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The pathways of plastics, especially of microplastic (MP), in environmental compartments, particularly in aquatic systems, are not well understood. The critical point is the lack of fast, harmonised methods for sampling, sample preparation and sample analysis. These three analytical steps are dependent on one another and must be optimised.
In recent years, we developed a method for representative sampling and fast detection of MP in aqueous systems. The sampling in different freshwater bodies is performed in the field with a fractionated filtration system using mesh sizes of 500, 100 and 50 µm. For water with an intermediate or high content of suspended particular matter a minimum of 1000 L has to be filtered. In the lab, mesh sizes of 10 and 5 µm are used for further filtration. Subsequently, the water filtrates of the different particle size classes are sterilised, dried, weighed and homogenised, if necessary.
Conventional methods for MP analysis are infrared and raman spectroscopy, giving information on the shapes and numbers of individually identified MP particles. Our focus is on the determination of mass contents of various polymers potentially contained in environmental samples. For qualitative and quantitative MP detection TED-GC-MS is used, a two-step method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with previous thermal extraction. This method not only enables us to screen the samples for characteristic marker-molecules, thus identifying single polymers, but furthermore allows the calculation of mass contents of individual polymers. In the present work, different freshwater compartments were exemplarily studied to identify containing polymers and calculate their mass content in MP particles.
The particle size distribution is considered the most relevant information for nanoscale property identification and material characterization. The current OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution (TG 110) is not applicable to ‘nano-sized’ objects. In this project we thus develop a new OECD test guideline for the measurement of the size and size distribution of particles and fibers with at least one dimension in the range of 1 - 1000 nm. A fiber is defined as an object having an aspect ratio of length/diameter l/d >3. The width and length of each fiber should be measured concurrently.
In order to measure the particle size distributions, many techniques are available. 9 methods for particles and 2 methods for fibres have been tested in a prevalidation study and appropriate methods will be compared in an interlaboratory round robin test starting in February 2019.
To investigate the attachment behavior of bacteria, tailored surfaces are needed. Differences in the chemical charge of the substrate are varied by -COO-, -CH3, -OH, -NH3 terminated functional groups. Regular patterns of them on the surfaces enable bacteria to choose their preferred attachment sides. Tools to tailor the samples are µ-contact printing, self-assembled monolayers and physical vapor deposition. The same concept of preferred sides in patterned surfaces is transferred to the nano- and microroughness which is accomplished by using zinc oxide nanorods synthesis.
Selection of resistance in bacteria grown on antimicrobial surfaces in a multidrug environment
(2018)
Bacterial biofilms are regarded as the most common cause of chronic infections and are often associated with medical devices, such as implants and catheters. Bacteria growing in biofilms produce a protective, extracellular matrix, which enables them to tolerate much higher antimicrobial concentrations than free-living bacteria and survive long enough to acquire antimicrobial resistance. Preventive and therapeutic strategies against biofilm infections in clinical settings commonly involve the application of multiple antimicrobials: antimicrobial coatings on the biomaterials and systemically administered antibiotics. This frequent practice harbors the risk of the development of cross-resistance via shared resistance mechanisms between antimicrobials used in material coatings and administered antibiotics.
Our goal is to determine how population dynamics within biofilms affect the transmission of resistance mutations. Specifically, we want to identify antimicrobial-antibiotic-combinations that select for and against antibiotic resistance in biofilms by following the population dynamics of resistant and susceptible strains in competition assays. Gaining a better understanding about resistance development and spread in persistent biofilm infections will enable us to provide clinical recommendations for improved administration of antibiotics/antimicrobials in combination with medical device materials to mitigate against biofilm associated antimicrobial resistance.
Here, we will discuss our first findings on the effects of combinations of the carbapenem drug meropenem and various antimicrobials.
The characteristics of different molecules chosen as representatives for specific functionalities in conditioning layers play an important role on attachment behavior and later biofilm formation of bacteria. The chemical composition is a major component influencing the attachment but there is a conglomerate of influences.
