Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik
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Per- und polyfluorierte Alkylverbindungen (PFAS) sind sehr persistent und reichern sich in der Umwelt und im menschlichen Organismus in immer höheren Konzentrationen an. PFAS stellen deshalb eine große Gefährdung für Mensch und Umwelt dar. Eingesetzt werden sie u. a. als wasser- und fettabweisende Beschichtung in z. B. der Papier- und Textilindustrie und gelangen so während Produktion, Gebrauch und Entsorgung u. a. in den Wasserkreislauf. PFAS konnten sogar in der arktischen Umwelt in relevanten Konzentrationen detektiert werden und zählen somit zu den „emerging pollutants“. Ein prominenter Vertreter der PFAS stellt Perfluoroctansulfonsäure (PFOS) dar - die jedoch bereits im Anhang des Stockholmer Abkommen gelistet wurde und deren Einsatz somit stark eingeschränkt bzw. verboten ist. Im Hinblick auf die Vielzahl von Verbindungen werden neue analytische Methoden benötigt, die eine PFAS-Belastungssituation möglichst umfassend und nachweisstark widerspiegeln, um zukünftig mögliche Grenzwerte ableiten zu können.
Organophosphate (OP) esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants (FRs) and can for that purpose be found in textiles, furnitures, electronics and more. They can also be used as plasticizers or lubricants. OPEs have been found in air, water and sediment as environmental pollutants and are associated with potential health risks like cancer.
In this study, a method for the phosphorus sum parameter analysis using HR-CS-GFMAS was optimized for environmental (water) samples. For this purpose, three FR substances (TPP, VPA, TDCPP) were used.
Materials in contact with the environment release e.g., metal-ions, elemental species and/or (nano-)particles. Once these species and/or particles are released, they are ingested by organisms and cells and thus, might have a negative impact on the environment. Thus, identification as well as quantification of potentially harmful substances is of utmost importance and highly needed to assess ecotoxicological impact of (emerging) pollutants.
The oral presentation provides an overview on the power of elemental analytical techniques, in particular ICP-MS as well as HR-CS-GFMAS in environmental research. Current research topics from Division 1.1 @ BAM - Inorganic trace analysis will be highlighted:
i) Elemental Speciation & Isotope analysis - new tools:
Among elemental species separation and quantification, one of the main challenges in environmental elemental speciation analysis is the distinction between anthropogenic and natural elemental species. The on-line combination of elemental speciation and isotope analysis combines “the best from both worlds” - species specific isotopic information becomes available.
As an application example the analysis of current anti-fouling agents via CE/MCICP-MS will be highlighted.
ii) HR-CS-GFMAS for PFC analysis:
Per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFC) are emerging contaminants in particular in soil and surface water samples. Due to the large number of compounds (>4700), target analytical methods are not sufficient and sum parameter methods for organically bound fluorine are highly needed.
High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectroscopy (HR-CS-GFMAS) based methods for organically bound fluorine analysis will be presented. Application examples (soil and surface water) will be highlighted.
iii) Single cell-ICP-ToF-MS - ecotox. assessment:
Single cell and single organism analysis for e.g. ecotoxicological/medicinal assessment are hot topics in the research field of ICP-MS. In particular ICP-ToF-MS is a powerful, emerging techniques in terms of single cell/particle analysis.
Automated single cell/diatom-ICP-ToF-MS as a potential tool in ecotoxicological testing will be presented.
Materials in contact with the environment release e.g., metal-ions, elemental species and/or (nano-)particles. Once these species and/or particles are released, they are ingested by organisms and cells and thus, might have a negative impact on the environment. Thus, identification as well as quantification of potentially harmful substances is of utmost importance and highly needed to assess ecotoxicological impact of (emerging) pollutants.
The oral presentation provides an overview on the power of elemental analytical techniques, in particular: ICP-MS as well as HR-CS-GFMAS in environmental research. Current research topics will be highlighted:
i) Elemental Speciation analysis of anti-fouling agents via CE/MC-ICP-MS;
ii) Per- and polyfluorinated compounds in surface waters via high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectroscopy (HR-CS-GFMAS);
iii) Single cell and single organism analysis via sc-ICP-ToF-MS and ETV/ICP-MS for ecotoxicological assessment.
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are a substance class of over 4730 individual compounds. Several PFASs are extremely persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. The analysis of PFASs is challenging because of their different chemical and physical properties as well as the high number of target substances. Target-based approaches (e.g., LC-MS/MS) are limited to the availability of analytical grade standards and are not suitable for the analysis of new/unknown PFASs and transformation products. Therefore, PFAS sum parameter methods become increasingly important to indicate a realistic PFAS pollution level.
PFAS sum parameters compromise the proportion of organically bound fluorine that can either be extracted (EOF) or adsorbed to activated carbon (AOF). For the instrumental analysis of such sum parameters, a fluorine selective detector is needed. High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) is a sensitive and highly selective tool for indirect fluorine determination. The method is based on the in situ formation of diatomic gallium-mono fluoride (GaF) in a graphite furnace at a temperature of 1550°C. The molecular absorption of GaF can be detected at its most sensitive wavelength at 211.248 nm providing limits of quantification of c(F) 2.7 µg/L.
