Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (310) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (180)
- Deutsch (128)
- Mehrsprachig (2)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (310)
Schlagworte
- Korrosion (22)
- Mikroplastik (22)
- Microplastics (21)
- TED-GC/MS (19)
- Biocides (15)
- Zink (15)
- MIC (14)
- Antimicrobial resistance (13)
- Atmosphärische Korrosion (12)
- Corrosion (12)
- Deckschichtbildung (10)
- Runoff (10)
- Biofilm (9)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (9)
- Polymer 3R (9)
- Circular Economy (8)
- Deponie (8)
- Leaching (8)
- Risk assessment (8)
- TED-GC-MS (8)
- Antimicrobial coating (7)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (7)
- Gelartige Elektrolyte (7)
- Nano (7)
- Normung (7)
- Evolution (6)
- Fluorescence (6)
- Kupfer (6)
- Methanogens (6)
- Microplastic (6)
- Standardization (6)
- Bacteria (5)
- Bauprodukte (5)
- Black fungi (5)
- Disinfection (5)
- Emission (5)
- Genetics (5)
- Mikroplastik-Analytik (5)
- Ressourceneffizienz (5)
- Ringversuch (5)
- VOC (5)
- Analytik (4)
- Biofilms (4)
- Carbon steel (4)
- Dye (4)
- Ecotoxicity (4)
- Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung (4)
- Fungus (4)
- Korrosionsuntersuchungen (4)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahn (4)
- Materialeffizienz (4)
- Melanin (4)
- NIR (4)
- Nanomaterial (4)
- OECD (4)
- Quantum dot (4)
- Reference materials (4)
- Tolerance (4)
- Trinkwasser (4)
- Ökodesign (4)
- Archaea (3)
- BBodSchV (3)
- BEMMA (3)
- Beton (3)
- Biorezeptivität (3)
- Böden (3)
- Calibration (3)
- Concrete (3)
- Environmental simulation (3)
- Geokunststoffe (3)
- Glutaraldehyde (3)
- HP14 (3)
- Heterogeneity (3)
- ICP-MS (3)
- ILC (3)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (3)
- LA-ICP-MS (3)
- Light (3)
- Methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (3)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (3)
- Microbiology (3)
- Nanomaterials (3)
- Nanoparticle (3)
- Nanopartikel (3)
- Nanoplastics (3)
- PAK (3)
- Phenotypic diversity (3)
- Pigments (3)
- Quantum yield (3)
- Rechtssetzung (3)
- Recycling materials (3)
- Referenzmaterial (3)
- Resistance (3)
- Risikobewertung (3)
- Robustness studies (3)
- SWIR (3)
- Schwermetalle (3)
- Sulfate reducing bacteria (3)
- Transformation (3)
- Advanced Materials (2)
- Aerosol (2)
- Analysis (2)
- Antibiotics (2)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (2)
- Architecture (2)
- Assay (2)
- Behördenklausurtagung (2)
- Beschleunigte Alterung (2)
- Bewitterung (2)
- Bio-weathering (2)
- Biocide (2)
- Biocide tolerance (2)
- Bioreceptivity (2)
- Black fungus (2)
- Bodenmaterial (2)
- Bundesoberbehörden (2)
- CCS (2)
- CCU (2)
- Chemical durability (2)
- Chromatography (2)
- Circular economy (2)
- Construction products (2)
- Cross-resistance (2)
- DIN 50929-3 (2)
- Deckschichtwiderstand (2)
- Disinfectants (2)
- EPREL-Produktdatenbank (2)
- EU-Energielabel (2)
- Ecodesign (2)
- Electrochemistry (2)
- Emission reference materials (2)
- Environment (2)
- Environmental Simulation (2)
- Extremotolerance (2)
- Fassade (2)
- Fungal biofilms (2)
- Fungi (2)
- Geogitter (2)
- Geruch (2)
- Glass (2)
- HI-Tension (2)
- Horizontal gene transfer (2)
- Hygiene (2)
- InP (2)
- Indoor air quality (2)
- Integrating sphere spectroscopy (2)
- Knufia (2)
- Knufia petricola (2)
- Korrosionsprüfung (2)
- Korrosionsschutz (2)
- Kulturgut (2)
- Kunststoffrasen (2)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (2)
- Lifetime (2)
- Low melting (2)
- Luft (2)
- Lysimeter (2)
- Materials emissions test (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Microbiome (2)
- Microplastics standardisation (2)
- Mikroorganismen (2)
- Modelling studies (2)
- Museum (2)
- Museum Pests (2)
- Mutation rate (2)
- Nanocrystal (2)
- Nanomaterialien (2)
- Olivine (2)
- Particulate emission (2)
- Pollutants (2)
- Polymer (2)
- Polypropylen (2)
- Polystyrol (2)
- Probennahme (2)
- Produkteffizienz (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quantitative NMR (2)
- RFA (2)
- Reference material (2)
- Reifenabrieb (2)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (2)
- Single cell-ICP-ToF-MS (2)
- Size distribution (2)
- Solar panel (2)
- Spannungsrissbeständigkeit (2)
- Stainless steel (2)
- Standardisation (2)
- Stress (2)
- Test guideline (2)
- Thermoanalytical methods (2)
- Tire wear particles (2)
- UHPC (2)
- VOC-Emissionen (2)
- Verwertung (2)
- WIPANO (2)
- Waschmaschine (2)
- XRF (2)
- fungus (2)
- melanin (2)
- 3D Printing (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- AFB1 (1)
- AIS (1)
- AMR (1)
- ASE (1)
- Abdichtungssystem (1)
- Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Academia (1)
- Adaptive functions (1)
- Additive Fertigung (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Adsorber (1)
- Aerosol spectroscopy (1)
- Aged particles (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aging (1)
- Aging test (1)
- Algae (1)
- Algea (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Amorphous silica particles (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analytical sciences (1)
- Anhydrite (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Antimicrobial Resistance (1)
- Antimicrobials (1)
- Apanteles carpatus (1)
- Arbeitsschutz (1)
- Ascomycetes (1)
- Atmospheric Corrosion (1)
- Atmospheric conditions (1)
- Auslagerungsversuch (1)
- Auslagerungsversuche (1)
- Auswaschung (1)
- Auswaschversuche (1)
- Automated single cell-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- Automatization (1)
- BEMMA Bewertung (1)
- BFR (1)
- BPA (1)
- Bacteria repellent surfaces (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Bacterial adhesion tests (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Barcoding (1)
- Baryscapus tineivorus (1)
- Bauproduktenverordnung (1)
- Bead (1)
- Begasung (1)
- Beleuchtung (1)
- Bestandserhaltung (1)
- Bestrahlung (1)
- Beständigkeit (1)
- Bewehrungen aus Kunststoff (1)
- Bio-receptive (1)
- Biodiesel (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofilm growth (1)
- Biofilmbildung (1)
- Biological Control (1)
- Biosphere (1)
- Biosphere-technosphere interaction (1)
- Biotische/abiotische Faktoren (1)
- Biozid (1)
- Biozide (1)
- Bisphenols (1)
- Bitumen (1)
- Blue Angel ecolabel (1)
- Bodenanalytik (1)
- Botrytis (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Building products (1)
- Building vibration (1)
- CCUS (1)
- CO2 (1)
- CO2 quality (1)
- COST (1)
- COST Action (1)
- CUSP (1)
- Calcium sulfates (1)
- Capability (1)
- Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carbon steel corrosion (1)
- Carotenoids (1)
- Cast iron (1)
- Certificaion Schemes and Labels (1)
- Charakterisierung (1)
- Chemical analysis (1)
- Chemical resistance (1)
- Chemometrics (1)
- Chromstahl (1)
- Circular economy action plan (1)
- Cleavable probes (1)
- Comparative test (1)
- Condensation (1)
- Conditioning layer (1)
- Conductometry (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Contrast agent (1)
- Controllable gene expression (1)
- Copper (1)
- Corrosion prevention (1)
- Corrosion product (1)
- Corrosion products (1)
- Corrosion resistant materials (1)
- Corrosion testing (1)
- Corynetes caeruleus (1)
- Crispr/Cas9 (1)
- Cryo milling (1)
- Cultural Entomology (1)
- Cultural Heritage (1)
- Cytotoxicity (1)
- DSLT (1)
- Dangerous goods (1)
- Data evaluation (1)
- Data stores (1)
- Data structuring (1)
- Deponiebau (1)
- Deponietechnik (1)
- Deschichtwiderstand (1)
- Desiccation (1)
- Desinfektion (1)
- Diatoms (1)
- Dichtungskontrollsystem (1)
- Diffusibler Wasserstoff (1)
- Digital twin (1)
- Dipstickassay (1)
- Dispay case (1)
- Doping (1)
- Drinking water (1)
- Droplet corrosion (1)
- Durability (1)
- E. coli (1)
- ELISA (1)
- EN 16516 (1)
- EU regulations (1)
- Ecotoxicological Assessment (1)
- Ectoine (1)
- Electrochemical Titration (1)
- Electrothermal Vaporization (1)
- Elutionsverfahren (1)
- Elutionsverhalten (1)
- Emissionen (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Emissions of hazardous gases (1)
- Emissionskammer (1)
- Emissionsmessungen (1)
- Emisson testing (1)
- Enamel colors (1)
- Encoding (1)
- Energieeffizienz (1)
- Energielabel (1)
- Engineered Nanomaterials (1)
- Engineered living materials (1)
- Engineered nanomaterials (1)
- Environmental friendly (1)
- Ergebnisunsicherheit (1)
- Europäische Kommission (1)
- Expansion joint (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- Extreme environments (1)
- Extremophilic fungi (1)
- FA (1)
- FAME (1)
- FPIA (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Fassadenfarbe (1)
- Fassadenfarben (1)
- Façade (1)
- Feuerverzinkt (1)
- Fibers of textile origin (1)
- Field exposure studies (1)
- Filament comparison (1)
- Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Flow cytometry (1)
- Flow-system (1)
- Fluorescence standard (1)
- Fluoruos Systems (1)
- Forschungsförderung (1)
- Fractional factorial (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Freibewitterung (1)
- Freibewitterungsprüfung (1)
- Freisetzung und Transfer von Schadstoffen (1)
- Functionalized Nanomaterials (1)
- Funktionalisierung (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GUI (1)
- Gas storage (1)
- Genetic tools (1)
- Genome editing (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Geothermal (1)