Das Auftreten von Mikroplastik (MP) in aquatischen Ökosystemen ist bereits vielfältig dokumentiert. MP sind Kunststoffpartikel mit einer Größe kleiner als 5000 µm. Sie gelangen entweder als primäres MP (bspw. Zusätze in Kosmetikartikeln) oder als sekundäres MP (Fragmentierung größerer Kunststoffteile) in die Umwelt. Über die Existenz von Kunststoffpartikeln und deren Verbleib in terrestrischen Systemen ist wenig bekannt. Bis heute ist es unklar, ob MP im Boden durch Bodenerosion in die aquatische Umwelt transportiert wird und Boden somit als MP-Quelle für Gewässer fungiert, oder ob Partikel im Boden zurückgehalten werden und Boden eine MP-Senke darstellt. Hierzu sind aussagekräftige Messungen von Proben notwendig.
Das Fehlen harmonisierter Verfahren für die Probenahme, Probenaufbereitung und Detektion erschwert die aktuelle Diskussion. In den wenigen bisher veröffentlichten Studien fanden hauptsächlich spektroskopische Methoden wie FTIR- oder Raman-Mikroskopie als Detektionsverfahren Anwendung. Diese liefern in der Regel Aussagen über Partikelanzahlen.
Im vorliegenden Projekt soll als Analysemethode die von uns entwickelte ThermoExtraktionDesorption-GasChromatograpie-MassenSpektrometrie (TED-GC-MS) genutzt werden. Bei dieser Methode wird die Probe bis 600 °C erhitzt; die Zersetzungsgase werden auf einer Festphase sorbiert, anschließend in ein GS-MS-System überführt und dort desorbiert, getrennt und identifiziert. Die Methode erlaubt auf schnellem Wege über den Nachweis von spezifischen Zersetzungsprodukten die Identifikation einzelner Polymere, aber auch die quantitative Bestimmung des MP-Massegehaltes in einer Bodenprobe.
Ziel des vorliegenden Projektes ist die Entwicklung eines systematischen Protokolls zur Probenahme, Probenaufarbeitung und anschließenden Analyse mittels TED-GC-MS von MP in terrestrischen Proben. Neben der Erstellung einer systematischen Probenahmestrategie sind Probenaufarbeitungsschritte wie die Reduktion der anorganischen Matrix mittels Dichteseparation sowie die oxidative Zersetzung organischer Matrixbestandteile notwendig.
Im vorliegenden Tagungsbeitrag präsentieren wir die Anwendung der TED-GC-MS für die Bestimmung von MP in verschiedenen terrestrischen Umweltmatrizen.
Without precaution, insects may cause serious damage to Museum collections. Quarantine of potentially infested objects can be logistically challenging. Anoxia under controlled nitrogen atmosphere is a most compatible but also time-consuming method to eradicate insect pests in all kinds of different materials. Treatment results are usually effected by duration, temperature, humidity and residual oxygen content. During a two-year research project, 34 relevant pest insect species of all developmental stages were tested in several different materials (wood, paper, wool) to monitor treatment success and to determine optimum treatment parameters. Duration of Treatment ranged from one to three weeks at temperatures of 20 - 27 °C.
As expected, results showed significant differences in mortality among tested species. Highest tolerance of hypoxic conditions was found in older larvae of Hylotrupes bajulus. However, this species is an unlikely museum pest. Anobiids and other wood boring beetles are more often an issue related to cultural heritage. Tested imbedding materials in general had no mortality lowering influence. A combination of three weeks exposure time at up to 0.5 % residual oxygen and at 24 °C and 50 % RH is recommended for infested artefacts.
Mikroskopische Pilze, die sich schnell auf verfügbaren Oberflächen ausbreiten können und die wir (wenn sie sich ansammeln), auch mit bloßem Auge erkennen können, werden Schimmelpilze genannt. Da diese Organismen verschiedene organische Kohlenstoffverbindungen als Nahrung benutzen, werden sie sich bei wachstumfördernden Feuchtigkeitsbedingungen in Bibliothekbeständen schnell ausbreiten können. Im Vortrag werden Haupteigenschaften aller Pilze, sowie auch aktuelle Methoden der Identifizierung dieser Organismen erörtert.
