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For long-range measurements in geotechnical and industrial applications, distributed optical fiber sensors have become a tool of increasing importance throughout the past decade.
Classic deformation monitoring (performed by strain gauges etc.) and temperature monitoring (Pt100 and alike) deliver data from fixed, single spots of a structure; quasidistributed measurements (fiber bragg gratings) provide a Chain of discrete measurement points along a limited sensing length. In contrast, an opticai fiber connected to a device for distributed strain and temperature sensing (DTSS) will provide a continuous profile of strain and temperature - spatially resolved down to less than 1 m - over a ränge of several tens of kilometers.
In DTSS measurements, the nonlinear opticai effect of stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is employed: two light waves with a stable, tunable frequency offset are injected into opposite ends of the sensing fiber, where they will form a beat pattem, at which parts of the light will be scattered. By matching the frequency offset of the light waves to the propagation of acoustic fluctuation in the opticai fiber, a power transfer from one light wave to the other can be measured; since the acoustic propagation directly shifts with train and temperature of the fiber, these two quantities can be measured by tuning the light waves’ frequency offset.