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The suitability of an Al2O3 coating for corrosion protection on X20Cr13 was evaluated in various artificial geothermal brines, focusing on the influence of different pH (4, 6 and 8) and their chemical compositions on the coating properties. All experiments were performed in the laboratory using autoclaves at 150 ◦C and 1 MPa in deaerated condition for 1 and 7 days. Results showed that the pH of geothermal waters is the most detrimental factor in the transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 and its protective abilities. Delaminations were found in the Coating exposed to geothermal brines with pH 4. FTIR spectra indicated a transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 to boehmite AlOOH after exposure to pH 4 and 6, and bayerite Al(OH)3 was formed after exposure to pH 8. Different Crystal structures of the hydrated Al2O3 also contribute to the stability of the coatings, observed by the SEM- EDX of the surface and cross-section of coatings. This study indicated that ɣ-Al2O3 sol-gel coating presents a promising aspect of corrosion protection in geothermal environment with a neutral pH.
Al2O3 coatings are often used as protective layers on steels against electrochemical and high-temperature corrosion because they are chemically inert and stable at elevated temperatures. This study presents preliminary work on the possibilities of using Al2O3 sol-gel coatings for corrosion protection of martensitic stainless steels in geothermal environments. Al2O3 sol-gel coatings were applied on UNS S42000, which is known to be susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion. The coated steel specimens were then tested in two types of artificial geothermal water, which simulate the geothermal fluids found in Sibayak (SBY), Indonesia, and North German Basin (NGB), Germany, respectively. SBY has pH 4 and 1.5 g/L of chloride ions, whereas NGB has a pH of 6 and 166 g/L of chloride ions. All experiments were carried out in autoclaves at 150 °C and 1 MPa under the deaerated condition. Evaluations were performed by investigating the surface profiles of both uncoated and coated steels before and after the corrosion test using a Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to compare the corrosion resistance of Al2O3 coated steels in SBY and NGB solutions. It was observed from the corrosion test that Al2O3 coatings are more suitable for use in the geothermal water with a higher pH.
In order to observe the effect of the aggregate phases between 2 mm and 16 mm without overlap with rheological effects induced by the cement hy-dration and without interactions with a threshold fine sand particle size that affects both, paste and aggregates, rheological experiments were conducted on a limestone filler based paste mixed with aggregates up to 16 mm. Vari-ous aggregate fractions were blended and mixed with the replacement paste in different volumetric ratios.
The dry aggregates’ flow coefficients were determined and compared to yield stress and plastic viscosity values at different aggregate volume fractions. The results indicated that the flow coefficient is not a suitable parameter to predict the performance of the aggregates in the paste. It was shown that the yield stress of pastes is largely determined by the blend of different aggregate fractions, while the plastic viscosity to large extend depends upon the coars-est aggregate fraction.
Based on the results, ideal aggregate composition ranges for minimised yield stress are presented. For the plastic viscosity no such grading curves to achieve minimum values could be found, but high viscosity curves are identified.
Aufgrund der demographischen Entwicklung und dem damit verbundenen gesteigertem Bedarf an Medikamenten besteht in Deutschland das Problem des Eintrags von Rückständen und Transformationsprodukten über das Abwasser in die Umwelt. In herkömmlichen Reinigungsverfahren werden Medikamentenrückstände häufig unvollständig entfernt oder in andere teilweise toxischere Verbindungen umgewandelt (z. B. durch Ozonierung). Eine perspektivisch aussichtsreiche Möglichkeit zur Beseitigung dieser Schadstoffe ist die Oxidation zu Wasser und Kohlendioxid durch Bestrahlung des vorgeklärten Abwassers mit UV-Licht in Gegenwart von Photokatalysatoren wie z. B. TiO2.
Für vergleichende Untersuchungen der photokalalytischen Aktivität von TiO2-Submikro- und Nanopulvern im Labormaßstab wurde Methylenblau als Modellsubstanz gewählt. Kommerziell erhältliche TiO2-Pulver wurden Testlösungen zugesetzt und der zeitlich fortschreitende Abbau von Methylenblau unter Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht in beobachtet. Für die technische Nutzung der photokatalytischen Abwaserreinigung ist die Immobilisierung der eingesetzten Pulver mit der Möglichkeit der Rückgewinnung erforderlich, sowohl aus Umweltschutzgründen als auch für die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Verfahrens.
Aufbaugranulation wurde als ein prinzipiell auch großtechnisch realisierbares Verfahren der Immobilisierung gewählt. In einem Intensivmischer wurden Granulate auf der Basis von Submikrometer-SiO2 unter Verwendung eines anorganischen Binders hergestellt. Das photokatalytisch aktive TiO2 wurde in Anteilen von 10-25 Ma.-% entweder dem Ausgangspulver zugemischt oder am Ende des Granulierprozesses als Granulat-Coating aufgebracht. Eine Temperung der Granalien bei Temperaturen von maximal 300°C – 500°C erwies sich als ausreichend, um deren Stabilität beim Einsatz in Methylenblau-Lösung im Batch-Verfahren zu gewährleisten.
Tests zum Einsatz der SiO2-TiO2-Granulate als Photokatalysatoren zum Abbau von Methylenblau-Lösungen unter UV-Bestrahlung verliefen erfolgreich. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Granalien nach erfolgtem Farbstoffstoff-Abbau aus den Lösungen rückgewinnen und erneut verwenden ließen. Die recycelten Granulate wiesen eine ähnliche photokatalytische Aktivität wie frisch hergestellte auf.
In order to reduce CO2 emissions fossil fuelled power stations with high combustion efficiency are being developed. The increase of the operating temperature, a common way to improve combustion efficiency, leads to enhanced corrosion of heat exchange steel tubes in the power plants. Within the framework of the European project “Production of Coatings for New Efficient and Clean Coal Power Plant Materials” (POEMA)", high temperature corrosion protection coatings are now under investigation.
Thin porous sol-gel alumina films are promising candidate coating materials. Coatings were prepared by applying boehmite sols on grinded steel P92 and subsequent heat treatments at temperatures up to 650 °C. Thus a porous layer of worm-like particles was formed consisting of nano-crystallites and amorphous alumina. A dense interface with satisfying adhesion resulted from diffusion of chromium and iron ions out of the steel into the porous coating. However, the film locally exhibited some cracks caused by steep edges in the grinded steel surface. An appropriate substrate pretreatment should avoid this problem.
The protection of the steel relies on the barrier function of the alumina coating and the formation of a dense chromia layer at the steel surface.