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- Analytical Chemistry (8)
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- Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit (8)
- Affinity chromatography (7)
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- Alloy (7)
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- Analyse (7)
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- Cooling rate (7)
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- DIRECTT (7)
- DRIFTS (7)
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- Digitale Detektoren (7)
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- FDS (7)
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- Fibre Bragg grating (7)
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (7)
- Fire behavior (7)
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- Flash thermography (7)
- Fluorescence quantum yield (7)
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- Fluoride (7)
- Force-distance curves (7)
- Fuel cell (7)
- GMA welding (7)
- Gadolinium (7)
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- Gefahrstoff (7)
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- Glasanalysen (7)
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- Guideline (7)
- Halomonas elongata (7)
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- Heißrisse (7)
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- IBESS (7)
- Impuls-Thermografie (7)
- Industry 4.0 (7)
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- Layered soil (7)
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- Review (7)
- Rice husk ash (7)
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- Robustness (7)
- SEM/EDX (7)
- Selective laser melting (7)
- Self-healing (7)
- Shear strength (7)
- SiC (7)
- SiO2 (7)
- Sliding (7)
- Small-angle scattering (7)
- Spannstahl (7)
- Specific heat spectroscopy (7)
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- Spektroskopie (7)
- Stichprobenprüfung (7)
- Strengthening (7)
- Structure (7)
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- Störfall-Verordnung (7)
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- Surface tension (7)
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- Swelling (7)
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- Thermo-mechanical fatigue (7)
- TiB2 (7)
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- Titanium nitride (7)
- Trace elements (7)
- Track-soil interaction (7)
- Umweltschutz (7)
- Umweltsimulation (7)
- VAMAS (7)
- Versuche (7)
- Voids (7)
- Water transport (7)
- Wear resistance (7)
- Weldments (7)
- Wirbelstrom (7)
- Writing materials (7)
- X-ray optics (7)
- Yield stress (7)
- Zirconium (7)
- Zustandsüberwachung (7)
- ta-C (7)
- Ökodesign (7)
- 20L-sphere (6)
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- EFIT (6)
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- Elasticity (6)
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- Flexible polyurethane foam (6)
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- Foundations (6)
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- Fundamente (6)
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- GERG-2008 equation of state (6)
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- Gips (6)
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- Haftfestigkeit (6)
- Heat affected zone (6)
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- High performance concrete (6)
- High power laser beam welding (6)
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- Hohlstellen (6)
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- ISO (6)
- ISO 3690 (6)
- Ignition source (6)
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- Integritätsprüfung (6)
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- Model updating (6)
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- PCR (6)
- PIXE (6)
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- Package (6)
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- Permeable reactive barriers (6)
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- Photodegradation (6)
- Pigment (6)
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- Piston ring (6)
- Plasma tomography (6)
- Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) (6)
- Polymer optical fibre (6)
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- Pore size (6)
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- Porenstruktur (6)
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- Prepreg (6)
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- Reinigung (6)
- Reststoffe (6)
- Rollkontaktermüdung (6)
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- Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (6)
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- Theory (6)
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- Wetting (6)
- Wind turbine (6)
- Windenergieanlagen (6)
- Wälzen (6)
- X-ray CT (6)
- Young´s modulus (6)
- (Ti,Mo)(C,N) (5)
- ADR (5)
- AIE (5)
- AISI 304L (5)
- APS (5)
- Ab initio calculations (5)
- Abfall (5)
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- BAM-GGR 001 (5)
- BAM-Liste (5)
- Baudenkmäler (5)
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- Bemessung (5)
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- Bindemittel (5)
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- Bonding strength (5)
- Brennbare Stäube (5)
- Brominated flame retardant (5)
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- Confinement (5)
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- Contact angle (5)
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- Core-shell nanoparticles (5)
- Correlation (5)
- Crevice corrosion (5)
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- DLS (5)
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- Digestion (5)
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- Druckgasbehälter (5)
- Druckverformungsrest (5)
- Ductile iron (5)
- Dustiness (5)
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- Size effect (2)
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- Sizing (2)
- Slab (2)
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- Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) (2)
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- Spark-OES (2)
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- Tin-2Cr2O2n-1 (2)
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- UN test N.5 (2)
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- Zerstörungsarme und zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren (2)
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- Zeughaus, Berlin (2)
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- composite (2)
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- degradation (2)
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- explosives (2)
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- friction (2)
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- immunoassay (2)
- in situ (2)
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- organische Peroxide (2)
- p-aminothiophenol (2)
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- screening (2)
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- slip-rolling (2)
- standardization (2)
- supermartensitic stainless steel (2)
- surface modification (2)
- theophylline (2)
- thermische Strahlung (2)
- tribofilm (2)
- x-ray diffraction (2)
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- 'Click' reaction (1)
- 'Taffy' pressure tank failure (1)
- (Carboxymethyl)dimethylundecylammonium bromide (1)
- (Fe,Ni)3P (1)
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- (LIPSS) (1)
- (Mn,Ga) As crystallites (1)
- (Mn,Ga)As crystallites (1)
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The recommendation is based on the coauthors’ work organized by the RILEM TC 256-SPF ‘‘Spalling of concrete due to fire: testing and modelling’’. The Committee has defined two types of screening tests for characterization of concrete propensity to fire spalling: Material screening tests and Product screening tests. Definitions of both types of tests are given in the paper. The following recommendations apply to Material screening tests. The material screening tests described in these recommendations are a set of minimum requirements to test concrete spalling propensity (for example, the minimal specimen size). This document covers the aspects of concrete characterization, specimen geometries, storage conditions, test methods and measured parameters.
Defects are still common in metal components built with Additive Manufacturing (AM). Process monitoring methods for laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) are used in industry, but relationships between monitoring data and defect formation are not fully understood yet. Additionally, defects and deformations may develop with a time delay to the laser energy input. Thus, currently, the component quality is only determinable after the finished process.
Here, active laser thermography, a nondestructive testing method, is adapted to PBF-LB/M, using the defocused process laser as heat source. The testing can be performed layer by layer throughout the manufacturing process. We study our proposed testing method along experiments carried out on a custom research PBF-LB/M machine using infrared (IR) cameras.
Our work enables a shift from post-process testing of components towards in-situ testing during the AM process. The actual component quality is evaluated in the process chamber and defects can be detected between layers.
In this work, the thermoelectric material calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 (CCO), a promising p-type conducting thermoelectric oxide with anisotropic properties, was processed by the powder aerosol deposition method (PAD) to form a dense ceramic CCO film with a thickness in the µm range. The prepared films were characterized regarding their microstructure and thermoelectric properties between room temperature and 900 °C. After heat treatment at 900 °C, the CCO PAD film in-plane shows excellent properties in terms of electrical conductivity (280 S/cm at 900 °C) and Seebeck coefficient (220 µV/K at 900 °C). The calculated power factor in-plane (ab) reaches with 1125 µW/(m K2) 40 % of the single crystal value, surpassing the known-properties of CCO bulk ceramics. Examination of the microstructure shows a strong fiber texture of the film as well as a strong coarsening of the grains during the first heat treatment up to 900 °C.
