S.3 Ökodesign und Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
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Webcrawler
(2019)
Die Kreislaufwirtschaftsinitiative der Europäischen Kommission fordert eine grundlegende Erweiterung bestehender Rechtsrahmen. Anforderungen zu einer gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Lebensdauer, Reparierbarkeit, Recyclingfähigkeit, etc. von Produkten sollen unter der Ökodesign-Richtlinie geregelt werden. Bei diesem Vorhaben steht der Normungsauftrag M/543 im Zentrum. Es wurde 2015 von der Europäischen Kommission vergeben und bislang sind acht horizontale bzw. generische EN-Normen geplant. Trotz der zu erwartenden hohen Reichweite dieses Vorhabens scheinen die Inhalte und der eigentliche Zweck der zu erarbeitenden Normen vielen Marktakteuren noch nicht vollständig bekannt zu sein, daher sollen im Rahmen des Webinars diese Inhalte kurz vorgestellt werden.
Resource efficiency is a much discussed topic in terms of improving the sustainability of energy related and energy non-related products. Resource efficiency aspects such as the availability of spare parts, the ability to dismantle, etc. have been included in draft working documents in the revision of several already existing Ecodesign regulations as a first step. However, often these aspects are not consistent with the current technology and design of these products. A possible reason could be a lack of sufficient consultation or of a methodology which is sufficiently tailored for this topic. The established strategies and tools, used by policymakers, such as the Methodology for the Ecodesign of Energy-related Products (MEErP), do not seem to deal with these aspects appropriately. Draft requirements need to be very well developed before being discussed with member states and other related stakeholders, because including resource efficiency parameters could lead to additional, very wide-ranging effects on society. This topic cannot be covered well with legislative tools developed primarily for energy aspects. In this paper, a method is presented which can be used to combine products’ properties with crucial resource efficiency indicators. The method can be used to develop a set of draft legislative requirements and to pre-evaluate these requirements by target groups which would be affected by additional legal requirements. These include: market surveillance authorities, standardization organizations, manufacturers and their associations, environmental organizations and research facilities. The method incorporates stakeholders’ feedback to identify potential resource efficiency measures for materials and/or products, their impact on the European ecology, economy and society. Based on this it would help to develop legislative requirements which are feasible and desirable. The results can then be fed into the formal legislative process, probably speeding it up.
Whilst the concept of ecodesign is intended to account for the environmental impacts of the product across its whole lifecycle, European ecodesign policy to date has been heavily focused upon energy efficiency in the use phase. The Ecodesign Directive and Energy Labelling Regulation have achieved substantial energy savings since their inception. For many products, the magnitude of savings available from further tightening existing energy efficiency requirements is now often outweighed by savings that can be achieved by material efficiency requirements. Further, there are some products such as smartphones for which there are limited gains to be made in energy efficiency but for material efficiency. In the Commission’s Circular Economy Action Plan from 2015, a new direction was defined for ecodesign policy, to systematically examine considerations such as reparability, durability, upgradability, recyclability, or the identification of certain materials or substances. The Commission consequently issued a standardisation request (M/543, 2015) to the European Standardization Organisations (CEN / CENELEC / ETSI) to develop generic/horizontal standards relevant to energy-related products that address these major aspects of material efficiency. In this study we evaluate the potential contribution of these new standards (with specific focus on the standards for repair, durability and recyclability) to future developments under the European Ecodesign Directive. Opportunities for the impact of these standards to be enhanced by future work are highlighted.
Highly ordered and highly cooperative water with properties of both solid and liquid states has been observed by means of neutron scattering in hydrophobic one-dimensional channels with van der Waals diameter of 0.78 nm. We have found that in the initial stages of adsorption water molecules occupy niches close to pore walls, followed later by the filling of the central pore area. Intensified by confinement, intermolecular water interactions lead to the formation of well-ordered hydrogen-bonded water chains and to the onset of cooperative vibrations. On the other hand, the same intermolecular interactions lead to two relaxation processes, the faster of which is the spontaneous position exchange between two water molecules placed 3.2-4 A from each other. Self-diffusion in an axial pore direction is the result of those spontaneous random exchanges and is substantially slower than the self-diffusion in bulk water.
The growing market penetration of heat pumps indicates the need for a performance test method that better reflects the dynamic behavior of heat pumps. In this contribution, we developed and implemented a dynamic test method for the evaluation of the seasonal performance of heat pumps by means of laboratory testing. Current standards force the heat pump control inactive by fixing the compressor speed. In contrast, during dynamic testing, the compressor runs unfixed while the heat pump is subjected to a temperature profile. The profile consists of the different outdoor temperatures of a typical heating season based on the average European climate and also includes temperature changes to reflect the dynamic behavior of the heat pump. The seasonal performance can be directly obtained from the measured heating energy and electricity consumption making subsequent data interpolation and recalculation with correction factors obsolete. The method delivers results with high precision and high reproducibility and could be an appropriate method for a fair rating of heat pumps.
In this contribution, a dynamic test method to determine the seasonal performance of invertertype air conditioners has been developed and verified. In comparison to current test standards, where test modes for fixing the compressor speed are required, a dynamic approach is applied with unfixed compressor speed and thus better reflects the performance of air conditioners under real operating conditions. The dynamic tests are conducted in two calorimeter chambers. The indoor chamber is kept at a constant temperature whereas the outdoor chamber is subjected to a temperature profile based on the climate BIN-distribution, representing the reference cooling demand. The proposed dynamic test considers the dynamic control of an air conditioner and delivers results which could indicate the units' performance in the field.
To determine the seasonal performance of heat pumps for energy labelling this study proposes a two-point-method that could conceivably be an alternative to the European standard EN 14825 and similar test standards such as ISO 13256. Heat pumps were tested in line with the EN 14825. The reduction of measurement points, from between five to seven (EN 14825) to only two (two-point-method), leads to 60 % savings in cost and time. It is shown that the shortened method can be used to determine the seasonal energy efficiency of heat pumps with the same degree of precision compared to EN 14825.