- Modes (1)
- Modifier-Adaptation (1)
- Modifizierte Betonpflastersteine (1)
- Modifizierter Sprühlichtbogen (1)
- Modular system (1)
- Modulare Produktion (1)
- Modulus (1)
- Moisture damping coefficient, (1)
- Molecular dynamics simulation (1)
- Molecular electronic states (1)
- Molecular imprinting (1)
- Molecular structure modifications (1)
- Molten pool behaviour (1)
- Molten pool dynamics (1)
- Monitoring of CO2 (1)
- Monitoring system (1)
- Monitoring techniques (1)
- Monocarboaluminate (1)
- Monopile installation risks (1)
- Monte-Carlo Simulation (1)
- Monte-Carlo-Analysis (1)
- Mortars (1)
- Motor control (1)
- Movement (1)
- Moving person localization (1)
- Mud circulation system (1)
- Mud pumps (1)
- Multi - physical modeling (1)
- Multi sensor (1)
- Multi sensor device (1)
- Multi-Hop WSN (1)
- Multi-angle radiography (1)
- Multi-geometry cuboid (1)
- Multi-layered structures (1)
- Multi-layered system (1)
- Multi-run weld (1)
- Multi-sample approach (1)
- Multichannel measuring (1)
- Multicrystalline silicon (1)
- Multielement-Legierung (1)
- Multielementlegierungen (1)
- Multigassensoren (1)
- Multigassensorik (1)
- Multihop (1)
- Multilayered structures (1)
- Multiparameter sensing (1)
- Multiparametric (1)
- Multiphysics (1)
- Multiple Poolfeuer (1)
- Multiple ageing and rejuvenation (1)
- Multiple cracking (1)
- Multiple fires (1)
- Multiple impact (1)
- Multiple linear regression (1)
- Multiple n-heptane pool fire (1)
- Multiple principal element alloy (1)
- Multiple-sample bonding (1)
- Multiplexing (1)
- Multiscale (1)
- Multiscale modelling (1)
- Multiscale thermoplastic-matrix composites (1)
- Multispectral imaging (1)
- Multispectral thermography (1)
- Multivariate classification (1)
- Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) (1)
- Muon tomography (1)
- Museum (1)
- Museum insect pest (1)
- Museum pests (1)
- Mörtel (1)
- Müller-Matrix-Ellipsometrie (1)
- NAPE Project (1)
- NDE (1)
- NDT Inspection (1)
- NIR dyes (1)
- NMR imaging (1)
- NMR relaxometry (1)
- NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- NaCl (1)
- Nachgiebigkeiten (1)
- Nachrechnungsrichtlinie (1)
- Nachweis der Wirksamkeit (1)
- Nachweis der chemischen Verträglichkeit (1)
- Nachweisgrenzen (1)
- Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie (1)
- Nano UAV Swarm (1)
- Nano dust (1)
- Nano engineered materials (1)
- Nano material (1)
- Nano materials (1)
- Nano powder (1)
- Nano scale (1)
- Nano-crystals (1)
- Nano-silica (1)
- Nanokomposit (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanomaterial classification (1)
- Nanomaterialien (1)
- Nanomaterials (1)
- Nanometrology (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanopowders (1)
- Nanoroughness (1)
- Nanosecond laser cleaning (1)
- Nanosecond pulses (1)
- Nanoskaliert (1)
- Nanostructure (1)
- Nanotechnologie (1)
- Narrow-gap welding (1)
- Nassaufbereitung (1)
- Nasschemie (1)
- Natural hydraulic lime (1)
- Natural materials (1)
- Natural raw material (1)
- Natural weathering (1)
- Naturmessung (1)
- Natürliche Belüftung (1)
- Nd:YAG (1)
- Near infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Near-infrared (1)
- Nerve agents (1)
- Net zero (1)
- Neue Untersuchungsmethodik (1)
- Neural network (1)
- Neuronales Netz (1)
- Neutron radiography (1)
- Neutron radiology (1)
- Neutron shielding material (1)
- Neutron-CT (1)
- Neutronensonde (1)
- Neutronenstreuung (1)
- New Legislative Framework (1)
- New adhesive for wide cracks (1)
- New package design (1)
- New sensor principles (1)
- Ni-Resist (1)
- Ni-alloy (1)
- Ni-base super alloy (1)
- NiCr25FeAlYB (1)
- Nicht-atmosphärische Bedingungen (1)
- Nichtelektrische Funken (1)
- Nickel alloy (1)
- Nickel based coatings (1)
- Nickel-based alloys (1)
- Nickel-based superalloy (1)
- Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen (1)
- Niobium (1)
- Niobium Carbide (NbC) (1)
- Nitric acid (1)
- Nitric acid HNO3 (1)
- Nitroaromaten (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Nomenklatur (1)
- Non destructive testing and evaluation (1)
- Non-Destructive Evaluation (1)
- Non-approved (1)
- Non-destructive characterisation (1)
- Non-destructive inspection (1)
- Non-destructive test (1)
- Non-destructive testing (NDT) (1)
- Non-destuctive corrosion testing of concrete (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Non-linear vibration (1)
- Non-metallic inclusions (1)
- Non-sloshing (1)
- Non-woven (1)
- Nonel (1)
- Nonlinear (1)
- Nonlinear finite element simulation (1)
- Nonlinear refractive index (1)
- Nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) (1)
- Normalized-Input-Output-Minimization (1)
- Notch stress approach (1)
- Notched impact strength at -30°C (1)
- Novel applications (1)
- Nuclear (1)
- Nuclear Fuel Cladding (1)
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1)
- Nuclear Power Plants (1)
- Nuclear Waste Storage (1)
- Nuclear fuel cycle (1)
- Nuclear power plants (1)
- Nuclear reactor compartments (1)
- Nukleare Sicherheitsforschung (1)
- Numeric simulation (1)
- Numerical (1)
- Numerical Failure Analysis (1)
- Numerical Modeling (1)
- Numerical approach (1)
- Numerical computation (1)
- Numerical damage simulation (1)
- Numerical fire simulation (1)
- Numerical process simulation (1)
- Numerical response (1)
- Numerical welding simulation (1)
- Numerische Analyse (1)
- Numerische Beanspruchungsanalyse (1)
- Numerische ISmulation (1)
- Numerische Mathematik (1)
- Numerische Simulation (1)
- Nyström methods (1)
- Nässe (1)
- O-Ring (1)
- OBR (1)
- Oberflächenaktivierung (1)
- Oberflächenbearbeitung (1)
- Oberflächenfunktionalisierung (1)
- Oberflächengeometrie (1)
- Oberflächenmessung (1)
- Oberflächenschutzsystem (OSS) (1)
- Oberflächentechnik (1)
- Oberflächentemperatur (1)
- Oberflächentopographie (1)
- Observer model (1)
- Obstacles (1)
- Occupational health (1)
- Odor (1)
- Odour assessment (1)
- Odour evaluation (1)
- Odour labelling (1)
- Odour measurement (1)
- Off-axis strength (1)
- Office building (1)
- Office tower (1)
- Offshore Pile Foundation (1)
- Offshore Wind (1)
- Offshore Wind Energy (1)
- Offshore Windenergieanlagen (1)
- Offshore geotechnics (1)
- Offshore pile foundation (1)
- Offshore steel structures (1)
- Offshore wind energy converter (1)
- Offshore-Windenergie (1)
- Offshore-Windenergieanlagen (1)
- Olfaction (1)
- On-line analysis (1)
- On-site mixed Explosives (1)
- One-part formulation (1)
- One-part geopolymers (1)
- One-part mix (1)
- One-sided access method (1)
- Online Curing Monitoring (1)
- Online NMR (1)
- Online NMR Spectrsocopy (1)
- Online Prozesskontrolle (1)
- Online Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Online teaching (1)
- Online-Analyse (1)
- Online-NMR-Spektroscopie (1)
- Online-RFA (1)
- Onset-Temperatur (1)
- Ontologie (1)
- OpenFOAM (1)
- Operational modal analysis (1)
- Optic (1)
- Optical (1)
- Optical Spectroscopy (1)
- Optical connector (1)
- Optical constant (1)
- Optical deformation analysis (1)
- Optical deformation measurement (1)
- Optical fiber (1)
- Optical fiber dosimetry (1)
- Optical fiber sensing (1)
- Optical fibers (1)
- Optical fibre sensor (1)
- Optical layer analysis (1)
- Optical measurement (1)
- Optical measurement systems (1)
- Optical measurement technique (1)
- Optical measurement techniques (1)
- Optical measuring technique (1)
- Optical polarization (1)
- Optical power measurement (1)
- Optical properties of dielectric materials (1)
- Optical refraction (1)
- Optical sensing and sensors (1)
- Optical sensors (1)
- Optical spectroscopie (1)
- Optical surface images (1)
- Optical time domain reflectometry (1)
- Optical tomography (1)
- Optical transmittance (1)
- Optical variables control (1)
- Optical variables measurement (1)
- Optics at surfaces (1)
- Optimal Sensor Placement (1)
- Optimisation (1)
- Optimum tube voltage (1)
- Optische 3D-Erfassung (1)
- Optische Emissionsspektroskopie (OES) (1)
- Optische Messverfahren (1)
- Ordered probit model (1)
- Ordinary concrete (1)
- Ordinary least squares (1)
- Organic peroxides (1)
- Orthotropic steel bridge deck (1)
- Ortsaufgelöste Brillouin-Sensorik (1)
- Ortsauflösende Fasersensorik (1)
- Oscillating features (1)
- Oscillating magnetic field (1)
- Oscillating sliding (1)
- Oscillating vapor plume (1)
- Outdoor exposure (1)
- Outdoor odour (1)
- Overlay (1)
- Overspeed (1)
- Oxidation damage (1)
- Oxidation products (1)
- Oxidative Alterung (1)
- Oxidative Langzeitbeständigkeit (1)
- Oxidative resistance (1)
- Oxidativer Abbau (1)
- Oxide scale (1)
- Oxygen consumption (1)
- PAG (1)
- PAH (1)
- PAK (1)
- PBF-LB/M (1)
- PBF/LB-M (1)
- PCB (1)
- PCDD/PCDF (1)
- PE (1)
- PECVD (1)
- PF-POF (1)
- PFGI-POF (1)
- PLS-DA (1)
- PLS-R (1)
- PMMA (1)
- PMSM (1)
- POF OTDR (1)
- POF sensor (1)
- PP (1)
- PP-fibres (1)
- PT8 (1)
- PTFE composites (1)
- PVD (1)
- PVD hard coating (1)
- PWM (1)
- Package safety (1)
- Package testing (1)
- Package types (1)
- Packages for radioactive material (1)
- Packing density (1)
- Pad ingredients (1)
- Palimpsest (1)
- Paper watermark (1)
- Papyrus (1)
- Parallel-Seismik (1)
- Parameter identification (1)
- Parameteridentifikation (1)
- Parchment (1)
- Parkbauten (1)
- Partial Least Squares Regression (1)
- Partial discharge detection (1)
- Partial discharge monitoring (1)
- Partial discharge sensors (1)
- Partial least squares regression (1)
- Partial oxidation (1)
- Partial penetration (1)
- Partial pore saturation (1)
- Partial slip (1)
- Particle Filter (1)
- Particle Finite Element Modelling (1)
- Particle deposition (1)
- Particle erosion (1)
- Particle filter (1)
- Particle gas emission (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Particle size distributuion (1)
- Particles (1)
- Passenger train (1)
- Passivation (1)
- Passive RFID (1)
- Passive film (1)
- Passive layer (1)
- Passive sensors (1)
- Passive thermography (1)
- Passivität (1)
- Patch (1)
- Patent applications (1)
- Path planning (1)
- Pattern matching (1)
- Pavement (1)
- Paving (1)
- Peat (1)
- Pedestrian (1)
- Peel (1)
- Penalty Parameter (1)
- Pendelstrategie (1)
- Pendulum analogy (1)
- Penetration test (1)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (1)
- Perceived Intensity (1)
- Perceived air-quality (1)
- Perceived intensity (1)
- Perceived odour intensity (1)
- Percentage total extension at maximum force (1)
- Perception and Autonomy (1)
- Perfluorinated POF (1)
- Perfluorinated graded-index polymer optical fiber (1)
- Performance (1)
- Performance assessment (1)
- Performance design for joint systems (1)
- Performance testing (1)
- Performance tests (1)
- Periodic monitoring (1)
- Periodic solidification pattern (1)
- Periodical Review (1)
- Periodical review (1)
- Permanent (1)
- Permeable reactive barriers (1)
- Permeation barriers (1)
- Permeation experiments (1)
- Peroxid-Poolfeuer (1)
- Peroxide (1)
- Peroxy-fuel (1)
- Personal protective equipment (PPE) (1)
- Persons with impairments (1)
- Perturbation (1)
- Pest control (1)
- Pfahlgründungen (1)
- Pfahlintegritätsprüfung (1)
- Pfahlprüfung (1)
- Pharmazeutische Cokristalle (1)
- Phase analysis (1)
- Phase assemblage (1)
- Phase distribution (1)
- Phased array probes (1)
- Phasenauswertung (1)
- Phasenfeldmodell (1)
- Phononic crystal (1)
- Phononischer Kristall (1)
- Phoshorrückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorous (1)
- Phosphorus (1)
- Phosphorus polymer (1)
- Phosphorus recovery (1)
- Photo-oxidation (1)
- Photogrammetric analysis (1)
- Photogrammetrie (1)
- Photoluminescence (1)
- Photometrie (1)
- Photon counting (1)
- Photonic Integrated Circuits (1)
- Photonic Sensor (1)
- Photonic crystal (1)
- Photonic crytal fibers (1)
- Photophysics (1)
- Photothermal (1)
- Photovoltaic (1)
- Photovoltaik (1)
- Physical model testing (1)
- Physikalisches Modell (1)
- Physiological sensor (1)
- Phänomenologisch (1)
- Picture frame test (1)
- Piezoelectric pressure-gauge (1)
- Piezoresistive accelerometer (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pile Foundation (1)
- Pile bending stiffness (1)
- Pile capacity (1)
- Pile foundation (1)
- Pile inspect (1)
- Pile integrity test (1)
- PileInspect (1)
- Pin-on-disc test (1)
- Pipe (1)
- Pipeline construction (1)
- Pipeline inspection (1)
- Pipeline monitoring (1)
- Pipeline steel X120 (1)
- Pipelineschweißungen (1)
- Pistons (1)
- Plasma modification (1)
- Plasma speaker (1)
- Plasma-Pulver-Auftragschweißen (1)
- Plasma-Transferred-Arc (1)
- Plasmabeschichtung (1)
- Plasmachemische Oxidation (1)
- Plasmamodifizierung (1)
- Plasmatechnik (1)
- Plasmatechnologie (1)
- Plastic (1)
- Plastic Instability (1)
- Plastic packaging (1)
- Plattieren (1)
- Plywood (1)
- Point-Of-Care-Diagnostics (1)
- Pointwise constraints (1)
- Polarisation (1)
- Poly(butylene terephthalate) (1)
- Poly(ethylenterephthalat) (PET) (1)
- Polyalkylene glycol (1)
- Polyamide (1)
- Polyaniniline (1)
- Polybutylene glycol (1)
- Polycarboxylate superplasticizer (1)
- Polyehtylene (1)
- Polyester fabric strips (1)
- Polyetherimide (1)
- Polyethylen (PE) (1)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- Polyglycol (1)
- Polyglykole (1)
- Polymer Optical Fibre (1)
- Polymer adsorption (1)
- Polymer composites (1)
- Polymer films (1)
- Polymer in fuels (1)
- Polymer matrix composite (1)
- Polymer optical fibre (POF) (1)
- Polymeric material (1)
- Polymerkomposite (1)
- Polyphosphate (1)
- Polypropylen Polystyrol (1)
- Polypropylen fibres (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polypropylene ferroelectret (1)
- Polypropylene glycol (1)
- Polystyrol (1)
- Polystyrol (PS) (1)
- Polysytyrol (1)
- Polyurethan (1)
- Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) (1)
- Polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) (1)
- Polzmethyl methacrylate (1)
- Pore radius (1)
- Pore size distribution (1)
- Pore solutions (1)
- Pore structure (1)
- Pore throat sizes (1)
- Pore-size distribution (1)
- Porenhalsgröße (1)
- Porosity analysis (1)
- Porosity defect (1)
- Porosity reduction (1)
- Porosität (1)
- Porous medium (1)
- Portland Cement (1)
- Portland cement (1)
- Portland limestone cement (1)
- Position (1)
- Post-fire (1)
- Post-impact evaluation (1)
- Post-weld heat treatment (1)
- Posterior utilities (1)
- Potato starch (1)
- Potential effect (1)
- Potential mapping (1)
- Potentials (1)
- Powder (1)
- Powder Analysis (1)
- Powder processing (1)
- Power electronic chips (1)
- Power-to-Gas-Technologie (1)
- Power-to-gas (1)
- Pozzolan (1)
- Pozzolana-lime (1)
- Ppolyethylene (1)
- Praktische Erfahrungen (1)
- Pre-hydration (1)
- Pre-movement (1)
- Pre-storage with nitric acid (1)
- Pre-weld Preparation (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Prediction of explosion induced ground and building vibration (1)
- Prefabricated wall (1)
- Preparation of thin sections (1)
- Prepreg (1)
- Press-hardened (1)
- Pressure cycle life tests (1)
- Pressure relief (1)
- Pressure rise (1)
- Pressure vessels (1)
- Pressurized Vessel, (1)
- Prestress (1)
- Prestressed concrete bridge (1)
- Prestressing Force (1)
- Prevention (1)
- Preventive innovations (1)
- Preventive measures (1)
- Preventive wood preservatives (1)
- Prill (1)
- Principal component regression (1)
- Private standards (1)
- Probabilistic (1)
- Probabilistic Analysis (1)
- Probabilistic analysis (1)
- Probabilistic decision analysis (1)
- Probabilistic modelling (1)
- Probabilitic approach (1)
- Probenahme (1)
- Probengrößeneffekt (1)
- Probit models (1)
- Process Chain Integration (1)
- Process Monitoring (1)
- Process optimization (1)
- Process parameter optimization (1)
- Process parameters (1)
- Process safety (1)
- Process simulation (1)
- Processing (1)
- Product certification (1)
- Product emission testing (1)
- Product quality (1)
- Productivity (1)
- Produktqualität (1)
- Proficiency testing (1)
- Profilvermessung (1)
- Promising Result (1)
- Proof load testing (1)
- Propagation from a tunnel (1)
- Propane gas (1)
- Propane storage tanks (1)
- Properties (1)
- Protection (1)
- Protection systems (1)
- Protective coating (1)
- Protective winter cover (1)
- Prototyp (1)
- Proximatanalyse (1)
- Prozess-Sensoren (1)
- Prozess-Sensoren 4.0 (1)
- Prozess-Steuerung (1)
- Prozessoptimierung (1)
- Prozesssimulation (1)
- Prozessüberwachung (1)
- Prädiktive Instandhaltung (1)
- Präzision (1)
- Prüfgase (1)
- Prüfmethoden (1)
- Prüfmethodik (1)
- Prüfprotokoll (1)
- Pseudo-dynamic testing (1)
- Ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging (1)
- Public research organization (1)
- Public safety (1)
- Pull-out test (1)
- Pull-out testing (1)
- Pulse compression (1)
- Pulse-compression laser thermography (1)
- Pulskompression (1)
- Pultruded fibre rods (1)
- Pulveraktivkohle (1)
- Pulverbettbasiert (1)
- Pump control (1)
- Puncture bar test (1)
- Punktschweißverbindung (1)
- Putz (1)
- Pyrometallurgie (1)
- Pyrometer (1)
- Python (1)
- Q+P (1)
- Quadrocopter (1)
- Quadruped robots (1)
- Quadtree (1)
- Quadtree meshes (1)
- Quality Assurance (1)
- Quality Infrastructure (1)
- Quality control tool (1)
- Quality management (1)
- Quality management system (1)
- Qualitätskontrolle der Passivschichtausbildung (1)
- Quantification of formic and acetic acid (1)
- Quantification of gas concentrations (1)
- Quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Quantitative Online-NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Quantitative concentration (1)
- Quantitative image analysis (1)
- Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy (1)
- Quantum Mechanics (1)
- Quantum dot (1)
- Quantum mechanics (1)
- Quasi-distributed sensing (1)
- Quasi-distributed vibration sensing (1)
- Quasi-static and dynamic tests (1)
- Quasi-static signals (1)
- Quasistatic (1)
- Quecksilber (1)
- Quenching and partitioning (1)
- Qulitätssicherung (1)
- R1132a (1)
- R1234yf (1)
- R32 (1)
- RAM transport package (1)
- RC-Baustoff Recycling (1)
- RCA (Recycled concrete aggregates) (1)
- REDOR (1)
- REM (1)
- RFA (1)
- RFID Sensor systems (1)
- RFID technology (1)
- RME (1)
- RSET (1)
- RT (1)
- Radar-Doppler (1)
- Radiation (1)
- Radiation damage (1)
- Radiation effects (1)
- Radiation induced losses (1)
- Radiation sensor (1)
- Radiation-induced attenuation (1)
- Radical generator (1)
- Radio-frequency heating (1)
- Radioactive Material (1)
- Radioactive Materials (1)
- Radioactive material cask (1)
- Radioactive materials transport (1)
- Radioactive waste containers (1)
- Radioactive waste storage cask (1)
- Radioaktiv (1)
- Radioaktive (1)
- Radioaktive Abfälle (1)
- Radioaktives Material (1)
- Radiografie (1)
- Radiographic XCT geometry determination (1)
- Radiographic simulation software (1)
- Radiological methods (1)
- Radiology (1)
- Radiolysis (1)
- Radiometrie (1)
- Radiowellentechnik (1)
- Radsatzwellen (1)
- Radsatzwellenbruch (1)
- Rail damage (1)
- Rail damage (1)
- Rail endurance (1)
- Rail tank containment fire (1)
- Railway axle (1)
- Railway bridge (1)
- Railway embankment (1)
- Railway transportation (1)
- Railway tunnel (1)
- Railway vibration (1)
- Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Raman imaging (1)
- Randomly heterogeneous soil (1)
- Rare earth elements (1)
- Ratcheting (1)
- Rauchentwicklung (1)
- Rauchgasanalytik (1)
- Rauchkammer (1)
- Raumbrand (1)
- Rautiefe (1)
- Ray-tracing (1)
- Rayleigh (1)
- Rayleigh Rückstreuung (1)
- Rayleigh backscatter measurement (1)
- Rayleigh backscattering (1)
- Rayleigh-Streuung (1)
- Reaction force (1)
- Reaction-to-fire (1)
- Reactive Fire Protection system (1)
- Reactive fire protection system (1)
- Reaktionskinetik (1)
- Reaktionskräfte (1)
- Real Use Behavior (1)
- Real target (1)
- Real-scale fire test (1)
- Rear-end crashes (1)
- Reassessment (1)
- Recognition (1)
- Recovery rates (1)
- Recyclable material (1)
- Recycled concrete (1)
- Recycling aggregates (1)
- Recycling fertiliser (1)
- Recycling technology (1)
- Recycling-Baustoffe (1)
- Recyclinggranulat (1)
- Red lead coating (1)
- Redispersion (1)
- Reduced pressure (1)
- Reduced volume method (1)
- Reduction process (1)