Development and fundamental understanding of precious-group-metal-free electrocatalysts is hampered by limitations in the quantification of the intrinsic activity of different catalytic sites and understanding the different reaction mechanisms. Comparing isomorphic nitrogen-doped carbons, Zn-N-Cs and Fe-N-Cs with the common tetrapyrrolic motif, a catalyst-independent outer-sphere rate-determining step in the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction is observed. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations on tetrapyrrolic model structures indicate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level as a good descriptor for the catalytic activity. Contour plots suggest that the electron transfer occurs directly from the tetrapyrrolic coordination site, rather than from the metal center. Metal-free tetrapyrrolic N4 sites are discovered to be highly active oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) active sites in alkaline that reach turnover frequencies (TOF) of 0.33 and 1.84 s−1 at 0.80 and 0.75 VRHE in the order of magnitude of tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites in the acidic ORR. While Zn-coordination lowers the HOMO level and therefore the catalytic activity, Fe-coordination lifts the HOMO level resulting in TOF values of 0.4 and 4 s−1 for tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites at 0.90 and 0.85 VRHE, respectively. At higher mass activities, the peroxide reduction becomes rate-limiting, where highest peroxide production rates are observed for the nitrogen-doped carbon.
L-Lactide (LA) was polymerized with neat tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (SnOct2) in toluene at 115 °C at low concentration with variation of the LA/Cat ratio. Cyclic polylactides (cPLAs) with number average molecular weights (Mn) between 7 000 and 17 000 were obtained. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry also revealed the formation of a few percent of linear chains. Crystalline cPLAs with Mn around 9 000 and 14 000 were annealed at 140 °C in the presence of ScOct2 or dibutyl-2-stanna-1,3-dithiolane (DSTL). Simultaneously, crystallites of extended linear chains and crystallites of extended cycles were formed regardless of the catalyst, indicating that transesterification reaction proceeded different for linear chains and for cycles, governed by thermodynamic control. The formation of extended chain crystallites with low dispersity indicates the existence of symproportionation of short and long chains. A complementary experiment was carried out with a PLA ethyl ester composed mainly of linear chains with a small fraction of cycles
This article presents two case studies for a full-probabilistic assessment of existing concrete bridges combined with the use of the finite element method for the evaluation of the internal forces. Since the structures already exist, additional information about material parameters and loading conditions can be collected. With a sensitivity analysis, the contribution of each parameter to the total uncertainty is examined and the relevance of their actual value and variation is shown. The first case study is a single-span reinforced concrete frame bridge on the German highway A92 constructed in the year 1985. With a span of around 5 m, but a width of 27 m and a skewness of 70 gon, the bridge is modelled as a three-dimensional finite element model. The second case study is a two-span reinforced concrete frame bridge from 1986 with span lengths of about 7,50 m each. The superstructure is a 45 cm thick slab and the base plate has a thickness of 80 cm. The assessment is performed based on the semi-probabilistic safety concept according to the codes first and secondly with a full-probabilistic calculation. In this article the selection of parameters for the relevant input data are presented and discussed. The results of the sensitivity analysis are used for the setup of measurements to acquire important data for the modelling in the critical limit states.
In reliability assessment of existing bridges, collected information about the structure can be utilized to modify partial safety factors and to refine characteristic values individually. In this way, uncertainties covered in initial calculation models and arising from assumptions can be reduced as well as biases identified and corrected. This allows for more realistic assessments and more appropriate decisions on actions to be taken. However, the on-site observation of information is generally associated with certain costs. For this reason, an efficient data-supported reassessment requires that only the individually relevant testing tasks are solved. Additional sensitivity analyses can further be used to specify the requirements on certain inspections, such as the testing result quality to be achieved, in order to avoid too imprecise or too expensive measurements on-site. In this contribution, the methodology for the demand-actuated definition of measurement objectives is demonstrated using the example of non-destructive concrete testing methods and findings from reassessments of two prestressed concrete bridges. Each case study includes the semi-probabilistic identification of structural weak points in ultimate and serviceability limit states, a comparison with respective probabilistic sensitivity analyses, and the subsequent derivation of parameters that are a) measurable and b) highly relevant in the individual reliability analyses.
AbstractIm zweiten Teil dieses Beitrags werden die Grenzzustandsfunktionen für die Nachweise im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit für Biegung mit Normalkraft, Querkraft mit Querkraftbewehrung und Torsion vorgestellt. Die Eingangsgrößen der mechanischen Widerstandsmodelle werden durch zahlreiche Abbildungen illustriert. Auf Grundlage der probabilistischen Modelle aus dem ersten Teil dieses Aufsatzes und der mechanischen Modelle aus diesem zweiten Teil werden die probabilistischen Nachweise geführt. Die Ergebnisse aus der Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse werden mit den semiprobabilistischen Berechnungsergebnissen verglichen. Mittels Parameterstudien wird gezeigt, welche Eingangsgrößen im Standsicherheitsnachweis die größten Einflüsse auf die Bauwerkszuverlässigkeit haben. Die Messung dieser Parameter ist entsprechend besonders nützlich. Auf dieser Basis wird abschließend gezeigt, welche Chancen sich aus der Durchführung von zerstörungsfreien Bauwerksprüfungen für die Nachrechnung ergeben.
AbstractDer Erhalt der bestehenden Verkehrsinfrastruktur ist eine große Herausforderung, da die Bauwerke fortwährend altern, die Verkehrsbeanspruchung zunehmend steigt und deren umfassender Ersatz mit Blick auf begrenzte Budgets und Ressourcen nicht möglich ist. An Bestandsbauten können tatsächliche Materialkennwerte, Geometrien oder Einwirkungen objektspezifisch erfasst werden. Die Nachrechnung von Bestandsbrücken erfolgt in Deutschland gemäß Nachrechnungsrichtlinie nach Stufen 1 und 2 mit dem semiprobabilistischen Teilsicherheitskonzept. Nur im Ausnahmefall wird eine messbasierte Bewertung oder eine wissenschaftliche Betrachtung gemäß Stufen 3 und 4 durchgeführt. Die Einbeziehung zusätzlicher Informationen aus der Zustandserfassung bietet jedoch viele Vorteile für eine realitätsnahe Bewertung. In probabilistischen Berechnungsmethoden können solche Kenntnisse direkt in der Berechnung berücksichtigt werden. Ziel dieses zweiteiligen Beitrags ist die Vorstellung der Potenziale und Vorteile bei der direkten Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse von zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren bei der Zustandsbewertung von Brückenbauwerken. Das Konzept wird an einer Spannbetonbrücke vorgestellt. Der erste Teil befasst sich mit den Möglichkeiten zur Überführung der Eingangswerte der üblichen semiprobabilistischen Berechnung in stochastische Modelle. Ausgehend von der semiprobabilistischen Nachrechnung nach derzeitigem Regelwerk wird die probabilistische Modellierung aller relevanten Basisvariablen für die Grenzzustände der Tragfähigkeit Biegung, Querkraft und Torsion ausgeführt.