- Gesteinskorrosion (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Green deal (1)
- Greenwashing (1)
- Grey water (1)
- Ground water (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Größenbestimmung (1)
- H2-Abbau (1)
- H2020 (1)
- HDPE (1)
- HDPE geomembrane (1)
- Harmonisation (1)
- Harmonisation in microplastics (1)
- Hausbock (1)
- Haushaltsgeräte (1)
- Hi-Tension (1)
- High-resolution MS (1)
- Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl S960QL (1)
- Holzschutz (1)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- Hydrolyse (1)
- Hygienische Bewertung (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus (1)
- Hyper-arid (1)
- ILC on detection methods (1)
- IPM (1)
- ISO (1)
- ISO 8407 (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Immunity (1)
- Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (1)
- Industrial applications (1)
- Innenraum (1)
- Integrated Museum Pest Management (IMPM) (1)
- Interdisciplinary (1)
- Interlaboratory (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Ionizing radiation (1)
- Ir DNA staining approach (1)
- Iron isotope fractionation (1)
- Joint sealing (1)
- Kleidermotte (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Kontamination von H2 (1)
- Korosi (1)
- Korrosionsschäden (1)
- Korrosionsuntersuchungen in Böden (1)
- Korrosionsversuche (1)
- Korrosionsüberwachung (1)
- Kraftstoffabbau (1)
- Kraftstoffbehälter (1)
- Kreislaufwirtschaftsstrategie (1)
- Kunststoffschweißen (1)
- LDA (1)
- LFIA (1)
- LIBS (1)
- Laboratory experiments (1)
- Lake Cadagno (1)
- Landfill liner (1)
- Lanthanide nanoparticle (1)
- Laser Ablation (1)
- Laser Printer (1)
- Laser ablation (1)
- Laser diffraction (1)
- Laser processing (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structueres (LIPPS) (1)
- Lead (1)
- Leak detection (1)
- Lebensdauer (1)
- Leichtbau (1)
- Ligands (1)
- Light regulation (1)
- Light sensing (1)
- Low cost aerosol PM sensor (1)
- Luftschadstoffe (1)
- MAG-Schweißen (1)
- MALDI (1)
- MBA (1)
- MIC Island (1)
- Marble (1)
- Mass contents (1)
- Material efficiency (1)
- Material surface colonisation (1)
- Materialbearbeitung (1)
- Medicinal plants (1)
- Melanins (1)
- Mesocrystal (1)
- Metabolites (1)
- Metallabgabe (1)
- Metallene Werkstoffe (1)
- Metallkorrosion (1)
- Metalls (1)
- Method (1)
- Method comparison (1)
- Method development (1)
- Methodenentwicklung Böden (1)
- Microbial (1)
- Microbial communities (1)
- Microbial induced corrosion (1)
- Microbially induced corrosion (1)
- Microbiological influenced corrosion MIC (1)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microplastic analysis (1)
- Microplastic fibre release (1)
- Microplastic mass (1)
- Microplastics detection (1)
- Microplastics in soil (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikrobiell beeinflusste Korrosion (1)
- Mikrobielle Gemeinschaft (1)
- Mikroplastik Böden (1)
- Milling (1)
- Mineral weathering (1)
- Mircobially influcenced corrosion (1)
- Model organism (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Multiplexing (1)
- Multivariate Analysemethoden (1)
- Museumsvitrine (1)
- Museumsvitrinen (1)
- Mutagenesis (1)
- Nachwärmung (DHT) (1)
- Nano particle (1)
- NanoSIMS (1)
- Nanorods (1)
- Nanosafety (1)
- Nanoscale luminescent reporters (1)
- Netzwerk (1)
- Neuartige Materialien (1)
- Nichtrostender Stahl (1)
- Nitric acid (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Normungsroadmap (1)
- Nostoc (1)
- Nuclear waste disposal (1)
- Nucleation (1)
- Office machines (1)
- Old nanocrystal (1)
- Optical Spectroscopy (1)
- Optical assays (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optical spectroscopy (1)
- Ordinance on Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection (1)
- Organotin compounds (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- PAH (1)
- PBFSM (1)
- PE (1)
- PFAS (1)
- PFC (1)
- PLA (1)
- PLSR (1)
- PM (1)
- PS (1)
- Paints (1)
- Particle (1)
- Particle sensors (1)
- Particulate emissions (1)
- Passivity (1)
- Passivität (1)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (1)
- Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) (1)
- Performance testing (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Photoperception (1)
- Phototrophic bacteria (1)
- Pigment (1)
- Pilz (1)
- Pipeline (1)
- Planetary surface (1)
- Plastic (1)
- Plastic biofilm (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- PlasticEurope (1)
- Policy making (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Polyethylene (1)
- Polymer foils (1)
- Polymer in fuels (1)
- Polymer size (1)
- Polymerblend (1)
