Fire Science
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (160)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (154)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (61)
- Posterpräsentation (34)
- Buchkapitel (22)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (3)
- Dissertation (3)
- Monografie (2)
- Tagungsband (Herausgeberschaft für den kompletten Band) (2)
- Zeitschriftenheft (Herausgeberschaft für das komplette Heft) (2)
- Forschungsbericht (2)
- Sonstiges (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (348)
- Deutsch (94)
- Tschechisch (2)
- Mehrsprachig (2)
Schlagworte
- Flame retardant (36)
- Flame retardancy (32)
- Brandschutz (24)
- Behälterversagen (17)
- Fire resistance (16)
- Fire test (14)
- Flammability (14)
- Fire (13)
- Feuerwiderstand (12)
- Flame retardants (12)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (290)
- 7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen (219)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (89)
- 3.2 Gefahrguttanks und Unfallmechanik (83)
- 2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit (76)
- 2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern (74)
- 7.3 Brandingenieurwesen (67)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (18)
- 7.1 Baustoffe (15)
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (12)
Paper des Monats
- ja (7)
Innovation and scientific progress are often located in the synthesis of new flame retardants or in the compounding of new composites. Thus, although nearly everyone applies fire tests to ascertain the flame retardancy achieved, regular, cost-efficient fire testing is preferred, sometimes its reliability and meaningfulness are questioned. The goal of this revised chapter is to inspire the exploitation of the potential of fire testing beyond a soulless pass-and-fail or isolated number rating. Recommendations are given as to how fire behaviour can be investigated and how data can be evaluated faithfully and meaningfully. Backgrounds and benchmarks are discussed as thought-provoking impulses which could allow bench-scale fire testing to be exploited as a vital basis and powerful tool for science-based development.
Applying synergistic multicomponent systems is often key to efficient flame retardancy. Different flame retardants are combined or used together with fillers, adjuvants, or synergists to enhance their efficiency, reduce the worsening of other properties, or reduce the costs. Further, fibres and other reinforcing fillers contribute to fire properties crucially. Although the main flame-retardant modes of action are known, the scientific understanding usually falls short, when it comes to complex multicomponent systems, the crucial tiny optimizations, or quantifying in terms of specific fire properties. This book chapter illuminates the need for the multicomponent approach, the concept of synergistic flame retardants, and the main phenomena. Multicomponent systems are discussed in their capacity as general powerful strategy for achieving and optimizing future flame retardant polymeric materials.
This book presents the proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference Structures in Fire. The conference took place at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal, from 19 to 21 June 2024, under the auspices of the SIF movement. Structural fire safety is a crucial aspect of the design of buildings and infrastructures. Significant advances in research have increased the knowledge on this topic. However, until the 1990s, there were few forums for structural fire engineers to exchange ideas and share research findings. SIF (Structures in Fire) specialised workshop series was conceived in the late 1990s and the “First International SIF Workshop” was held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2000, followed by workshops in Christchurch, New Zealand (2002), Ottawa, Canada (2004) and Aveiro, Portugal (2006). The series of workshops evolved into conferences and the 2008 event in Singapore was the fifth International Conference on Structures in Fire. This was followed by events in East Lansing, USA (2010), Zurich, Switzerland (2012), Shanghai, China (2014), New Jersey, USA (2016), Belfast, UK (2018), Brisbane, Australia (2020) and Hong Kong, China (2022). Information about previous conferences, including complete proceedings, can be found at www.structuresinfire.com. The main mission of SIF conferences is to provide an opportunity for researchers and engineers from the global structural fire engineering community to participate, share and discuss the recent findings, innovations and developments with their peers in an open and international forum. Following the great success of the previous International Conferences, the University of Coimbra was selected to host the 13th International Conference on Structures in Fire. As with most of the recent conferences, the number of papers submitted far exceeds the number of papers that can be accommodated in the three-day programme, even with two parallel sessions. SIF 2024 received 249 abstracts before the deadline and accepted 172 abstracts after the review process by at least three reviewers from the scientific committee. These proceedings represent 132 full papers, collectively representing the state of the art in fundamental knowledge and practical application of structures in fire. Forty-two countries from around the globe have contributed to them. The papers are grouped into the following research topics: Applications of Structural Fire Engineering, Composite Structures in Fire, Concrete Structures in Fire, Timber Structures in Fire, Masonry Structures in Fire, Steel Structures in Fire, Experimental Research of Structures in Fire, Numerical Modelling of Structures in Fire, Other Topics Related to Structures in Fire. Finally, the Organizing Committee would like to thank the continuous support from the SIF Steering Committee chaired by Prof Jean-Marc Franssen. We also would like to thank to the Scientific Committee chaired by Prof Paulo Vila Real, the authors and all the supporting staff (and volunteer team) from the Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE) in Coimbra, for making SIF 2024 a successful conference.