- Reference Test (1)
- Reference odour (1)
- Refill friction stir spot welding (1)
- Reflectography (1)
- Refraction enhanced imaging (REI) (1)
- Refractive index measurement (1)
- Regelwerk (1)
- Regelwerke (1)
- Registrierungsdossiers (1)
- Regression analysis (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Rehabilitytion (1)
- Reheat cracking (1)
- Reinforced concrete beam (1)
- Reinforced concrete structure (1)
- Reinforcement corrosion (1)
- Reinforcing bar (1)
- Reinforcing steel (1)
- Reinheitsgrad (1)
- Reinigung (1)
- Rekultivierung von Altlasten (1)
- Relative humidity (1)
- Relaxation time (1)
- Relaxation time distribution (1)
- Relaxationsversuch (1)
- Reliability updating (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Remote Detection (1)
- Remote Gas Sensing (1)
- Remote detection (1)
- Remote gas sensor (1)
- Remote gas sensor model (1)
- Repair mortars (1)
- Repair of gas turbine blades (1)
- Repair systems (1)
- Repair techniques (1)
- Reparability (1)
- Reparatursysteme (1)
- Representative Scale Apparatus (1)
- Representative volume element (1)
- Reproduktion (1)
- Requalification (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Residential building (1)
- Residual lifetime (1)
- Residual strain (1)
- Residual strenght (1)
- Residual strength (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Resistance (1)
- Resonance testing (1)
- Resonanzmethode (1)
- Resources (1)
- Response characterization (1)
- Response time (1)
- Ressourcen (1)
- Ressourceneffizienz (1)
- Ressourcenproduktivität (1)
- Restlebensdauer (1)
- Restoration mortars (1)
- Restraining (1)
- Reststoffe (1)
- Result display (1)
- Retinery incident (1)
- Reverse time migration (1)
- Reversed austenite (1)
- Rheological (1)
- Rheological properties (1)
- Rhine river (1)
- Rhodamine B (1)
- Rice husk ash (1)
- Richtlinie (1)
- Rig (1)
- Ring resonator (1)
- Ringversuche (1)
- Risikomanagement (1)
- Risk Management Framework (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Risk-based design (1)
- Rissausbreitung (1)
- Rissbildung (1)
- Rissdetektion (1)
- Risserkennung (1)
- Rissform (1)
- Rissmuster (1)
- Risstiefenbestimmung (1)
- Rissvermeidung (1)
- Rissüberwachung (1)
- River tankers (1)
- Riveted Bridges (1)
- Rißinitiierung (1)
- Rißwachstum (1)
- Road construction (1)
- Road condition monitoring (1)
- Roadmap (1)
- Roadways (1)
- Robot path planning (1)
- Robot-assisted thermography (1)
- Robot-based Emission Measurements (1)
- Rock Salt Sintering (1)
- Rohrleitungen (1)
- Root cause (1)
- Rosette (1)
- Rotation (1)
- Rotor blade (1)
- Rotor blades (1)
- Round Robin Test (1)
- Round robin (1)
- Routenwahl (1)
- Routine conditions of transport (1)
- Rubber seals (1)
- Rutherford cable (1)
- Röntgen 3D-CT (1)
- Röntgenrefraktion (1)
- Röntgenrefraktionsmessung (1)
- Röntgenverfahren (1)
- Rührreibschweißen (1)
- S-N-plots (1)
- S31266 (1)
- S31803 (1)
- SADT (1)
- SAFT reconstruction calculation (1)
- SCO-III (1)
- SEA (1)
- SEIRA Technique (1)
- SEM analysis (1)
- SEN-Probe (1)
- SEP-1220-3 (1)
- SERS (1)
- SHCC corrosion crack (1)
- SHM environmental bridges (1)
- SHM information (1)
- SHPB (1)
- SIEF (1)
- SLM (1)
- SMAW (1)
- SNF (1)
- SORM (1)
- SPH (1)
- SPME-GC-MS (1)
- SSR-6 (1)
- STRUREL (1)
- SWIR camera (1)
- Sacrificial (1)
- Safe (1)
- Safe life design (1)
- Safety Assessment (1)
- Safety characteristic (1)
- Safety distance (1)
- Safety distances (1)
- Safety management (1)
- Safety measures (1)
- Safety of hydrogen (1)
- Safety report (1)
- Safety valves (1)
- Saffron (1)
- Sagnac interferometer (1)
- Salinization (1)
- Salpetersäure (1)
- Salt crystallization (1)
- Sample performance chart (1)
- Sample testing (1)
- Sand (1)
- Sandflächenverfahren (1)
- Sandsteine (1)
- Sandwich elements (1)
- Sanierung (1)
- Saturated and unsaturated aldehyde (1)
- Saturated saline brine (1)
- Sauerstoffanlage (1)
- Sauerstoffarmatur (1)
- Savings potential (1)
- Scale-bridging (1)
- Scaled Boundary FEM (1)
- Scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) (1)
- Scanner (1)
- Scanning electron microscopy (1)
- Scatter imaging (1)
- Scatter of results (1)
- Schadensfrüherkennung (1)
- Schadensprävention (1)
- Schadenstolerante Bauteilauslegung, (1)
- Schadenstolerante Bauteilauslegung, Restlebensdauer, intrinsischer Schwellenwert gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung (1)
- Schadensursachen (1)
- Schadstoffaustrag (1)
- Schadstoffe (1)
- Schadstoffemission von Baustoffen (1)
- Schalenbildung (1)
- Schallemissionsanalyse (SEA) (1)
- Schallemissionsmessung (1)
- Schallfeld (1)
- Scheme (1)
- Scherbelastung (1)
- Scherwellengeschwindigkeit (1)
- Schichtaufbau mit Glaszusammensetzung und EDX-analysen (1)
- Schlagfunken (1)
- Schleimpflug-Optik (1)
- Schmelzbadbeobachtung (1)
- Schmiedestahl (1)
- Schmierstoffe (1)
- Schockprüfung (1)
- Schrumpfbehinderung (1)
- Schubmodul (1)
- Schutzschichten (1)
- Schutzsysteme (1)
- Schutzverglasung (1)
- Schwadenmessung (1)
- Schweißeignung (1)
- Schweißen von hochfesten FKB (1)
- Schweißen von kaltzähen Stählen (1)
- Schweißnahtgeometrie (1)
- Schweißparameter (1)
- Schweißsimulation (1)
- Schweißstruktursimulation (1)
- Schweißverbindung (1)
- Schweißverbindungen (1)
- Schwellenwert (1)
- Schwergas (1)
- Schwergasausbreitung (1)
- Schwerlastverkehr (1)
- Schwerlastverkehrs an Brücken (1)
- Schwingbruch (1)
- Schwingungsbedingtes Ansprechen (1)
- Schwingungsdynamik (1)
- Schwingungsverschleiß (1)
- Schälwiderstand (1)
- Schüttelverfahren (1)
- Scientific network (1)
- Scientific publications (1)
- Screening (1)
- Sea (1)
- Seal Behavior (1)
- Seal properties (1)
- Sealed sources (1)
- Sealing behavior (1)
- Seals (1)
- Seasonal Performance Factor (1)
- Second harmonic generation (SHG) (1)
- Secondary aggregates (1)
- Secondary aggregates in concrete (1)
- Secondary construction material (1)
- Secondary hazard (1)
- Secondary impact (1)
- Secondary materials (1)
- Secondary raw materials (1)
- Securement (1)
- Security applications (1)
- Seismic (1)
- Seismic assessment (1)
- Seismic crosshole (1)
- Seismic interferometry (1)
- Seismic investigation (1)
- Seismic resistance (1)
- Seismic response (1)
- Seismics (1)
- Sekundärrohstoff (1)
- Selbstkalibrierung (1)
- Selbstkühlend (1)
- Selective chlorination (1)
- Selective corrosion (1)
- Selective dismantling (1)
- Selective excitation (1)
- Selective laser melting (SLM) (1)
- Selective permeability (1)
- Selektive Korrosion (1)
- Selektive Laserschmelzen (1)
- Selektives Laserschmelzen (1)
- Selenium (1)
- Self compacting concrete (1)
- Self-aligning bogies (1)
- Self-calibration-method (1)
- Self-cooling (1)
- Self-damping (1)
- Self-diagnostic fiber optical sensor (1)
- Self-healing (1)
- Self-restraint test (1)
- Semantic Web (1)
- Semi-autonomous Sensor Networks (1)
- Semi-technical tests (1)
- Semiconductor device reliability (1)
- Semiconductors (1)
- Sensibilisierung (1)
- Sensing node (1)
- Sensitivities (1)
- Sensitized POF (1)
- Sensor Network (1)
- Sensor arrays (1)
- Sensor coating (1)
- Sensor drift (1)
- Sensor fibres (1)
- Sensor fusion (1)
- Sensor modelling (1)
- Sensor placement (1)
- Sensor planning (1)
- Sensor system (1)
- Sensor testing (1)
- Sensor-based geotextiles (1)
- Sensor-equipped geosynthetics (1)
- Sensorbeschichtung (1)
- Sensoren (1)
- Sensorentwicklung (1)
- Sensorik (1)
- Sequential analysis (1)
- Sequenzielle Extraktion (1)
- Service life performance (1)
- Service life prediction (1)
- Service loading fatigue (1)
- Servo drive (1)
- Setup and Validation (1)
- Sewage sludge (1)
- Sewer repair (1)
- Shape-controlled (1)
- Shear (1)
- Shear keys (1)
- Shear strength (1)
- Shear strength and stiffness (1)
- Shear wave velocity (1)
- Shear-compression tests (1)
- Shearing (1)
- Shells (1)
- Ship (1)
- Shock wave (1)
- Shock-structure-interaction (1)
- Short cracks (1)
- Short fiber reinforced composites (1)
- Short fibre reinforced composites (1)
- Short-Fibre-Reinforced Polymadide (1)
- Shreddersande (1)
- Shrinkage behavior (1)
- Shrinkage restraint (1)
- Si isotopes (1)
- SiO 2 (1)
- Sichere Lebensdauer (1)
- Sicherheitsabstand (1)
- Sicherheitsanforderungen (1)
- Sicherheitsdatenblatt (1)
- Sicherheitstechnik (1)
- Sicherheitsventile (1)
- Sift-proofness (1)
- Signal (1)
- Signal-to-noise ratio (1)
- Silanes (1)
- Silica nanoparticles (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Silicate glass powders (1)
- Silicate glass systems (1)
- Silicon (1)
- Silicon Photonics (1)
- Silicon dioxide (1)
- Silicon solar cell (1)
- Silicon steel (1)
- Silicone adhesive (1)
- Silicones (1)
- Silver nanoparticle (1)
- Similarity (1)
- Simple prediction (1)
- Simulation models and Standards (1)
- Simulation of concrete (1)
- Simulationen (1)
- Simulations (1)
- Simulierte Sonnenstrahlung (1)
- Simultaneous temperature and humidity sensing (1)
- Single Burning Item test (1)
- Single cable system (1)
- Single crystal (1)
- Size Effect (1)
- Slabs (1)
- Slag (1)
- Slap-down (1)
- Slenderness effect (1)
- Sliding (1)
- Sliding failure (1)
- Sliding simulation (1)
- Sliding speed (1)
- Sliding wear (1)
- Slidng wear (1)
- Slip-rolling resistance (1)
- Sloshing cargo (1)
- Sloshing cargoes (1)
- Sludge (1)
- Slump flow (1)
- Smart Dust (1)
- Smart industry (4.0) (1)
- Smart textile (1)
- Smarte Feldgeräte (1)
- Smoke (1)
- Smoke dispersion (1)
- Smoke gases (1)
- Smoke toxicity (1)
- Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (1)
- Soft glass (1)
- Soft impact (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil classification (1)
- Soil properties (1)
- Soil stability monitoring (1)
- Soil stiffness (1)
- Soil test field (1)
- Soil-building resonance (1)
- Soil-structure interaction (1)
- Sol-gel coating (1)
- Solar sintering (1)
- Solid angle (1)
- Solid lubricant (1)
- Solidification (1)
- Solidification behaviour (1)
- Solidification craking (1)
- Solubility (1)
- Sonar (1)
- Soot model (1)
- South Africa (1)
- Spaltzugfestigkeit (1)
- Spannbeton-Hohlplatten (1)
- Spannbetonbrücke (1)
- Spannbetonbrücken (1)
- Spannbetonhohldecken (1)
- Spanndrahtbruchdetektion (1)
- Spannstahl (1)
- Spannstahlbruch (1)
- Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve (1)
- Spannungsdehnungskurve (1)
- Spannungsrisskorrosion (1)
- Spar cap design (1)
- Spark ignition (1)
- Spark plasma sintering (1)
- Spark plasma sintering (SPS) (1)
- Sparse Array (1)
- Spatial interpolation (1)
- Spatial light interference microscopy (1)
- Spatial light modulation (1)
- Spatially distributed monitoring (1)
- Spatially varying ground conditions (1)
- Spatiotemporal shaping (1)
- Spatter (1)
- Special Treatment (1)
- Special encapsulation (1)
- Special form radioactive material (1)
- Species mass fractions (1)
- Specific surface area (1)
- Specimen size (1)
- Spectral Modeling (1)
- Spectral absorption (1)
- Spectral element method (1)
- Spectral interpretation (1)
- Spectral irradiance (1)
- Spectrometers (1)
- Spectroscopic ellipsometry (1)
- Speed of sound (1)
- Spektral induzierte Polarisation (1)
- Spektrale Bestrahlung (1)
- Spent Fuel (1)
- Spent Fuel Characterization (1)
- Spent fuel behavior (1)
- Spent fuel performance (1)
- Spent fuel transport cask (1)
- Spent fuel/high-level waste (1)
- Spezifische Ausstrahlung (1)
- Spherical parallel manipulator (1)
- Sphärische Indenter (1)
- Spiralstrategie (1)
- Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) (1)
- Spontanious ignition (1)
- Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis (1)
- Spot weld (1)
- Sprayed polymer cement mortar (SPCC) (1)
- Sprengstoffe (1)
- Spruce wood (1)
- Spurenfeuchte (1)
- Spurenfeuchtemessung (1)
- Spurgröße (1)
- Sputter deposition (1)
- Sputtered thin aluminium film (1)
- Stabilisierer (1)
- Stabilisierung (1)
- Stabilising agent (1)
- Stabilising agents (1)
- Stable isotopes (1)
- Stahl (1)
- Stahlbauteile (1)
- Stahlbeton (1)
- Stahlblechcontainer (1)
- Stained glass (1)
- Stained glass windows (1)
- Stainless (1)
- Stampflehm (1)
- Stand der Normung (1)
- Standard (1)
- Standard compliance (1)
- Standard gas generator (1)
- Standardisierung (1)
- Standardized tests (1)
- Standing Losses (1)
- Stapeldruckprüfung (1)
- Starch nanoparticle (1)
- Starches (1)
- Static corrosion (1)
- Stationäre Energiespeicher (1)
- Statistical Analysis (1)
- Statistical Finite Element Method (1)
- Statistical analysis (1)
- Statistical assessment (1)
- Statistical method (1)
- Statistik (1)
- Statistische Auswertung (1)
- Statistische Versuchsplanung (1)
- Statistischer Nachweis (1)
- Staubdichtheit (1)
- Staubungsverhalten (1)
- Steam (1)
- Steam generator tube inspection (1)
- Steel Structure (1)
- Steel bridge deck (1)
- Steel in concrete (1)
- Steel liner (1)
- Steel pipe (1)
- Steel reinforcement (1)
- Steel sheet container (1)
- Steel slag (1)
- Steelmaking slag (1)
- Steering forces (1)
- Steering torques (1)
- Steinschlag (1)
- Stereo-Videogrammetrie (1)
- Stereofotogrammetrie (1)
- Stereophotogrammetry (1)
- Stern Geary constant (1)
- Stern-Geary-Konstante (1)
- Stick-slip (1)
- Stickstoff (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Stimulated Brillouin scattering (1)
- Stochastische subspace basierte Identifikation (1)
- Stofftransport (1)
- Stones (1)
- StorHy (1)
- Storage tank (1)
- Storage units (1)
- Stowage (1)
- Stoßdämpfende Bauteile (1)
- Stoßdämpfer (1)
- Strahlen (1)
- Strahlenschutz (1)
- Strahlungserwärmung (1)
- Strahlungsinduzierte optische Dämpfung (1)
- Strain and temperature measurements (1)
- Strain detection (1)
- Strain error (1)
- Strain gauge (1)
- Strain gauge factor (1)
- Strain gradients (1)
- Strain hardening (1)
- Strain induced ageing (1)
- Strain measurements (1)
- Strain rate sensitivity (1)
- Strain rates (1)
- Strain sensitivity (1)
- Strain transfer (1)
- Strain-hardening (1)
- Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) (1)
- Strengthening strategy (1)
- Stress cracking resistance (1)
- Stress reduction (1)
- Stress-strain curve (1)
- Stress-strain-relation (1)
- Streusalz (1)
- Streuung (1)
- Structural Sealant Glazing (1)
- Structural assessment (1)
- Structural engineering (1)
- Structural identification (1)
- Structural integrity (1)
- Structural modification (1)
- Structural monitoring (1)
- Structural reliability (1)
- Structural reliability and risks (1)
- Structural response (1)
- Structural safety (1)
- Structural simulation (1)
- Structural stiffness (1)
- Structural stress approach (1)
- Structure integrated sensor (1)
- Structure-property relationship (1)
- Structured fiber (1)
- Struktur Integrität (1)
- Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehung (1)
- Strukturanalyse (1)
- Strukturschädigung (1)
- Strukturüberwachung (1)
- Studie (1)
- Stähle (1)
- Stählen (1)
- Störfall-Verordnung (1)
- Störfallauswirkungsbetrachtungen (1)
- Subspace identification (1)
- Subspace-based detection (1)
- Subspace-based residual (1)
- Subspace-basierte Verfahren (1)
- Subspace-methods (1)
- Substructuring (1)
- Subsurface defects (1)
- Subway system (1)
- Suction bucket (1)
- Suction bucket jacket (1)
- Suitability (1)
- Sulfates (1)
- Sulfide (1)
- Sulfide oxidation (1)
- Sulfur (1)
- Sulfuric acid resistance (1)
- Sulphate (1)
- Sulphur (1)
- Super-Resolution (1)
- Super-austenitic stainless steel (1)
- Super-resolution (1)
- Superalloy (1)
- Superaustenitic steels (1)
- Supercritical circulating CO2 (1)
- Superelliptic Lamé curves (1)
- Superlegierung (1)
- Supermartensitic Stainless Steel (SMSS) (1)
- Supermartensitics (1)
- Superplasticiser (1)
- Supervised machine learning (1)
- Supplemetary cementitious materials (1)
- Supportless (1)
- Surface Foundation (1)
- Surface analysis (1)
- Surface application (1)
- Surface characteristics (1)
- Surface characterization (1)
- Surface condition (1)
- Surface cracks (1)
- Surface dielectric barrier discharge (1)
- Surface emissive power (1)
- Surface functional groups (1)
- Surface integrity (1)
- Surface oxidation (1)
- Surface pH measurement (1)
- Surface plasmon polaritons (1)
- Surface roughness (1)
- Surface waves (1)
- Surface-applied sensor (1)
- Surface-tunnel reduction (1)
- Surrogate models (1)
- Surveillance (1)
- Survey (1)
- Sustainability aspects (1)
- Sustainable (1)
- Sustainable building (1)
- Sustainable joint sealing (1)
- Swept wavelength interferometry (SWI) (1)
- Sychrotron tomography (1)
- Synchrotron Tomography (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (1)
- Synchrotronbeugung (1)
- System (1)
- System Identification (1)
- System simplification (1)
- Säcke (1)
- Säulenperkolation (1)
- Säulenperkolationsverfahren (1)
- Säulenverfahren (1)
- T-SEM (1)
- TBPB (1)
- TBPB (tert-butyl-peroxy benzoat) (1)
- TBPEH (1)
- TBT (1)
- TEKKEN (1)
- TEKKEN-Test (1)
- TES (1)
- THz Spectroscopy (1)
- THz spectroscopy (1)
- THz-TDS (1)
- THz-TDS-Saft (1)
- THz-ToF (1)
- TIG weld (1)
- TIG welding (1)
- TIMS (1)
- TMF-Versuch (1)
- TMF-test (1)
- TRAS410 (1)
- TRBS (1)
- TRC (1)
- TRGS (1)
- TRIP (1)
- TTBP-TAZ (1)
- Tack welding (1)
- Tactile probes (1)
- Talsperre (1)
- Tank materials (1)
- Tank shape (1)
- Tankcontainer (1)
- Tankfahrzeuge (1)
- Tanks (1)
- Tantal (1)
- Tape casting (1)
- Target (1)
- Task specific numerical measurement uncertainty (1)
- Tausalz (1)
- Tausalzeintrag (1)
- Technical Specification (1)
- Technical textiles (1)
- Technische Gase (1)
- Technische Regeln Gase (1)
- Technological Innovation System (1)
- Technological innovation (1)
- Technological innovation system (TIS) (1)
- Technologiemetalle (1)
- Technology Gap Theory (1)
- Technology interaction (1)
- Technology metals (1)
- Technology transfer (1)
- Teilentladungssensorik (1)
- Televisions (1)
- Temperature Correction (1)
- Temperature alloys (1)
- Temperature and Frequency Compensation (1)
- Temperature calibration (1)
- Temperature characteristics (1)
- Temperature dependent properties (1)
- Temperature effects (1)
- Temperature emissivity separation (1)
- Temperature fluctuation (1)
- Temperature influence (1)
- Temperature sensing (1)
- Temperature sensitivity (1)
- Temperatureinfluss (1)
- Temperaturentwicklung (1)
- Temperaturkompensation (1)
- Temperaturleitfähigkeit (1)
- Temperaturmessung (1)
- Temperaturschwankungen (1)
- Temperaturverhalten (1)
- Tensile (1)
- Tensile Capacity (1)
- Tensile Test (1)
- Tensile capacity (1)
- Tensile data (1)
- Tensile loading (1)
- Tensile performance (1)
- Tensile test inside a TEM (1)
- Tension Member (1)
- Tension member (1)
- Tension rod system (1)
- Tension test (1)
- Terahertz spectral region (1)
- Terahertz synthetic aperture (1)
- Terahertz wave imaging (1)
- Teredo sp (1)
- Termite control (1)
- Termites (1)
- Terpenes (1)
- Test (1)
- Test Tailoring (1)
- Test blade (1)
- Test facility (1)
- Test method (1)
- Test method validation (1)
- Test procedure (1)
- Test rig (1)
- Test setup (1)
- Test site (1)
- Test standard (1)
- Testbed (1)
- Testing for potential AAR (1)
- Testing method (1)
- Tetracalcium monocarboaluminate (1)
- Tetrafluorethylen (1)
- Tetrafluoroethen (1)
- Text analysis (1)
- Textilbeton (1)
- Textile reinforced concrete (1)
- Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) (1)
- Textile reinforcement (1)
- Texture (1)
- Texture analyzer (1)
- Thermal Spray (1)
- Thermal Test (1)
- Thermal ageing (1)
- Thermal aging (1)
- Thermal contrast (1)
- Thermal desorption analysis (1)
- Thermal expansion (1)
- Thermal extraction (1)
- Thermal insulation (1)
- Thermal package testing (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thermal properties of GRP (1)
- Thermal remote sensing (1)
- Thermal safety distances (1)
- Thermal shock (1)
- Thermal strain (1)
- Thermal testing (1)
- Thermally stable POF (1)
- Thermik (1)
- Thermische Ausdehnung (1)
- Thermische Dehnung (1)
- Thermische Stabilität (1)
- Thermisches Ausfugen (1)
- Thermisches Durchgehen (1)
- Thermo acoustical transducers (1)
- Thermo mechanical behaviour (1)
- Thermo-capillary convection (1)
- Thermo-fluid flow (1)
- Thermoacoustic (1)
- Thermoakustisches Prinzip (1)
- Thermoanalytical methods (1)