- Preferential binding (1)
- Process-spectroscopy (1)
- Product labelling (1)
- Produktdatenbank (1)
- Produktdesign (1)
- Projekte (1)
- Prozessanalytik (1)
- Prüfrichtlinie (1)
- Quantum dots (1)
- REACH (1)
- RME (1)
- RUSEKU (1)
- Radon (1)
- Rainfall simulator (1)
- Raman (1)
- Recyclinkgfähigkeit (1)
- Reference Material (1)
- Regelwerk (1)
- Regulations (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Reparierbarkeit (1)
- Resistance evolution (1)
- Resource efficiency (1)
- Ressortforschung (1)
- Ringversuche (1)
- Road run-off (1)
- Rock-inhabiting black fungi (1)
- Rock-inhabiting fungus (1)
- Rostasche (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SEM-EDS (1)
- SRB (1)
- Safe-by-Design (1)
- Schadensursachen (1)
- Schadstoffaustrag (1)
- Schadstofftransfer (1)
- Schimmel (1)
- Schutzschichten (1)
- Schutzwirkung (1)
- Schweißeigenspannungen (1)
- Schweißverfahren (1)
- Schädling (1)
- Secondary metabolism (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Selektion (1)
- Silica (1)
- Silica and Polystyrene Particles (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Single cell (1)
- Single cell analysis (1)
- Single crystal (1)
- Single particle-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- Size (1)
- Soil (1)
- Soil-like materials (1)
- Solar parks (1)
- Spaltkorrosion (1)
- Speziierungsanalyse (1)
- Spheroid (1)
- Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Standard test samples (1)
- Standardproben (1)
- Straßentunnel (1)
- Stress tolerance (1)
- Subaerial biofilm (1)
- Supercritical/dense phase CO2 (1)
- Surface Group Analysis (1)
- Surface Modification (1)
- Surface analysis (1)
- Surface analytic (1)
- Surface functionalization (1)
- Surface group analysis (1)
- Surface group quantification (1)
- Surface modification (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Sustainability Assessments (1)
- Sustainable-by-Design (1)
- TED (1)
- TEKKEN-Test (1)
- Tauchtest (1)
- Technologietransfer (1)
- Termite (1)
- Test Guideline (1)
- Testverfahren (1)
- Textile company (1)
- Thermal degradation (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thermische Analyse (1)
- Thermogravimetry (1)
- Thermoplastic filaments (1)
- Tineola bisselliella (1)
- Titration (1)
- ToF-SIMS (1)
- Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- Toxicology (1)
- Trait-based ecology (1)
- Transformation Products (1)
- Transformation products (1)
- Transposon (1)
- Trinkwasser-Installation (1)
- Trinkwasserinstallation (1)
- UV (1)
- UV absorption (1)
- UV exposure (1)
- UV protection (1)
- UV radiation (1)
- UV tolerance (1)
- UV-Bestrahlung (1)
- UV-Bestrahlungsstärke (1)
- Ultrakurze Laserimpulse (1)
- Umgebungseinflüsse (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Umweltsimulation (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- Unterirdische Speicher (1)
- Utilization (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- Validation (1)
- Vergleichsversuche (1)
- Vitrinen (1)
- WUP (1)
- Washing machine (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Wasserstofflagerung (1)
- Wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrissbildung (1)
- Waste water (1)
- Waste water treatment plant (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Weathering (1)
- Weathering tests (1)
- Wärmedämmverbundsystem (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zinküberzüge (1)
- Zirkuläre Wirtschaft (1)
- ZnO nanorods (1)
- black fungus (1)
- carotenoids (1)
- gelartige Elektrolyte (1)
- genetics (1)
- hygienische Bewertung (1)
- individual-based modelling (1)
- light (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- plant pathogen (1)
- qNMR (1)
- signaling (1)
- virulence (1)
- µ-contact printing (1)
- Ökdoesign (1)
- Ökobilanzierung (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (155)
- 6 Materialchemie (59)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (58)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (57)
- 6.6 Physik und chemische Analytik der Polymere (44)
- 7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz (43)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (35)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (35)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (34)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (32)