Das Laserstrahl-Lichtbogen-Hybridschweißverfahren kombiniert Laserstrahl- und Lichtbogenschweißverfahren in einem gemeinsamen Schmelzbad. Das Verfahren wurde Ende der 70er Jahre entwickelt, um die Synergieeffekte der Schweißprozesse effektiv zu nutzen. Durch die hohe Strahlungsintensität des Laserstrahls werden hohe Einschweißtiefen erreicht. Es ist möglich, die Anzahl der Schweißlagen zu reduzieren und somit die thermische Belastung des Grundwerkstoffes zu senken, da der Wärmeeintrag verringert wird. Die Überbrückung von Spalten und Kantenversatz kann durch die Zufuhr eines geschmolzenen Zusatzdrahtes durch das MSG-Verfahren erreicht werden. Der Zusatzdraht kann zudem das metallurgische Gefüge positiv beeinflussen. Daher ist das Laser-Hybridschweißverfahren ideal für das einlagige Schweißen von Dickblechen und wird bereits erfolgreich in der Schiffbauindustrie zum Schweißen von Blechen mit einer Dicke von bis zu 15 mm verwendet. Obwohl Hochleistungslaser heutzutage bereits im Multi-Kilowatt-Bereich verfügbar sind, sind sie für den industriellen Einsatz nur auf Stahlbleche mit einer Dicke von max. 15 mm geeignet. Hohe Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten, gravitationsbedingtes Austropfen beim einlagigen Schweißen von Dickblechen, Prozessinstabilitäten bei höheren Laserleistungen und Schweißnahtimperfektionen wie Rissbildung sind einige Faktoren, die den Einsatz von Laser-Hybridschweißtechnologien aktuell begrenzen. Ohne eine Badstütze ist eine Verringerung der Schweißgeschwindigkeit und somit der Abkühlgeschwindigkeit aufgrund unzulässiger Wurzelüberhöhungen oder gravitationsbedingtem Austropfen nicht möglich. Bei herkömmlichen Badstützen ist es allerdings erforderlich, dass sie mechanisch befestigt und die Wurzel entfernt oder nachbearbeitet werden muss. In dieser Arbeit wird als Alternative das innovative Konzept der elektromagnetischen Schweißbadsicherung vorgestellt und die Fähigkeiten dieses Verfahrens erläutert.
Auf dem Weg zum einlagigen Schweißen von dickwandigen Bauteilen – Prozesse, Potenziale, Beispiele
(2024)
Bislang kommt das Laserstrahlschweißen bzw. Laserhybridschweißen hauptsächlich bei Dickblechen mit einer Wandstärke von bis zu 15 mm zum Einsatz. Für Anwendungen über 20 mm war dieses Verfahren aufgrund einiger Herausforderungen bisher nur bedingt realisierbar. Die von der Ausgründung WeldNova GmbH der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelte Schweißbadsicherung ermöglicht nun ein einlagiges Schweißen von bis zu 40 mm Wandstärken mit einer Laserleistung von bis zu 20 kW.
Aschen und Schlacken aus der thermischen Abfallbehandlung stellen mit rund 25% Massenanteil die größte Reststofffraktion dar. In Deutschland fallen pro Jahr rund 6 Millionen Tonnen an. Während sich die Verwertung der metallischen Anteile problemlos gestaltet, werden an die mineralische Fraktion Anforderungen bezüglich der möglichen Freisetzung von Schwermetallen sowie Chlorid und Sulfat gestellt. In der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung sind für Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung zwei Materialklassen mit unterschiedlich hohen Anforderungen an die Umweltverträglichkeit definiert. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob mit Abtrennung der Feinfraktion von 0–2mm die höhere Materialklasse HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. Im Ergebnis wurde eine Verbesserung des Auslaugverhaltens erzielt, doch nicht in dem Maß, dass eine Qualität nach HMVA-1 erreicht wird. Rostaschen halten aber die Anforderungen zur Deponierung auf einer DK I-Deponie sowie die Anforderungen zur Verwertung gemäß HMVA-2 sicher ein.
Soybean oil takes around half of the vegetable oil resources in the world, increasing in importance constantly. Besides, soy oil plants have experienced numerous accidents due to the coexistence of soy flour and hexane (as a solvent) in the extraction process, thus creating a hazardous environment. This study aims to find the maximum pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise, and the minimum ignition energy of soy flour−hexane mixtures through specific experiments by varying the concentration of fuels in air and ignition mechanism (chemical igniters or exploding wires). The results have shown that soy flour alone is hard to ignite, whereas adding hexane even in small amounts increases the hazard and the severity of the explosions considerably. Eventually, the substitution of hexane with a greener and safer extraction agent should be of utmost focus.
This research was aimed at comparing the fire characteristics of different types of pepper in the context of explosion prevention. The following characteristics were studied: explosion pressure Pmax and Kst at selected concentrations, ignition temperature of the deposited dust layer from the hot surface, and minimum ignition energy. The comparison of the chemical properties of the used types of pepper was performed using TG/DSC. The results of the measurements suggest that different types of peppers exhibit different explosion characteristics. Each sample reached the maximum value of the explosion pressure and rate of pressure rise at different concentrations. The volume of the explosion chamber used also influenced the explosion characteristics. It is a consequence of the fact that the explosion characteristics strongly depend on the mechanism of action of a particular igniter. The minimum effect on the safety characteristics was observed when measuring the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer from the hot surface. The results of the measurements suggest that different types of peppers exhibit different explosion characteristics. This information should then be considered in explosion prevention.
AbstractThis research aims to detect and analyze critical internal and surface defects in metal components manufactured by powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF‐LB/M). The aim is to assess their impact on the fatigue behavior. Therefore, a combination of methods, including image processing of micro‐computed tomography (CT) scans, fatigue testing, and machine learning, was applied. A workflow was established to contribute to the nondestructive assessment of component quality and mechanical properties. Additionally, this study illustrates the application of machine learning to address a classification problem, specifically the categorization of pores into gas pores and lack of fusion pores. Although it was shown that internal defects exhibited a reduced impact on fatigue behavior compared with surface defects, it was noted that surface defects exert a higher influence on fatigue behavior. A machine learning algorithm was developed to predict the fatigue life using surface defect features as input parameters.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a significant collection of plastic introduced by human activities, provides an ideal environment to study bacterial lifestyles on plastic substrates. We proposed that bacteria colonizing the floating plastic debris would develop strategies to deal with the ultravioletexposed substrate, such as the production of antioxidant pigments. We observed a variety of pigmentation in 67 strains that were directly cultivated from plastic pieces sampled from the Garbage Patch. The genomic analysis of four representative strains, each distinct in taxonomy, revealed multiple pathways for carotenoid production. These pathways include those that produce
less common carotenoids and a cluster of photosynthetic genes. This
cluster appears to originate from a potentially new species of the Rhodobacteraceae family. This represents the first report of an aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic bacterium from plastic biofilms. Spectral analysis showed that the bacteria actively produce carotenoids, such as betacarotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, and bacteriochlorophyll a. Furthermore, we discovered that the genetic ability to synthesize carotenoids is more common in plastic biofilms than in the surrounding water communities. Our findings suggest that plastic biofilms could be an overlooked source of bacteria-produced carotenoids, including rare forms. It also suggests that photoreactive molecules might play a crucial role in bacterial biofilm communities in surface water.