- Thermocalc (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- Thermodynamische Modellierung (1)
- Thermographie (1)
- Thermohydraulic (1)
- Thermomechanisch (1)
- Thermomechanische Ermüdung (1)
- Thermoplastische Kunststoffe (1)
- Thick Materials (1)
- Thick-walled (1)
- Thick-walled steel (1)
- Thin films (1)
- Thin polymer films (1)
- Thin-film substrate (1)
- Third body film (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Thz Tomography (1)
- Thz and Mid IR Fourier transform spectroscopy (1)
- Ti - 6Al - 4V (1)
- TiAl64V (1)
- TiC (1)
- TiMgN (1)
- Tie-down and stowage (1)
- Tiergehege (1)
- Tightness (1)
- Tikhonov (1)
- Time Pressure (1)
- Time dependent loading (1)
- Time domain SAFT algorithm (1)
- Time measurement (1)
- Time over threshold (1)
- Time resolution (1)
- Time response (1)
- Time-domain analysis (1)
- Time-temperature superposition principle (1)
- Time-to-solution (1)
- Time-variant reliability (1)
- TimeGate (1)
- Tineola bisselliella (1)
- Titanium (1)
- Titanium nitride (1)
- Titanium-di-boride (1)
- Tobermorit (1)
- Tobit model (1)
- Tomographic damage evaluation (1)
- Tomographie (1)
- Ton (1)
- Topografie (1)
- Topography free (1)
- Total radiance factor (1)
- Total transmission reflection technique (1)
- Total transmission-reflection technique (1)
- Total transmittance reflection technique (1)
- Toughening mechanism (1)
- Toughness (1)
- Tower-nacelle system (1)
- Toxic gases (1)
- Toxic industrial chemicals (1)
- Toxizität (1)
- Track assessment (1)
- Track damage (1)
- Track damage monitoring (1)
- Track optimisation (1)
- Track stability (1)
- Tracking sensor (1)
- Trade barriers (1)
- Traffic (1)
- Traffic monitoring (1)
- Tragwerkszuverlässigkeit (1)
- Train (1)
- Train monitoring (1)
- Train passages (1)
- Train speed (1)
- Train-track interaction (1)
- Train-track-modelling (1)
- Training (1)
- Trains (1)
- Transducer (1)
- Transducers (1)
- Transfer (1)
- Transfer function (1)
- Transformation induced plasticity (1)
- Transformationsprodukte (1)
- Transient analysis (1)
- Transition zone (1)
- Transmissibility function (1)
- Transmittance spectrum (1)
- Transport Packages (1)
- Transport and storage casks for spent nuclear fuel or high level waste (1)
- Transport cask (1)
- Transport conditions (1)
- Transport mechanism (1)
- Transport of radaioactive materials (1)
- Transport of radioactive materials (1)
- Transport package design (1)
- Transport package for radioactive materials (1)
- Transport regulations (1)
- Transport safety (1)
- Transport tanks (1)
- Transportability (1)
- Transportation and storage cask (1)
- Transportbehälter (1)
- Transportprozess (1)
- Transverse cracks (1)
- Transverse isotropy (1)
- Transvinylene unsaturation formation (1)
- Treatment train (1)
- Treted biowaste (1)
- Tribofilme (1)
- Tribologische Daten (1)
- Tricalcium-silicate (1)
- Tricalciumsilikat (1)
- Triumfetta Pendrata A. Rich (1)
- Trockenreibung (1)
- Trucking (1)
- Trunnion (1)
- Trunnion design (1)
- Trunnions (1)
- Ttransport (1)
- Tubular X-joints (1)
- Tuffstein (1)
- Tumbling (1)
- Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) (1)
- Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS); UAV-REGAS (1)
- Tungsten carbide (1)
- Tungsten-Edge (1)
- Tunnel-pile transfer (1)
- Turbine industry (1)
- Turbinenscheibe (1)
- Turbulence (1)
- Two-Photon Polymerization (1)
- Two-degree-of-freedom system (1)
- Two-monochromator method (1)
- Typ (1)
- Typ A (1)
- Typ-B Versandstück (1)
- Type IV pressure vessel (1)
- Type-B (1)
- Type-B Package (1)
- U-Bahn (1)
- UF6 (1)
- UHF antenna (1)
- UHMW-PE (1)
- UHPFC (1)
- UHPFRC (1)
- UK (1)
- UN stacking test (1)
- UN-GHS (1)
- UN-Test H.1 (1)
- UN-Test H.4 (1)
- UNS N06600 (1)
- UNS N08810 (1)
- UNS R50250 (1)
- UV exposure (1)
- UV irradiation (1)
- UV laser inscription (1)
- UV resistance (1)
- UV weathering (1)
- UV-Bestrahlung (1)
- UV-Bestrahlungsstärke (1)
- UV-LEDs (1)
- UV-irradiance (1)
- UV-light (1)
- UV-vis Spectrometry (1)
- Ultra high strength steels (1)
- Ultra-High Performance Concrete (1)
- Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) (1)
- Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (1)
- Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) (1)
- Ultra-short pulse laser processing (1)
- Ultrafast phenomena (1)
- Ultrafast soliton fission (1)
- Ultrahigh molecular PE (1)
- Ultrahigh-performance concrete (1)
- Ultraschall-Array-Messverfahren (1)
- Ultraschall-Hohlwellenprüfung (1)
- Ultraschallecho (1)
- Ultraschallecho-Verfahren (1)
- Ultraschallprüfung (1)
- Ultraschallwandler (1)
- Ultraseismic (1)
- Ultrashort laser material interaction (1)
- Ultrashort pulse laser processing (1)
- Ultrasonic Testing (1)
- Ultrasonic Transducer (1)
- Ultrasonic Velocity (1)
- Ultrasonic diffraction (1)
- Ultrasonic echo imaging (1)
- Ultrasonic materials testing (1)
- Ultrasonic measurement (1)
- Ultrasonic network (1)
- Ultrasonic propagation (1)
- Ultrasonic reflection (1)
- Ultrasonic sound field (1)
- Ultrasonic transducer (1)
- Ultrasonic transmission (1)
- Ultrasonic vibration (1)
- Ultrasonic waves (1)
- Ultrasonic-assisted milling (1)
- Ultrasonography (1)
- Ultrasound synthetic aperture focusing techniques (1)
- Ultrasound wave velocities (1)
- Umwandlungsplastischen Konstante K (1)
- Umwelteinflüsse (1)
- Umweltverhalten (1)
- Uncertainty in reference (1)
- Under cyclic loading (1)
- Under sleeper pads (1)
- Under-ballast plate (1)
- Underground (1)
- Unfallanalyse (1)
- Unguided (1)
- Uniaxial compression test (1)
- Unimpeded walking speed (1)
- Unsicherheiten (1)
- Unterfeuerung (1)
- Untermaßproben (1)
- Unterpulverschweißen (1)
- Untersuchung laserstrahlgeschweißter Verbindungen (1)
- Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten der BAM, Chargenprüfung (1)
- Up-Scale (1)
- Upconversion nanoparticle (1)
- Upscaling (1)
- Uranhexaflourid (1)
- Uranium (1)
- Uranium hexafluoride (1)
- Urban air monitoring (1)
- Urban heat island (1)
- Urban heat island effect (1)
- Use phase (1)
- V groove (1)
- V0 dripping (1)
- VCSEL (1)
- VDI guideline 3783 (1)
- VHCF (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- VW-SiCon-Verfahren (1)
- Vacuum (1)
- Validated CFD simulation (1)
- Validation of methods (1)
- Validation ring tests (1)
- Valildation (1)
- Value of Information (1)
- Varestraint-Test (1)
- Variable frequency (1)
- Variational calculation (1)
- Varroa destructor (1)
- Varying stiffness (1)
- Vegetation fire (1)
- Vehicle (1)
- Vehicle containers (1)
- Vehicle load identification (1)
- Vehicle-Track (1)
- Vehicle-track-soil interaction (1)
- Vehicles (1)
- Verbrennungseffektivität (1)
- Verbrennungseffizienzen (1)
- Vereinfachtes Verfahren (1)
- Verfahrensbeschreibung (1)
- Verformung (1)
- Vergleich- und Wiederholbedingungen (1)
- Vergleichende Studie (1)
- Verifizierung (1)
- Verpackung (1)
- Verpackungen zum Transport von Gefahrgütern (1)
- Verpressanker (1)
- Versagensart (1)
- Versagensmechanismen (1)
- Versalzung (1)
- Verschleißbeständigkeit (1)
- Verteilte Fasersensorik (1)
- Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik (1)
- Verteilte faseroptische Temperaturmessung (1)
- Vertical seismic profiling (1)
- Verwertung (1)
- Verwitterung (1)
- Very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) (1)
- Verzinkt (1)
- Verzinkter Betonstahl (1)
- Verzinkungen (1)
- Verzögerungswerte (1)
- Vessels (1)
- Vibration (1)
- Vibration measurement (1)
- Vibration modes (1)
- Vibration-based structural health monitoring system (1)
- Vibrationsprüfung (1)
- Vickers hardness (1)
- Vinyl decay (1)
- Virtual experiments (1)
- Viscoplastic (1)
- Viskoplastizität (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Vitrinen (1)
- Voids (solid) (1)
- Volcanic rock (1)
- Vollraum (1)
- Volltransient (1)
- Voltammetric electronic tongue (1)
- Volume fraction (1)
- Volume heat source (1)
- Volume scattering (1)
- Volumetrische Methode (1)
- Vulnerable groups (1)
- WAXD (1)
- WC (1)
- WDVS (1)
- WEBAM (1)
- WEZ Erweichung (1)
- WIG (1)
- WRC 1992 diagram (1)
- WS-COTDR (1)
- Waethering (1)
- Waldbrand (1)
- Wall thickness measurement (1)
- Wandlercharakterisierung (1)
- Warfarin (1)
- Wasserbeständigkeit (1)
- Wassersoff (1)
- Wasserstoff-Methan-Gemische (1)
- Wasserstoffbedingte Eigenschaftsdegradation (1)
- Wasserstoffdruckbehälter (1)
- Wasserstoffspeicher (1)
- Wasserstofftechnologie (1)
- Wasserstoffumgebung (1)
- Wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrissbildung (HACC) (1)
- Waste electrical and electronic equipment directive (1)
- Waste management (1)
- Waste packages (1)
- Waste paper sludge (1)
- Waste treatment (1)
- Wastepaper sludge ash (1)
- Wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) (1)
- Water absorption (1)
- Water activity (1)
- Water dipoles (1)
- Water layer thickness (1)
- Water management (1)
- Water quality (1)
- Water repellence (1)
- Water repellent admixtures (1)
- Water samples (1)
- Water-repellent admixtures (1)
- Wave defect interaction (1)
- Wave propagation (1)
- Wavefield analysis (1)
- Wavelet transformation (1)
- Waves (1)
- Wear behaviour (1)
- Wear volume (1)
- Weather conditions (1)
- Weathering exposure (1)
- Weathering parameters (1)
- Weathering processes (1)
- Weathering sensitivity (1)
- Web Mining (1)
- Wechselwirkende Poolfeuer (1)
- Weibern tuff (1)
- Weibull Distribution (1)
- Weibull parameter (1)
- Weibull statistics (1)
- Weld pool (1)
- Weld pool geometry (1)
- Weld pool shape approximation (1)
- Welded joints (1)
- Welding distortions (1)
- Welding under external loading (1)
- Welding-induced distortion (1)
- Weldments (1)
- Wellenausbreitung (1)
- Wellenausbreitung in der Tiefe (1)
- Wellengeschwindigkeit (1)
- Werkstoff (1)
- Werkstoffauswahl (1)
- Werkstoffeigenschaften (1)
- Werkzeugmodifikation (1)
- Westend bridge (1)
- Westendbrücke (1)
- Wet treatment (1)
- Wettability (1)
- Wetting (1)
- Wheel-forces (1)
- WiFi (1)
- Widerstandspunktschweißen (1)
- Wind energy (1)
- Wind energy tower (1)
- Wind loading (1)
- Wind tunnel experiments (1)
- Windenergieanlagen (1)
- Windkanal (1)
- Windturm (1)
- Winter shelters (1)
- Wintereinhausungen (1)
- Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Wire Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Wire electron beam additive manufacturing (1)
- Wireless Sensor Networks (1)
- Wireless mobile sensor device (1)
- Wireless sensing node (1)
- Wireless sensor network (1)
- Wireless sensor network (WSN) (1)
- Wirkungsgrad (1)
- Wissengraph (1)
- Wohnung (1)
- Wood borers (1)
- Wood materials (1)
- Wood protection (1)
- Writing inks (1)
- Wälzreibung (1)
- Wärmeakkumulation (1)
- Wärmestrahlung (1)
- Wöhlerkurve (1)
- X-ray (1)
- X-ray Imaging (1)
- X-ray Radiography (1)
- X-ray absorption and refraction CT (1)
- X-ray absorption tomography (1)
- X-ray backscatter imaging (1)
- X-ray based techniques (1)
- X-ray compton scattering (1)
- X-ray detection (1)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) (1)
- X-ray laminography (1)
- X-ray phase contrast (1)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray radiography (1)
- X-ray refraction radiography (1)
- X-ray tomography (1)
- X-ray-refraction (1)
- X2CrNiN23-4 (1)
- X8Ni9 (1)
- X8NiCrSi38-18 (1)
- XANES (1)
- XCT machine geometry (1)
- XL-CT (1)
- Xestobium rufovillosum (1)
- Yaw resistance (1)
- Yaw stiffness (1)
- Yielding target (1)
- ZFP Schweißnaht Ultraschall (1)
- Zeitstandverhalten (1)
- Zementersatz (1)
- Zementgebundene Baustoffe (1)
- Zementklinker (1)
- Zementleim (1)
- Zentrifugen-Technologie (1)
- Zeolite Na-A (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zerfall (1)
- Zerfallsfähige Gase (1)
- Zero Massflow Liner (ZML) (1)
- Zersetzungsgasanalyse (1)
- Zerstreute Achsimpulse (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Inspektion (1)
- Zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (1)
- ZfPBau (1)
- Zing coatings (1)
- Zinn-Amalgamspiegel (1)
- Zinnschlacke (1)
- Zone model (1)
- Zugbelastung (1)
- Zugfestigkeit (1)
- Zugfestigkeitsprüfung (1)
- Zuggeschwindigkeit (1)
- Zugglied (1)
- Zugtragfähigkeit (1)
- Zulassungen (1)
- Zusatzmittel (1)
- Zuverlässigkeit (1)
- Zuverlässigkeitstheorie (1)
- Zwang (1)
- Zwischenlagenzeit (1)
- Zyklik (1)
- Zyklische Belastung (1)
- Zyklisches Tragverhalten (1)
- Zündursache (1)
- a-Si/my-Si (1)
- adiabatic compression (1)
- ageing (1)
- aggregate reactivity (1)
- agricultural economy (1)
- aktive Thermografie (1)
- alkali reactivity (1)
- alkali silica reaction (1)
- alkali-activated material (1)
- alkali-silica reaction (1)
- alloy 31 (UNS N08031) (1)
- alloy 59 (UNS N06059) (1)
- alloy B-2 (UNS N10665) (1)
- alternative Treibstoffe (1)
- aluminum (1)
- ambient vibration tests (1)
- analysis techniques (1)
- analytische Zentrifuge (1)
- artificial weathering (1)
- ausfgallfreie Lastwechsel (1)
- autoclaved aerated concrete (1)
- autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) (1)
- autoclaving (1)
- automated thermographic nondestructive testing (1)
- biofuels (1)
- bottom ash (1)
- building information modelling (1)
- building materials (1)
- bulked epoxy adhesives (1)
- bundle conductors (1)
- carrier gas hot extraction (1)
- cellular lightweight concrete (1)
- cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) (1)
- chance-risk analysis (1)
- coarsening (1)
- coda (1)
- coda wave interferometry (1)
- compatibility (1)
- composite (1)
- composites (1)
- concrete (1)
- concrete pavements (1)
- condition monitoring (1)
- control chart (1)
- corrosion invetsigations (1)
- crack initiation (1)
- cusum (1)
- cutting materials (1)
- damage monitoring (1)
- damage tolerance (1)
- debonding (1)
- decision-level (1)
- decomposable gas (1)
- degradation (1)
- deposition welding (1)
- desorption control (1)
- dimensional metrology (1)
- dissolution of silica and alumina (1)
- dissolution rate (1)
- distributed acoustic sensing (1)
- distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) (1)
- dl-PCB (1)
- durability (1)
- dynamic behaviour (1)
- dynamic characterisation (1)
- earth block masonry (1)
- earthquake (1)
- electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (1)
- embedded sensor (1)
- emission (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- energy release rate (1)
- environment (1)
- explosion (1)
- extraction (1)
- facade composite panels (1)
- failure mechanics (1)
- failure process (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fiber Bragg gratings (1)
- fibre optic sensors (1)
- fibre-optic condition monitoring (1)
- finite-element-method (1)
- fire (1)
- fire resistance (1)
- fire stability (1)
- fire testing (1)
- fireball (1)
- flash thermography (1)
- floor vibration (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fracture mechanics (1)
- functional PVD coatings (1)
- fused silica (1)
- gamma irradiation (1)
- gamma radiation (1)
- gas analysis (1)
- gas permeability (1)
- gel-type electrolytes (1)
- gelartige Elektrolyte (1)
- geschlossene Behälterprüfung (1)
- glass dosimeters (1)
- ground vibration (1)
- guided waves (1)
- hardness (1)
- hazmat tanks (1)
- heat treatment (1)
- heißrissanfällige Schweißungen (1)
- highspeed plasma laser cladding (1)
- hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle (1)
- hochradioaktive Abfälle (1)
- hydrogen transport (1)
- ice accretion (1)
- industrial monitoring (1)
- ink (1)
- inspection (1)
- integrity (1)
- interfacial stresses (1)
- intermediate-scale testing (1)
- keyhole dynamics (1)
- laser cladding (1)
- laser damage (1)
- laser energy absorption (1)
- laser energy distribution (1)
- laser hybrid welding (1)
- local deformation (1)
- masonry towers (1)
- maximum acceptable consequence (1)
- micro-fillers (1)
- micro-structured polymer optical fibers (1)
- miniature specimens; FCGR curves; intrinsic threshold (1)
- mitigation (1)
- modal analysis (1)
- molten pool (1)
- multi-sensory (1)
- multiaxial loading (1)
- n-Heptan (1)
- nano-fillers (1)
- nanoparticles (1)
- nanosecond laser (1)
- niobium carbide (1)
- numerical modeling (1)
- numerical uncertainty determination (1)
- numerische Messunsicherheitsbestimmung (1)
- numerische Simulation (1)
- optical fiber (1)
- optische 3D-Erfassung (1)
- organic peroxide (1)
- outdoor pollutants (1)
- overhead transmission line (1)
- pH-Messungen (1)
- papyrus (1)
- partial safety factors (1)
- particle injection (1)
- phase field model (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photothermisch (1)
- pipeline monitoring (1)
- plant safety (1)
- plasma dispersion layers (1)
- plasticity (1)
- policy making (1)
- polymer encapsulant (1)
- polymers (1)
- pool fire (1)
- pores (1)
- pressure-volume product (1)
- probabilistic approach (1)
- probability (1)
- protective glazing (1)
- quality control (1)
- radiation effects (1)
- radiation hardness (1)
- radiation induced attenuation (1)
- radioaktives Material (1)
- railway axles (1)
- railway track (1)
- raw material equivaltent (1)
- reaktives Brandschutzsystem (1)
- reinforcement (1)
- representation of knowledge (1)
- resource efficiency (1)
- risk limit (1)
- riveted steel bridges (1)
- robustness (1)
- rubber (1)
- safety distance (1)
- sandwich panels (1)
- sealing materials (1)
- secondary raw material (1)
- seismic assessment (1)
- self ignition (1)
- self-cleaning (1)
- self-cleaning properties (1)
- sensor application (1)
- shape control (1)
- shells (1)
- signal-level (1)
- simulation (1)
- solar cells (1)
- solidification cracks (1)
- solubility (1)
- specific risk value (1)
- spectroscopy (1)
- sporting track (1)
- stained glass (1)
- standardization (1)
- statistische Auswertung (1)
- stress relaxation (1)
- structural health monitoring (1)
- structural integrity management (1)
- super hydrophobicity (1)
- super-resolution (1)
- supplementary cementing materials (1)
- support structures (1)
- surface layer (1)
- t90 value (1)
- temperature (1)
- thermal cycles (1)
- thermal radiation (1)
- thick plate welding (1)
- traceability (1)
- track-soil interaction (1)
- ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) (1)
- ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen (1)
- undersleeper (1)
- uniaxial compression test (1)
- wave analysis (1)
- wear protection (1)
- weathering (1)
- wind turbulence (1)
- zinc coatings (1)
- Äquivalente Branddauer (1)
- Äquivalente Wärmequelle (1)
- Öffentliche Sicherheit (1)
- Ökobilanz (1)
- Ökobilanzielle Betrachtung (1)
- Ökobilanzierung (1)
- Ökodesign (1)
- Ökotoxizität (1)
- Überdruck (1)
- Übereinstimmungstest (1)
- Überkritisch (1)
- Überwachung (1)
- Überzüge (1)
- γ-Co60radiation (1)
- волны лэмбовского типа (1)
- контроль качества клеевого соединения (1)
- многослойный волновод (1)
- “Click” chemistry (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (279)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (259)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (213)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (150)
- 9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren (90)
- 4 Material und Umwelt (72)
- 7.2 Ingenieurbau (72)
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (71)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (64)
- 8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren (61)
Paper des Monats
- ja (1)
As consequence of the European Green Deal and the European Commission's Circular Economy Action Plan, the product landscape in the EU will undergo fundamental changes. The legal requirements for products are being expanded, not least through the Proposal for an Ecodesign Regulation for Sustainable Products published by the European Commission in 2022. Following the current developments, requirements for the circularity of products will be increased next to the already existing minimum requirements for products’ energy efficiency. Following this development, the lead question has to be: Is the market, in particular small- and medium-sized enterprises, well prepared for this planned green transformation of our economy? The answer is: No, not yet.
