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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Defining a reduced volume zone for the simulation of burst test on composite pressure vessels
(2018)
The developed model uses a Monte-Carlo simulation to evaluate the accumulation of fibre breaks on composite structures. As the micromechanical aspects affecting the accumulation process is evaluated within a particular finite element size (0.1 mm x 0.1 mm x 8 mm), the industries would not be able to use the model on a real-size structure. Therefore, the reduced volume method is used to provide the statistical information between the required number of elements and simulations.
Component and material investigations on metal seals for high level radioactive waste containers
(2018)
Long-term investigations performed at BAM look to extend the state of knowledge on safety-related components of interim storage containers. Metal seals act as the primary sealing barrier in the bolted double lid closure system of the containers. The behaviour of metal seals has been investigated for ageing times up to 8.5 years and for various temperatures. The main cause for reduction in useable resilience overtime was due to creep deformation of the outer jacket of the seal.
The salinization and contamination of metal surfaces by chloride-containing aerosols is of great importance with regard to corrosion phenomena of damaged coated metal surfaces and stainless steels in the maritime sector and in offshore applications. Detailed questions have to be answered to clarify whether and to what extent salinization of the surface has an influence on the adhesion and durability of coatings in repairing applications and on pitting occurrence on stainless steels under atmospheric conditions. The questions arise which degree of salinization is reached after which period of time and how a defined and reproducible salinization can be simulated in the laboratory for further systematic investigations. The article is dedicated to these questions. Results of a field trial on the Island of Heligoland are presented and a simple procedure for a defined loading of metal surfaces with chlorides at a laboratory scale using a design of experiments (DoE) approach is introduced.
For the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel and other high-Level radioactive waste, dual purpose casks for the transportation and storage are widely used. Usually, these casks consist of a thick-walled monolithic cask body and a bolted double barrier lid System equipped with metal seals (consisting of an inner helical spring and two outer metal layers with a total cross-section diameter between 5 and 10 mm) to ensure the long-term safe confinement of the radioactive inventory.
Based on analytical and experimental studies, such metallic Systems have been qualified of storage periods of up to four decades so far as long as proper manufacturing and assembling conditions are met. More than 20 years of Operation experience with a permanently increasing number of casks has shown full compliance with the expectations.
In the meantime many countries have to face a significant delay of establishing a high-level radioactive waste repository what leads to Need for extending interim storage periods for probably 60, 80 or 100 years.
For that reason the long-term performance of metal seals for such time periods is of specific internst to demonstrate their sufficient safety function and specific investigations have already been launched, e.g. by BAM, to gain more experimental data and to develop validated models to extrapolate the seal performance to longer periods of time and or requested temperature levels.
The interaction between the package lid system and internal Content during mechanical drop testing is a decisive matter in evaluating Impact loads and the safety of the package. In the case of movable contents ist impact onto the inner side of the package lid can cause additional load peaks on the lid and the lid bolts. Some aspects of this issue were discussed on the basis of experimental results from instrumented drop tests with transport casks and on the basis of analytical approaches.
In this study, the test method EN 14825 for testing air conditioners is validated by verifying the sensitivity of the seasonal energy efficiency ratio SEER (declared on the energy efficiency label) in relation to the nominal cooling capacity Pdesign. Therefore, the two major parts of the test method, the measurement part and the calculation part, were investigated. Measurements were conducted on several single-split units. The calculation part was subjected to a sensitivity analysis in order to identify the properties of an air conditioner which have a strong influence on the SEER. The analysis revealed that the measurement procedure delivers reproducible results. However, the energy consumption in special operating states, the duration in active-mode and seasonal performance values in active mode (SEERon) significantly affect the sensitivity of the SEER. Especially assumption of short operating times for a cooling active mode leads to large changes in the SEER with varying Pdesign. In addition, the range of power of Pdesign turned out to have an increasing impact on the SEER with decreasing Pdesign. For Pdesign values ≤10 kW, which is the most popular type of ACs in the EU, the sensitivity of the SEER increases tremendously.
Especially the determination of the SEER for devices with short operating times in cooling active-mode (350 h) and low values for Pdesign (≤10 kW) cannot be reproduced anymore. In consequence, manufacturer could use the sensitivity of the SEER on Pdesign to artificially “increase” the energy efficiency of their air conditioner for the Energy label about 10 %.
The energy label is a tool that informs the consumer about the energy consumption of certain appliances. The tumble dryer is one of these appliances that were considered relevant for receiving an energy label in the European Union. All classes and values on the energy label are stated by the manufacturers. In order to guarantee that the manufacturers do not cheat and appliances are labeled correctly, the stated values are checked by the market surveillance of each country in compliance verification tests. However, in the case of tumble dryers these compliance verification tests are very expensive and can only be realized for a small sample size out of models which are available on the market. The fewer compliance verification tests are carried out, the higher is the chance that there are incorrectly labeled appliances on the market. Therefore, a modification of the test standard for tumble dryers has been analyzed which would reduce the costs of a performance test by at least 11 %.
Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel shall meet the International Atomic Energy Agency regulations to ensure safety under different transport conditions. The physical state of spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of package capabilities under these conditions. In this paper, the mechanical behavior of high burn-up spent fuel assemblies (> approx. 50 GWd/tHM, value averaged over the fuel assembly) under transport conditions is analyzed with regard to the assumptions which are used in the Containment and criticality safety analysis. In view of the complexity of the interactions between the fuel rods as well as between the fuel assemblies, basket, and cask containment, the exact mechanical analysis of such phenomena is nearly impossible. Additionally, the gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellet behavior, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated. Considerations and knowledge gaps for the transport after extended interim storage are issues of growing interest. In this context, practical approaches are discussed based on the experience of BAM within the safety assessment of packages approved for transport of spent nuclear fuel.