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Immuno-detection biosensors represent a well-established and widely recognised class of analytical tools. The popularity of these devices can be attributed to their exceptional selectivity and impressive sensitivity. However, when trace-level detection is required — particularly for small molecules — sensitivity can become a limiting factor. This challenge evident in fields such as forensic analysis, where the in-situ detection of explosives remains difficult due to the scarcity of highly sensitive sensor platforms.
In this work, an optical biosensor designed for the highly specific and sensitive detection of HomeMade Explosives (HME) is introduced. The immunoassay is embedded within a hydrogel matrix that is both permeable to the analyte and optically transparent, thereby enabling interrogation of fluorescently labeled antibodies. The signal readout is achieved using Supercritical Angle Fluorescence (SAF), an advanced microscopy technique that enhances surface-level fluorescence detection while suppressing bulk emission. In order to implement SAF, a parabolic optical geometry is required. The use of a high-resolution SLA printer (with a resolution of less than 22 µm) allowed us to fabricate this tailored optical element. Prior to the fabrication stage, optical simulations were conducted to validate the light path for
optimal SAF collection. Additionally, to study the optical suitability of the material used, a
spectroscopic and physical characterisation was conducted. This cost-effective approach,
characterised by rapid production and minimal design constraints, was specifically engineered to capture emission at the immunoanalytical interface. In order to facilitate antibody-specific recognition, the glass surface was functionalised with a hapten corresponding to the target analyte, thereby enabling non-covalent attachment of labelled antibodies. This configuration permits antibody displacement and, consequently, SAF signal modulation (see Figure 1). The integration of immunoanalytical recognition with SAF detection has resulted in a platform that exhibits modularity and versatility. This development signifies the potential for the advancement of next-generation sensors capable of trace-level detection and substance
identification.
This study investigates the validation and calibration of the MAT_MM_CONCRETE material model for simulating the blast response of reinforced concrete slabs. A comprehensive experimental campaign, including blast loading measurements, structural response monitoring, and damage assessment, was used to benchmark numerical simulations performed with IMPETUS. The results show that the response of the model is governed primarily by the transition strain limits, while some commonly adjusted fracture-energy parameters may have only limited influence under specific conditions. It is also shown that vibrations, deformations, and crack patterns are key parameters for validation. The work highlights the importance of selecting physically relevant calibration parameters and validating simulations against multiple experimental observables to achieve reliable blast assessments.
Explosive shock wave exposure leads to age-accelerated motor and sensory decline in C. elegans
(2026)
Background
Military and law enforcement personnel are routinely exposed to shock waves from weapon systems and explosive devices during training and operations. Even when such shock wave exposure results in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) without abnormalities on routine imaging, persistent neurological symptoms may occur. Yet, the biological processes that link an acute blast wave insult to progressive neuronal dysfunction remain poorly defined.
Methods
We established Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes as a genetically accessible animal model for blast-related mTBI (br-mTBI). Animals were exposed in gelatin to shock waves generated by a custom-built shock wave generator (SWG), which produces explosive shock waves with an abrupt overpressure peak followed by a negative pressure phase. The resulting pressure-time curves are very similar to the profiles of conventional explosives in free-field setups. To enable mechanistic studies under controlled laboratory conditions, we developed a complementary platform using a medical radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) device. Motor behavior, mechanosensory function, neuronal morphology and cytoskeletal integrity were analyzed during aging.
Results
SWG-derived shock waves induced immediate but reversible motor and sensory deficits, followed by an accelerated age-dependent decline in movement and touch sensitivity. The rESWT platform accurately reproduced these phenotypes. Touch receptor neurons showed progressive structural abnormalities, including degeneration, alongside acute PTL-1/Tau mislocalization consistent with cytoskeletal injury.
Conclusions
Defined shock wave exposure is sufficient to provoke long-term neuronal functional decline in C. elegans, accompanied by structural deterioration and premature neurodegeneration. This tractable model enables lifelong phenotyping and mechanistic dissection of how an acute shock wave insult progresses to chronic neuronal dysfunction, and provides a scalable platform for identifying molecular and pharmacological modifiers that promote resilience.
In dieser Arbeit wird ein ingenieurtechnischer Ansatz zur qualitativen Untersuchung der primären Explosionswirkung auf Weichgewebe vorgestellt. Unter der primären Explosionswirkung wird die durch den Explosivstoff erzeugte Druckbelastung auf das Zielobjekt verstanden.