What is needed are suitable standards for the implementation of these requirements to reduce additional burdens to an appropriate level and to support fair competition between all market actors concerned. The German Institute for Standardization, the German Commission for Electro-technical, Electronic & Information Technologies and the Association of German Engineers have conducted a review study with the aim of identifying fundamental needs for revising existing standards and for creating new standards - both of which are intended to support and accelerate the transformation of the current economy towards a Circular Economy. More than 700.000 normative documents were analyzed, and the results were discussed and consolidated with more than 1000 experts from manufacturers (organizations), consumer- and environmental organizations as well as from the public sector. As a result, more than 200 gaps in the standardization landscape were identified. In this study, we highlight and analyze the most important needs for standardization activities in the field of electrotechnical-, electronic- and ICT-products. In the discussion with the experts for electrotechnical-, electronic- and ICT products, it has been confirmed that a timely implementation of ambitious political decisions of a circular economy requires a normative basis to ensure its consistency. Furthermore, consensus between experts was that legislation in product regulation would be key and should not be extended to the area of waste legislation. As most important standardization activities accompanying product legislation, the following were identified: (i) creation of a set of indicators enabling a holistic assessment of product circularity, (ii) quality assurance of secondary raw materials and consumers awareness of the product circularity both enabled by appropriate analytics and (iii) clear regulation concerning product liability of repaired, refurbished or remanufactured products. One issue of relevance to all experts concerns the product safety, which must not, under any circumstances, decrease when changing product design to reach a higher degree of circularity. The mentioned and further standardization activities would be essential to kick the can down the circular economy road and are analyzed and summarized in this study.
The individual willingness to pay for sustainable products is significantly influenced by the climate crisis, but is also affected due to additional international crises as the still ongoing pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The better a product labelling is designed, the more likely consumers are to make a well-considered purchase decision at the point-of-sale, which in turn increases the product lifetime of the devices.
The results of this study are based on two consumer surveys with a total of 590 participants. Consumers were asked to make a simulated purchase decision based on the upcoming EU Energy Label for smartphones. Each consumer was presented comparison labels showing different aspects concerning durability (meaning charging cycles, robustness and IP class), repairability, energy efficiency and product price. In addition, there was a question on energy consumption, which was displayed either in Wh/h or in battery endurance per charge in hours.
The analysis of the survey shows a clear ranking of the preferred properties: 1. Durability as best option, Energy efficiency and Repairability as second and third choice. In all categories, a higher price was accepted in favor of a more environmentally friendly product design. When presenting the energy consumption in Wh/h, no reliable distinguishing between higher or lower values was observed. In contrast, higher values were clearly preferred when choosing between different battery runtimes.
Recommendations will be developed for adjustments to the upcoming EU Energy Label for smartphones and other product labels in the future showing circular economy aspects, such as the durability, repairability, recycled content used during production, recyclability or the total footprint of the product.
We report on the development of a field-proven distributed fiber optic sensing system for structural health monitoring in road construction and civil engineering. The system is based on a cost-efficient digital incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR) for distributed strain detection along a polymer optical fiber. In this method, the strain-induced backscatter increase in a graded-index multimode perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (PF-POF) is determined by measuring the complex transfer function of the sensing fiber using a compact digital data acquisition unit.
Wavelength scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometer (WS-COTDR) is a good candidate to spatially resolve the environmental information at comparatively low frequency. This paper reveals it can also work as a traditional optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) to identify Fresnel reflection by averaging the obtained signal over the wavelength scanning range. Simultaneous distributed vibration sensing and a traditional OTDR measurement are experimentally demonstrated using the WS-COTDR system.
Im vorliegenden Bericht wurde untersucht, Spanndrahtbrüche in einem Brückenträger sowohl mittels Schallemissionsanalyse (SEA) als auch mit (eingebetteter) verteilter faseroptischer akustischer Sensorik (DAS) zu erkennen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Bruchsignale anhand beider Messverfahren detektiert werden können. Die jeweils detektierten Drahtbrüche werden miteinander verglichen. Durch eine Gegenüberstellung werden SEA und DAS detailliert dargestellt.
Das EU Projekt EU FireStat SI2.830108, das vom Europäischen Parlament finanziert und von der DG GROW der Europäischen Kommission in Auftrag gegeben wurde, hat aufgearbeitet, welche Terminologie in den europäische Mitgliedsstaaten verwendet wird und die von den Mitgliedstaaten erhobenen Daten über Gebäudebrände zu analysieren. Dabei wurden die Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung und die Unterschiede bei der Auslegung ermittelt und eine gemeinsame Terminologie sowie eine Methode zur Erfassung der erforderlichen Daten vorgeschlagen.
Folgende Schwerpunkte wurden bearbeitet: Zunächst erfolgte eine Diagnose von Terminologie-, Datenerhebungs- und Auslegungsproblemen, Erhebung der Terminologie und der Datenerfassung, Identifizierung der für die Entscheidungsfindung benötigten Daten, Analyse der Methoden zur Datenerhebung Definition einer gemeinsamen Terminologie, Methodik der Kosten-/Nutzenbewertung zur Unterstützung politischer Entscheidungen, Fallstudie zur Anwendung der Methode der Kosten-/Nutzenbewertung, Beschreibung einer zukünftigen Datenerhebungsmethode.
Das Ergebnis des Projekts ist eine Empfehlung, welche Daten in den Mitgliedstaaten erhoben werden sollten, um wissensbasierte Entscheidungen in Bezug auf den Brandschutz zu ermöglichen. Damit wird die Grundlage für Maßnahmen und Initiativen geschaffen, die den Brandschutz und die Brandverhütung der Mitgliedstaaten unterstützen, so dass knappe Ressourcen gezielt eingesetzt werden können.
Die üblichen Verfahren der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung mit Ultraschall basieren auf der Verwendung von flüssigen Koppelmitteln. Luftgekoppelte Prüfung setzt sich gegen die konventionellen Verfahren durch, wenn die Flüssigkeit nicht erwünscht oder den Prüfling gar beschädigen kann. Zwei Technologien für Erzeugung von Ultraschallsignalen sind vielversprechend: thermoakustische Wandler und Ferroelektret-Wandler. Basierend auf diesen beiden Technologien wurden Array-Sender gebaut und in diesem Beitrag miteinander verglichen.
Thermoakustische Wandler basieren auf Dünnschichttechnologie und bieten eine resonanzfreie Erzeugung von Ultraschall. Sie bestehen aus einer dünnen elektrisch leitenden Schicht und werden mit kurzen elektrischen Pulsen angeregt. Die Erhöhung der thermischen Energie führt zur Erzeugung von akustischen Wellen in der umgebenden Luft.
Bei Ferroelektret-Wandlern handelt es sich um polarisierte zelluläre Kunststoffe, die für den Bau eines Array-Senders besonders gut geeignet sind. Einige Ferroelektrete weisen eine hervorragende an Luft angepasste akustische Impedanz auf, so dass auf den Einsatz von Anpassschichten verzichtet werden kann. Ein sehr niedriges mechanisches Übersprechen zwischen einzelnen Elementen ermöglicht eine unabhängige Anregung einzelner Elemente, was bei Piezokompositen deutlich schwieriger wäre.
Mit der Phased-Array-Technik können elektronische Fokussierung oder Schwenkung des Einschallwinkels für eine luftgekoppelte Prüfung genutzt werden. Die Schallfelder von diesen beiden Technologien wurden berechnet, gemessen und miteinander verglichen. Die Vorteile und Nachteile der beiden Technologien werden dargestellt.
Geometric phase measured per beat period in a ϕ-OTDR based on coherent heterodyne detection is used to measure strain. Proposed method is robust to polarisation mismatch fading as a polarisation mismatch between interfering beams is not a hindrance to the measurement of the geometric phase. The Geometric phase is a function of the intensities of the interfering beams as well as the envelope of the beat signal. Its calculation does not require phase unwrapping and accordingly does not suffer the phase unwrapping errors. It is required to be equated with the traditionally measured phase by applying a scaling factor. The spatial resolution of the measured strain is reduced as it is calculated per beat period. Results are verified using a piezo-electric transducer inline a fiber-under-test.
Setting up sensors for the purpose of environmental monitoring should be a matter of days, but often drags over weeks or even months, preventing scientists from doing real research. Additionally, the newly developed hardware and software solutions are often reinventing existing wheels. In this short paper, we revisit the design of our environmental sensing node that has been monitoring industrial areas over a span of two years. We share our findings and lessons learned. Based on this, we outline how a new generation of sensing node(s) can look like.
This contribution attempts to shed light on the application of POD analyses and measurement uncertainty calculations in nondestructive testing of concrete structures to provide useful and quality-assured information for reliability assessments of our built environment - with an emphasis on ground penetrating radar. It is shown that signal processing techniques affect POD analysis results to varying degrees, that measurement uncertainties are useful to validate PODs, and that the utilization of both POD analysis and measurement uncertainty calculations can pave the way to NDT-based reliability assessment, which will be exemplarily demonstrated in conclusion – generally aiming to derive those maintenance strategies and actions that are in line with actual demands.
Klebeverbindungen sind aus vielen Anwendungen wie dem Leichtbau nicht mehr wegzudenken. Durch die Verklebung gleicher oder ungleicher Materialien entstehen viele Vorteile gegenüber konservativen Fügeverfahren. Jedoch stellen schwache Haftfestigkeiten eine sehr unbeliebte Fehlerart dar, die schlecht zu detektieren sind und zu einem frühzeitigen Versagen der Verklebung bei vergleichsweise geringen Belastungen führen können. Aufgrund hoher Sicherheits- und Qualitätsansprüche wird die Haftfestigkeit dieser Verbindungen jedoch noch immer zerstörend geprüft. Zufriedenstellende zerstörungsfreie Verfahren, um Haftfestigkeiten zu prüfen, sind nicht vorhanden und Thema gegenwärtiger Forschung. Ein Ansatz, der in diesem Projekt verfolgt wird, liegt in der Verwendung geführter Ultraschallwellen.
Hierzu wird anhand von Simulationen mittels der Scaled Boundary Finite Element Methode gezeigt, dass die gezielte Auswertung bestimmter Bereiche des Dispersionsdiagrams, den sogenannten vermiedenen Kreuzungen (engl. mode repulsion regions), eine Charakterisierung der Haftfestigkeiten zulassen könnten. Dies liegt darin begründet, dass die mittleren mechanischen Belastungen der Kleberschicht in diesen Bereichen ein lokales Maximum aufweisen und daher eine erhöhte Sensitivität auf Materialänderungen haben. Es wird gezeigt, wie sensitiv diese Bereiche auf Materialänderungen in der Klebergrenzschicht sind und welche potenziellen Fehlergrößen existieren.
It is common practice in the application of finite element analysis to model compression set (CS) of elastomers during aging with two different material models according to the two-network theory of Tobolsky. The theory relies on the existence of two networks. The first one represents the original network after vulcanization and is sensitive to chain scission. The second network accounts for the formation of additional crosslinking during aging. Besides the use of user subroutines to describe the two-network model, an element overlay technique is also needed as the full set of both material behaviors did not exist for assignment to a single element. This element overlay technique is valuable for research and developmental purposes but makes extension to industrial usage quite challenging. Our goal is to simulate the CS of elastomers after long-term aging in a commercial finite element software with no need for extra subroutine codes or mesh superposition.
Ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) O-rings were aged in a compressed state at 75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C for up to 183 days. Investigations of the experimental test results were used to identify material models and their parameters to develop a finite element model to simulate CS. The model was implemented in the finite element software ABAQUS/Standard® with a sequential temperature-displacement coupling.
Regarding the influence of temperature, the Arrhenius equation is adopted for the time-temperature relationship. The activation energy value that is required for the simulation is firstly determined from shifting the experimental CS results with the time-temperature superposition technique and plotting the shift factors in an Arrhenius diagram. The experiments were compared with the simulation results. Afterwards different activation energies were used in the simulation and discussed. A suitable choice of the activation energy value with regard to the reference temperature and the test temperature is presented. With the chosen activation energies, the match between numerical CS values after long-term aging and the experimental results was improved.
In plate-like structures, ultrasonic waves propagate as Lamb waves. Their use is important for many applications from non-destructive testing to structural health monitoring. Efficient simulation tools contribute to a significant value add e.g. in designing systems for these applications. Under which conditions an acceptable accuracy of these models with affordable computational costs can be achieved is an open question. Many of these applications include the usage of a plane wavefront, simulated in 2D crossesctional models to reduce complexity. In this contribution, a comparative case study between simulations and experiments is presented. The aim is to verify and compare a 2D cross-sectional model with experimental data. The experimental setup for this case study consists of an aluminum plate. A rectangular piezoelectric transducer is mounted for guided wave excitation. A laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measures out-of-plane velocities on the plate. A 2D cross-sectional model based on the Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM) is used to simulate the wave propagation of the experimental setup. The first data points near the transducer are used to fit the excitation tractions of the model, while additional points further away from the source are used to validate the model. The comparison between the recorded measurements and the simulated velocities shows a high degree of compatibility.
FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) data usage is one of the main principals that many of the research and funding organizations include in their strategic plans, which means that following the main principals of FAIR data is required in many research projects. The definition of data being FAIR is very general, and when implementing that for a specific application or project or even setting a standardized procedure within a working group, a company or a research community, many challenges arise. In this contribution, an overview about our experience with different methods, tools and procedures is outlined.
We begin with a motivation on potential use cases for the applications of FAIR data with increasing complexity starting from a reproducible research paper over collaborative projects with multiple participants such as Round-Robin tests up to data-based models within standardization codes, applications in machine learning or parameter estimation of physics-based simulation models.
In a second part, different options for structuring the data are discussed. On the one hand, this includes a discussion on how to define actual data structures and in particular metadata schema, and on the other hand, two different systems for storing the data are discussed. The first one is the openBIS system, which is an open-source Lab notebook and PostgreSQL based data management system. A second option are a semantic representations using RDF based ontologies for the domain of interest.
In a third section, requirements for workflow tools to automate data processing are discussed and their integration into reproducible data analysis is presented with an outlook on required information to be stored as metadata in the database.
Finally, the presented procedures are exemplarily demonstrated for the calibration of a temperature dependent constitutive model for additively manufactured mortar. Metadata schemata for a rheological measurement setup are derived and implemented in an openBIS database. After a short review of a potential numerical model predicting the structural build-up behaviour, the automatic workflow to use the stored data for model parameter estimation is demonstrated.
Akustische Verfahren eignen sich hervorragend zur Bestimmung der Werkstoffeigenschaften. Die Verfügbarkeit derartiger Verfahren ist vor allem für Kunststoffe wichtig, da deren Eigenschaften stark abhängig vom jeweiligen Herstellungsprozess und vom Alterungszustand sind. Exakte und vollständige Werte sind daher in Datenbanken oder von Herstellern nur begrenzt zu finden. Insbesondere die Entwicklung von Methoden zur Charakterisierung faserverstärkter Kunststoffe (FKV) ist nach wie vor Gegenstand der Forschung. Hier müssen anisotropiebedingt mehrere Kennwerte bestimmt werden. Da FKV zumeist als dünnwandige Bauteile zum Einsatz kommen, können die Werkstoffparameter aus den Dispersionseigenschaften der Lamb-Wellen, die sich in diesen Strukturen ausbreiten, abgeleitet werden. Dazu ist eine räumliche Abtastung des sich ausbreitenden Schallfelds erforderlich.
In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird dieser Ansatz für die relativ neue Werkstoffklasse der faserverstärkten Thermoplaste angewendet. Diese zeichnet ein ausgeprägtes Dämpfungsverhalten und eine Anisotropie der Materialparameter aus. Dazu wurde das Schallfeld im Ultraschallbereich mit einem Laser-Doppler-Vibrometers vermessen. Rechnerisch bestimmte Dispersionskurven wurden dann an die gemessenen Werte angepasst, womit die richtungsabhängigen Materialparameter bestimmt werden konnten.
Im Vortrag wird das Messverfahren vorgestellt und auf spezielle Probleme, die sich z.B. aus dem Dämpfungsverhalten des Werkstoffs ergeben, eingegangen. Ausgewählte gemessene Werte werden mit den Ergebnissen von Referenzverfahren verglichen.
Hochfeste Nickelbasislegierungen wie Inconel 939 spielen eine wesentliche Rolle im modernen Turbinenbau. Additive Fertigungstechnologien eröffnen hierbei neue Möglichkeiten für die Verarbeitung, jedoch fehlen verlässliche Fügeprozesse für die Absicherung der additiven Prozesskette im Bereich Neuteilfertigung und Instandsetzung. Insbesondere Heißrisse stellen eine große Herausforderung an die Fügetechnik. Die vorliegende Untersuchung befasst sich daher mit dem Verhalten von additiv gefertigten Blechen aus Inconel 939 beim Elektronenstrahlschweißen. Es werden grundlegende Zusammenhänge zwischen Prozessparametern, Härte und Rissneigung betrachtet und Ansätze für eine Optimierung auf Basis statistischer Versuchsplanung aufgezeigt. Hierbei erfolgt eine Einteilung der Risse nach bestimmten Nahtbereichen. Risse am Nahtkopf können durch die Faktoren Vorschub und Streckenenergie sowie die Härte des Schweißgutes beeinflusst werden. Risse im Bereich der parallelen Nahtflanken stehen hingegen im Zusammenhang mit der Härte der Wärmeinflusszone. Ein abschließender Vergleich der angepassten Parameter mit der Ausgangssituation zeigt, dass durch Anwendung der statistischen Optimierung eine deutliche Reduzierung der Rissneigung erreicht werden kann.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a spectroscopic method for the analysis of the chemical composition of sample materials. Generally, the measurement of all elements of the periodic table is possible. In particular, light elements such as H, Li, Be, S, C, O, N and halogens can be measured. Calibration with matrix-matching standards allows the quantification of element concentrations. In combination with scanner systems, the two-dimensional element distribution can be determined. Even rough surfaces can be measured by online adjustment of the laser focus. LIBS can also be used on-site with mobile systems. Hand-held systems are available for point measurements.
Common applications include the investigation of material deterioration due to the ingress of harmful ions and their interaction in porous building materials. Due to the high spatial resolution of LIBS and the consideration of the heterogeneity of concrete, the determination of precise input parameters for simulation and modelling of the remaining lifetime of a structure is possible. In addition to the identification of materials, it is also possible to assess the composition for example of hardened concrete, which involves the cement or aggregate type used. Other important fields of application are the detection of environmentally hazardous elements or the material classification for sorting heterogeneous material waste streams during dismantling. Non-contact NDT for “difficult to assess” structures as an example application through safety glass or in combination with robotics and automation are also possible.
In this work, an overview of LIBS investigations on concrete is given based on exemplary laboratory and on-site applications.
Aero-engine turbine disks are safety-relevant components which are operated under high thermal and mechanical stress conditions. The actual part qualification and certification procedures make use of spin-tests conducted on production-similar disks. The aim of this work is to present part of a fracture mechanics-based procedure under development which aims at replacing the tests on production-similar disks with lab tests on fracture mechanics specimens. The finite element simulation of the cracked disk considers the real thermal and mechanical loading conditions. In order to design a lab representative specimen, beside the crack driving force, expressed in terms of 𝐽-integral, also the constraint to plastic deformation e.g., stress triaxiality, at the crack-tip must be similar for the same crack in the specimen and in the disk. This has been achieved and as expected, both the highest 𝐽 -integral and constraint factor are calculated at the same location along the crack front for both disk and specimen. The results of the structural integrity assessment in the form of a Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) show good agreement between designed specimen and disk both in terms of expected failure mode and value of the critical speed. In addition, probabilistic aspects are also considered in the calculations.
Aufgrund des tieferen Eindringens der solaren Strahlung treten bei transparenten und bei transluzenten (durchscheinenden) Kunststoffen veränderte Bedingungen gegenüber opaken Proben auf. Dies kann zu speziellen Effekten und damit zu einem abweichenden Bewitterungsverhalten führen. Auch aus Mangel an geeigneten Normen werden diese Effekte häufig vernachlässigt. Deshalb initiiert der DIN-FNK auf ISO-Ebene ein entsprechendes Dokument.
Die Norm ist in der Form eines Technical Reports geplant. In einem ersten Teil sollen die Besonderheiten transparenter oder transluzenter Kunststoffe erläutert werden, um den Nutzer für mögliche Probleme zu sensibilisieren. Im zweiten Teil werden Empfehlungen für Bestrahlung oder Bewitterung herausgearbeitet. In einem dritten Teil geht es dann um Besonderheiten bei der Messung von Eigenschaftsänderungen transparenter bzw. transluzenter Kunststoffe. In informativen Anhängen sollen verschiedene Beispiele die Thematik illustrieren.
The increasing importance of resource availability and closed-loop material cycles are driving materials research to reduce alloying content in conventional materials or even substitute them with more sustainable alternatives. Intermetallic iron aluminide alloys (FeAl) present a potential alternative. Many alloy concepts for improved high-temperature properties or ductility have already been successfully implemented in casting technologies on a laboratory scale. However, successful testing of FeAl alloys on an industrial scale was still pending at the beginning of the project.
Therefore, the aim of the project was to develop simulation based casting concepts for industrial casting processes using the base alloy Fe-26Al-4Mo-0.5Ti-1B and to narrow down process limits by means of hot cracking tests. Findings were transferred into practice-oriented guidelines for casting of iron aluminides, which is accessible to future applicants in SMEs. The focus was placed on centrifugal casting combined with investment casting or die casting. In addition to numerous design and casting process parameters, heat treatments and alloying additions (Al, Mo, B) were varied to determine the influence of alloying elements on castability, microstructure and mechanical properties. Data from microstructure analyses (microscopic imaging, determination of grain sizes as well as phase compositions and volume fractions, fractography), mechanical tests (hardness measurements, compression tests, ambient and high-temperature tensile tests, creep tests) as well as measurements of thermophysical properties could be generated on the base alloy. Correlations of materials data with process variables allowed conclusions to be drawn on strengthening mechanisms and ductility of the alloy and how they can be controlled in terms of processing and component design. Successful casting of highly complex components with thin wall thicknesses and optimised alloy compositions points out prospects for new fields of application.