Der Vortrag berichtet über die Auslagerung von Standardproben nach DIN EN ISO 9223 bis 9226 aus Zink, Stahl, Kupfer und Aluminium auf den verschiedenen atmosphärischen Bewitterungsständen der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). Im Vortrag werden die Masseverluste, Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten und Korrosivitätskategorien der Standardproben im freibewitterten und überdachten Bereich nach einem Jahr vorgestellt und Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Atmosphärenbedingungen aufgezeigt. Freibewitterte Proben zeigen dabei deutliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich ihres Korrosionsverhaltens im Vergleich zu überdachten Proben. Die ermittelten Korrosivitätskategorien sind sowohl standort- als auch materialspezifisch.
Das korrosionsverhalten von metallenen Werkstoffen in Erdböden besitzt unter Betrachtung der Dauerhaftigkeit sowie aus wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten eine entscheidende Bedeutung. Um zu überprüfen, ob ein metallener Werkstoff für eine bestimmte Bodenklasse geeignet/ beständig ist, müssen oftmals elektrochemische Korrosionsuntersuchungen im Boden durchgeführt werden. Da sich natürliche Böden aufgrund ihrer organischen Bestandteile mit der Zeit verändern, sind die Ergebnisse der Korrosionsuntersuchungen nicht reproduzierbar.
Ziel dieser Untersuchungen ist es, künstliche Böden herzustellen, die aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften (Bodenparameter) Bodenklassen der DIN 50292-3 zuzuordnen sind um zukünftig reproduzierbare Ergebnisse im Labor generieren zu können.
Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids.
Biocides are in contact with soils through direct application and passive leaching from protected materials. Consequently, soil microorganisms are exposed to biocides even though they are not their primary targets. Soil is a large reservoir of microbial diversity and has been hypothesized to be a crucial factor for the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Currently, there is little knowledge on how biocides used to protect materials affect the evolution and spread of resistance. Thus, our aim is to investigate the risk for the evolution of biocide resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics. In addition, we aim to elucidate the affect of biocides on the spread of resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
In adaptive laboratory evolution experiments we cultured selected model soil microorganism with representative biocides under selection regimes with increasing and stable biocide concentrations followed by antibiotic and biocide cross-resistance determination. Moreover, we investigate if the selected biocides affect the rates of de novo mutations and HGT of plasmids that carry resistance genes among soil microorganism.
Our results show only small increases of biocide resistance during serial transfers under increasing biocide concentrations. One reason for this might be the narrow selective window for biocide resistance due to steep dose-response relationships. Furthermore, our results indicate that a stable low-level biocide regime did not select for high level cross-resistance to antibiotics and other biocides.
Moreover, material preservatives affected the rates of HGT via conjugation and the mutation rates at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The results will enable future risk assessment regarding resistance evolution for biocides used as material preservatives.
After their discovery on rock surfaces in cold and hot deserts, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetous black fungi was found to dominate a range of hostile environments – natural and man-made, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Together with bacteria and algae they may establish subaerial biofilms and cause weathering of the surfaces they grow on. Their impressive survival abilities as well as their constitutive protective pigmentation and cluster-like microcolony organisation are similar in environmental isolates as well as in heat-tolerant opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. We selected the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (class Eurotiomycetes, order Chaetothyriales) that exhibits all the characteristics of microcolonial black fungi such as yeast-like cell growth, absence of reproductive structures and constitutive dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanogenesis (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol). We developed protocols to efficiently generate and transform protoplasts resulting in stable homokaryotic transformants by targeting genes involved in pigment synthesis. The differences between the wild-type fungus and its melanin-deficient mutants were tested in geomicrobiological experiments and measured are now discussed in detail, with special accent on the possible effects of the mutation on EPS and other exuded substances.
Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by different Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g. in melanized reproduction, survival and/or infection structures. Remarkable is the regulation of the DHN melanogenesis in the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea: it involves two differently expressed PKSs providing the precursor in conidia and sclerotia, respectively (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeast) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. As part of our continuing research on microcolonial rock-inhabiting fungi, we chose the genetically amenable Knufia petricola strain A95 (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol; Noack-Schönmann et al. 2014, AMB Express) for detailed studies. DHN-deficient mutants generated by targeted mutation of biosynthetic genes were studied with regard to the architecture of the cell wall and the EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) matrix, attachment to and weathering of olivine, as well as the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. We will discuss the critical role of the outer cell surface (DHN melanin and EPS) in adhesion to the substrate and subsequent damage of the colonized surface.
Microcolonial black fungi, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetes, exhibit constitutive melanin formation, yeast-like growth and high stress tolerances. They dominate – often together with bacteria and algae in sub-aerial biofilms – a range of hostile environments including natural and man-made ones, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Because of lacking genetic tools and the slow growth of most isolates, the genetic bases for these specific properties are largely unknown. The rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) exhibits all characteristics of microcolonial black fungi and was selected as recipient for genetic engineering to study gene functions and genetic interactions. Different variants of green and red fluorescent proteins were successfully expressed indicating that fluorescence microscopy using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and fluorescent dyes enables various cell biology approaches. Furthermore, genes of biosynthetic pathways (DHN melanin, carotenoids, uracil, adenine) were successfully mutated by applying traditional gene replacement and plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9 or silenced by RNA interference (RNAi). The availability of this advanced and efficient genetic toolbox and the annotated genome sequence of strain A95 makes K. petricola an excellent model for exploring the secrets of microcolonial black fungi.
Der Vortrag stellt eine Ergebniszusammenfassung des WIPANO-Vorhabens GELELEK im Hinblick auf eine Normung dar. Dafür wird das Projekt zunächst kurz vorgestellt, um anschließend auf normungsrelevante Parameter einzugehen. Dazu gehören insbesondere die Umgebungs- und Messbedingungen, die Herstellungsparameter der Gelpads, das Messverfahren selbst sowie die messbaren Proben. Ein erster Ausblick auf den Normvorschlag wird gegeben.
Es wird über aktuelle Arbeitsthemen und Entwicklungen im Fachbeirat berichtet. So wurde in einer Sondersitzung des Fachbeirats über die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase beim Einsatz von Geokunststoffprodukten in Böschungen diskutiert. Die Unterarbeitsgruppe Fremdüberwachung in der Produktion hat getagt. Darüber hinaus werden Änderungen in den Zulassungsrichtlinien für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Kunststoff-Dränelemente und für die Fremdüberwachung kurz vorgestellt.
Die Untersuchungen und Ausführungen im Vortrag belegen, dass verfügbare Modellvorstellungen zur Beschreibung der Deckschichtbildung und Korrosion von Zink unter aktuellen atmosphärischen Bedingungen in Europa nicht mehr gültig sind und neu bewertet werden müssen. So können beispielsweise bisher verfügbare Prognosemodelle den Korrosionsfortschritt nicht mehr ausreichend beschreiben, da durch die Verringerung des Schwefeldioxidgehaltes der Luft veränderte Mechanismen vorliegen.
Interface between the atmosphere and mineral substrates is the oldest terrestrial habitat. Morphologically simple microbial biofilms were the first settlers on these inhospitable surfaces at times when the Earth was inhabited only by microorganisms and the solid substrates represented only by natural rock surfaces i.e. lithosphere. Miniature, self-sufficient microbial ecosystems continue to develop on subaerial (i.e. air-exposed) solid surfaces at all altitudes and latitudes where direct contact with the atmosphere and solar radiation occurs – on rocks, mountains, buildings, monuments, solar panels. All these sub-aerial biofilms develop under fluctuating and hostile conditions – and thus frequently harbour stress-tolerant black fungi inherently able to cope with the stresses of bright sunlight and constantly changing atmospheric conditions. Black fungi – a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes– accumulate the dark pigment DHN melanin, diverse carotenoids and mycosporines in their cells and thus successfully colonise sunlight-flooded habitats from phyllosphere to rock surfaces. Various chemical and physical extremes and fluctuating environments belong to the challenges effectively mastered by black fungi. In our laboratory we isolate novel black fungi from man-made habitats like building materials and solar panels. Using Knufia petricola A95 as a model we conduct experiments to clarify interactions of black fungi with inorganic substrates. We use available mutants to determine the functional consequences of changes in the outer cell wall envelopes – from excreted EPS to layers of protective pigments. A genetic toolbox to manipulate this Chaetothyriales representative is in further development. Our long-term goal is to understand the fundamental mechanisms how black fungi are able (i) to adhere to dry atmosphere-exposed surfaces, (ii) to survive multiple stresses and (iii) to change the underlying substrates including rocks.