Vor dem Hintergrund einer zunehmenden Relevanz explosionsbedingter Verletzungen im militärischen Kontext benötigt es Modelle zur experimentellen Untersuchung der Druckbelastung auf Weichgewebe. Dazu wurde ein Versuchsaufbau entwickelt, der die qualitative Analyse der Interaktion von Stoßwellen mit einem generischen Modell aus Weichgewebesimulanzien ermöglicht. Der Versuchsaufbau bestand aus zwei zentralen Komponenten: Einem Stoßwellengenerator zur reproduzierbaren Erzeugung von Überdrucklastfällen sowie einem vereinfachten Torsomodell zur Untersuchung der Stoßwellenausbreitung in Weichgewebesimulanzien unter quasi-zweidimensionalen Bedingungen. Der Schwerpunkt lag auf dem vereinfachten Torsomodell, dass die Interaktion der Stoßwelle mit Medienübergängen isoliert und qualitativ analysierbar macht.
Die vom Stoßwellengenerator erzeugte Stoßwelle wurde hinsichtlich ihrer Reproduzierbarkeit und der Druckkurvencharakteristik analysiert. Als Vergleich diente die Stoßwelle eines brisanten Sprengstoffes. Dabei zeigte sich eine hohe Übereinstimmung der Druck-Zeit-Kurvenverläufe. Insgesamt erfüllte der Stoßwellengenerator die grundlegenden Anforderungen zur reproduzierbaren Erzeugung eines isoliert betrachteten Überdrucklastfalls für die weiterführenden Untersuchungen.
Zur Analyse der Interaktion der Stoßwelle mit dem Weichgewebe wurde organische technische Gelatine als Simulanz im vereinfachten Torsomodell eingesetzt. Aufgrund ihrer viskoelastischen Eigenschaften und materialspezifischen Schallgeschwindigkeit ermöglicht sie eine adäquate Nachbildung des generischen Weichgewebes. Die im vereinfachten Torsomodell ermittelten Druck-Zeit-Kurven entsprachen der idealisierten Druckkurvencharakteristik. Die Zustandsgrößen der Stoßwelle konnten valide mithilfe der Rankine-Hugoniot-Beziehungen bestimmt werden. Die Interaktion der Stoßwelle mit verschiedenen Medienübergängen im vereinfachten Torsomodell wurde qualitativ untersucht. Betrachtet wurden Übergänge von Weichgewebe zu einem Festkörper, einem Hohlkörper und einem Organpräparat. Die Ergebnisse zeigten charakteristische Änderungen der Zustandsgrößen an den Mediengrenzen, darunter Druckverstärkungen und reflexionsbedingte Unterdruckspitzen. Zur Untersuchung dieser Phänomene wurden die experimentellen Ergebnisse durch theoretische Berechnugen mit den Rankine-Hugoniot-Beziehungen ergänzt. In einem Anwendungsbeispiel konnte demonstriert werden, dass das vereinfachte Torsomodell zur qualitativen Analyse des Einflusses ballistischer Schutzmaterialien auf die Stoßwellen genutzt werden kann. Insgesamt bestätigen die Untersuchungen die Eignung des vereinfachten Torsomodells als reproduzierbares Modell zur qualitativen Analyse der Stoßwelleninteraktion an Mediengrenzen. Aufgrund der vereinfachten Geometrie konnten relevante Phänomene anhand der Druck-Zeit-Kurvenverläufe klar identifiziert werden.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kombination aus experimenteller Methodik und theoretischer Modellierung eine belastbare Grundlage für weiterführende Studien zur primären Explosionswirkung unter Einsatz komplexerer Modelle darstellt.
The article provides an overview of BAM's modular protection concept and the results of investigations that demonstrate its resistance to destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels.
During potentially destructive testing involving gas pressurized systems, the hazard posed by high velocity fragments or projectiles must be explicitly accounted for within the safety assessment. In certain cases, this consequence is intentionally induced to enable controlled demonstration, characterization, or measurement. In other cases - such as when evaluating resistance to extraordinary loads - it represents an unintended but probable consequence. In both scenarios, the implementation of protective measures is strongly advisable. These not only protect the test and measurement equipment but also allow for a reduction in safety distances for staff and may even reduce the need for more comprehensive organizational protective measures to protect the surroundings and the environment.