The new crack luminescence method offers the possibility of making fatigue surface cracks in metallic materials more visible during inspections through a special coating system. This coating system consists of two layers, whereby the first layer has fluorescent properties and emits visible light as soon as it is irradiated by UV light. The top layer is black and is designed to prevent the fluorescent layer from emitting if no crack develops in the underlying material. The technique proved particularly useful in a wide variety of fatigue tests of steel components under laboratory conditions. Moreover, it has the potential to be used in various industrial applications. To enable industrial deployment and integration into maintenance strategies, a concept study is developed in this contribution, resulting in a qualification framework that can serve as a foundation for determining the reliability of the crack luminescence system in terms of a probability of detection curve. Within this study, factors causing measurement variability and uncertainty are being determined and their influences assessed. Due to the extension of the system by a moving computer vision system for automated crack detection using artificial intelligence, additional long-term effects associated with structural health monitoring systems need to be incorporated into an extended probability of detection study as part of the technical justification. Finally, important aspects and findings related to design of experiments are discussed, and a framework for reliability assessment of a new optical crack monitoring method is presented, emphasizing the influence of various uncertainty parameters, including long-term effects such as system ageing.
Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment.
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin.
The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water.
Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation.
Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (KDB) aus PE-HD (Polyethylen hoher Dichte) werden häufig zur Abdichtung von Bauwerken in der Geotechnik verwendet. Diese Produkte werden aus einem Kunststoff mit relativ komplexer Zusammensetzung hergestellt. Um eine Aussage über die Haltbarkeit von KDB aus PE-HD treffen zu können, muss das Materialverhalten berücksichtigt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die wichtigsten Aspekte der Dauerhaftigkeit die Spannungsrissbeständigkeit und die Beständigkeit gegen Oxidation. Verschiedene PE-Sorten weisen eine unterschiedliche Spannungsrissbeständigkeit auf. Um dieser Eigenschaft von PE-HD zu begegnen, werden nur KDB aus sehr hochwertigen Rohstoffen zugelassen. Auf der anderen Seite werden hohe Anforderungen an die umgebenden Schichten, wie Auflager und Schutzschicht gestellt, um möglichst geringe Spannungen zu erzeugen und damit Dehnungen die Dehnungen der KDB gering zu halten. Bestimmte Medien, die bei den betreffenden Prüfungen verwendet werden, dürfen nicht mehr in der EU in Verkehr gebracht werden. Im Folgenden sollen die Zusammenhänge in Kürze dargestellt werden. Darüber hinaus sollen Diskussionen und Änderungen der Zulassungsrichtlinie für Schutzschichten im und durch den Fachbeirat vorgestellt werden.
The current understanding of the carbonation of alkali-activated concretes is ham-pered inter alia by the wide range of binder chemistries used. To overcome some of the limitations of individual studies and to identify general correlations between their mix design parameters and carbonation resistance, the RILEM TC 281-CCC working group 6 compiled carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥ 66 % of the binder) were also included in the database. A preliminary analysis of the database indicates that w/CaO ratio and w/b ratio exert an influence on the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes but, contrary to what has been reported for concretes based on (blended) Portland cements, these are not good indicators of their carbonation resistance when considered individually. A better indicator of the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes under conditions approxi-mating natural carbonation appears to be their w/(CaO + Na2O + K2O) ratio. Furthermore, the analysis points to significant shortcomings of tests at elevated CO2 concentrations for low-Ca alkali-activated concretes, indicating that even at a concentration of 1 % CO2, the outcomes may lead to inaccurate predictions of the carbonation coefficient under natural exposure conditions.
Structural health monitoring techniques associate strongly with damage detection and characterization. Ultrasonic guided waves (UGW), for such scope, arise as one of the most promising methods for many reasons i.e. UGW are able to travel long distances and they have high sensitivity to damage. In this context, the necessity to model realistic wave-defect interaction occurs to be critical.
Realistic damage scenarios can be modeled through the usage of image-based quadtree meshes. Images, such as the outcome from X-ray scans, C-scans, etc., can be converted into meshes for further integration in a computational domain. Quadtree meshes are created by converting the intensity of the pixels to quadrilateral cells. Homogeneous regions inside one image result in one quad, whereas fine features such as discontinuities can be described with smaller quads.
This contribution proposes an efficient methodology to model wave defect interaction, using as a framework the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) and quadtree meshes. Problems as non-conforming regions in the mesh due to the space tree decomposition can be easily avoided using SBFEM’s polygonal elements. Moreover, the semi-analytical nature of the SBFEM allows the modeling of arbitrarily long prismatic/undamaged regions of the waveguides without an increase in the computational burden.
Since there is a continuously growing demand for complex, frequently heavy-sectioned spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) castings it is worth paying attention to the chunky graphite (CHG) degeneration which may occur under certain technological circumstances. Although a reference line for preventive actions in terms of general metallurgical and process measures could be drawn to avoid CHG in heavy-sectioned ferritic SGI castings, a broad majority of experts claim the avoidance of CHG in heavy sections cannot yet be rated a hundred percent process safe. A major reason may be seen in the fact that a universal, generally accepted explanation of CHG formation and growth has not yet been established, although several theories have been proposed. Nevertheless, metallurgical aspects are not in the focus of this paper.
This paper is about the current state of methods to detect CHG in SGI on the laboratory and component scales. Capabilities and limits of different metallographic, fractographic and non-destructive computer tomographic methods to recognize and quantify CHG are discussed. With respect to the characteristic fili-gree three-dimensional string-like, multi-branched CHG structure, which is non-isometric and non-dispersed, serious implications on the possibility to quantitatively characterize the amount of CHG must be considered.
In contrary to the metallurgical aspects, the knowledge about the impact of CHG on the materials and com-ponents properties is still surprisingly limited. Therefore, special emphasis of this paper is on the impact of CHG degeneration on the properties of ferritic SGI. Experimental results are reviewed to illustrate the effect of CHG on mechanical strength and ductility properties as well as fracture mechanics properties in terms of crack resistance and fracture toughness.
The present situation is characterized by discussions and uncertainty about the acceptance or rejection of SGI components containing CHG. Addressing this, conclusions from the materials engineering point of view are drawn for quality control, a safe operational strategy in the foundry and component safety.
Elastomer seals are mounted as barrier seals in lid systems of containers designed for transport and disposal of negligible heat generating radioactive waste and as auxiliary seals in spent fuel storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks (DPC)). When the behavior of mounted seals under normal and hypothetical accident conditions of disposal and transport is to be simulated, a comprehensive knowledge of their complex mechanical properties at every state of aging is necessary. In previous works, BAM’s efforts in experimental investigations on specimen artificially aged at different temperatures and times and the implementation of the found results in finite element material models were presented. Additionally, our approaches to reproduce the aging process itself and to extrapolate the results of artificially accelerated aging to longer times were presented. Numerical simulations have shown that the behavior of the seal during mounting and one-sided pressurizing and the resulting performance values such as leakage rate strongly depend on the coefficient of friction (COF) between flange and seal. The friction coefficient, in turn, depends on the aging state of the elastomer material as several publications suggest (see below).
Dynamic COF between an exemplary ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) material and a stainless steel ball were determined by using a self-designed linear oscillation tribometer. Unaged and artificially aged EPDM specimen stored for 30 days and 100 days at a temperature of 150 °C were tested. A stainless steel ball (d=10 mm) is brought in contact with the specimen’s surface und loaded by normal forces of 2.5 N, 5 N, 10 N and 20 N. During a reciprocating movement of the EPDM sheet, the horizontal force/friction force is continuously measured, and the COF can be derived.
It is well known that friction is a complex phenomenon especially in soft materials. It cannot be excluded that the measured friction force is influenced by additional force components, resulting from the ball’s grooving through the elastomer’s surface. This force depends on the penetration depth of the ball and on the resistance of the elastomer in its different states of aging. The latter results from microstructural changes i.e., chain scission and additional crosslinking that occur during aging which in turn influence the softening or hardening of the material.
A finite element (FE) ABAQUS® model was developed to reproduce the measurement process. It should help to better understand the physical mechanisms and to quantify the percentage of measured forces resulting from real friction on the one hand and forces resulting from unintended side effects that could falsify the result on the other hand. The behavior of the elastomer in its different states of aging is reproduced by a FE material model already presented in previous works of BAM.
Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (KWG) gilt als eine der wichtigsten Sehenswürdigkeiten Berlins in der City West und als ein herausragendes Beispiel für die „Dalle de Verre“ Verglasungen in sakralen Gebäuden. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich der Fassade und den Glasfenstern des neuen Glockenturms, wobei die beschriebenen Szenarien aufgrund der annähernd gleichen Bauweise der restlichen neuen Baukörper in weiten Teilen starke Analogien aufweisen und insofern übertragbar sind.
In nickelbasierten Superlegierungen, die für Gasturbinenschaufeln verwendet werden, sind bei hohen Betriebstemperaturen und -belastungen Kriechschäden, Ermüdung, Korrosion und Oxi-dation zu beobachten. Die betroffenen Turbinenschaufeln müssen ersetzt oder repariert werden, um Effizienzverluste und ein eventuelles Bauteilversagen zu vermeiden. In letzter Zeit wurden additive Fertigungs- und Lötverfahren für die Reparatur und das Fügen von Nickelbasiswerk-stoffen entwickelt, um die Einschränkungen der traditionellen Reparaturverfahren zu überwinden. Für eine auslegungsrelevante Bewertung des Risswachstumsverhaltens in den Fügezonen, die durch diese neuen Technologien erzeugt werden, sind Rissfortschrittsuntersuchungen erfor-derlich. Entsprechende Untersuchungen an gefügten Proben werden in diesem Beitrag vorge-stellt. Die Rissfortschrittsversuche werden an gefügten SEN-Proben (Single Edge Notch) bei einem Spannungsverhältnis von 0,1 und einer Temperatur von 950 °C durchgeführt. Das Riss-wachstum wird mit der DCPD-Methode (Direct Current Potential Drop) überwacht, und die ge-messenen Potenzialsignale werden anhand der optisch vermessenen Risslänge und einer Finite-Elemente-Analyse kalibriert. Der Spannungsintensitätsfaktor (SIF) für die gefügte SEN-Geometrie wird mit Hilfe von Finite-Elemente-Analysen berechnet. Auf diese Weise können Rissfortschrittskurven aus den experimentellen Daten abgeleitet werden.
Auf der Charlottenburger Brücke entstand mit dem Charlottenburger Tor und den beiden Kandelabern von 1905 bis 1908 ein repräsentatives Ensemble von Einzelbauwerken. Für die architektonische Wirkung des Charlottenburger Tores waren die beiden ca. 22 Meter hohen Kandelaber auf der Charlottenburg zugewandten Seite des Tores bedeutsam. Die Stiftung Denkmal ließ die Kandelaber seit Mai 2007 mit dem Ziel rekonstruieren, dem Tor, seiner Umgebung und der Straße des 17 Juni den historischen Gesamteindruck wiederzugeben. Im Rahmen der Rekonstruktion wurde die Grundsatzentscheidung getroffen, dass die Wiederherstellung der komplett zerstörten und auch nicht mehr in Fragmenten vorhandenen Kandelaber nicht unter Anwendung der Bautechnik von 1900 durchgeführt werden sollte. Die Zielsetzung war viel mehr, mit moderner Bautechnik die Anmutung der Kandelaber von 1903 wiederherzustellen, die in Verbindung mit anderen baulichen Elementen, wie der Charlottenburger Brücke und des Charlottenburger Tores, den historischen Gesamtkomplex bilden.
Wasserstoff erfüllt die zentrale Rolle für die Umwandlung der bisherigen fossil-basierten Energieerzeugung und -nutzung auf eine dekarbonisierte, nachhaltige Form. Dazu muss der Wasserstoff erzeugt, gespeichert, transportiert werden, bevor er wieder der Nutzung zugeführt wird. Hierzu sind entlang der gesamtem Prozesskette Wasserstofftechnologien notwendig, die einen sicheren Betrieb erfordern. Hierbei kommt dem schweißtechnischen Anlagen- und Behälterbau wesentliche Bedeutung zu, insbesondere (aber nicht ausschließlich) für Speicherung und Transport des Wasserstoffes. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick, wo und wie die konventionelle Schweißtechnik hierzu wichtige Beiträge leistet. Die additive Fertigung, also das „Drucken“ von Bauteilen wird dabei zunehmend wichtiger, entlang der gesamtem Prozesskette der Wasserstofftechnologien. Gleichwohl darf nicht unterschätzt werden, dass auch wesentlicher Bedarf an der Erweiterung und teilweiser Neufassung von bestehenden Regel- und Normenwerken besteht.
Temperature compensation strategies play a key role in the implementation of guided wave based structural health monitoring approaches. The varying temperature influences the performance of the inspection system inducing false alarms or missed detection, with a consequent reduction of reliability. This paper quantitatively assesses two temperature compensation methods, namely the optimal baseline selection (OBS) and the baseline signal stretch (BSS), with the aim to extend their use to the case of distributed sensor networks (DSN). The effect of temperature separation between baseline time-traces in OBS and BSS are investigated considering multiple couples of sensors employed in the DSN. A decision strategy that uses frequent value warning to define the optimal baseline or stretching parameter is found to be effective analyzing data from two several experiments, which use different frequency analysis with either predominantly A0 mode or S0 mode data or both. The focus is given on the fact that different paths are available in a sensor network and several possible combinations of results are available. Nonetheless, introducing a frequent value warning it is possible to increase the efficiency of the OBS and BSS approach making use of fewer signal processing algorithms. In addition, the effectiveness of those approach is quantified using damage indicators as metric, which confirms that the performance of OBS and BSS quantitatively agree with predictions and also demonstrate that the use of compensation strategies improve detectability of damage with a higher reliability of the system.
Antibiotic resistance is a growing global problem which poses a massive threat to human health. Although human activity contributes to the acceleration of the process, bacteria have a self-driven stabilisation mechanism to protect themselves from such and other external threats: biofilm formation. Nonetheless, it is the adhesion of a single bacterial cell to a surface that triggers the formation of such network of biomolecules and microorganisms, as well as its hazardous consequences. The main objective of this work was to quantify the adhesion force of a single E. coli cell on a Ti substrate via the AFM-related single-cell force spectroscopy, with both the cell and the substrate material being of high clinical relevance. A set of 25 x 25 force displacement curves was acquired with a maximum force of 3.2 nN without dwell time, yielding a topography map and an adhesion force map that showed to be correlated. A mean adhesion force of 0.85 ± 0.175 nN was measured and the presence of cell appendages on the bacterial cell wall was verified through individual force-displacement curves. Bacterial viability was assessed after the measurements via live/dead staining.
Das Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 wird momentan u.a. in der Kerntechnik für die bruchmechanische Sicherheitsbewertung ferritischer Stähle eingesetzt.
Für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (GJS) fehlt jedoch eine Validierung dieser Methode und ggf. eine systematische Überprüfung möglicher Modifikationen grundlegender Ansätze des MC-Konzepts. Aus diesem Grund soll in einem kürzlich gestarteten BMUV-Verbundprojekt zwischen der MPA Stuttgart und der BAM Berlin die Anwendbarkeit des MC-Konzepts auf GJS bei dynamischer Beanspruchung untersucht werden. Ziel ist es, eine effektive und effiziente Methodik bereitzustellen, mit der mittels einer vergleichsweise kleinen Stichprobe bruchmechanischer Kleinproben eine Referenztemperatur T0 zur werkstoffspezifischen Temperaturjustierung der MC ermittelt werden kann.
Etalon effects in THz transmittance spectra, either taken in time- domain or frequency-domain, often hamper or even hinder the interpretation of film properties. In this paper we discuss the transferability and applicability of spectroscopic methods typically employed in the near and mid infrared spectral range to eliminate the fringes in the transmittance spectra in the THz spectral range.
Multi-sensory monitoring and ultrasound for quality assurance at underground sealing structures
(2023)
Within the safety concepts of underground disposal sites of nuclear waste, engineered barriers play an important role. As these sealing structures have high demands concerning integrity, we aim at advancing the available construction materials, monitoring, and inspection techniques within the project SealWasteSafe. A specifically developed alkali-activated material is compared to classical salt concrete. A comprehensive multi-sensory monitoring scheme is used at 150-340 l specimens to monitor setting and hardening of both materials. All sensors are demonstrated to resist the highly alkaline environments. Besides cabled and wireless temperature and humidity of the materials, strain variations using fibre optic sensors and acoustic emissions are recorded over periods of at least 28 days, partly for more than eight months. After hardening of the specimens, further nondestructive evaluations using ultrasonic echo and thermographic measurements are conducted.
Preliminary results proof the suitability of the tested sensors and clearly highlight differences between the tested materials. Particularly, the newly developed alkali-activated material shows lower acoustic emission activity indicating less cracking activity. Additionally, unique ultrasonic methods will enable better images of potential internal objects and cracks at in-situ sealing structures. A largescale ultrasonic system is optimised to reliably detect objects at a depth exceeding 9 m while still obtaining a good resolution. Modelling studies show the potential of further increasing the distance between individual transducer arrays. Additionally, a new ultrasonic borehole probe using phased arrays allowing for beam focussing is constructed and tested. Laboratory measurements at a halfcylindrical concrete specimen coincide well with the previous modelling. In total, the presented safe materials, detailed monitoring approaches and ultrasonic quality assurance methods will help to obtain safe sealing structures within salt as a host rock. The concepts can partly be transferred to sealing structures in alternative host rocks and will also be valuable for non-nuclear waste repositories.
The adaption of the set-up for gas permeability measurements for ultra-high performance concrete
(2022)
In the framework of this project, a steam pressure vessel was to be developed from ultra-high perfor-mance concrete (UHPC) to withstand process temperatures of 200 °C and the respective steam pressure of 15,5 bar. To guarantee the long-term water vapour tightness of the system, the permeability of two UHPC mixtures were tested after long-term cyclic autoclaving. As UPHC shows a high density and therefore low permeability, measurements after the RILEM-Recommendation (TC 116-PCD) reached their detection limit. Therefore, the measurement set-up was adapted to measure the permeability of highly dense UHPC more reliably and quickly. This adaption includes measurements in a higher pres-sure range, the change of sample size thickness and the usage of Ar as a medium compared with the RILEM Recommendation. Additionally, the system was equipped with two pressure sensors and Ar-flowmeters to guarantee a continuous record of the experimental parameters. The new system was tested and evaluated by comparing measurements with the RILEM recommended system. Preliminary results show that the adapted system is capable to provide efficient and reliable results of concrete with low permeability.
The knowledge of fatigue crack propagation data in terms of their effective values is important for a conservative and safe life assessment of components subjected to cyclic loading. To overcome issues related to the precise consideration of the crack-closure effects on experimental data obtained at small R ratios, closure-free data have been obtained at R ≈ 0.8 by different experimental procedures. The statistical analysis of the intrinsic fatigue crack propagation threshold obtained experimentally has shown a small data scatter and good agreement between procedures. When compared with effective values obtained from analytical corrections of closure-affected data, the data obtained at R ≈ 0.8 should lead to a conservative life estimation.
Das hochaktuelle Thema der Integration und Wiederverwendung von Wissen und Daten aus Herstellung, Bearbeitung und Charakterisierung von Materialien ('Digitalisierung von Materialien') wird in den Projekten Innovationsplattform MaterialDigital (PMD, materialdigital.de) und Materials-open-Lab (Mat-o-Lab, matolab.org) adressiert. In diesem Beitrag werden die Weiterentwicklungen in diesen Projekten hinsichtlich der Speicherung von Zugversuchsdaten gemäß einer normenkonformen (DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019-11) ontologischen Repräsentation vorgestellt. Das umfasst den Weg von der Entwicklung einer Ontologie nach Norm, der Konvertierung von Daten aus Standardtests in das interoperable RDF-Format bis hin zur Verknüpfung von Ontologie und Daten. Letztendlich können die entsprechenden Daten in einem Triple Store abgelegt und abgefragt werden.
Komponenten von Fahrrädern werden im Betrieb vorwiegend schwingend beansprucht. Typische Werkstoffe sind Stahl, Aluminiumlegierungen, Messing, CFK und thermoplastische Kunststoffe. Da es sich, unabhängig von der Preiskategorie, um konstruktiven Leichtbau handelt, werden einige Bauteile betriebsfest mehr oder weniger weit oberhalb der Dauerfestigkeit ausgelegt. Die im normalen Betrieb auftretenden Schäden sind daher weit überwiegend Schwingbrüche. Andere Schadensmechanismen wie z.B. Korrosion spielen quantitativ eine untergeordnete Rolle. Schwingbrüche treten nach einer Periode unbemerkten Risswachstums oft ohne Vorwarnung und ohne makroskopische Verformung auf. Im Falle von sicherheitsrelevanten Komponenten wie Rahmen, Gabeln, Lenkern, Sattelstützen, Kurbelarmen oder Pedalen kann dies zu erheblichen Personenschäden führen, die den Wert des ursächlichen Bauteilschadens weit überschreiten.
Über einen langjährigen Zeitraum wurden gebrochene Komponenten aus dem Alltag und aus Gerichtsverfahren analysiert. Das Hauptaugenmerk lag hierbei auf der fraktographischen Analyse, teilweise wurden die zu Grunde liegenden Schadensursachen ermittelt. Einflussfaktoren sind beispielsweise konstruktive Kerben an ungünstigen Stellen, aber auch Werkstoffwahl und Fertigungsqualität spielen eine Rolle. In den meisten Fällen wurde jedoch die konstruktive Lebensdauer überschritten. Diese wird praktisch nie mitgeteilt, und eine wiederkehrende Prüfung sicherheitsrelevanter Bauteile findet nicht statt.
Im Sinne der Vermeidung von Schäden und Unfällen könnte darauf hingewirkt werden, für sicherheitsrelevante Komponenten Lebensdauern besser abzuschätzen und von der Laufleistung abhängige Sichtprüfungen zu empfehlen.
Understanding on how a machine learning model interprets data is a crucial step to verify its reliability and avoid overfitting. While the focus of the scientific community is nowadays orientated towards deep learning approaches, which are considered as black box approaches, this work presents a toolbox that is based on complementary methods of feature extraction and selection, where the classification decisions of the model are transparent and can be physically interpreted. On the example of guided wave benchmark data from the open guided waves platform, where delamination defects were simulated at multiple positions on a carbon fiber reinforced plastic plate under varying temperature conditions, the authors could identify suitable frequencies for further investigations and experiments. Furthermore, the authors presented a realistic validation scenario which ensures that the machine learning model learns global damage characteristics rather than position specific characteristics.
Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU ist aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs derzeit stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden daher die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse beim WAAM hochfester Stähle untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Analyse der Auswirkungen von Schweißwärmeführung und Design der WAAM-Bauteile auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Gefüge, mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden geometrisch definierte Probenkörper (Hohlquader) vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die Wärmeführung und Probenabmessungen werden innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplans variiert. Die Schweißwärmeführung wird dabei so eingestellt, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten im empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich (ca. 5 s bis 20 s) sichergestellt sind. Hierzu ließen sich über zusätzliche thermo-physikalische Umformsimulationen mittels Dilatometer die komplexen Wärmezyklen abbilden und die resultierende Zugfestigkeit des Schweißgutes bestimmen. Das WAAM-Schweißen komplexer Geometrien mit variierenden Schweißwärmeführungen und geometrischen Verhältnissen bzw. Wanddicken bedingt neben den Auswirkungen auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Abkühlzeiten und Gefüge deutliche Einflüsse auf die konstruktiven Steifigkeitsverhältnisse beim Schweißen. Es zeigen sich anhand der Schweißexperimente signifikante Auswirkungen durch Probenskalierung und Wärmeeinbringung auf die resultierenden lokalen Eigenspannungen. Die Folge können ungünstige Bauteileigenschaften und risskritische Zugeigenspannungen sein.