Fire-induced spalling of normal strength concrete with different types of blended Portland cement
(2024)
The cement industry is looking to reduce its overall CO2 footprint. Greener manufacturing can be achieved by the introduction of more clinker-reduced cements. Concrete exposed to fire tends to show explosive spalling caused by thermomechanical and thermohydraulic processes. It is therefore essential to determine how concretes with clinker-reduced cements behave under fire exposure, especially for concretes containing calcined clays, as these are expected to be the supplementary cementitious material of the future.
In this paper, normal strength concretes with four different cements (CEM I, CEM II/A-LL, CEM III/A and CEM II/B-Q) were examined for their fire-induced spalling behaviour. In addition, a mix with PP fibres was investigated for each concrete. The experiments were conducted on ring-restrained cylindrical specimens exposed to the hydrocarbon fire curve. The results showed that the cement type influences spalling behaviour. Samples with CEM I spalled the least, followed by CEM II/A-LL and CEM III/A.
Finally, samples with CEM II/B-Q showed the most severe damage. It was found that the spalling behaviour of different concretes correlates with the moisture content before exposure to fire, meaning that higher moisture content leads to higher spalling susceptibility. The use of 2 kg/m³ PP fibres completely inhibited spalling regardless of the cement type used and therefore remains a successful avoidance strategy.
Considering the existing challenges involved in the transfer of flame retardant (FR) formulations from epoxy (EP) resins to glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRCs), obtaining data on the post-fire flexural properties of such composites is even more challenging as this involves balancing test parameters with potential composite delamination. In this study, solvent-free FR additives: ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and inorganic silicate (InSi) were added at 10, 30% and 50% w/w loading to a Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA)-dicyandiamide (DICY)-Urone resin matrix. These resin formulations were transferred to bidirectional (BD) glass fiber composites via prepregs. A novel, but facile approach was developed to prepare the composite samples for furnace tests at 400 oC. The composites were also subjected to fire exposure at different heat fluxes and times via a bench-scale test and subsequently tested via three-point bending. At approximately 3.5% P content, the FRs significantly improve the fire performance of both the resins and composites. However, they also degrade the systems’ pre- and postfire flexural modulus and strength. Therefore, improving the flame-retardant mode of action of the FRs in the composites, contrastingly reduces their structural integrity post-fire leading to a trade-off effect.
Considering the existing challenges involved in the transfer of flame retardant (FR) formulations from epoxy (EP) resins to glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRCs), obtaining data on the post-fire flexural properties of such composites is even more challenging as this involves balancing test parameters with potential composite delamination. In this study, solvent-free FR additives: ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and inorganic silicate (InSi) were added at 10, 30% and 50% w/w loading to a Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA)-dicyandiamide (DICY)-Urone resin matrix. These resin formulations were transferred to bidirectional (BD) glass fiber composites via prepregs. A novel, but facile approach was developed to prepare the composite samples for furnace tests at 400 oC. The composites were also subjected to fire exposure at different heat fluxes and times via a bench-scale test and subsequently tested via three-point bending. At approximately 3.5% P content, the FRs significantly improve the fire performance of both the resins and composites. However, they also degrade the systems’ pre- and postfire flexural modulus and strength. Therefore, improving the flame-retardant mode of action of the FRs in the composites, contrastingly reduces their structural integrity post-fire leading to a trade-off effect.
The residual post-fire mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy (EP) composites are influenced by their fire residues after burning. This study uses intumescent/low-melting glass flame retardants (FRs) to tailor fire residues in epoxy resin. Processibility of prepregs, and their quality are analysed for transfer of the flame-retardant epoxy resins to layered glass-fiber reinforced composites (GFRCs). Minimal effects were found on the pre-fire flexural strengths of the composites due to low loading of the FRs. However, when transferred to GFRCS, the fire residues diminish significantly. Process, testing, and material adaptations are required to improve theoretical and experimental estimations of the post-fire mechanics of the composites.
This article presents woven carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) tubular mesh used as a reinforcement on the inner surface of hollow beams made of high-performance concrete (HPC). The tubular mesh was designed to serve as both the tensile and shear reinforcement of hollow beams intended for the construction of small self-supporting structures that could be assembled without mechanization. The reinforcement was prepared with a tri-axial weaving machine from carbon filament yarn and was homogenized using epoxy resin. The interaction of the composite reinforcement with the cementitious matrix was investigated, and the surface of the reinforcement was modified using silica sand and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers to improve cohesion. The sand coating enhanced bond strength, resulting in the significantly higher flexural strength of the hollow beam of 128%. The PVA fibers had a lower positive effect of 64% on the flexural strength but improved the ductility of the beam. Individual beams were connected by gluing steel parts directly inside the hollow core of the HPC beam. This procedure provides good interaction between the CFRP reinforcement and the glued steel insert and allows for the fast and simple assembly of structures. The weaving of additional layers of the CFRP reinforcement around HPC beams was also explored. A small structure made of the hollow HPC beams with inner composite reinforcement was constructed to demonstrate the possibilities of the presented technology.