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Natural keratin fibres derived from Mexican tannery waste and coconut fibres from coconut processing waste were used as fillers in commercially available, biodegradable thermoplastic starch-polyester blend to obtain sustainable biocomposites. The morphology, rheological and mechanical properties as well as pyrolysis, flammability and forced flaming combustion behaviour of those biocomposites were investigated. In order to open up new application areas for these Kinds of biocomposites, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was added as a flame retardant. Extensive flammability and cone calorimeter studies revealed a good flame retardance effect with natural fibres alone and improved effectiveness with the addition of APP. In fact, it was shown that replacing 20 of 30 wt. % of APP with keratin fibres achieved the same effectiveness. In the case of coconut fibres, a synergistic effect led to an even lower heat release rate and total heat evolved due to reinforced char residue. This was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy of the char structure. All in all, these results constitute a good approach towards sustainable and biodegradable fibre reinforced biocomposites with improved flame retardant properties.
Thermoplastic starch polymer blends as biodegradable materials are well known and used mainly as packaging material. In order to exploit new application fields for these materials, additional properties such as flame retardancy or increased mechanical strength are required. This work focuses on the flammability and fire behavior of a thermoplastic starch/polyester blend reinforced with natural fibers derived from Mexican industry processes wastes, such as keratin fibers from the tannery industry or coconut fibers[1]. Different fiber contents as well as combinations of varying contents of aluminum trihydroxide, expandable graphite or ammonium polyphosphate were tested in LOI, UL94, cone calorimeter and TG-FTIR in order to investigate and assess the concentration dependence of the fibers and flame retardants as well as synergistic effects between both components. In combination with ammonium polyphosphate, the coconut fibers induce a synergistic effect by reinforcing the char residue and creating a more stable heat barrier during forced flaming combustion in the cone calorimeter. Synergism is also observed in the oxygen test. The recycling of otherwise wasted material is a true challenge in material development, thus this work is a first step in the direction of sustainable and biodegradable materials.
Modern flame retardant polymeric materials often stand for multicomponent systems consisting of different ingredients. Using a variety of flame retardants, fillers, additives, synergists and adjuvants as well as applying different concentrations, particle size distributions, encapsulation, and so forth lead to a vast multidimensional matrix of possible formulations. Actual, comprehensive elucidations are no longer possible due to time, material and cost limitations. The task is dying for accelerated procedures, for high-throughput methods. Therefore we developed the Rapid Mass Calorimeter based on a Mass Loss Calorimeter with attached thermopile chimney and a linear motion unit for semi-automatic sample change. Together with the reduction in specimen size (2 cm x 2 cm), a saving of time around 70% and a saving of material of 96% is achieved not considering the strongly reduced calibration and maintenance efforts required for the Mass Loss Calorimeter. The correlations between the results of the Rapid Mass Calorimeter and the Cone Calorimeter as well as to the Oxygen Index and UL94 classification are described; the effects such as when reducing the specimen size are discussed.