Benutzung geeigneter Lebendkulturen als Referenzorganismen geben der Materialprüfung und -forschung eine Möglichkeit des reproduzierbaren Experimentierens mit verschiedenen Materialien und Simulation von Bedingungen im Gebrauch. Vorteile unserer Testverfahren sind: (i) Zeitraffung und Kontrollierbarkeit der Umweltparameter; (ii) Benutzung einer naturnahen Vergesellschaftung; iii) gezielte Variationen der Prüfbedingungen im Labor.
Ziel dieser Untersuchungen ist einerseits biogene Schäden an neuen Materialien zu verfolgen und zu modellieren, und damit eine bessere Planungsgrundlage für die Materialentwicklung anzubieten. Andererseits werden mit den Referenzorganismen mikrobiologisch moderne und zeitraffende Techniken angeboten, die neue Behandlungsmethoden oder Pflegeverfahren für die Bestandserhaltung erwarten lassen.
A fundamental question in ecology is how biodiversity affects ecosystem function. Biodiversity is commonly estimated based on genetic variation. We investigated a new approach that defines and measures biodiversity in complex microbial communities. We used the variation in multiple functionally-relevant, phenotypic traits measured in parallel in single cells as a metric for microbial phenotypic diversity. We studied phenotypic diversity and ecosystem functioning throughout different photosynthetic layers dominated by divergent microbial communities in the gradient of Lago di Cadagno. We determined genetic diversity by 16S and 18S amplicon sequencing and bulk ecosystem functioning (photosynthesis). In addition, we determined phenotypic diversity using single-cell technologies such as nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) correlated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning flow-cytometry. We measured functional trait variation between individuals in 13CO2 fixation, 15NH4+ uptake, and variation in physio-morphological cell traits, such as cell size, shape, and auto-fluorescence for various pigments related to photosynthesis. We used the distances between individuals in a multidimensional trait space to derive phenotypic trait-based diversity indices, such as trait richness, trait evenness, and trait divergence. We find that phenotypic trait divergence associates with ecosystem functioning, whereas genetic diversity does not. Including activity-based, single-cell phenotypic measurements with NanoSIMS provided an additional accuracy to the trait-based diversity assessment and allowed us to formulate hypotheses on the mechanisms that shape the correlation between phenotypic diversity and eco-system function. Together, our results show that phenotypic diversity is a meaningful concept to measure microbial biodiversity and associate it with ecosystem functioning.
An approach to achieve “zero leakage” is discussed with respect to the experience in Germany, where strict regulations for landfill lining and capping systems have been developed and issued because of large environmental problems related to landfills that accumulated in the 1970’s and 1980’s. These regulations for landfills and geosynthetics which are used in landfill liner and capping systems are shortly described. The main certification requirements for the products as well as conclusions for their use are presented. Using a thick, high quality HDPE geomembrane (GMB), which is installed free of residual waves and wrinkles in intimate contact with a compacted clay liner (CCL) or geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) of very low permeability, by a qualified, experienced, well equipped and properly third‐party controlled installer and which are protected by heavy protection layers designed with respect to long‐term performance of the GMB, may result in a liner or capping system of practically no leakage. This is demonstrated by analyzing results of measurements obtained from permanently installed leak detection systems in combination with HDPE GMBs.
Die Kreislaufwirtschaftsinitiative der Europäischen Kommission fordert klar grundlegende Aspekte der Kreislaufwirtschaft in bereits bestehende Rechtsrahmen einzubetten. Anforderungen zur gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Lebensdauer, Reparierbarkeit und Recyclingfähigkeit von Produkten sollen zukünftig auf europäischer Ebene ins Leben gerufen werden. Ein geeignetes Spielfeld ist die Ökodesign-Richtlinie. Momentan regelt sie primär die Energieeffizienz von energieverbrauchsrelevanten Produkten, doch der Fokus wird aktuell um Anforderungen an den nachhaltigen Einsatz von Ressourcen erweitert. Bei den gegenwärtigen Aktivitäten im Ökodesign steht der Normungsauftrag M/543 im Zentrum. Es wurde 2015 von der Europäischen Kommission an CEN/CENELEC vergeben und später stieß auch ETSI dazu. Bislang sind acht generische EN-Normen und zwei Fachberichte (Technical Report (TR)) geplant. Sie sollen grundlegende Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit von energieverbrauchsrelevanten Produkten, die von der Ökodesign-Richtlinie betroffen sind, abdecken. Trotz der zu erwartenden hohen Reichweite dieses Vorhabens scheinen die Inhalte und der eigentliche Zweck der zu erarbeitenden Normen vielen Marktakteuren noch nicht vollständig bekannt zu sein. Daher hat ein nationaler Zentralverband eingeladen zu berichten. In dem Vortrag werden Antworten auf folgende Fragen gegeben: Warum im Ökodesign? Was ist geplant? Was ist betroffen? Worum geht es in den Normen?