In the modern world there is an increased understanding that design and performance monitoring of materials have to be tested in connection to chemical, physical and (micro)biological challenges. A systematic study on how biofilms interact with materials and what could be done to engineer biofilms and/or materials in order to maximize the resistance of the material (surface) or the resistance the biofilm-modified material (bulk) is in strong need. In the Department “Materials and the Environment” of the BAM new experimental platform is being developed. With the help of different type of device for high throughput and microbiologically-controlled environment simulation we establish a new approach to clarify the mechanisms of biofilm/material interactions. Despite the focus on fundamental research, the main results of this project proposal will be transferable into material technology and construction chemistry and will influence the development of standardization in this topic. As the interactions of biofilms and materials have implications for most constructions as well as climate change, the results of the research generates additional value.
The story of how black fungi survive harsh conditions on sun-exposed desert rocks and material surfaces is fascinating. In the presentation examples of how knowledge of these organisms can be of practical value (e.g., in biodeterioration studies, such as on stone markers in cemeteries) would be given. Among other stories, the example of how roof tiles amended with a titanium oxide layers as a biocide actually selected for the black fungi will be told. A hypothesis about how these organisms would likely be found on solar panels and some early BAM work in that area will be presented. This then brings the connection to a study ripe for investigation in North Carolina. The talk presents the development of a study aiming at deciphering the influence of microbial biofilm formation on the energy conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic panels or modules at two facilities (one facility under the impact of high intensity of animal agriculture and high deposition of ammonia from atmosphere and the other with low animal agriculture and lower atmospheric ammonia deposition) in North Carolina. The main hypothesis of the study is that microbial biofilm formation on solar photovoltaic panels will lead to significant decreases in energy conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic modules and biofilm formation will also be accelerated by high ammonia concentration in the ambient atmosphere and high nitrogen deposition.
Boden und Steine sind mit jährlich etwa 140 Mio t der mengenmäßig größte Abfallstrom in Deutschland. Bodenmaterial kann in Abhängigkeit seiner vorherigen Nutzung oder Herkunft mit Schadstoffen belastet sein. Seine weitere Verwertungsmöglichkeit hängt nicht nur vom Schadstoffgehalt im Feststoff, sondern auch von der Mobilisierbarkeit dieser Stoffe ab.
Die Paragraphen 6 bis 8 der vorgesehenen Novelle der BBodSchV enthalten neue Vorgaben hinsichtlich des Auf- und Einbringens von Bodenmaterial unterhalb oder außerhalb einer durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht (4. Referentenentwurf Mantelverordnung, Stand: 06.02.2017). Es soll die Möglichkeit eingeräumt werden, Bodenmaterialien mit Feststoffgehalten von regulierten Stoffen bei Überschreitung des Vorsorgewertes einer weiteren Verwertung zuzuführen unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Eluatwerte eingehalten werden. Für die Auswirkung dieser neuen Regelungen auf die Verwertung von Bodenmaterialien bestehen bisher noch Datendefizite besonders für organische Stoffe.
Durch die Umstellung des Elutionsverfahrens von einem W/F von 10 l/kg (bisherige Regelung in der LAGA M 20) auf ein W/F von 2 l/kg bestehen zusätzliche Unsicherheiten im Hinblick auf die Einstufung von Bodenmaterialien zu Verwertungszwecken.
Im Rahmen eines UFOPLAN-Projektes (FKZ 3716 74 203 0) wurden unterschiedliche Bodenmaterialien verschiedenen Ursprungs (z.B. Baggergut, Bankettschälgut, Stadt- und Auenböden, Bergematerial) mit besonderem Fokus auf PAK untersucht. Von den unter die Kriterien fallenden, ausgewählten Bodenmaterialien wurden Feststoffgehalte, TOC-Gehalte sowie die Eluatwerte aus Säulenversuchen nach DIN 19528 und Schüttelversuchen nach DIN 19529 bei einem Wasser-/Feststoffverhältnis (W/F) von 2 l/kg und 10 l/kg ermittelt und gegenübergestellt.
Mit den neuen und auch mit Auswertung vorhandener Daten kann hinsichtlich PAK gezeigt werden, dass mit Verabschiedung der neuen Regelungen sich zusätzliche Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien außerhalb der durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht eröffnen und deren Deponierung vermieden werden kann. Analysen zu anorganischen Schadstoffen wurden parallel miterfasst und ausgewertet.