The synergistic behavior of different silicon compounds is investigated in flame retardant biocomposites with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) as the main flame retardant. The paper shows a new approach towards sustainable biocomposites through the implementation of thermoplastic starch (TPS), leather fibers from industrial waste streams, and non-hazardous flame retardants and synergists. In these multicomponent systems, the different components address different modes of action in the fire scenario. When ATH is partially substituted by glass frits or layered silicates, fire performance is enhanced without changing the total amount of filler in the polymer. In a biocomposite with 25 phr of fiber and 90 phr of ATH, substituting 5 phr of ATH for layered silicates increased the LOI from 31.5 vol % to 34.8 vol %, decreased the peak of heat release by 20%, and increased the UL 94 rating from V-1 to V-0.
Referenzmaterialien sind entscheidend für die Qualitätssicherung von Laboratorien. Diese nutzen Referenzmaterialien unter anderem zur Validierung von Messverfahren und zur Kalibrierung von Geräten. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass zertifizierte Merkmalswerte stets eine gewisse Unsicherheit aufweisen. Die Ermittlung dieser Unsicherheitsbeiträge ist Gegenstand des Artikels. Des Weiteren wird ein Vorgehen beschrieben, wie die Unsicherheit von Messverfahren mit Hilfe eines Referenzmaterials bestimmt werden kann.
The affinity constant, also known as the equilibrium constant, binding constant, equilibrium association constant, or the reciprocal value, the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), can be considered as one of the most important characteristics for any antibody–antigen pair. Many methods based on different technologies have been proposed and used to determine this value. However, since a very large number of publications and commercial datasheets do not include this information, significant obstacles in performing such measurements seem to exist. In other cases where such data are reported, the results have often proved to be unreliable. This situation may indicate that most of the technologies available today require a high level of expertise and effort that does not seem to be available in many laboratories. In this paper, we present a simple approach based on standard immunoassay technology that is easy and quick to perform. It relies on the effect that the molar IC50 approaches the Kd value in the case of infinitely small concentrations of the reagents. A two-dimensional dilution of the reagents leads to an asymptotic convergence to Kd. The approach has some similarity to the well-known checkerboard titration used for the optimization of immunoassays. A well-known antibody against the FLAG peptide, clone M2, was used as a model system and the results were compared with other methods. This approach could be used in any case where a competitive assay is available or can be developed. The determination of an affinity constant should belong to the crucial parameters in any quality control of antibody-related products and assays and should be mandatory in papers using immunochemical protocols.
Effects of NBR formulations on properties for high-pressure gas systems were tested. Functionalized silica enhances typical properties to a comparable range like CB. The balance of additives results in suitable RGD performance. Silica filled NBR shows lower H2 uptake compared to non-plasticized CB filled NBR. Morphology of CB filled NBR is less affected by H2 than silica filled grades.
Infraleichtbeton zeichnet sich durch eine äußerst geringe Trockenrohdichte von maximal 800 kg/m³ aus, bei gleichzeitig ausreichender Festigkeit. Daraus resultieren geringe Wärme- und Schallleitfähigkeiten. Dies ermöglicht den Einsatz als Sichtbeton in Wandelementen ohne die Notwendigkeit einer zusätzlichen Dämmschicht.
Vielversprechend erscheint der Einsatz von Leichtgranulaten in Infraleichtbeton, um seinen ökologischen Fußabdruck zu reduzieren und somit ein energieeffizientes und zugleich nachhaltiges Bauen zu ermöglichen. Die Leichtgranulate werden in einem thermo-chemischen Prozess aus gemischtem Mauerwerkbruch hergestellt. Ihre Verwendung bietet neben der Alternative zu herkömmlichen leichten Gesteinskörnungen auch die Möglichkeit, Abfallprodukte sinnvoll zu nutzen. In diesem Artikel werden die Leichtgranulate vorgestellt, ihre Anwendung in Infraleichtbeton geprüft und mit konventionellem Blähton verglichen.
Ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) requires a complex process chain with various post-processing steps that require expensive machines and special expertise. The key to further market penetration is AM that makes it possible to integrate into an already established ceramic process chain. Most successful AM technologies for ceramics are, however, based on processes that initially have been developed for polymeric materials. For ceramics AM, polymers or precursors are loaded with ceramic particles. This strategy facilitates the entry into AM, however the introduction of organic additives into the ceramic process chain represents a considerable technological challenge to ultimately obtain a ceramic component after additive shaping. In the present communication, two technologies based on ceramic suspensions will be introduced, the “layerwise slurry deposition” (LSD) and “laser induced slip casting” (LIS) technology. Both technologies take advantage of the high packing densities reached by conventional slip casting and moreover enable the processing of fines, even nanoparticles.
A key aspect in the development of multilayer inductors is the magnetic permeability of the ferrite layers. Here, the effects of different processing steps on the permeability of a NiCuZn ferrite is investigated. Dry pressed, tape cast, and co‐fired multilayer samples are analyzed. An automated data pipeline is applied to structure the acquired experimental data according to a domain ontology based on PMDco (Platform MaterialDigital core ontology). Example queries to the ontology show how the determined process‐property correlations are accessible to non‐experts and thus how suitable data for component design can be identified. It is demonstrated how the inductance of co‐fired multilayer inductors is reliably predicted by simulations if the appropriate input data corresponding to the manufacturing process is used.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The classification of incineration bottom ash (IBA) as hazardous or non-hazardous according to ecotoxic hazard property HP14 is still under debate. In this context, only the compounds of Zn and Cu with the hazard statement code H410 are of relevance. With an approach based on the grouping of substances, it was shown that such substances are either readily water-soluble or slightly and sparingly soluble. The concentrations of readily soluble Cu and Zn compounds in IBA are far below the cut-off value of 0.1%. Slightly and sparingly soluble Zn and Cu compounds could be quantified in the first fraction of a four-step sequential extraction procedure. With the results from the complete sequence, the dimensionless synthesis toxicity index (STI) was calculated and was in the range of 494 to 1218 for the four investigated IBA samples. It was concluded that IBA can usually be classified as non-hazardous.
