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It is known that human factors (HF) affect the reliability of non-destructive testing (NDT). However, reliability is often expressed in probability of detection (POD) curves, obtained in practical trials, where human and organisational factors are considered only indirectly, through the few people taking part in the trials. Recently, we have observed an increase in the use of numerical modelling to obtain POD curves outside of practical trials. The so-called model-assisted POD(MAPOD) approaches have so far only very rarely included some kind of variation to account for HF. This talk presents different possibilities to include HF in MAPOD and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
This presentation discusses industry 4.0 from the perspective of human machine interaction (HMI). Based on available literature the changes, new demands and possible problems related to people’s jobs as a result of increased digitisation and use of artificial intelligence are addressed. Combining literature with own experience in non-destructive testing (NDT), the author addresses the possible challenges and chances for the NDT personnel in the era of NDT 4.0.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a major contributor to the safe railway operation. Even though NDT reliability in railway maintenance is affected by human factors, there are only just a few studies published in this field so far. Education and training of the NDT personnel are some of the most important drivers of safe and reliable NDT. Continuously improving current practices and tools used for educational purposes can be achieved not only through technical content, but also through the attention to human factors. The aim of this study was to deepen the understanding of possible human-related risks in the manual ultrasonic inspection of the hollow railway axles and to suggest measures to improve the education and training of the NDT personnel. This was achieved by means of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) carried out with eight NDT experts and by a survey of 27 experienced inspectors. The results show that failures can happen throughout the entire NDT process. Prevention of those failures could be improved through the optimization of the organization, technology, documentation and regulations, working conditions and the general process, and through the optimization of the formal education and training. Specialized training of the executives, extended training of the supervisors and the inspectors and improvement of the inspection documentation have been suggested. The study also showed potential for the improvements of the inspection in the field.
In traditional NDT, human is seen as the main source of error. The advances in NDT 4.0 lead to believe that by increased automation, people, and therefore human error, can be diminished. The research on human-automation interaction shows that increased automation does not necessarily lead to a decrease of human error, a phenomenon dubbed as “automation ironies”, introduced by Bainbridge in 1987. The research shows that whereas with automation the known human error can be prevented, there is still room for new risks and error sources, which are unknown. As we advance from automation to industry 4.0 concepts, the possibility for human error shifts slightly to the developers of systems but remains in the interaction with systems as well, as the tasks and task demands change and give rise for possible failure at different stages of the NDT process, as once known.
In der traditionellen zerstörungsfreien Prüfung wird der Mensch als Hauptfehlerquelle angesehen. Die Fortschritte bei der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung 4.0 lassen vermuten, dass durch eine verstärkte Automatisierung Menschen und damit menschliche Fehler verringert werden können. Die Untersuchung der Mensch-Automatisierungs-Interaktion zeigt, dass eine zunehmende Automatisierung nicht unbedingt zu einer Verringerung des menschlichen Fehlers führt, ein Phänomen, das 1987 von Bainbridge als „Automatisierungs-Ironien“ bezeichnet wurde. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass obwohl bei der Automatisierung bekannte menschliche Fehler verhindert werden können, gibt es noch Raum für neue Risiken und Fehlerquellen, die unbekannt sind. Während wir von der Automatisierung zu Industrie-4.0-Konzepten übergehen, verlagert sich die Möglichkeit menschlicher Fehler geringfügig auf die Entwickler von Systemen, bleibt jedoch auch in der Interaktion mit Systemen erhalten, da sich die Aufgaben und Aufgabenanforderungen ändern und es zu möglichen Fehlern in verschiedenen Phasen von ZfP-Prozessen kommen kann.
Usability of the written procedures: an eye tracking study Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) is regarded as one of the key elements in ensuring quality of engineering systems and their safe use. A failure of NDE to detect critical defects in safety-relevant components, such as those in the nuclear industry, may lead to catastrophic consequences for the environment and the people. NDE inspection procedure is one of the most important tools in the everyday life of an NDE inspector. Experience and research studies have shown that NDE procedures are not always used as foreseen and may need to be optimized. Both the content and format play an important role in producing reliable procedures. Whereas the content aids in the understanding of the task and in its subsequent correct execution, the format determines the efficiency and frequency of the procedure’s use.
For the purposes of this study, an inspection procedure - designed to be used in the inspection of components used in the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel - was further developed by adopting a user-centered design. This was achieved by following the eye movements during a data evaluation task whilst using the procedure, by interviews and group discussions, accompanied by a review from a human factors’ perspective, the suggestions from relevant literature and by reiterating the entire process once again. This process resulted in identifying shortcomings and in suggesting alterations to the existing procedure. The newly created procedure was empirically tested for its usability using eye tracking. By comparing the old instruction format to the newly developed one, the results showed that appropriately highlighting warnings, exceptions, or reminders, and placing them at a logical position assures that they will be read and identified with ease rather than overlooked. The presentation of the information in a stepwise manner, with one action per step, allows the user to follow more easily the steps that must be carried out to save time and effort.
This study - the first of its kind in the field of non-destructive evaluation - showed that the procedure can be improved by applying human factors principles to the design and by involving the users into the process of procedure development and quality assurance.
Introduction of the speaker – Marija Bertovic
Marija Bertovic has a degree in psychology and a PhD in human factors. Since 2006 she has been working on topics related to human factors in non-destructive testing at the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, German Society for Non-Destructive Testing and as an independent consultant. The focus of her research has been on identifying and studying human factors’ related risks during NDT inspections and suggesting ways of optimizing the inspections and inspection procedures. She is currently a research staff member at BAM responsible for probabilistic safety and reliability analyses AND human factors analyses. She is the chairwoman of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing’s (DGZfP) subcommittee on human machine interaction and the winner of the DGZfP Science Award in 2018.
Die Schwerpunktthemen für die Forschung der BAM im Bereich der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung werden vorgestellt. Es stehen die aktuellen Forschungsprojekte der Fachbereiche 8.1 bis 8.7 der Abteilung 8 und des Arbeitsgebietes Probabilistische Sicherheits- und Zuverlässigkeitsanalysen von Frau Dr. Bertovic sowie der Nachwuchsgruppe von Frau JProf. Dr. Kruschwitz im Vordergrund.