Here, we describe a fast and simple extraction method for the determination of the EOF using HR-CS-GFMAS in soil samples. Common approaches for the EOF determination use solid phase extraction (SPE). To omit the bias of this time consuming and expensive step we optimized a fast and simple SPE-free extraction method. The developed extraction method consists of a liquid-solid extraction using acidified methanol. Comparison of the method with and without an SPE clean-up step revealed a drastic underestimation of EOF concentrations using SPE. In the next step, the applicability of our method was tested for other solid matrices. In view of steadily increasing numbers of PFASs, our method will make an important contribution in assessing the pollution situation as well as support policy makers in deriving exposure limits for PFASs in the future.
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of several thousand individual compounds. Many PFASs are extremely persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. The analysis of PFASs is challenging because of their various chemical and physical properties as well as the high number of compounds. Target-based approaches (e.g., LC-MS/MS) are limited to the availability of analytical grade standards and are not suitable for the analysis of new/unknown PFASs and transformation products. Therefore, PFAS sum parameter methods become increasingly important to indicate realistic PFAS pollution levels.
PFAS sum parameters display the proportion of organically bound fluorine that can either be extracted (EOF) or adsorbed to activated carbon (AOF). For the instrumental analysis of such sum parameters, a fluorine selective detector is needed. High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) is a sensitive and highly selective tool for fluorine determination. The method is based on the in situ formation of diatomic gallium-mono fluoride (GaF) in a graphite furnace at a temperature of 1550°C. The molecular absorption of GaF can be detected at its most sensitive wavelength at 211.248 nm providing limits of quantification of c(F) 2.7 µg/L.
In the present work a HR-CS-GFMAS method for EOF analysis was utilized for suspended particulate matter (SPM) analysis in German rivers in time lines from 2005–2020. Therefore, time and spatial resolved trends were investigated. In addition, SPM samples were analyzed for the Σ41PFAS using target analysis based on UHPLC-HRMS. Overall, target analysis drastically underestimated the total PFAS burden in SPM of German rivers compared to the EOF HR-CS-GFMAS analysis. Using a fluorine mass balance approach, only 0.2% to 38.6% of the EOF was explainable using the Σ41PFAS determined with target analysis. Our study highlights the need to integrate PFAS sum parameters (e.g., EOF with HR-CS-GFMAS) in PFAS risk assessment strategies.
Per- und polyfluorierte Alkylverbindungen (PFAS) sind eine Substanzklasse mit über 5200 Verbindungen. Aufgrund der Persistenz, Bioakkumulation in Nahrungsketten, Toxizität und der ubiquitären Verbreitung von PFAS zählen sie zu den „emerging pollutants“. Die PFAS-Analytik ist wegen den vielfältigen physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften und der sehr hohen Anzahl an PFAS eine große Herausforderung. Da es für viele Anwendungen noch ungewiss ist, welche PFAS verwendet werden, wie sie in die Umwelt gelangen und welche Transformations- bzw. Abbauprodukte entstehen, stoßen analytische Ansätze, die nur auf Einzelsubstanzen abzielen, hier an ihre Grenzen. Weiterhin wird die Analytik aufgrund der Substitution von bereits regulierten PFAS mit ständig steigenden Anzahlen an PFAS-Verbindungen in der Umwelt konfrontiert. PFAS-Summenparameter-Methoden, die ein nahezu vollständiges Abbild der PFAS-Belastungssituation wiedergeben, werden daher immer wichtiger. In unserer Studie haben wir die zwei meistverwendeten PFAS-Summenparameter, das adsorbierbare organisch gebundene Fluor (AOF) und das extrahierbare organisch gebundene Fluor (EOF), miteinander verglichen. Beide Summenparameter können zur Analyse mit entweder combustion-Ionenchromatographie (CIC) oder hochauflösender Molekülabsorptionsspektrometrie (HR-CS-GFMAS) gekoppelt werden. Hierbei diskutieren wir die Vor- und Nachteile sowohl von beiden Summenparameter- als auch beider Detektions-Methoden. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Oberflächenwasserproben aus der Spree in Berlin durchgeführt. Neben AOF und EOF wurde auch der Gesamt-Fluorgehalt (TF) mit CIC sowie HR-CS-GFMAS bestimmt. Die Fluor-Massenbilanzierung zeigte, dass das Verhältnis AOF/TF höher als das Verhältnis EOF/TF war. Dabei machte der AOF 0.14–0.81% vom TF und der EOF 0.04–0.28% vom TF aus. Insgesamt war die neue EOF/HR-CS-GFMAS-Methode schneller, präziser und sensitiver als die bereits etablierte AOF/CIC-Methode. Beide Methoden sind vielversprechend für die zukünftige Überwachung von Umweltproben und bilden die Grundlage für mögliche Grenzwerte, die auf die Summe PFAS abzielen.