The classification of incineration bottom ash (IBA) as hazardous or non-hazardous according to ecotoxic hazard property HP14 is still under debate. In this context, only the compounds of Zn and Cu with the hazard statement code H410 are of relevance. With an approach based on the grouping of substances, it was shown that such substances are either readily water-soluble or slightly and sparingly soluble. The concentrations of readily soluble Cu and Zn compounds in IBA are far below the cut-off value of 0.1%. Slightly and sparingly soluble Zn and Cu compounds could be quantified in the first fraction of a four-step sequential extraction procedure. With the results from the complete sequence, the dimensionless synthesis toxicity index (STI) was calculated and was in the range of 494 to 1218 for the four investigated IBA samples. It was concluded that IBA can usually be classified as non-hazardous.
The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) collaborates with TNO to develop a software framework for automated calibration of structural models based on monitoring data. The ultimate goal is to include such models in the asset management process of engineering structures. As a basis for developing the framework, a multi-span road bridge consisting of ten simply supported steel box girders was selected as a test case. Our group measured output-only vibration data from one box girder under ambient conditions. From the data, we determined eigenfrequencies and mode shapes. In parallel, we developed a preliminary structural model of the box girder for the purpose of predicting its modal properties. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the measurement campaign, the operational modal analysis, the structural modeling and qualitatively compare the identified with the predicted modes. As an outlook, we discuss the further steps in the calibration process and future applications of the calibrated model.
Managing aging engineering structures requires damage identification, capacity reassessment, and prediction of remaining service life. Data from structural health monitoring (SHM) systems can be utilized to detect and characterize potential damage. However, environmental and operational variations impair the identification of damages from SHM data. Motivated by this, we introduce a Bayesian probabilistic framework for building models and identifying damage in monitored structures subject to environmental variability. The novelty of our work lies (a) in explicitly considering the effect of environmental influences and potential structural damages in the modeling to enable more accurate damage identification and (b) in proposing a methodological workflow for model‐based structural health monitoring that leverages model class selection for model building and damage identification. The framework is applied to a progressively damaged reinforced concrete beam subject to temperature variations in a climate chamber. Based on deflections and inclinations measured during diagnostic load tests of the undamaged structure, the most appropriate modeling approach for describing the temperature‐dependent behavior of the undamaged beam is identified. In the damaged state, damage is characterized based on the identified model parameters. The location and extent of the identified damage are consistent with the cracks observed in the laboratory. A numerical study with synthetic data is used to validate the parameter identification. The known true parameters lie within the 90% highest density intervals of the posterior distributions of the model parameters, suggesting that this approach is reliable for parameter identification. Our results indicate that the proposed framework can answer the question of damage identification under environmental variations. These findings show a way forward in integrating SHM data into the management of infrastructures.
This data article presents a set of primary, analyzed, and digitalized mechanical testing datasets for nine copper alloys. The mechanical testing methods including the Brinell and Vickers hardness, tensile, stress relaxation, and low-cycle fatigue (LCF) testing were performed according to the DIN/ISO standards. The obtained primary testing data (84 files) mainly contain the raw measured data along with the testing metadata of the processes, materials, and testing machines. Five secondary datasets were also provided for each testing method by collecting the main meta- and measurement data from the primary data and the outputs of data analyses. These datasets give materials scientists beneficial data for comparative material selection analyses by clarifying the wide range of mechanical properties of copper alloys, including Brinell and Vickers hardness, yield and tensile strengths, elongation, reduction of area, relaxed and residual stresses, and LCF fatigue life. Furthermore, both the primary and secondary datasets were digitalized by the approach introduced in the research article entitled “Toward a digital materials mechanical testing lab” [1]. The resulting open-linked data are the machine-processable semantic descriptions of data and their generation processes and can be easily queried by semantic searches to enable advanced data-driven materials research.
Nowadays geotechnical engineering firms have powerful software tools to extent their consult-ing business also into dynamic soil-structure interaction, which before has been restricted to a rather small community of specialized experts in this field, and they certainly do. This is par-ticularly true with respect to non-seismic sources, that is all kinds of human induced vibrations. Hence, there is a demand from clients as well as from contractors to have guidance on the re-quirements as well as the limits of numerical modelling of soil-structure interaction. From the literature as well as from relevant standards, recommendations for the numerical modelling of soil-structure interaction problems involving seismic actions are well known, e. g. ASCE/SEI 4-16. There are, however, some particularities when dealing with human-induced vibrations, which are absent in seismic analyses. For human-induced excitations very little specific guid-ance has been published in the past. A machine foundation on a homogeneous half space ex-cited by harmonic loads with excitation frequency between 4 Hz and 64 Hz has been ana-lysed by means of several commercially available software packages. Parametric studies have been performed to verify if recommendations for seismic soil-structure analyses are valid for non-seismic analyses as well. This paper provides details on the benchmark example and the most important conclusions from the undertaken parametric studies.
Energy harvested from intermittent sources can be stored in supercapacitors for high-power delivery with long cycling stability. Binary layered double hydroxide (LDH) materials have great potential for hybrid supercapacitor applications owing to their mixed and tunable charges and layered structure. This study presents carnation flower-like, 3D micro-structured NiMn-LDH prepared by a facile single-step hydrothermal synthesis using hexamethylenetetramine to produce hydroxides. The 3D structure was assembled from ultrathin 2D NiMn-LDH nanosheets, and the largest interlayer spacing was obtained by optimizing synthesis parameters, such as Ni:Mn molar ratio and reaction temperature, ensuring a fast diffusion and thus the best energy storage performance. The optimized NiMn-LDH electrode delivered a high specific capacity of 612 C/g with an excellent rate capability of 67% at 20 A/g in a three-electrode test. An asymmetric device assembled using NiMn-LDH and reduced graphene oxide as positive and negative electrodes provided a high energy density of 60.0 Wh/kg and power density of 17.7 kW/kg with 90.4% capacity retention after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. This superior result highlights the potential industrial applications, such as portable electronics and trams.
AbstractTwo‐photon polymerization (2PP) additive manufacturing (AM) utilizes feedstocks of ceramic nanoparticles of a few nanometers in diameter, enabling the fabrication of highly accurate technical ceramic design with structural details as small as 500 nm. The performance of these materials is expected to differ from conventional AM ceramics, as nanoparticles and three‐dimensional printing at high resolution introduce new microstructural aspects. This study applies 2PP‐AM of yttria‐stabilized zirconia to investigate the mechanical response behavior under compressive load, probing the influence of smallest structural units induced by the line packing during the printing process, design of sintered microblocks, and sintering temperature and thereby microstructure. We find a dissipative mechanical response enhanced by sintering at lower temperatures than conventional. The pursued 2PP‐AM approach yields a microstructured material with an increased number of grain boundaries that proposedly play a major role in facilitating energy dissipation within the here printed ceramic material. This microplastic response is further triggered by the filigree structures induced by hollow line packing at the order of the critical defect size of ceramics. Together, these unique aspects made accessible by the 2PP‐AM approach contribute to a heterogeneous nano‐ and microstructure, and hint toward opportunities for tailoring the mechanical response in future ceramic applications.