Paragraphs 6 to 8 of the proposed amendment to the German Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance contain new requirements regarding the application of soil-like material outside of a rootable soil layer. For example, it is intended to enable reusing of soil-like materials containing regulated substances in concentrations between the single and double precautionary values (PV), provided that the limit values for the eluate are complied with. The aim of a running project (funding code UFOPLAN 3716 74 203 0, German Federal Environmental Agency) is to fill data deficits for soil-like materials which meet the above-mentioned criteria to promote circular economy and conservation of natural resources. Different soil-like materials of various origin (for example dredged material, banquet peeling material, urban and meadow soils) are considered with a special focus on PAHs. A major challenge in sample acquisition is the relatively narrow target range of the PAH content between 3 and 6 mg/kg dm considering a high measurement uncertainty at this concentration level.
The contents of PAHs, heavy metals and other inorganic elements in solid matter are determined following established standards. In addition, the soil-like materials are characterized concerning particle size, pH, conductivity, SOM, TOC and carbonate content. To determine the eluate concentration, column tests according to DIN 19528 and batch tests according to DIN 19529 at a liquid/solid ratio (L/S) of 2 l/kg and 10 l/kg are performed comparatively.
The results show that the new requirements of the planned amendment to the Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance certainly opens additional possibilities for reuse of soil-like materials. Even most soil-like materials within 2-3 x PV comply with the eluate value for PAH (0.2 μg/l) both in the batch test and in the column test at L/S 2 l/kg. Selected inorganic substances lead to similar evaluations. Therefore, the application of such soil-like materials outside of rootable soil layers would be possible. Previously, those materials were often used for landfill construction. In the future, a utilization in the adjacent environment by backfilling, recultivation, renaturation, composting or landscaping would be conceivable.
Dem Fachbeirat Bodenuntersuchungen des BMBF/UBA wurden Ergebnisse aus BISp-Forschungsvorhaben zur Untersuchung der Stofffreisetzung aus Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis sowie zur Modellierung des Schadstofftransfers auf dem Pfad Boden-Grundwasser vorgestellt. Dabei wurde auch auf die derzeitigen gesetzlichen Regelungen auf EU Ebene und die vorhandenen Anforderungen in der Normung eingegangen. Der verbliebene Forschungsbedarf wurde aufgezeigt und dabei auch die Problematik der Bildung von Mikroplastik im Zusammenhang mit Sportböden thematisiert.
Verwertung von Bodenmaterialien - Ergebnisse aus dem UFOPLAN-Vorhaben und Transfer der Ergebnisse
(2019)
Dem Fachbeirat Bodenuntersuchungen des BMBF/UBA wurden Ergebnisse zum UFOPLAN-Forschungsvorhaben „Monitoring zur Verwertung von Bodenmaterial“ vorgestellt. Die potentielle Auswirkung der neuen Regularien in der geplanten Novelle der BBodSchV (4. Referentenentwurf der Mantelverordnung) auf die Erweiterung der Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien wird aufgezeigt. Probleme des Umgangs mit der analytischen Messunsicherheit im Grenzwertbereich und mit der Vergleichbarkeit der zugelassenen Elutionsverfahren werden diskutiert.
Background. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a toxic low-molecular-weight secondary fungal metabolite produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus not only at pre-harvest time but also at post-harvest stages including storage. AFB1 was classified as a Group I carcinogen by the World Health Organization for Research on Cancer in 1993. AFB1 is able to naturally contaminate medicinal plants and therefore causing serious health issues for humans consuming the related medicine. This study aimed to develop an efficient fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and for the first time a rapid (5-10 min), low-cost, and simple membrane-based flow-through immunoassay (MBA) for determination of AFB1 in medical herbs based on a monoclonal antibody.
Methods. Two different techniques for AFB1detection in medical herbs (Herba Orígani vulgáris, Folia Urticae, Fructus Rubi idaei) were developed and compared, namely an easy-to-use semi-quantitative flow-through membrane-based enzyme immunoassay (MBA), and a homogeneous method which needs no separation or washing steps (assay time 10 min), a quantitative fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA).
Results. A cut-off level of the developed MBA can vary wide from 0.8 ppb to 1 ppb. The FPIA method showed a linear working range of 8.6 ppb to 64 ppb, IC50 of FPIA is 24 ppb. The results were in good correlation with the ELISA results (IC50 = 0.1 ppb). LC–MS/MS was used to confirm the results, too.
Conclusion. MBA can be used for a quick on-site AFB1 detection in medical herbs (Herba Orígani vulgáris (Oríganum vulgáre), Folia Urticae (Urtíca dióica), Fructus Rubi idaei (Rúbus idáeus)), the developed test does not require special equipment and is not time-consuming (5-10min), includes several simple steps and can be performed directly on-site. The major advantages of the developed FPIA are its simplicity and suitability for a rapid screening of a large number of samples.