Multielement-Legierungen (MPEA – multiple pricipal element alloys) stellen eine neue Klasse von Werkstoffen dar, die aus mindestens drei äquiatomaren Legierungselementen mit jeweils einem Gehalt von 5–35 Atom-% bestehen. Somit unterscheidet sich das Legierungskonzept fundamental von konventionellen bspw. Stahl- oder Al-basierten Legierungen. In jüngster Zeit lag der Schwerpunkt auf dem Legierungs-Design der MPEA und der Überprüfung bzw. Erreichung der gewünschten Eigenschaften bzw. -kombinationen. Hierzu werden die egierungselemente gezielt ausgewählt und die Mikrostrukturen ein- und zum Teil auch mehrphasig eingestellt. Ziel sind hochinnovative MPEA mit angepassten Eigenschaften für die industrielle Anwendung. Dabei sollen insbesondere die bei konventionellen Legierungen wesentlichen Zielkonflikte, wie bspw. der Trade-off zwischen Festigkeit und Duktilität, überwunden werden. Darüber hinaus sind mechanische Eigenschaften bei sehr hohen sowie kryogenen Temperaturen bei gleichzeitig höchster Korrosionsbeständigkeit von hohem Interesse. Die Herstellung von Bauteilen erfordert dazu werkstoff- und beanspruchungsgerechte Füge- bzw. Schweißverfahren. Der Schweißeignung von MPEA wurde bis Ende 2021 nur äußert wenig Aufmerksamkeit zuteil. Die Auswirkungen durch Schweißprozesse auf die Metallurgie und die gewünschten Eigenschaften sind bisher kaum bekannt und limitieren die potenzielle Anwendbarkeit als Funktions- oder Konstruktionswerkstoffe.
In einem interdisziplinären BAM-Forschungsprojekt werden aktuell grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Schweißverarbeitung und resultierender Mikrostruktur-Anwendungseigenschafts-Beziehung verschiedener MPEA durchgeführt. Insbesondere Wärmeeinflusszone und Schweißgut sind geprägt durch eine Mikrostruktur, die aus Ungleichgewichtszuständen resultiert. Im Falle von MPEA wurde dies bisher nicht systematisch untersucht. Dazu erfolgte im Rahmen des Projektes eine umfassende Literaturauswertung zum Schweißen von MPEA und Zusammenfassung in einer umfassenden, systematischen Datenbasis. Aus diesem Grund sollen in der vorliegenden Studie die bisher bedeutsamsten Erkenntnisse zur Schweißbarkeit von MPEA systematisch nach MPEA-Typ und Schweißverfahren geordnet und mit eigenen aktuellen Forschungsergebnissen verglichen werden. Durch WIG- und Rührreibschweißversuche an den MPEA-Systemen CoCrNiFeMn bzw. CoCrNi konnten im Projektverlauf bereits wesentliche Fragestellungen beantwortet werden. Dazu zählen Auftreten bzw. Verhinderung intermetallischer Phasen/Seigerungen oder deren Auswirkung auf die Eigenschaften der Schweißverbindung (bspw. Festigkeit oder Korrosionsbeständigkeit).
Die lichtbogenbasierte, additive Fertigung ist dank hoher erreichbarer Aufbauraten und nahezu uneingeschränktem Bauraum zur Fertigung großvolumiger Bauteile prädestiniert. Die Kombination etablierter Maschinenkomponenten aus Robotertechnik, Schweißtechnik und Sensorik ermöglicht den präzisen schichtweisen Materialauftrag. Die Wirkmechanismen zwischen Prozessparametern und den daraus resultierenden mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften der additiv gefertigten Bauteile stellen eine Herausforderung dar. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für dickwandige Bauteile. Bei der Fertigung von Bauteilen aus höherfesten Al-Mg-Si-Aluminiumlegierungen ist aufgrund der hohen Anfälligkeit für Erstarrungsrisse und der Neigung zu wasserstoffinduzierter Porosität im besonderen Maße auf das Temperaturregime und die gewählte Aufbaustrategie zu achten.
Der Einfluss der Prozessparameter auf die Bauteilqualität wurde durch die Analyse der Größe und Verteilung von Poren sowie der resultierenden Festigkeit untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurde der Einfluss einer Wärmenachbehandlungsstrategien auf das Festigkeitsverhalten analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass dickwandige Strukturen aus höherfesten Al-Mg-Si-Aluminiumlegierungen mit mechanischen Kennwerten im Bereich des Referenzmaterials mittels MSGLichtbogenverfahren additiv gefertigt werden können.
Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Kommerzielle hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Derzeit ist jedoch eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse untersucht. Im Fokus dieser Analysen steht die Bestimmung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen WAAM-Prozessparametern bzw. der Wärmeführung auf das Gefüge und die Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden Referenzproben als offene Hohlquader mit definierten Abmessungen vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die gezielte Einstellung der geometrischen Eigenschaften erfolgt durch Schweißparameter und Nahtaufbau bei ca. 4 kg/h mittlerer Abschmelzleistung. Die Wärmeführung wird innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplanes mittels Streckenenergie (200 kJ/m bis 650 kJ/m) und Zwischenlagentemperatur (100 °C bis 300 °C) so variiert, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten dem empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich entsprechen (ca. 5 s bis 20 s). Ziel ist es bei konstanten geometrisch-konstruktiven Randbedingungen, den Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf Gefüge und resultierende Eigenspannungen zu analysieren. Für die Streckenenergie können neben den Gefügeeinflüssen aufgrund der resultierenden Abkühlzeit deutliche Effekte insbesondere auf die lokalen Eigenspannungen im Bauteil belegt werden. Das Schweißen mit zu hoher Wärmeeinbringung bzw. Abschmelzleistung kann zu ungünstigen Gefüge- und Bauteileigenschaften führen, gleichzeitig jedoch niedrigere Zugeigenspannungsniveaus bewirken. Solche komplexen Wechselwirkungen gilt es letztlich mit diesen Untersuchungen zu klären, um leicht anwendbare Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und Normvorgaben für ein wirtschaftliches, anforderungsgerechtes und risssicheres WAAM von hochfesten Stählen den Anwendern zur Verfügung zu stellen.
Eine nachhaltige und ressourceneffiziente Fertigung und Errichtung von Windenergieanlagen, sowohl auf See als auch an Land, erfordert zunehmend den Einsatz moderner hochfester Feinkornbaustähle. Werden nach dem Schweißen dieser hochfesten Konstruktionen unzulässige Defekte detektiert, sind nach geltenden Verarbeitungsrichtlinien die defekten Bereiche durch lokales Ausfugen und anschließendes Schweißen zu reparieren. Fehlende Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten in den Regelwerken bedingen oftmals eine unzureichende Berücksichtigung dabei auftretender zusätzlicher Beanspruchungen durch die erhöhte Schrumpfbehinderung der Ausfugenuten. Zusätzlich haben die ausführenden Betriebe vielfach kaum Kenntnis über die Degradation angrenzender Gefüge durch thermische Ausfugeprozesse und erneutes Schweißen, die in diesem Zusammenhang besonders bei den hochfesten Stählen als kritisch anzusehen sind. Das aktuelle Forschungsvorhaben der BAM (FOSTA P1311/IGF-Nr.20162N) fokussiert hierfür systematisch bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen zu den schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen bei der Reparatur von hochfesten Schweißverbindungen. Wesentlich sind hierbei der Einfluss der Schrumpfbehinderung, der Wärmeführung beim Schweißen und Ausfugen sowie der Reparaturzyklenanzahl und die metallurgischen Aspekte bei den hochfesten Güten S500MLO für zukünftige Offshore-Anwendungen und S960QL für aktuelle Mobilkrananwendungen. Aufbauend auf einigen Studien zur schweißbedingten Beanspruchung hochfester Stähle zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag die Identifikation geeigneter Probengeometrien und Schweißdetails mittels numerischer und experimenteller Analysen. Dadurch wird die Übertragbarkeit der vorgestellten Schweißexperimente und Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der resultierenden Schweißeigenspannungen auf reale Reparaturfälle im Bereich des hochfesten Stahlbaus sichergestellt. Es zeigt sich in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen eine signifikante Erhöhung der Beanspruchungen an den variierten schlitzförmigen Prüfnähten. Das Eigenspannungsniveau sowohl im Schweißgut als auch in der WEZ korreliert mit dem Einspanngrad. Mit dem Ziel beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte zu erarbeiten, sind zum einen geringere Wärmeinbringungen, besonders durch niedrige Zwischenlagentemperaturen und Einspannbedingungen anzustreben, um hohe Beanspruchungen und kritische Gefügedegradationen im Reparaturbereich zu vermeiden. Dies wird durch systematische Untersuchungen zum Ausfugen und Schweißen sowie letztlich dem Transfer von Verarbeitungsempfehlungen für die Anwender und Richtlinien erreicht.
Für Komponenten im Turbinen- oder Anlagenbau werden aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften häufig Kobalt-Chrom-Legierungen verwendet. Diese weisen eine hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit und hohen Verschleißwiederstand auf. Aufgrund der komplexen Strukturen und dem Bestreben nach Ressourceneffizienz wird zur Herstellung der Komponenten die additive Fertigung verwendet. Hierbei sind hinsichtlich der Inhomogenität und Anisotropie der Gefüge und deren Eigenschaften weitere Kenntnisse notwendig. Bei den vorliegenden Belastungen liegt ein erhöhter Anspruch an die Oberflächenintegrität vor, welcher durch komplementären Einsatz von additiven und abtragenden Fertigungsschritten sichergestellt wird. Dabei sind gerade Co-Cr-Legierungen wegen der niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeit verbunden mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit äußerst herausfordernd mit Blick auf eine wirtschaftliche Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide. Ausgehend von dieser Problemstellung erfolgt im Zuge eines Gemeinschaftsvorhabens des ISAF in Kooperation mit der BAM eine gezielte Beeinflussung des Gefüges. Ziel des Projektes ist die Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Legierungsmodifikationen, der entstehenden Gefügemorphologie und den Zerspanungseigenschaften von Co- Cr-Legierungen für die additive Fertigung mittels PTA darzustellen. Der Fokus liegt auf dem Beheben der bestehenden Nachteile bei gleichzeitigem Aufrechthalten der besonderen Eigenschaften der Legierung. Durch das Hinzulegieren von variierenden Gehalten von Zirkonium und Hafnium wird die Gefügeveränderung eingestellt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass Hafnium als zusätzliches Legierungselement einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Gefügemorphologie hat. Darüber hinaus wird die Auswirkung der Legierungsmodifikation auf die Härte und die Zerspanbarkeit dargestellt.
Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Kommerzielle hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Derzeit ist jedoch eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse untersucht. Im Fokus dieser Analysen steht die Bestimmung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen WAAM-Prozessparametern bzw. der Wärmeführung auf das Gefüge und die Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden Referenzproben als offene Hohlquader mit definierten Abmessungen vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die gezielte Einstellung der geometrischen Eigenschaften erfolgt durch Schweißparameter und Nahtaufbau bei ca. 4 kg/h mittlerer Abschmelzleistung. Die Wärmeführung wird innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplanes mittels Streckenenergie (200 kJ/m bis 650 kJ/m) und Zwischenlagentemperatur (100 °C bis 300 °C) so variiert, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten dem empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich entsprechen (ca. 5 s bis 20 s). Ziel ist es bei konstanten geometrisch-konstruktiven Randbedingungen, den Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf Gefüge und resultierende Eigenspannungen zu analysieren. Darüber hinaus erfolgt die Bestimmung des Einflusses der t8/5-Abkühlzeit auf die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften des speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdrahts mithilfe von Dilatometeranalysen. Für die Streckenenergie können neben den Gefügeeinflüssen aufgrund der resultierenden Abkühlzeit deutliche Effekte insbesondere auf die lokalen Eigenspannungen im Bauteil belegt werden. Das Schweißen mit zu hoher Wärmeeinbringung bzw. Abschmelzleistung kann zu ungünstigen Gefüge- und Bauteileigenschaften führen, gleichzeitig jedoch niedrigere Zugeigenspannungsniveaus bewirken. Die Dilatometeranalysen zeigen für den untersuchten WAAM-Schweißzusatzwerkstoff eine großes t8/5-Zeitfenster mit einer vergleichsweise geringen Abnahme der Zugfestigkeit mit zunehmender t8/5-Abkühlzeit. Solche komplexen Wechselwirkungen gilt es letztlich mit diesen Untersuchungen zu klären, um leicht anwendbare Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und Normvorgaben für ein wirtschaftliches, anforderungsgerechtes und risssicheres WAAM von hochfesten Stählen den Anwendern zur Verfügung zu stellen.
Die additive Verarbeitung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle mittels Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) ist ein komplexes, aber zugleich auch effizientes Verfahren, bei dem Werkstoff, Bauteilgeometrie und Schweißprozess gezielt aufeinander abgestimmt sein müssen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Prozessparametern und der generierten Schichtgeometrie zu ermitteln. Dazu wurden definierte Referenzkörper mit einem robotergestützten Schweißsystem additiv gefertigt und hinsichtlich Schichthöhe, Wandstärke und Mikrostruktur analysiert. Fokus der Untersuchung waren sowohl konventionelle als auch für die WAAM-Fertigung speziell entwickelte hochfeste Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe. Die geometrischen Eigenschaften additiv gefertigter Bauteile lassen sich insbesondere durch die Faktoren Drahtvorschubgeschwindigkeit und Schweißgeschwindigkeit gezielt einstellen. Jedoch können diese Parameter nicht beliebig variiert werden, auch aufgrund der rheologischen Eigenschaften der Zusatzwerkstoffe. Zu hohe Streckenenergien führen zu lokalen Überhitzungen und Fehlstellen in der generierten Schicht. Undefinierte Fließ- und Erstarrungsvorgänge im überhitzten Bereich erschweren die maßhaltige Fertigung. Deshalb wird bei speziellen WAAM-Schweißdrähten das Fließverhalten gezielt modifiziert, sodass es über einen größeren Temperaturbereich hinweg konstant ist. Erst die Kenntnis über die komplexen Zusammenhänge zwischen den Prozessparametern und der Bauteilgeometrie ermöglicht die Erzeugung exakter Schichtmodelle für die additive Fertigung. Dies bildet die Grundlage für die Bearbeitung weiterer Fragestellungen auf dem Gebiet der additiven Fertigung mit hochfesten Zusatzwerkstoffen und insbesondere deren Anwendung in modernen hochfesten Bauteilen.
With 8% of man-made CO2 emissions, cement production is an important driver of the climate crisis. By using alkali-activated binders, part of the energy-intensive clinker production process can be dispensed. However, as numerous raw materials are involved in the manufacturing process here, the complexity of the materials increases by orders of magnitude. Finding a properly balanced binder formulation is like looking for a needle in a haystack. We have shown for the first time that artificial intelligence (AI)-based optimization of alkali-activated binder formulations can significantly accelerate research.
The "Sequential Learning App for Materials Discovery" (SLAMD) aims to accelerate practice transfer. With SLAMD, materials scientists have low-threshold access to AI through interactive and intuitive user interfaces. The value added by AI can be determined directly. For example, the CO2 emissions saved per ton of cement can be determined for each development cycle: the more efficient the AI optimization, the greater the savings.
Our material database already includes more than 120,000 data points of alternative binders and is constantly being expanded with new parameters. We are currently driving the enrichment of the data with a life cycle analysis of the building materials.
Based on a case study we show how intuitive access to AI can drive the adoption of techniques that make a real contribution to the development of resource-efficient and sustainable building materials of the future and make it easy to identify when classical experiments are more efficient.
In vielen Anwendungen werden aufgrund zunehmender Anforderungen an den Widerstand gegenüber hohen, kombinierten mechanischen, tribologischen, thermischen und korrosiven Beanspruchungen Hochleistungslegierungen eingesetzt. Den vielfach komplexen Bauteilstrukturen, herausfordernden Fertigungseigenschaften und der Erhöhung der Ressourceneffizienz lässt sich heute mit der additiven Fertigung (AM) begegnen, dem oftmals noch unzureichende Kenntnisse über die resultierende Homogenität und Anisotropie der speziellen Gefüge und den damit verbundenen Eigenschaften entgegensteht. Viele Anwendungen benötigen zudem definierte Oberflächen mit hohen Anforderungen an die Oberflächenintegrität, dem durch komplementären Einsatz von additiven und abtragenden Fertigungsschritten Rechnung getragen wird. Hochleistungslegierungen auf der Basis von Nickel oder Kobalt sind infolge der niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeit verbunden mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit äußerst herausfordernd mit Blick auf eine wirtschaftliche Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide. Ein Vorhaben (IGF-Nr. 20.979 N/DVS-Nr. 1.3211) der BAM und TU Clausthal/ISAF befasst sich mit der Lösung dieser Problemstellung durch gezielte Beeinflussung des Gefüges mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe und den Einsatz des ultraschallunterstützten Fräsens (US), bei gleichzeitiger Sicherstellung der geforderten Eigenschaften der untersuchten Werkstoffe. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden für die beiden untersuchten FeNi- und CoCr-Legierungen wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Legierungsmodifikationen, der entstehenden Gefügemorphologie und den Zerspanungseigenschaften von mittels PTA additiv gefertigter Proben dargestellt. Hierbei ließen sich Ti, Zr und Hf pulvermetallurgisch zu den jeweiligen Ausgangsschweißzusätzen hinzulegieren.
Usually, geometric irregularities are considered as the main cause of ground vibrations from trains. A varying stiffness of the track, the track support and the soil can also generate ground vibrations. The regular stiffness variation of the track on and between the sleepers results in a deterministic dynamic axle load. The random stiffness variation of the track support yields also dynamic axle loads which are generated by the acceleration of the unsprung mass (from the varying wheel displacements under the static axle load). The random stiffness variation has a second effect. The pulses from the passage of the static axle loads are superposed regularly to the quasi-static response, but also irregularly to yield a “scattered” part of the axle pulses. The same holds for a random variation of the soil stiffness. All these effects of stiffness variations have been calculated by wavenumber-domain multi-beam track models, a random finite-element soil model and the superposition of axle impulses in a stochastic simulation. The results are confronted with many measurements at different sites. It is concluded that the stiffness variation of the track and the soil generate an important ground vibration component near railway lines.
A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train-induced ground and building vibrations. For the emission, finite-element boundary-element or multiple-beam-on-continuous-soil models of the track have been analysed and approximated by faster track-on-Winkler-soil models. The vehicle-track interaction due to irregularities yields the excitation forces. For the transmission of waves in the soil, the wavenumber integral of the compliance of layered soils has been evaluated. The calculation time is reduced for the prediction by using the solution of a homogeneous half-space with a frequency-dependent wave velocity (the dispersion) of the soil. For the immision, many 2 and 3-dimenisonal finite-element building models have been investigated, and a good approximation has been established by a 1-dimensional soil-wall-floor model. In addition, the axle sequence of the train, the quasi-static and the “scattered” response of the soil, and the wave propagation from a tunnel to a pile foundation of a building have been included.
Vibration measurements have many causes and many technical and natural sources. Problems can sometimes be solved by short-term measurements, but in many cases, a long-term measurement is necessary. In long-term measurements of days, weeks, months and even years, it is easy to collect a huge quantity of raw data, but at the end, the post-processing of these data can be exhausting (for example one-year vibration data of a wind energy tower). A software has been developed which con-sists of measuring and evaluation routines where the measuring routines can operate different meas-uring systems and different measuring cards. The main advantage of this software is the fact that the interesting evaluations can be integrated in the measuring process so that the characteristics of the vibration can be extracted without storing all the raw data. Only important time segments are stored, for example train passages. The overall concept of the software and the main evaluation routines will be described in some details. Examples of our measurement experience will illustrate the capabilities of the software. 1) Surveying construction work in nearby sensitive buildings (for example an old wind tunnel), including a stable alarm system and meaningful vibration limits. 2) Prediction of train-induced vibration for a planned building to prevent annoyance and to improve the building design. 3) Modal analysis and long term measurements of several single- or multi-span, concrete or steel bridges 4) Modal and wave analysis of coupled floors in a historical building (“Neues Palais” at Potsdam). 5) Soil properties of various measurement sites (different routines to evaluate the dispersion). Moreover, from many projects, amplitudes, frequencies, and attenuation laws have been collected and analysed for the different sources such as vibratory or impact pile driving and ground compaction, demolition work with different machines, blasting in quarries and in tunnel works, bomb and mine clearing.
This work focuses on the design and fabrication of low-cost and fast-response of an electronic nose (E-nose) based on semiconductor gas sensors, for discriminating some synthetic gases such as ammonia (NH3), ethanol (C2H5OH), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Additionally, the capability of separating different concentration levels of each considered gases was checked. Dataset treatment of E-nose by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a good discrimination of the different synthetic gases. Furthermore, perfect classification was reached of different concentration levels of the analysed gases by using Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). In the light of these results, it could be stated that the developed E-nose system constitutes an inexpensive, rapid, simple to use, and efficient tool for synthetic gases detection.
In non-destructive testing and structural health monitoring with ultrasonic waves, the quantification of damage in components is one of the main tasks. In many shell-like structures, such as plates, pipes, or laminate components, ultrasonic waves propagate as guided waves. Although guided waves enable the testing of large areas, their multimodal and dispersive properties make it challenging to analyze signals. So, there is a need for more advanced algorithms to handle these properties, especially when reconstructing damage position and geometry.
The reconstruction can be formulated as an inverse problem where the measured signals are fitted with a simulative forward model. Due to the small wavelength of ultrasonic waves, classic forward models based on, e.g., the Finite Element Method are computationally intensive. In contrast, the authors use the semi-analytical Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM) to reduce the computational effort. The SBFEM approximates arbitrary long, undamaged parts of the structure with only a few degrees of freedom.
This contribution summarizes a general inverse procedure based on algorithmic differentiation in combination with the SBFEM. Results are presented for damaged 2D cross-sectional models of waveguides. These results include an analysis of the robustness of the proposed algorithms against noise.
An accurate and efficient description of the spatial distribution of laser energy is a crucial factor for the modeling of laser material processing, e.g., laser welding, laser cutting, or laser-based additive manufacturing. In this study, a 3D heat transfer and fluid flow model coupled with the volume-of-fluid algorithm for free surface tracking is developed for the simulation of molten pool dynamics in high-power laser beam welding. The underlying laser-material interactions, i.e., the multiple reflections and Fresnel absorption, are considered by a ray-tracing method. Two strategies of free surface reconstruction used in the ray-tracing method are investigated: a typical piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC)-based method and a novel localized Level-Set method. The PLIC-based method is discrete, resulting in non-continuous free surface reconstruction. In the localized Level-Set method, a continuous free surface is reconstructed, and thus the exact reflection points can be determined. The calculated spatial laser energy distribution and the corresponding molten pool dynamics from the two methods are analyzed and compared. The obtained numerical results are evaluated with experimental measurements to assure the validity of the proposed model. It is found that distinct patterns of the beam multiple reflections are obtained with the different free surface reconstructions, which shows significant influence not only on the molten pool behaviors but also on the localized keyhole dynamics.