ISO 14837-32:2015 and DIN EN 1998-1/NA:2021 as well as prEN 1997-2:2022 allow for us-ing correlations between the results of in-situ soil penetration tests and shear wave velocity (or shear modulus) to determine soil properties to be used in dynamic analyses. While the ISO and prEN standards even provide some recommendations on specific correlations to be used, the DIN standard does not. Due to the statistical nature of such correlations their general applica-bility has to be verified. We collected data sets from test sites from Germany as well as New Zealand at which cone penetration tests (CPT) as well as seismic site investigation methods were conducted. These sites comprise sandy soils as well as clayey soils, mixed soils as well as glacial soils. We compare the results of several correlations between CPT results and shear wave velocity. The accuracy of such correlations is assessed with respect to the accuracy of seismic in-situ tests. It turns out that for clean sands such correlations between CPT and Vs have a similar order of variability as seismic in-situ tests conducted at the same site. The higher the fines portion of the soil, the higher the variability of the statistical correlations, and conse-quently the less the general applicability. For glacial soils and other special soil types usage of statistical correlations to determine dynamic soil properties is not recommended.
Automated computational workflows are a powerful concept that can improve the usability and reproducibility of simulation and data processing approaches. Although used very successfully in bioinformatics, workflow environments in materials science are currently commonly applied in the field of atomistic simulations. This work showcases the integration of a discrete element method (DEM) simulation of powder pressing in the convenient SimStack workflow environment. For this purpose, a Workflow active Node (WaNo) was developed to generate input scripts for the DEM solver using LIGGGHTS Open Source Discrete Element Method Particle Simulation code. Combining different WaNos in the SimStack framework makes it possible to build workflows and loop over different simulation or evaluation conditions. The functionality of the workflows is explained, and the added user value is discussed. The procedure presented here is an example and template for many other simulation methods and issues in materials science and engineering.
The injection of hydrogen into the natural-gas grid is an alternative during the process of a gradual decarbonization of the heat and power supply. When dealing with hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixtures, the performance of the reference equations of state habitually used for natural gas should be validated by using high-precision experimental thermophysical data from multicomponent reference mixtures prepared with the lowest possible uncertainty in composition. In this work, we present experimental density data for an 11-compound high-calorific (hydrogen-free) natural gas mixture and for two derived hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixtures prepared by adding (10 and 20) mol-% of hydrogen to the original standard natural gas mixture. The three mixtures were prepared gravimetrically according to ISO 6142–1 for maximum precision in their composition and thus qualify for reference materials. A single-sinker densimeter was used to determine the density of the mixtures from (250–350) K and up to 20 MPa. The experimental density results of this work have been compared to the densities calculated by three different reference equations of state for natural gas related mixtures: the AGA8-DC92 EoS, the GERG-2008 EoS, and an improved version of the GERG-2008 EoS. While relative deviations of the experimental density data for the hydrogen-free natural gas mixture are always within the claimed uncertainty of the three considered equations of state, larger deviations can be observed for the hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixtures from any of the three equations of state, especially for the lowest temperature and the highest pressures.
The systematic transfer of solvent-free, additive flame retardant (FR) formulations from epoxy resins to glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites (GFRECs) through prepregs is difficult. Additionally, obtaining data on their post-fire mechanics is often challenging. Utilizing melamine polyphosphate (MPP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and silane-coated ammonium polyphosphate (SiAPP) FRs with low-melting inorganic silicates (InSi) in an 8:2 proportion and 10% loading by weight in a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin, a systematic investigation of the processing properties, room-temperature mechanics, and temperature-based mechanics of the systems was performed. The resin was cured with a dicyandiamide hardener (DICY) and a urone accelerator. The results revealed no substantial impact of these FRs at the current loading on the resin's glass transition temperature or processability. However, the fire residues from cone calorimetry tests of the composites containing FRs were found to be only 15-20% of the thickness of the resins, implying a suppression of intumescence upon transfer. At room temperature, the decrease in the flexural modulus for the composites containing FRs was negligible. Exposure of the composites in a furnace at 400°C as a preliminary study before ignition tests was shown to cause significant flexural moduli reductions after 2.5 min of exposure and complete delamination after 3 min making further testing unviable. This study emphasizes the need for future research on recovering modes of action upon transfer of FR formulations from resins to composites. Based on the challenges outlined in this investigation, sample adaptation methods for post-fire analysis will be developed in a future study.
The platinum group elements (PGEs) play an important role in reducing emissions from automotive vehicles through their use in catalytic convertors but also for catalysis in the pharmaceutical industry. The immense economic value of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) highlights the importance of highly accurate measurements. Therefore, there is a need for National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) to demonstrate measurement capability in this space.
A pilot comparison (CCQM-P63) for precious metals in automotive catalyst took place in 2006, but with a limited number of institutes participating. Furthermore, this study was performed over 17 years ago. Therefore, there was a need to maintain existing capability and demonstrate new capability in a key comparison, in order to claim calibration and measurement capability claims (CMCs). With the core capability matrix, this study falls into the "Difficult to dissolve metals/metal oxides" which will support CMC categories 8 (Metal and metal alloys), 9 (Advanced materials) and 14 (Other materials).
Eleven NMIs and DIs participated in the Key Comparison CCQM-K160 Platinum Group Elements in Automotive Catalyst. Participants were requested to evaluate the mass fractions of Pt, Pd and Rh in mg/kg in an unused autocatalyst material (cordierite ceramic base). The Key Comparison Reference Values (KCRVs) and Degrees of Equivalence (DoEs) were calculated utilising the NIST Decision Tree for the measurands. The participants utilised a number of sample preparation and analytical methods including hot plate digestion, microwave digestion and sodium fusion, followed by either atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection. Several calibration techniques were used, namely external calibration, standard addition, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and an exact matching procedure. Additionally, one participant employed instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) with k0 standardisation which is a direct solid analysis method. The majority of participants claimed traceability to NIST primary calibrants or their own CRMs. Furthermore, several matrix CRMs were included or spiked samples for quality control. All institutes were required to determine the dry mass fraction using the stipulated protocol.
The NIST decision tree was implemented for the calculation of the KCRVs and DoEs. The participant results overall showed good agreement with the KCRV, despite the variety of dissolution procedures and measurement techniques for this highly complex matrix and challenging measurands. Successful participation in CCQM-K160 demonstrated measurement capabilities for the determination of mass fraction of Pt, Pd and Rh in the mg/kg range and will support broad scope CMC claims for a wide range of challenging matrices.
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Addressing a strategy for publishing open and digital research data, this article presents the approach for streamlining and automating the process of storage and conversion of research data to those of semantically queryable data on the web. As the use case for demonstrating and evaluating the digitalization process, the primary datasets from low‐cycle‐fatigue testing of several copper alloys are prepared. The fatigue test ontology (FTO) and ckan.kupferdigital data management system are developed as two main prerequisites of the data digitalization process. FTO has been modeled according to the content of the fatigue testing standard and by reusing the basic formal ontology, industrial ontology foundry core ontology, and material science and engineering ontology. The ckan.kupferdigital data management system is also constructed in such a way that enables the users to prepare the protocols for mapping the datasets into the knowledge graph and automatically convert all the primary datasets to those machine‐readable data which are represented by the web ontology language. The retrievability of the converted digital data is also evaluated by querying the example competency questions, confirming that ckan.kupferdigital enables publishing open data that can be highly reused in the semantic web.