A series of field exposure tests according to ISO 9223 and 9226 was carried out at different locations to determine the corrosivity of different test sites throughout northern and eastern Germany. Standard test specimens of steel, zinc, copper and aluminium were exposed to rural, city and maritime atmosphere at test sites of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing. Test sites at city atmosphere comprised exposure on a rooftop, next to a highly frequented road and directly at a motorway. Exposure under maritime conditions was carried out at Heligoland in the North Sea and at the North Sea coastline on Sylt. The specimens were stored under sheltered and unsheltered conditions on each test site, respectively. Corrosion rates after the first year of field exposure were determined and used for the classification of the atmospheres and the test sites regarding the corrosivity.
The presentation will show the results of the systematic study. First year corrosion rates for steel, zinc, copper and aluminium will be presented and discussed with respect to the type of material, the atmospheric conditions and the time of wetness at the test sites. In addition, the difference between sheltered and unsheltered conditions will be discussed.
Today glass is broadly used in modern architecture. For applications indoor it is possible to produce decor glass by using enamel colors and glass painting techniques without any problems. However, this is more limited for applications outdoor. Humidity and environmental pollution attack the surface of the coating and damage it strongly. There are only few colors on the market which are resistant towards acids and bases until now. Additionally, most of those colors are opaque. In order to extend the color palette, chemically resistant colored glasses are being developed which are transparent, relatively low melting and intensively toned even in thin coat thickness. To achieve such ambitious aim, many parameters have to match which act in complex manner. Metal oxides were used to color the glasses. A lead-free glass composition was developed to avoid an exposition of heavy metals to the environment. The glasses were characterized, in particular in terms of their thermal properties, their crystallization and corrosion behavior as well as their chemical and environmental durability. Different practical applications will be shown.
A process spectroscopic approach for the monitoring of microplastics in environmental samples
(2018)
The potential of Raman and NIR process-spectroscopic as a rapid approach for the estimation of microplastics (MP) in soil matrix were tested. For this purpose, artificial MP/soil mixture samples consisting of standard soils or sand with defined ratios of MP (0,5 – 10 mass% polymer) from polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were prepared. MP particles with diameters < 2 mm and < 125 µm were obtained from industrial polymer pellets after cryo-milling. Spectra of these mixtures were collected by (i) a process FT-NIR spectrometer equipped with a reflection probe, (ii) by a cw-process Raman spectrometer and (iii) by a time-gated Raman spectrometer using fiber-optic probes. The evaluation of process-spectra was performed by chemometric methods. Whereas MP could be detected by Raman spectroscopy in coastal sand at 0.5 mass%, in standard soil detection of MP was limited to 10 – 5 mass% with the large fraction, but samples containing particles of the 125µm mass-fraction yielded no positive result at all. One reason for the lacking sensitivity could be fluorescence by soil organic matter and thus, in a next test time-gated Raman spectroscopy was applied. However, although being indeed more sensitive to the small particles this method failed at MP < 5 mass% indicating that fluorescence was not the major problem. Finally, FT-NIR was tested. Depending on the polymer, MP contents of 0,5 or 1 mass%, respectively, could be detected in standard soils and polymers identified. Furthermore, this approach could be used for the investigation of mixtures of up to four polymers and in real-world samples from bio-waste fermenter residues.