This study presents mechanisms of the evolution of a narrowed region in the weld pool center during deep penetration laser beam welding. In numerous numerical studies presented in this study, it was also found that the local reduction of the weld pool size can cause detrimental effects on the melt flow behavior and the resulting properties of the welds. A particularly large influence of this effect was identified in three aspects. Firstly, the local variation of the solidification sequence of the weld pool causes an increase in the hot-cracking susceptibility due to a locally delayed solidification. Secondly, it was proven that a change in the local length and width of the weld pool is associated with an adverse impact on the potential flow routes of the molten material that induces stronger local variations of its solidification. Thus, the element mixing, e.g. during the welding with filler materials, is blocked. This leads to a non-homogeneous chemical composition of the final weld and can cause undesired effects on the final material properties. Finally, another observed effect is related to the reduced ability of process pores to reach the top surface. As this type of porosity is usually produced around the keyhole tip, the change of the fluid flow regime above this area plays a significant role in determining the final path of the pores until the premature solidification in the middle of the weld pool captures them. This study summarizes mainly numerical results which were supported by selected experimental validation results.
The Global Exploration Strategy of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) describes a timeframe of 2020 and beyond with the ultimate aim to establish a human presence on Mars towards the 2040ies. The next steps lie on the Moon with a focus on the coming 10 years. Early lunar surface missions will establish a capability in support of lunar science and prepare and test mission operations for subsequent human exploration of Mars and long-duration human activities on the Moon.
Given the extreme costs involved in the shipping of material from Earth, a prerequisite for future human exploration is the manufacturing of elements directly on the Moon’s surface. Unlike the equipment, which at the beginning will have to be brought from Earth, raw materials and energy could be available following the concept of In-Situ Resource Utilization. The ESA OSIP PAVING THE ROAD (PAVER) study investigates the use of a laser to sinter regolith into paving elements for use as roadways and launch pads thus mitigating dust issues for transport and exploration vehicles.
The ESA-funded study examines the potential of using a laser (12 kW CO2 laser with spot beam up to 100 mm) for layer sintering of lunar and martian regolith powders to manufacture larger 3D elements and provide know-how for the automatic manufacture of paving elements in the lunar environment. The project contributes to the first step toward the establishment of a lunar base and will lead to the construction of equipment capable of paving areas and manufacturing 3D structures.
PAVER project sets the starting point for an examination of the larger context of lunar exploration. Mission scenarios will look at different phases of lunar exploration: Robotic Lunar Exploration, Survivability, Sustainability, and Operational Phase. A proposed Technology Roadmap investigates the mission scenario and analyses how, and to which extent, laser melting/sintering will play a role in the various phases of exploration. The paper contextualizes laser sintering within selected mission scenarios and discusses the different kinds of infrastructure that can be produced at each phase of the mission. The outcome of the study includes the detailing of the TRL steps in the project and an outline of a timeline for the different elements. Covered aspects include terrain modelling such as operation pads, roadways, or towers, non-pressurized building structures to protect machinery, and habitat envelopes, to protect and shield humans against dust, micrometeoroids, and radiation.
In many cases, science falls back on self-developed prototype systems, which are used and developed for the measurement and execution of the tasks. About 80 % of the development is based on the same hardware design, which is used in only one application scenario and then discarded. For the most part, there are also uncalibrated sensors, since it is costly to calibrate a complicated sensor measurement system or the entire measurement chain since access to the sensor systems is not always available. This paper describes a conceptual design to implement a versatile sensor system with the motivation to fuse the data recording and data reception, which can cover large areas with the help of LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) technology. To overcome disadvantages of LoRaWAN, namely the slow data rates, the proposed sensor system can also cover smaller areas with the widespread WiFi technology. An enormous advantage over individual complete systems in the form of a prototype, is the rapid expansion, uncomplicated calibration of the individual sensors and the ecological relief.
A modular design is used, where individual stacks with sensors and peripherals can be added separately. The stacks are standalone low-power systems and can be calibrated, maintained, and replaced separately and do not require the entire measurement chain. The measured and sent values are stored locally on the main stack and sent to the data collector (gateway) and evaluated by means of the automated selection between WiFi and LoRaWAN.
Simulating a Gas Source Localization Algorithm with Gas Dispersion Produced by Recorded Outdoor Wind
(2023)
This paper reports the use of the first gas dispersion simulator capable of introducing large wind fluctuations into simulations. The proposed simulator enables testing of a modification made to a gas source localization algorithm in a realistic scenario in order to study how the change affects it. Gas source localization in an outdoor environment is a challenging task mainly due to the complexity of the gas spread caused by the unpredictable nature of constantly changing wind. Therefore, a novel use of outdoor wind in developing a gas source localization system by simulation is presented in this paper. To consider the characteristic of sudden but large and unpredictable changes in wind direction, we propose to use recorded outdoor wind to simulate a realistic outdoor gas dispersion which has been done for the first time to the best of our knowledge. With the use of this simulator, we have tested a modification to a mobile robot-based gas source localization algorithm. Multiple simulations of the modified and the original particle filter-based algorithm have been done to study the effect of the tested modification. The results showed that a small difference in the algorithm can greatly impact the results. From this study, we show that the use of simulation consisting of the necessary traits to evaluate outdoor gas source localization, has the potential to accelerate the development of a reliable localization system.
To better understand the dynamics in hazardous environments, gas distribution mapping aims to map the gas concentration levels of a specified area precisely. Sampling is typically carried out in a spatially sparse manner, either with a mobile robot or a sensor network and concentration values between known data points have to be interpolated. In this paper, we investigate sequential deep learning models that are able to map the gas distribution based on a multiple time step input from a sensor network. We propose a novel hybrid convolutional LSTM - transpose convolutional structure that we train with synthetic gas distribution data. Our results show that learning the spatial and temporal correlation of gas plume patterns outperforms a non-sequential neural network model.
Earth buildings and adobe construction have been in use for thousands of years. Loam is locally available, environmentally friendly and has a small CO2 footprint mainly resulting from extraction and transport. Because of these reasons loam is one of the building materials of the future.
Water resistance is an important aspect when using loam as a construction material. If the structural option of building protruding roofs cannot be implemented, the water resistance of clay can be improved by stabilization.
Positive properties of the material should not be diminished by stabilization. For example, the desired regulation of air humidity, which however cannot be fully preserved by cement stabilization.
For an alternative and more appropriate stabilisation, different mixtures with calcined clays with alkali activator were examined. The calcination temperature for clays is usually lower than for cement and starts at 600° C. The calcined clays therefore also have a lower CO2 footprint compared to cement. To keep the mixture environmentally friendly potassium was used as alkali ion. It could be proven that the alkali activated polymer enhances water resistance of the loam mixture. Provided some further optimization the material shows potential to replace cement without compromising on the positive properties of clay.
The low calcination temperature for clays (600° C) and a low CO2 footprint compared to cement make them an interesting material. To find a stabilization method for loam using calcined clays, activation by alkalis was necessary. Therefore (and to keep the mixture environmentally friendly) KOH was used as alkali activator. It could be proven that the alkali activated polymer enhances water resistance of the loam mixture.
Diese Arbeit zeigt erstmals die Anwendung einer elektromagnetischen Schmelzbadsicherung beim einlagigen MSG-Schweißen von dickwandigen Stählen. Die innovativen Entwicklungen im Bereich des Lichtbogenschweißverfahrens ermöglichen eine Erhöhung der Abschmelzleistung, um die Einschweißtiefe zu steigern. Somit kann die Lagenanzahl reduziert und die Produktivität gesteigert werden. Allerdings besteht insbesondere beim einlagigen Schweißen von dickwandigen Bauteilen in PA-Position ein erhöhtes Risiko für das gravitationsbedingte Austropfen der Schmelze an der Wurzel. Zur Verhinderung werden Badsicherungen eingesetzt, die mechanisch angebracht und nach dem Schweißen entfernt werden müssen, was zeit- und kostenintensiv ist.
Die im Rahmen dieser Studie eingesetzte elektromagnetische Schmelzbadsicherung wirkt dem gravitationsbedingten Austropfen der Schmelze entgegen und kompensiert den hydrostatischen Druck. Sie wirkt kontaktlos, was im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Badsicherungen vorteilhaft ist, so dass auf eine zeit- und kostenintensive Nachbearbeitung der Schweißnahtwurzel verzichtet werden kann. Das auf extern angelegten oszillierenden Magnetfeldern beruhende Verfahren wird dabei unterhalb des zu schweißenden Bauteils positioniert. Die Magnetfeldlinien sind quer zur Schweißrichtung ausgerichtet, sodass längs zur Schweißrichtung Wirbelströme im Werkstück und eine stets nach oben gerichtete Lorentzkraft generiert werden. Mit Hilfe der elektromagnetischen Badsicherung konnten beim einlagigen MSG-Schweißen von bis zu 10 mm dicken Blechen die Tropfenbildung vermieden werden. Die innovative Technologie ermöglicht es, dickwandige Bauteile einlagig zu schweißen und reduziert die Nachbearbeitungszeiten und -kosten deutlich.
Die technischen Entwicklungen in der Lasertechnologie in den letzten Jahrzehnten haben eine neue Generation von Hochleistungslasersystemen im Leistungsbereich bis zu 100 kW auf den Markt gebracht. Dennoch ist die industrielle Anwendung des Hochleistungslaserstrahlschweißens auf bis zu 15 mm dicke Bleche beschränkt. Mögliche Ursachen der Einschränkungen des Verfahrens sind z.B. die Sensibilität des Verfahrens auf Fertigungstoleranzen wie Spalt und Kantenversatz, die erhöhte Tropfenbildung bei höheren Blechdicken und eine inhomogene Verteilung des Zusatzwerkstoffes beim Laserhybridschweißen. In dieser Studie wird ein auf extern angelegte Magnetfelder basierte elektromagnetische Schmelzbadstütze eingesetzt, um die Grenzen des Verfahrens zu erweitern und die Herausforderungen zu minimieren. Der wesentliche Vorteil der elektromagnetischen Schmelzbadstütze ist, dass sie berührungslos arbeitet. Mit Hilfe der elektromagnetischen Schmelzbadstütze konnten bei 20 mm dicken Proben aus S355J2 die Tropfenbildung an der Wurzel vermieden werden. Zudem wurde der Einfluss der Kantenqualität auf die Schweißnahtqualität untersucht, wobei verschiedene Schneidverfahren zur Kantenvorbereitung eingesetzt wurden, wie z.B. Plasma-, Brenn- oder Laserschneiden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass auch bei schlechteren Kantenvorbereitung im Gegensatz zu gefrästen Bauteilen die Werkstoffe einlagig mittels Laserhybridschweißen bei einer hohen Schweißnahtqualität gefügt werden konnten. Bei plasmageschnittenen Proben wurden zudem eine Spaltüberbrückbarkeit bzw. Kantenversatz von bis zu 2 mm sicher überbrückt. Des Weiteren war es mit Hilfe der externen Magnetfelder möglich, die Durchmischung des Zusatzwerkstoffes über die gesamte Schweißnahttiefe deutlich zu homogenisieren.
Turning maneuvers of rail vehicles involve demanding situations for the infrastructure because of the steering forces generated and the resultant lateral load transfers. Such forcing situation involves increased tangential forces that consume kinetic energy from the vehicle. While much attention has been paid in the literature to the damage in such infrastructure segments, the energy that is dissipated in these maneuvers, has not been explicitly addressed. In this paper, a specialized scale-down infrastructure is used to characterize the effect of the initial speed of the vehicle and its mass, on the magnitude of both the rail forces developed and the amount of dissipated energy during turning maneuvers. The outputs of the experiments suggest that most of the original kinetic energy is dissipated at the first portion of the turn. Also, that the magnitude of the wheel forces and the amount of dissipated energy, correlate. That is, a greater rail damage would correspond to greater energy dissipation.
When it comes to higher accuracies, new technologies and real applications in additive manufacturing, there is one topic which cannot be avoided: The material response on the chosen processing parameters and its agreement and correspondence with literature data of the wrought material grade counterpart. In industrial Additive Manufacturing (AM) standards in terms of printing parameters, protection gas atmospheres or powder handling instructions are not obligatory. Therefore, the question must be answered whether the AM process is reproducible and reliable over different printing companies. This was the motivation to realize a round robin test between 8 European printing companies and academic partners. The consortium had printed and tested fatigue and tensile testing bars under plant-specific conditions. A commonly used cast aluminum alloy, AlSi10Mg, was chosen as test material for the PBF-LB/M process. Differences of the results between the partners and the scatter itself were discussed in detail.
Microplastic detection in water samples becomes important for tracing microplastic sources. Microplastic may harm desalination facilities by blocking filters and disturbing the marine food chain. Thermo analytical methods such as pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectroscopy, and spectroscopic methods like (micro) Raman spectroscopy or (micro) Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy in combination with appropriate filters and sample preparation are suitable for analyzing microplastics on a scale from 1 µm to 1000 µm fast and unambiguous. While the thermo analytical methods are suitable for larger sample volumes, Raman spectroscopy and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy are able to detect and analyze single microplastic particles for instance in bottled water. Machine learning algorithms ensure a reliable classification of different plastic materials.
Der Fachbeirat kommt bereits seit 13 Jahren in seiner jetzigen Form zusammen, um Zulassungsrichtlinien, weitere Dokumente und fachliche Fragestellungen zu beraten. Die Zeit bringt auch personelle Veränderungen mit sich, darüber wollen wir berichten. Derzeit wird die Zulassungsrichtlinie für Schutzschichten im Fachbeirat und in seiner Arbeitsgruppe Geotextilien und Kunststoff Dränelemente (AG Geotextilien) überarbeitet. Zudem wurde die Zulassungsrichtlinie für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen auf den aktuellen Stand der Regelsetzung und Normung gebracht. Bestimmte Medien, die hier bei einigen Prüfungen verwendet werden, dürfen nicht mehr in der EU in Verkehr gebracht werden. Hier werden die Hintergründe und Zusammenhänge in Kürze aufgezeigt. Zuletzt wird die Diskussion in Bezug auf den Einsatz von Rezyklaten in den zugelassenen Produkten aufgeführt.
Die vorliegende Untersuchung befasst sich mit dem Einfluss des Additive Manufacturing auf die Schweißeignung von Bauteilen aus Inconel 718. Hierfür wurden Proben mittels DED und L-PBF hergestellt und ihr Verhalten in Blindschweißversuchen anhand eines Vergleichs mit konventionellen Gussblechen untersucht. Im zweiten Schritt wurden die verschiedenen additiv hergestellten Proben mit dem Gussmaterial im I-Stoß sowie untereinander verschweißt.
Als Schweißverfahren wurde für alle Proben das Elektronenstrahlschweißen angewandt. Zur Auswertung wurde anhand von Schliffen das Nahtprofil vermessen und die Proben auf Poren und Risse untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde die Dichte vermessen und eine Prüfung auf Oberflächenrisse durchgeführt. Das AM-Material zeigte dabei Unterschiede in Nahtform und Defektneigung im Vergleich zum Gusswerkstoff. Insbesondere die DED-proben neigten unter bestimmten Parameterkonstellationen verstärkt zu Porenbildung. Risse konnten nicht beobachtet werden. Trotz auftretender Nahtunregelmäßigkeiten wurde in den kombinierten AM-Schweißproben die Bewertungsgruppe C erreicht. Eine Prüfung der bestehenden Regelwerke zur Schweißnahtbewertung anhand der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu additiv gefertigten Proben im Elektronenstrahlschweißprozess zeigte keinen Ergänzungsbedarf.
Für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa, ist die Zugabe von Mikrolegierungselementen, wie Nb und Ti, unerlässlich. Die Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle (bspw. in DIN EN 10025-6) geben zur Erzielung der vorgeschriebenen Eigenschaften dabei oft nur Grenzgehalte für die Hersteller vor. Die Wirkung der Legierungselemente in der WEZ ist teilweise komplett konträr. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit hinsichtlich der Schweißeignung und des Tragverhaltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Neben metallographischen Untersuchungen einzelner WEZ-Bereiche wurden unter Variation der chemischen Zusammensetzung, thermodynamische Phasenberechnungen mittels ThermoCalc durchgeführt. Hierdurch wird ein Verständnis zur Phasentransformation, Ausscheidungswachstum und -auflösung während des Schweißens in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Abkühlbedingungen geschaffen.
Der Weg zur digitalen Brücke ist eingeschlagen. Im Bereich der Planung, Bauüberwachung und -ausführung wird aktuell das Building Information Modelling (BIM) eingeführt. Ist eine Brücke in der Baulast von Bund und Ländern errichtet, wird ihr Zustand im Zuge von wiederkehrenden Bauwerksprüfungen nach DIN 1076 lückenlos überwacht. Abgespeichert werden die Informationen der Überwachung in einer Datenbank (ASB-ING Teilsystem Bauwerksdaten). Aus dieser Datenbank können anschließend relevante Informationen in ein objektspezifisches Bauwerksbuch überführt werden. In dieser Datenbank werden im Vorfeld definierte Daten abgespeichert. Reine Messdaten oder aber auch die verwendeten ingenieurtechnisch-physikalischen Modelle verbleiben in der Regel bei den beauftragen Dienstleistern. Zusammengefasst existieren verschiedene parallele Insellösungen der Informationsablage. Gegenstand verschiedener Forschungsanstrengungen ist es nun Lösungen zu finden, die einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz für den Informationsfluss von der Errichtung über den Betrieb bis hin zum Abbruch eines Bauwerkes sicherstellen. Im Rahmen einer prototypischen Entwicklung wird auf Grundlage, des für die Industrie 4.0 entwickelten open source Software Framework Eclipse BaSyx, ein möglicher Lösungsansatz – die Verwaltungsschale BBox (Bridge Box) - präsentiert. Dieser Lösungsansatz stellt das physikalisch-ingenieurtechnische Modell zur Zustandsbewertung der Brücke gedanklich in den Mittelpunkt. Unter der Voraussetzung einer durchgängigen Digitalisierung der gesamten Prozessschritte innerhalb der Lebensdauer der Brücke, kann jeder Planungs- und Fertigungsschritt, die Instandhaltung einschließlich des Rückbaus erfasst werden. Das Besondere hierbei ist, dass auch die Grundlagen der Bewertung, wie Messdaten, mit abgespeichert werden. Die Modellstruktur der Verwaltungsschale erlaubt hierbei eine bedarfsgerechte Granularität hinsichtlich der Messdaten auf allen virtuellen Ebenen, um das physikalisch-ingenieurtechnisch Modell mit Daten zu versorgen. Die gewählte Form der Datenablage bildet den Grundstein für zukünftige KI-Auswertungen z.B. mit den Methoden des Maschinellen Lernens (ML). Der Zugriff auf die dafür jeweils benötigten Daten wird durch die Ablage der Daten einschließlich Metadaten und den Einsatz einer Standard S3 Schnittstelle stark vereinfacht. Der Beitrag stellt die Entwicklung und die Systemarchitektur der BBox am Beispiel von 2 Projekten dar.
Der Kerbschlagbiegeversuch ist seit der ersten Hälfte des letzten Jahrhunderts standardisiert und seit langem als Prüfverfahren international genormt. Weltweit sind zu garantierende Werte der Kerbschlagenergie (KV) und Übergangstemperaturen (TÜ) in Produktnormen und Regelwerken festgelegt. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen besteht dabei die Option, statt Normalproben Untermaßproben zu prüfen. Im Rahmen einer Untersuchung der BAM wurde der aktuelle Status von Prüf- und Produktnormen sowie Regelwerken zur Bewertung der Bauteilintegrität hinsichtlich ihres Umgangs mit Untermaßprobenergebnissen erfasst. Zur Schaffung einer geeigneten aktuellen Datenbasis wurden an ISO-V-Proben der Dicken 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 und 10,0 mm aus vier aktuellen Baustählen KV2-T-Kurven ermittelt. Es wurden unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen zur Kurvenanpassung und Festlegung von Übergangstemperaturen praktiziert. Ferner kamen verfügbare Ansätze zur Skalierung von Untermaßprobenergebnissen auf die Werte von Normalproben zur Anwendung. Das Ausmaß des Probendickeneffektes ist werkstoff- und temperaturabhängig. Im Bereich der Werkstoffprüfung ist akzeptiert, dass die Ergebnisse von Normal- und Untermaß-proben nicht ohne Weiteres ineinander überführt werden können. Der Stand der Produktnormung und der Regelwerke ist jedoch im besten Falle als unzureichend, vielfach jedoch schlicht als falsch zu bezeichnen. In einem weiten anwendungsrelevanten Temperaturbereich werden hier sogar deutlich nicht-konservative Skalierungsergebnisse geliefert. Die betroffenen Produkt-normenreihen und Regelwerke müssen überarbeitet werden.
Bei der Auslegung von Achsschenkeln für Nutzfahrzeuge wird für den Überlastfall ein fail-safe-Kriterium (kontrolliertes Versagen) als Basisphilosophie angesetzt. Gefordert wird, dass sich der Achsschenkel auch unter Akzeptanz begrenzten Risswachstums hinreichend elastisch-plastisch verformen kann, ohne dass es zum Bruch kommt. Der Fahrer soll anschließend anhand der bleibenden Verformungen bemerken können, dass mit seinem Fahrzeug etwas nicht in Ordnung ist. Eine Voraussetzung für dieses Bauteilverhalten ist eine hinreichende Bruchzähigkeit des Werkstoffs. Diese, wie auch die Rissspitzenbeanspruchung, müssen ermittelt werden, um den bruchmechanischen Sicherheitsnachweis führen zu können. Zur Ermittlung der mechanisch-technologischen und bruchmechanischen Werkstoffeigenschaften wurde ein Prüfkonzept entwickelt, bei dem die Proben an der potenziell kritischen Stelle direkt aus den geschmiedeten Achsschenkeln entnommen werden. Die experimentelle Werkstoffcharakterisierung bildet dann die Beanspruchungsbedingungen beim Überlastereignis ab. Im Rahmen der Produktion stehen jedoch nur Kerbschlagarbeitswerte zur Verfügung und aufwändige bruchmechanische Versuche sollen vermieden werden. Deshalb wurde eine Korrelation zur Abschätzung der vorhandenen Bruchzähigkeit aus der Kerbschlagarbeit herangezogen. Es ergibt sich eine Ergebnismatrix, die die Einflussgrößen Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit, Temperatur und Bruchzähigkeit verknüpft. Abschließend wird ein erster Vergleich der abgeschätzten mit den experimentell ermittelten Bruchzähigkeitswerten gezogen. Dieser weist aus, dass die abgeschätzten Werte geringfügig konservativ sind.