Manufacturing and Application of Lightweight Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste
(2024)
The objective of the REALight project is the development of a thermal process to produce lightweight aggregates in pilot scale and the implantation of a method to recover gypsum. Beside construction and demolition waste, various industrial by‐products are studied as raw materials. The raw materials have so far been unused or used in applications with lower quality requirements. To prove the performance of the lightweight aggregates, their technical properties are tested and their use in different applications is studied, e.g., for lightweight mortars as well as lightweight concretes.
Despite the physiological and pathophysiological significance of microenvironmental gradients, e.g., for diseases such as cancer, tools for generating such gradients and analyzing their impact are lacking. Here, we present an integrated microfluidic-based workflow that mimics extracellular pH gradients characteristic of solid tumors while enabling high-resolution live imaging of, e.g., cell motility and chemotaxis, and preserving the capacity to capture the spatial transcriptome. Our microfluidic device generates a pH gradient that can be rapidly controlled to mimic spatiotemporal microenvironmental changes over cancer cells embedded in a 3D matrix. The device can be reopened allowing immunofluorescence analysis of selected phenotypes, as well as the transfer of cells and matrix to a Visium slide for spatially resolved analysis of transcriptional changes across the pH gradient. This workflow is easily adaptable to other gradients and multiple cell types and can therefore prove invaluable for integrated analysis of roles of microenvironmental gradients in biology.
AbstractThe correlation between altered extracellular pH and various pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation and metabolic disorders, is well known. Bulk pH measurements cannot report the extracellular pH value at the cell surface. However, there is a limited number of suitable tools for measuring the extracellular pH of cells with high spatial resolution, and none of them are commonly used in laboratories around the world. In this study, a versatile ratiometric nanosensor for the measurement of extracellular pH was developed. The nanosensor consists of biocompatible polystyrene nanoparticles loaded with the pH-inert reference dye Nile red and is surface functionalized with a pH-responsive fluorescein dye. Equipped with a targeting moiety, the nanosensor can adhere to cell membranes, allowing direct measurement of extracellular pH at the cell surface. The nanosensor exhibits a sensitive ratiometric pH response within the range of 5.5–9.0, with a calculated pKa of 7.47. This range optimally covers the extracellular pH (pHe) of most healthy cells and cells in which the pHe is abnormal, such as cancer cells. In combination with the nanosensors ability to target cell membranes, its high robustness, reversibility and its biocompatibility, the pHe nanosensor proves to be well suited for in-situ measurement of extracellular pH, even over extended time periods. This pH nanosensor has the potential to advance biomedical research by improving our understanding of cellular microenvironments, where extracellular pH plays an important role.
AbstractLithium‐ion batteries, essential for electronics and electric vehicles, predominantly use cathodes made from critical materials like cobalt. Sulfur‐based cathodes, offering a high theoretical capacity of 1675 mAh g−1 and environmental advantages due to sulfur's abundance and lower toxicity, present a more sustainable alternative. However, state‐of‐the‐art sulfur‐based electrodes do not reach the theoretical capacities, mainly because conventional electrode production relies on mixing of components into weakly coordinated slurries. Consequently, sulfur‘s mobility leads to battery degradation—an effect known as the “sulfur‐shuttle”. This study introduces a solution by developing a microporous, covalently‐bonded, imine‐based polymer network grown in situ around sulfur particles on the current collector. The polymer network (i) enables selective transport of electrolyte and Li‐ions through pores of defined size, and (ii) acts as a robust host to retain the active component of the electrode (sulfur species). The resulting cathode has superior rate performance from 0.1 C (1360 mAh g−1) to 3 C (807 mAh g−1). Demonstrating a high‐performance, sustainable sulfur cathode produced via a simple one‐pot process, our research underlines the potential of microporous polymers in addressing sulfur diffusion issues, paving the way for sulfur electrodes as viable alternatives to traditional metal‐based cathodes.
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) containing well-defined redox-active groups have become competitive materials for next-generation batteries. Although high potentials and rate performance can be expected, only a few examples of p-type COFs have been reported for charge storage to date with even fewer examples on the use of COFs in multivalent ion batteries. Herein, we report the synthesis of a p-type highly porous and crystalline azatruxene-based COF and its application as a positive electrode material in Li- and Mg-based batteries. When this material is used in Li-based half cells as a COF/carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode, a discharge potential of 3.9 V is obtained with discharge capacities of up to 70 mAh g−1 at a 2 C rate. In Mg batteries using a tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy)borate electrolyte, cycling proceeds with an averge discharge voltage of 2.9 V. Even at a fast current rate of 5 C, the capacity retention amounts to 84% over 1000 cycles.
High‐Entropy Alloys and Their Affinity with Hydrogen: From Cantor to Platinum Group Elements Alloys
(2024)
AbstractProperties of high‐entropy alloys are currently in the spotlight due to their promising applications. One of the least investigated aspects is the affinity of these alloys to hydrogen, its diffusion, and reactions. In this study, high pressure is applied at ambient temperature and stress‐induced diffusion of hydrogen is investigated into the structure of high‐entropy alloys (HEA) including the famous Cantor alloy as well as less known, but nevertheless important platinum group (PGM) alloys. By applying X‐ray diffraction to samples loaded into diamond anvil cells, a comparative investigation of transition element incorporating HEA alloys in Ne and H2 pressure‐transmitting media is performed at ambient temperature. Even under stresses far exceeding conventional industrial processes, both Cantor and PGM alloys show exceptional resistance to hydride formation, on par with widely used industrial grade Cu–Be alloys. The observations inspire optimism for practical HEA applications in hydrogen‐relevant industry and technology (e.g., coatings, etc), particularly those related to transport and storage.
Revolutionizing our polymer industry for adaption to a sustainable carbon circular economy has become one of today’s most demanding challenges. Exploiting renewable resources to replace fossil-fuel—based plastics with biopolymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is inevitable while using waste streams as a raw material resource at least is promising. When it comes to using PLA as technical polymer, its high flammability must be addressed by flame retardants compatible with the thermoplastic processing of PLA and its compostability. This study proposes microalgae enriched with phosphorus from wastewater (P-Algae) as an elegant way towards a kind of sustainable organophosphorus flame retardant. The concept is demonstrated by investigating the processing, pyrolysis, flammability, and fire behavior of PLA/P-Algae, while varying the P-Algae content and comparing P-Algae with four alternative bio-fillers (phosphorylated lignin, biochar, thermally treated sewage sludge, and metal phytate) with different P-contents as meaningful benchmarks.
