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This paper explores combining a gimbal-mounted tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensor and a video camera to create a virtual gas camera for methane leak detection. This provides a low-to-zero-cost extension of typical TDLAS gas tomography systems. A prototype setup mounted on a ground robot is evaluated. Results acquired using a simulated methane leak show the feasibility of the virtual gas camera, accurately detecting methane leaks by overlaying concentrations onto a visual image. While the acquisition time is significantly longer than for traditional gas cameras, potential enhancements are discussed. The study concludes that the virtual gas camera is feasible and useful, despite its longer acquisition time. It serves as a valuable software-only addition to typical TDLAS gas tomography systems, offering quickly-available on-site data augmentation for visual leak assessment at low-to-zero cost.
This paper outlines significant advancements in our previously developed aerial gas tomography system, now optimized to reconstruct 2D tomographic slices of gas plumes with enhanced precision in outdoor environments. The core of our system is an aerial robot equipped with a custom-built 3-axis aerial gimbal, a Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensor for CH4 measurements, a laser rangefinder, and a wide-angle camera, combined with a state-of-the-art gas tomography algorithm. In real-world experiments, we sent the aerial robot along gate-shaped flight patterns over a semi-controlled environment with a static-like gas plume, providing a welldefined ground truth for system evaluation. The reconstructed cross-sectional 2D images closely matched the known ground truth concentration, confirming the system’s high accuracy and reliability. The demonstrated system’s capabilities open doors for potential applications in environmental monitoring and industrial safety, though further testing is planned to ascertain the system’s operational boundaries fully.
This paper explores combining a gimbal-mounted tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensor and a video camera to create a virtual gas camera for methane leak detection. This provides a low-to-zero-cost extension of typical TDLAS gas tomography systems. A prototype setup mounted on a ground robot is evaluated. Results acquired using a simulated methane leak show the feasibility of the virtual gas camera, accurately detecting methane leaks by overlaying concentrations onto a visual image. While the acquisition time is significantly longer than for traditional gas cameras, potential enhancements are discussed. The study concludes that the virtual gas camera is feasible and useful, despite its longer acquisition time. It serves as a valuable software-only addition to typical TDLAS gas tomography systems, offering quickly-available on-site data augmentation for visual leak assessment at low-to-zero cost.
This paper outlines significant advancements in our previously developed aerial gas tomography system, now optimized to reconstruct 2D tomographic slices of gas plumes with enhanced precision in outdoor environments. The core of our system is an aerial robot equipped with a custom-built 3-axis aerial gimbal, a Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensor for CH4 measurements, a laser rangefinder, and a wide-angle camera, combined with a state-of-the-art gas tomography algorithm. In real-world experiments, we sent the aerial robot along gate-shaped flight patterns over a semi-controlled environment with a static-like gas plume, providing a welldefined ground truth for system evaluation. The reconstructed cross-sectional 2D images closely matched the known ground truth concentration, confirming the system’s high accuracy and reliability. The demonstrated system’s capabilities open doors for potential applications in environmental monitoring and industrial safety, though further testing is planned to ascertain the system’s operational boundaries fully.
Digital Calibration Certificates: Transforming Efficiency and Safety in Hydrogen Refuelling Station
(2023)
Digital Certificates have emerged as a pivotal element in automation and digitalisation. This presentation highlights the added value of a digitalised metrology, its impact on the workflows on the calibration service providing and receiving side as well as their significance in enhancing the quality infrastructure. An overview of digital calibration certificates (DCC) for temperature sensors, including their structure and role in establishing trust in hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS), will be discussed. Additionally, it explores the impact of DCC on optimising efficiency in the hydrogen refuelling process.
Exploring the paradigm shift brought about by Industry 4.0, where machines possess the ability to autonomously interpret digital certificate data, leads to streamlined safety checks and reduced human intervention. We will discuss how automated verification of machine-readable certificates contributes to maintaining and elevating safety standards over human-readable certificates. Furthermore, we will take a deep dive into the application of DCCs in HRS, showcasing how they enhance operational efficiency, accuracy, and maintenance by enabling real-time monitoring and adjustment of process data.
By exploring the interdependent relationship between digital certificates, machine-readable environments, and HRS optimisation, this presentation will provide valuable insights into harnessing cutting-edge technologies to create a safer, more efficient, and technologically empowered hydrogen refuelling process.