Für die Beförderung von umschlossenen radioaktiven Stoffen (Strahler) können Transporterleichterungen gelten, wenn das Strahlerdesign nachweislich unfallsicher ausgelegt ist und eine Zulassung als radioaktiver Stoff in besonderer Form vorliegt. Die in Deutschland zuständige Behörde für die Prüfung und Zulassung radioaktiver Stoffe in besonderer Form ist die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM).
Eine oft langfristige Nutzung der Strahler kann eine alterungsbedingte Schwächung der Umschließung des radioaktiven Stoffes zur Folge haben. Jeder Strahler einer zugelassenen Bauart muss jedoch im Beförderungsfall zu jeder Zeit, auch nach längerer Nutzung, den vorgeschriebenen Prüfanforderungen genügen. Die Alterungsbewertung auf der Grundlage einer vom Antragsteller zu spezifizierenden Nutzungsdauer des radioaktiven Stoffes in besonderer Form ist seit langer Zeit Bestandteil des Zulassungsverfahrens in Deutschland. Ein von Deutschland eingebrachter Vorschlag im Rahmen der anstehenden Revision der IAEA Empfehlungen für die sichere Beförderung von radioaktiven Stoffen (SSR-6) soll die Lesbarkeit des Regelwerkes bezüglich der Alterungsbewertung verbessern, Klarheit über die damit verbundenen Anforderungen erzeugen und damit zu einer Harmonisierung der Zulassungsverfahren auf internationaler Ebene beitragen. In diesem Beitrag sollen wichtige Einflussfaktoren auf das Alterungsverhalten von radioaktiven Stoffen in besonderer Form aufgezeigt und die Notwendigkeit für die Spezifikation einer Nutzungsdauer als Grundlage für die Alterungsbewertung begründet werden. Der deutsche Vorschlag für die Revision des IAEA Regelwerks zum sicheren Transport radioaktiver Stoffe (SSR-6) wird vorgestellt und erläutert.
In line with the industrial trend of additive manufacturing, cold spray as a non-laser-based process is becoming increasingly important for many fields of application. For the evaluation of additive manufacturing of winding components made of copper for large electrical high-voltage machines, material and component properties such as electrical conductivity, mechanical load capacity and the component size that can be produced are of particular importance. In this context, the cold spray process offers advantages over laser-based additive manufacturing processes such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) or laser cladding by using the kinetic energy of the copper powder particles to generate particle cohesion. To investigate the electrical conductivity as well as the mechanical load capacity of cold spray parts, specimens were machined out of cold sprayed bulk copper deposits. The characteristic values were obtained with regard to the direction of deposition, which is defined by the direction of the robot’s movement. Thus, for the investigation of the component properties, specimens were provided that had been produced both longitudinally and transversely as well as orthogonally to the direction of deposition. The results of the investigations show that both the electrical conductivity and the mechanical load capacity of the specimen have a strong preferential direction of the specimen orientation with respect to the direction of deposition. Furthermore, it could be shown that by increasing the deposition height, there is an increasing oxygen content in the sample material, combined with increasingly significant defect networks. These effects have a negative impact on the electrical conductivity as well as on the mechanical load capacity. As a conclusion, further need for investigation is identified in the optimization of the process parameters as well as in the deposition strategy for the additive manufacturing of large-volume components with cold spray.
Corrosive geothermal brines are a major challenge to geothermal power-plants. For cost reasons, plant designers favorize low alloyed steels, e.g., carbon steel, which are susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic and saline properties. To solve such problem, coatings or inhibitors would be a protective solution as an alternative to the use of high alloyed materials.
This study investigated a coating system consisting of polyaniline/silicon dioxide basing on locally available resources. Protection against corrosion of carbon steel is shown by long-term exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels, performed in an artificial acidic and saline geothermal brine, comparable to real conditions at a site in Indonesia.
Therefore, an integrated coating system is presented for corrosion protection, combining the electro-chemical functionality of polyaniline and the physical advantages of silica.
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are innovative high-performance materials that have attracted more and more research attention. HEAs are characterized by a solid solution of typically five equiatomic metallic elements. In addition, medium-entropy alloys (MEA, with three elements) are of interest and become more and more important. Depending on the alloy concept, HEAs and MEAs show exceptional mechanical properties, especially high-strength and ductility combinations at both cryogenic and elevated temperatures combined with excellent corrosion resistance. Future structural HEA/MEA components can be exposed to potential applications with hydrogen containing environments like high-temperature water in pressurized nuclear reactors or aerospace structures. Other potential applications could be in materials for vessel walls in the field of cryogenic and high-pressure hydrogen storage. So far, the susceptibility of HEAs/MEAs to hydrogen assisted cracking (if any) and the hydrogen diffusion is not investigated in detail yet and can limit or extend possible applications of HEA/MEA as structural materials. In our work, we focused on the hydrogen absorption, diffusion, and distribution in a HEA (CoCrFeMnNi the original Cantor-alloy) and a MEA (CoCrNi). Cathodic hydrogen charging was carried out for the hydrogen ingress, and thermal desorption analysis (TDA) revealed complex hydrogen trapping in both alloy types up to 300 °C. The absorbed total hydrogen concentrations were > 100 ppm for the HEA and > 40 ppm for MEA. In addition, the assessment of the peak deconvolution is not trivial and must consider both experimental and microstructure influences.
Offshore wind turbines are an important goal in national energy strategies worldwide. Foundation structures are manufactured from submerged arc welded (SAW) plates with thicknesses up to 200 mm. In that connection, high-strength steels like the S420G2+M are more and more applied offering the possibility for increased stability and load-bearing capacity of the foundations. These offshore steel grades can show a susceptibility for delayed hydrogen assisted cold cracking of the weld joints. For that purpose, a minimum waiting time (MWT) of up to 48 h (dependent on applied standards) is recommended before non-destructive testing is allowed and conducted. But this concept is based on older steel grades that have been used for three or more decades. Nowadays, the metallurgical improvements (clean steels, proper rolling, and heat treatment) of base materials and well as welding consumables must be anticipated. Hence, the MWT concept should be critically discussed as it is assumed to be very conservative. For that reason, the focus of this study was to investigate the diffusion behavior in S420G2+M steel and its multi-layer SAW joint. Electrochemical permeation experiments were carried at room temperature. Boundary conditions were anticipated in terms of using different sample thicknesses. From the experimental data, hydrogen diffusion coefficients and absorbed diffusible hydrogen concentrations had been calculated. It was shown that hydrogen diffusion in the base material is increased compared to the weld metal. In addition, the sample thickness had a significant on the calculated diffusion coefficients. The minimum and maximum diffusion coefficients had been used for numerical modelling of the hydrogen diffusion in the welding joint. It became clear that a MWT must be always regarded together with a critical initial diffusible hydrogen concentration for the evaluation of a possible delayed cracking as diffusion times were mostly > 48 h due to the thick plates.
The majority of ultrasonic devices used for non-destructive testing in civil engineering require contact with the surface of the concrete (specimen), which significantly increases the time required for the measurement. This makes it impractical for extensive investigation of large-scale structures such as bridge decks, foundations, or tunnels.
In a pioneering approach, fluidic oscillators are used as contact free ultrasonic sources to overcome the aforementioned limitations. These robust and cost-effective actuators require only pressurised air and are ideally suited for harsh environments. At a constant supply pressure, they generate a continuous mono-frequent actuation signal. Further, varying the supply pressure via a fast pressure regulator was found to generate a frequency modulated signal which enabled time-of-flight measurement with an added advantage of increased signal to noise ratio. To demonstrate the feasibility of this novel idea of non-contact ultrasound, the results of the initial tests are presented.
Aschen und Schlacken und aus der Abfallverbrennung, chemische und mineralogische Zusammensetzung
(2022)
Aschen und Schlacken sind mengenmäßig der wichtigste Reststoffstrom in der thermischen Abfallbehandlung. Die enthaltenen elementaren Metalle werden mit gängigen Verfahren abgetrennt und einer Verwertung als Sekundärrohstoff zugeführt. Durch die chemische und mineralogische Zusammensetzung der mineralischen Fraktion wird das Umweltverhalten sowie die abfallrechtliche Einstufung bestimmt. Methoden zur Ermittlung der Einstufung werden vorgestellt. Das Löslichkeitsverhalten von Schwermetallen in gealterten Aschen hängt meist vom pH-Wert in den standardisierten Auslaugtests ab. Das davon abweichende Verhalten von Antimon wird detailliert beschrieben.
Laser welding is an appropriate technique for joining Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) parts together and to conventional wrought ones. The potential consists of profiting from synergies between additive and conventional manufacturing methods and overcoming the existing limitations of both. On the one hand, L-PBF is a widely spread metal-based additive manufacturing technique suitable for generating complex parts which can present intrinsic designed cavities, conformal cooling channels, and filigree structures contributing to sustainable manufacturing and efficiency-oriented designs. On the other hand, chamber sizes for producing L-PBF parts are limited, and the process is time-consuming. Thus, its employment is not for every geometry justified. Additionally, they are in most cases individual elements of a larger assembly and need to be joined together to conventionally fabricated parts.
The present research suggests laser welding parameters to adequately bond pairs of wrought and L-PBF processed plates and two L-PBF plates of Inconel 718 in butt position. L-PBF samples are printed in three different build-up orientations. Additionally, the influence of as-built L-PBF roughness qualities and usual pre-weld preparations such as edge milling are examined. The effect of normed pre-weld heat treatments is also contemplated. Identified cracks are analyzed by means of EDS in order to confirm the present phases on the areas of interest. EBSD is also employed to obtain a clear depiction of the crystallographic texture and distribution of the hot cracks.
The quality of the weldment was examined according to existing standards. Substantial differences in seam geometry and microstructure across different edge’s surface qualities and build directions of stress relieved L-PBF parts have not been detected. Nevertheless, even if no other irregularities are present in the seam, variability in liquation cracking susceptibility has been confirmed. This defect is prone to happen when parts made of this nickel-based superalloy are welded together when not enough precautions are taken. It has been determined that grain size and ductility of the material before welding play a crucial role and mitigating or intensifying these imperfections. Moreover, recommendations are presented to avoid this potential welding defect.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy – A Tool for Imaging the Chemical Composition of Concrete
(2022)
One of the most common causes of damage is the ingress of harmful ions into the concrete, which can lead to deterioration processes and affect structural performance. Therefore, the increasingly aging infrastructure is regularly inspected to assess durability. Regular chemical analysis can be useful to determine the extent and evolution of ion ingress and to intervene in a timely manner. This could prove more economical than extensive repairs for major damage, particularly for critical infrastructure. In addition to already established elemental analysis techniques in civil engineering such as potentiometric titration or X-ray fluorescence analysis, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can provide further important complementary information and benefits. The possibilities of LIBS are demonstrated using the example of a drill core taken from a parking garage.
In this paper, a cost-efficient distributed fiber optic measurement system based on Rayleigh scattering is presented. The distributed digital incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR) method is developed for detection of significantly large strain in the range from 3 % up to 10 % as required by end users. For this purpose, a vector network analyzer used in the I-OFDR is replaced by a compact and cost-effective digital data acquisition system. This digital emitting/receiving unit enables the recording of the complex transfer function carrying information about the local deformations along the entire sensing fiber.
Untersuchung zur Herstellung von Cu-Strukturen mittels Wire Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing
(2022)
Das Additive Manufacturing gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung für die Fertigung metallischer Bauteile im industriellen Umfeld. Hierbei wird zunehmend auch auf drahtförmige Ausgangswerkstoffe gesetzt, da diese Vorteile im Handling bieten, bereits in der Industrie etabliert sind und sich in der Regel durch geringere Beschaffungskosten auszeichnen. In den letzten Jahren entwickelte sich neben den bereits im großen Umfeld untersuchten Wire-DED-Verfahren auch eine Prozessvariante unter Nutzung des Elektronenstrahls zur industriellen Marktreife. Dabei zeigt die als Wire Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing bezeichnete Technologie besondere Vorteile gegenüber anderen, zumeist Laser- oder Lichtbogen-basierten DED-Prozessen. Das Verfahren bietet vor allem Potenzial für die Verarbeitung von hochleitfähigen, reflektierenden oder oxidationsgefährdeten Werkstoffen. Insbesondere für die Herstellung von Bauteilen aus Kupferlegierungen zeigt sich der Elektronenstrahl als besonders geeignet. Um das Verfahren einem breiten Anwenderkreis in der Industrie zugänglich zu machen, fehlen jedoch übergreifende Daten zu Leistungsfähigkeit, Prozessgrenzen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit dieser Problemstellung am Beispiel zweier Cu-Werkstoffe. Dabei werden ein korrosionsbeständiger Werkstoff aus dem maritimen Bereich sowie eine Bronze mit guten Verschleißeigenschaften aus dem Anlagenbau getestet.
Über mehrstufige Testschweißungen wurden die physikalisch möglichen Prozessgrenzen ermittelt und Rückschlüsse über die Eignung der Parameter zum additiven Aufbau gezogen. Hierfür wurden zunächst optimale Bereiche für den Energieeintrag anhand von Volumenenergie sowie mögliche Schweißgeschwindigkeiten untersucht.
Anschließend wurde die Skalierbarkeit des Prozesses anhand von Strahlstrom und Drahtvorschub getestet.
Als wesentliche Zielgrößen wurden dabei Spurgeometrie, Aufmischung und Härte herangezogen. Die Eignung der ermittelten Parameter wurde im letzten Schritt exemplarisch anhand einer additiven Testgeometrie in Form eines Zylinders nachgewiesen.
Safety and reliability are the major challenges to face for the development and acceptance of hydrogen technology. It is therefore crucial to study deeply material compatibility, in particular polymer materials that are directly in contact with hydrogen. This paper presents an experimental study on the fretting wear behavior of two types of cross-linked hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers against 316L steel ball in hydrogen environment. Furthermore, aging experiments were conducted for 7 days under static conditions in 100 MPa hydrogen. the influences of hydrogen pressure as well as the aging exposure on the fretting behavior are discussed by means of surface analyses along with the material properties.
Holz wird vielfach in Stoßdämpfern von Transportbehältern für radioaktives Material eingesetzt. Dafür wird oftmals Fichtenholz verwendet, das in mehreren Lagen und senkrecht zueinander liegender Faserrichtung zwischen einer inneren und einer äußeren Stahlhülle eingebaut wird. Die Reibung zwischen den dabei entstehenden Grenzflächen ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Stoß- und Energieabsorption, z. B. bei einem Aufprall des Behälters auf eine harte Unterlage. Um detaillierte Informationen für entsprechende numerische Simulationen zu bekommen, wurden in dieser Arbeit die Reibungszahlen von Holz-Holz- und Holz-Stahl-Paarungen bei für derartige Behälter relevanten Beanspruchungsbedingungen im Temperaturbereich zwischen -40°C und 90°C gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine gleichmäßige, mit steigender Temperatur abfallende Reibung, wobei die Werte für Holz-Stahl-Paarungen zwischen 0,43 bei -40°C und 0,22 bei 90°C sowie für Holz-Holz-Kontakte zwischen 0,3 bei -40°C und 0,24 bei 90°C liegen.
Investigating the spalling behaviour of a concrete mixture using large scale members is complex and expensive. Thus, the susceptibility of concrete to spalling is investigated by means of fire tests on small scale specimens. However, the reduction of the fire exposed surface increases the influence of boundary effects. Macrocracking and the water loss via the lateral surfaces reduce the impact of the thermomechanical and thermohydraulic damage mechanisms and therefore, lower the risk of spalling. Thus, the influence of different restraints on the spalling behaviour of intermediate scaled specimens (Ø=0.47 m; h=0.29 m) was investigated for two ordinary concrete mixtures. Both mixtures had the same composition except the type of aggregate. One mixture contained only quartzitic aggregates, whereas the other mixture was made with basalt grit as coarse aggregates. Applied steel rings restrained the thermal expansion of the specimen and prevented the loss of water, whereas applied steel sheet primarily reduced the loss of water during the fire test. Additionally, the fire exposed surface of one specimen of each mixture was pre-dried under controlled climate conditions and fire tested with applied steel rings. The results show a higher spalling volume for the ring restrained specimens compared to the other covering types. Further, the pre-dried boundary zone leads to delayed and decreased occurrence of spalling compared to the non-dried specimens for the concrete with quartzitic aggregates and to a prevention of spalling for the mixture with basalt aggregates. Additionally, the results show that the influence of the thermomechanical behaviour of the coarse aggregates increases with increasing restraint. The restrained conditions of the specimens with applied steel ring are comparable to the conditions in the centre of a large scale member. This test series is a further step for possible concept of steel ring restraint concrete specimens as “screening-tests” in upcoming projects.
The attenuation of wave amplitudes is ruled by the planar, cylindrical or spherical geometry of the wave front (the geometric or power-law attenuation) but also by the damping of the soil (an exponential attenuation). Several low- and high-frequency filter effects are derived for the layering and the damping of the soil, for the moving static and the distributed train loads and for a homogeneous or randomly heterogeneous soil. Measurements of hammer- and train-induced vibrations at five sites have been analysed for these attenuation and filter effects. The measured attenuation with distance can be discribed by generalised power laws and some reasons will be discussed. The theoretical filter effects can well be found in the measurements.
Druckbehälter mit großen Wandstärken (250+ mm) aus hochwarmfesten, niedriglegierten Stählen werden hauptsächlich Mehrdraht-Unterpulver-(UP) geschweißt. Der damit verbundene hohe Energieeintrag führt unter anderem zu hohen lokalen Schweißeigenspannungen, welche bei unsachgemäßer Prozessführung der notwendigen Wärmenachbehandlung (PWHT) zu Spannungsrelaxationsrissen (SRR) führen. In den Bewertungskriterien zur Spannungsrelaxationsrissanfälligkeit finden weder die, mit klassischen, freischrumpfenden Schweißversuchen nicht abbildbaren, erhöhten Eigenspannungen aus der Schrumpfbehinderung der Bauteilsteifigkeit Beachtung, noch die damit einhergehenden metallurgischen Effekte wie bspw. das Ausscheidungswachstum während der PWHT und damit einhergehende Härteunterschiede an den Korngrenzen bzw. die vorzeitige Alterung durch Bildung differenter Sonderkarbide. Die Aufheizrate des PWHT als Einflussfaktor für die SRR-Bildung bleibt derzeit ebenfalls unbeachtet.
Daher wurde eine Versuchsmethodik entwickelt, die eine mögliche SRR-Anfälligkeit durch die Kopplung von thermischer und mechanischer Beanspruchung untersucht. Dazu wurden Proben mit unterschiedlichen Gefügen thermisch simuliert und während des PHWT repräsentativ mit sehr hohen Lasten/Eigenspannungen mechanisch beansprucht.
Dazu wurde an Kleinzugproben für das as-welded UP-Schweißgut und die thermisch simulierte GKZ eines 13CrMoV9-10 die Dehnung des Prüfbereichs bei variablen Querspannungen und Aufheizraten gemessen. Diese aufheizraten- und gefügeabhängige Längenänderung der Probe wurde durch mathematische Prozeduren analysiert. Damit war es möglich, singuläre werkstoffliche Effekte auf μm-Ebene (Ausscheidungswachstum) als summarische Längen- bzw. Volumenänderung per klassischer Kurvendiskussion zu beschreiben. Die erste und zweite Ableitung zeigten eine ausscheidungsabhängige Härtezunahme, welche von der Spannung und Aufheizrate im geringen Maß linear abhängig war. Gleichzeitig sind Volumenänderungen bei Bildung und Wachstum differenter Sonderkarbide bekannt, welche zusammen mit gefügespezifischen Untersuchungen und der neuen Versuchsmethodik zu einer verbesserten Beurteilung der SRR-Anfälligkeit von geschweißten CrMoV-Stählen beitragen sollen. Prinzipiell ist die vorgestellte Methodik jedoch werkstoff- und zustandsoffen, d.h. sowohl für Grundwerkstoff e als auch definierte Wärmebehandlungsbedingungen geeignet. Dies ermöglicht erstmals die Schaffung einer Transfergröße zwischen Labor und realen Schweißungen, unter Beibehaltung der Bauteilsteifigkeit, d.h. vereinfachte, aber realistische Eigenspannungsabbildung als Grundlage für weitergehende gefügespezifische metallurgische Effekte während des PWHT.
Komponenten aus dickwandigen, hochwarmfesten CrMoV-Stählen erfordern eine anspruchsvolle UP-Schweißverarbeitung. Dabei muss die notwendige Wärmenachbehandlung der Schweißnaht (PWHT) sicher beherrscht werden.
Hier kann u.U. Bauteilversagen infolge von Spannungsrelaxationsrissbildung (SRR) auftreten. Bislang erfolgt die Beurteilung der SRR-Neigung primär über Ersatzgrößen, wie temperaturbedingte Änderung der Härte und Duktilität.
Die Wirkung der konstruktiven Schrumpfbehinderung einer Schweißnaht auf die SRR ist bislang völlig unbekannt.
Hier setzt das Forschungsprojekt an, hinsichtlich der Gewinnung und Optimierung der Parameter für die PWHT unter realitätsnahen Bauteilsteif igkeiten (def inierte Einspannbedingung) mit dem Ziel der SRR-Vermeidung. Am Beispiel des niedriglegierten, hochwarmfesten Stahls 13CrMoV9-10 wurden UP- Schweißungen unter industriepraktischen Bedingungen freischrumpfend bzw. unter definierter Schrumpfbehinderung durchgeführt. Diese wurden mit unterschiedlichen PWHT-Szenarien (Variation der Auf heizrate und Endtemperatur) beaufschlagt. Die Ergebnisse des Projektes DVS 01.2261 / IGF 20171 N werden in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt, wie Aussagen zur SRR-Suszeptibilität in Abhängigkeit von Mikrostruktur und vorliegender mehrachsiger mechanischer Beanspruchung der Schweißnaht vor/während des PWHT. Für einen kritischen Zustand sind hohe Kräfte / Spannungen notwendig, die in freischrumpfenden Schweißversuchen u.U. nicht abbildbar sind. Die Berücksichtigung des mikrostrukturspezifischen Ausscheidungsverhaltens (in Schweißgut und Wärmeeinflusszone) unter realitätsnahen Einspannbedingungen ist für die Bewertung einer SRR-Suszeptibilität notwendig. Instrumentierte Schweißversuche unter definierter Schrumpfbehinderung ermöglichen hier das Monitoring der entstehenden Reaktionskräfte, -momente bzw. -spannungen. Ausgehend von diesem Referenzzustand erfolgte die Applikation der PWHT-Szenarien bzw. deren praktische Überprüfung. Zusätzlich wurde eine Ersatzprüfmethodik entwickelt, die die Betrachtung der mikrostrukturspezifischen SRR-Suszeptibilität unter Beibehaltung der äußeren Schrumpfbehinderung der Schweißnaht während des PWHT ermöglicht. Hierdurch wird die Bauteilübertragbarkeit ermöglicht und eine Transfergröße geschaffen, welche die Bauteilbewertung hinsichtlich der SRR-Neigung umfasst.