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity exhibit a combination of high gas permeability and reasonable permselectivity, which makes them attractive candidates for gas separation membrane materials. The diffusional selective gas transport properties are connected to the molecular mobility of these polymers in the condensed state. Incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering was carried out on two polymers of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-EA-TB(CH3) and its demethylated counterpart PIM-EA-TB(H2), which have high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area values of 1030 m2 g-1 and 836 m2 g-1, respectively. As these two polymers only differ in the presence of two methyl groups at the ethanoanthracene unit, the effect of methyl group rotation can be investigated solely. To cover a broad dynamic range, neutron time-of-flight was combined with neutron backscattering. The demethylated PIM-EA-TB(H2) exhibits a relaxation process with a weak intensity at short times. As the backbone is rigid and stiff this process was assigned to bendand-flex fluctuations. This process was also observed for the PIM-EA-TB(CH3). A further relaxation process is found for PIM-EA-TB(CH3), which is the methyl group rotation. It was analyzed by a jump-diffusion in a three-fold potential considering also the fact that only a fraction of the present hydrogens in PIM-EATB(CH3) participate in the methyl group rotation. This analysis can quantitatively describe the q dependence of the elastic incoherent structure factor. Furthermore, a relaxation time for the methyl group rotation can be extracted. A high activation energy of 35 kJ mol-1 was deduced. This high activation energy evidences a strong hindrance of the methyl group rotation in the bridged PIM-EA-TB(CH3) structure.
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) offer a platform to create different chemical structures and linkages for highly stable covalent organic frameworks (COFs). As an illustrative example, the multicomponent Povarov reaction generates 2,4-phenylquinoline from aldehydes and amines in the presence of electron-rich alkenes. In this study, we introduce a new domino reaction to generate unprecedented 2,3-phenylquinoline COFs in the presence of epoxystyrene. This work thus presents, for the first time, structural isomeric COFs produced by multicomponent domino and Povarov reactions. Furthermore, 2,3-phenylquinolines can undergo a Scholl reaction to form extended aromatic linkages. With this approach, we synthesize two thermally and chemically stable MCR-COFs and two heteropolyaromatic COFs using both domino and in situ domino and Scholl reactions. The structure and properties of these COFs are compared with the corresponding 2,4-phenylquinoline-linked COF and imine-COF, and their activity toward benzene and cyclohexane sorption and separation is investigated. The position of the pendant phenyl groups within the COF pore plays a crucial role in facilitating the industrially important sorption and separation of benzene over cyclohexane. This study opens a new avenue to construct heteropolyaromatic COFs via MCR reactions.
In materials science, traditional techniques for analyzing layered structures are essential for obtaining information about local structure, electronic properties and chemical states. While valuable, these methods often require high vacuum environments and have limited depth profiling capabilities. The grazing exit x-ray absorption near-edge structure (GE-XANES) technique addresses these limitations by providing depth-resolved insight at ambient conditions, facilitating in situ material analysis without special sample preparation. However, GE-XANES is limited by long data acquisition times, which hinders its practicality for various applications. To overcome this, we have incorporated Bayesian optimization (BO) into the GE-XANES data acquisition process. This innovative approach potentially reduces measurement time by a factor of 50. We have used a standard GE-XANES experiment, which serve as reference, to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the BO-informed experimental setup. Our results show that this optimized approach maintains data quality while significantly improving efficiency, making GE-XANES more accessible to a wider range of materials science applications.
Flexible anisotropic magnetoresistive sensors for novel magnetic flux leakage testing capabilities
(2024)
Rigid magnetic field sensors such as anisot Hall sensors have been used for years and have become industry standard for electromagnetic non-destructive testing (NDT). Recent technological developments in the field of flexible electronics allow for the fabrication of reshapeable magnetic field sensors on flexible substrates via thin-film deposition or printing. The magnetic properties of these sensors have comparable characteristics to industry-standard rigid magnetic field sensors, with the added ability of adapting to the surface of complex components and scanning in contact with the sample surface. This improves defect detectability and magnetic signal strength by minimizing the scanning lift-off (LO) distance. In this article flexible AMR sensors mounted on a rotative mechanical holder were used to scan a semi-circular ferromagnetic sample with 3 reference defects via magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing, thus demonstrating the applicability of this type of sensors for the scanning of curved samples. In order to benchmark the performance of these sensors in comparison to industry standard rigid magnetic field sensors, a ferromagnetic sample with 10 reference defects of different depths was scanned employing flexible AMR and rigid GMR sensors. Defects with depths ranging from 110 μm up to 2240 μm were detected with an signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) of 2.7 up to 27.9 (for flexible AMR sensors) and 6.2 up to 72.3 (for rigid GMR sensors), respectively. A 2D magnetometer mapping of the sample with a spatial scanning step of 10 × 50 μm2 (flexible AMR) and 16 × 100 μm2 (rigid GMR) was obtained. The results show that this type of sensor can be used for high-resolution and high-detail mapping of defects on the surface of planar and non-planar ferromagnetic samples since the scanning lift-off distance is equal to the substrate thickness of 20 μm for in-contact scanning. The SNR comparison between flexible and rigid sensors shows that the performance of the flexible AMR sensors employed is not very far behind the performance of the rigid GMR sensors used.
It is an essential requirement for all building products to ensure durability of their fire safety. Throughout the working life of products, intumescent coatings are aged by certain climatic factors. To predict a lifetime of several years, generally the behaviour of the intumescent coating is extrapolated based on accelerated artificial ageing. The established German and European procedures to assess the durability assume a working life of at least 10 years. For a longer period, additional evidence is required; yet the procedure and the specifications to justify this are not described. In addition to addressing this formal lack, from a scientific point of view it is necessary to investigate the degradation of intumescent coatings in detail and to propose a reliable test concept to assess durability for more than 10 years. This paper summarises the existing knowledge about the ageing of intumescent coatings. The results of various demanding weathering approaches are presented for two intumescent coatings tested in a joint research project. Moreover, formulations with a reduced amount of functionally relevant components were analysed to gain insight into the associated effects. Derived from these research results and knowledge, recommendations are proposed to assess the durability of intumescent coatings for more than 10 years based on a combination of verifications.
Quantum dots (QDs) are remarkable semiconductor nanoparticles, whose optical properties are strongly size-dependent. Therefore, the real-time monitoring of crystal growth pathway during synthesis gives an excellent opportunity to a smart design of the QDs luminescence. In this work, we present a new approach for monitoring the formation of QDs in aqueous solution up to 90 °C, through in situ luminescence analysis, using CdTe as a model system. This technique allows a detailed examination of the evolution of their light emission. In contrast to in situ absorbance analysis, the in situ luminescence measurements in reflection geometry are particularly advantageous once they are not hindered by the concentration increase of the colloidal suspension. The synthesized particles were additionally characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, transition electron microscopy, UV-Vis absorption and infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra showed that 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-based thiols are covalently bound on the surface of QDs and microscopy revealed the formation of CdS. Setting a total of 3 h of reaction time, for instance, the QDs synthesized at 70, 80 and 90 °C exhibit emission maxima centered at 550, 600 and 655 nm. The in situ monitoring approach opens doors for a more precise achievement of the desired emission wavelength of QDs.