Die Magnetpulverprüfung ist eine weit verbreitete Prüfmethode für ferromagnetische Bauteile. Hierbei werden Oberflächenfehler wie Risse mit ferromagnetischem Pulver sichtbar gemacht, wodurch eine qualitative Bewertung des Bauteils ermöglicht wird. Allerdings können die Anzeigen kaum zu einer quantitativen Bewertung herangezogen werden. Hierfür sind Magnetfeldsensoren nötig, die die Stärke der Streufelder messen, wodurch z. B. die Tiefe der Risse abgeschätzt werden kann. Bei kommerziellen Magnetfeldsensoren sind die sensitiven Elemente auf Platinen angebracht bzw. in eine Verkapselung integriert. Hierdurch erhöht sich der Abstand der Elemente zur Oberfläche und kleine Fehler können unter Umständen nicht mehr detektiert werden. Auch wird eine automatisierte Prüfung komplexer Geometrien durch die starren Sonden erschwert.
Um Streufelder von kleinen Fehlern in komplexen Bauteilen quantitativ bewerten zu können, validiert die BAM den Einsatz neuartiger, flexibler Magnetfeldsensoren. Hierbei sind die sensitiven Elemente auf flexiblen Folien aufgebracht und lassen sich verformen, wodurch sie auf viele mögliche Oberflächenformen appliziert werden können. Es wird ein geringerer Abstand der Elemente zur Oberfläche erreicht und Streufelder von kleinen Defekten können besser aufgelöst werden. Zudem verlieren die Sensoren durch Verformung weder ihre Sensitivität noch werden sie hierdurch zerstört. Dies macht diese Sensoren zu perfekten Kandidaten für die quantitative Bewertung von Rissstreufeldern in komplex geformten, ferromagnetischen Bauteilen.
Der Beitrag präsentiert die Charakterisierung der Sensoren sowie erste Versuche an komplexen Bauteilen. Schließlich wird eine Einschätzung hinsichtlich weiterer Anwendungsmöglichkeiten gegeben.
Es handelt sich hierbei um die erste Veröffentlichung einer verifizierbaren eAttestation (DCC mit DAkkS-Siegel). Sie wurde vom akkreditierten Kalibrierlabor D-K-11075-08, im Rahmen des QI-Digital Vorhabens, für den Fachbereich 8.1 erstellt und dient im Zusammenhang mit dem Vortrag "Digitale Kalibrierzertifikate – die Umsetzung in akkreditierten Laboratorien" auf dem 324. PTB-Seminar "Berechnung der Messunsicherheit – Empfehlungen für die Praxis" als Anschauungsmaterial für die Digitalisierung in der Metrologie.
Die PKI zum digitalen Akkreditierungssymbol der DAkkS sowie dessen Funktionsweise und daraus resultierende Mehrwerte für Kalibrierlaboratorien und Endanwender werden vorgestellt. Im Anschluss wird der aktuelle Stand bei der Einführung des digitalen Kalibrierscheins (DCC) im akkreditierten Kalibrierlabor der BAM wiedergegeben. Eine Roadmap für die Digitalisierung des Kalibrierlabors sowie die Vorstellung des Quality-X Konzeptes geben einen Ausblick in die nähere Zukunft.
In order to detect small and hidden material defects or micro-cracks, weak and localized magnetic stray fields need to be detected and characterized on the magnetic surface. Current flux leakage sensor elements are rigid and rely on air gaps to detect stray fields several hundred micrometers above the surface. Furthermore, the increasing complexity of critical components, enabled by novel fabrication technologies, primarily additive manufacturing, poses a significant challenge to the available flux leakage testing technologies.
The emergence of flexible magneto-electronics paves the way to a compliant form of magnetic sensors that, on one hand, are able to adapt to highly curved surfaces, allowing these measurements to be conducted on irregularly formed components, which are inaccessible for nowadays electromagnetic NDT equipment and, on the other hand, could enhance the detection limit for small magnetic stray fields, by allowing the magneto-sensitive elements to approximate the object’s surface until only a few µm, mediated by thin and flexible packaging.
The finite volume method (FVM), like the finite element method (FEM), is a numerical method for determining an approximate solution for partial differential equations. The derivation of the two methods is based on very different considerations, as they have historically evolved from two distinct engineering disciplines, namely solid mechanics and fluid mechanics. This makes FVM difficult to learn for someone familiar with FEM. In this paper we want to show that a slight modification of the FEM procedure leads to an alternative derivation of the FVM. Both numerical methods are starting from the same strong formulation of the problem represented by differential equations, which are only satisfied by their exact solution. For an approximation of the exact solution, the strong formulation must be converted to a so-called weak form. From here on, the two numerical methods differ. By appropriate choice of the trial function and the test function, we can obtain different numerical methods for solving the weak formulation of the problem. While typically in FEM the basis functions of the trial function and test function are identical, in FVM they are chosen differently. In this paper, we show which trial and test function must be chosen to derive the FVM alternatively: The trial function of the FVM is a “shifted” trial function of the FEM, where the nodal points are now located in the middle of an integration interval rather than at the ends. Moreover, the basis functions of the test function are no longer the same as those of the trial function as in the FEM, but are shown to be a constant equal to 1. This is demonstrated by the example of a 1D Poisson equation.