Prior to destructive testing of gas-filled pressure vessels, the overpressure wave and dissipation properties as well as the damage resistance of the protective barrier construction must be evaluated.
The robustness of the protective cubic system is validated by impact blast tests. The results demonstrate that the modular protective barrier exhibits sufficient resistance to both impact and thermal loading. The study confirms the system’s operational flexibility and its verified robustness with respect to pressure‑wave loading.
This paper presents the application of background-oriented schlieren (BOS) to obtain a quantitative characterization of shock waves from a free-field outdoor pressure relief system. A BOS setup was constructed, and an investigation was carried out to examine the influence of the background. Although critical locations in the natural background were identified, they could not be eliminated due to their large number, so an optimized random dot pattern was used instead. The evaluation method also took into account the intense radiation from the high-enthalpy gas flow. The aim was to visualize the shock wave front and reconstruct the shock wave front overpressure field. To this end, a linear calibration was performed between the optical results and those of the subsidiary pressure sensors. The estimated peak overpressures showed a good agreement with the measured values, with the BOS-based estimates slightly underpredicting the measurements. The maximum observed deviation was 8%. Therefore, this approach allows peak overpressure to be determined even at locations where no physical pressure sensors can be installed due to experimental restrictions, thereby extending the measurement capability of the experimental setup.
As the energy sector undergoes decarbonization, liquefied hydrogen is becoming increasingly important. In addition to large-scale energy imports, it is also well-suited as a fuel for aircraft and, for example, heavy-duty and long-haul road transport applications. A key challenge is the long-term thermal insulation of LH2, which is achieved through a combination of vacuum and multilayer insulation systems. Despite their proven use, there are still gaps in the knowledge of how such systems behave in accident scenarios - including fires - particularly in road transport. The presentation introduces experimental investigations of realistic fire scenarios for commercial vehicles, analyses heat transfer between the fire and a tank, and derives approaches for defining design fires applicable for the approval of tanks. The results contribute to improving the safety, design, and emergency assessment of cryogenic storage systems.
The shock wave generator (SWG) is used to investigate the effects of blasts on humans and structures. Since its explosion characteristics deviate from the ideal characteristics in the form of excessively high impulse, various sensors were used to gain more detailed insights into the combustion and fluid mechanics inside the SWG. Two symmetrically arranged pressure sensors enabled the analysis of the almost identical but slightly shifted propagation of the shock waves inside the SWG, which differs by a few microseconds . The fluid then flows out of the SWG. In this way, it is detected in a smaller pipe section by a pressure sensor and a fast heat flux sensor. The innovative measurement technology used in this process enabled the detection of extremely high heat fluxes of over 100 MW/m² with dynamics in the range of MHz, thus allowing the local boundary layer development to be determined. After less than 100 microseconds, it changed from a laminar flow to a turbulent boundary layer. In addition, the combination of both sensors allows conclusions to be drawn about the non-ideal shock wave characteristics outside the SWG, i.e. in the area where the models to be investigated are positioned. This makes it possible to identify additional shock waves emerging from the SWG, providing valuable information for further developing and optimising the test setup.
The safe use of liquid hydrogen as a clean fuel requires a deep understanding of its behaviour in accident scenarios. Among other scenarios, the possible involvement of cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks in engulfing fires is of particular concern, due to the potentially severe consequences. This study proposes a computational fluid dynamic model suitable to simulate the behaviour of liquid hydrogen tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) engulfed in fire. An original approach has been developed to assess the progressive degradation of the performance of the thermal insulation, that is crucial in determining the tank pressurization and failure. The model is validated against full-scale experimental fire tests. The outcomes of the model reproduce the progressive pressurization and the opening time of the pressure relief valve within 2 % error. The results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the dynamic evolution of the progressive degradation of the insulation when evaluating tank pressurization, and they highlight the limitations of empirical, simplified state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, the analysis evidences the key role of the fire temperature in governing tank response, stressing the need for proper fire characterization to support reliable modelling of fire scenarios and the development of emergency planning and mitigation strategies ensuring the structural integrity of liquid hydrogen tanks during fire attacks.
