8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen
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Implementation and validation of robot-enabled embedded sensors for structural health monitoring
(2024)
In the past decades, structural health monitoring (SHM) has matured into a viable supplement to regular inspections, facilitating the execution of repair and maintenance work in the early stages of structural damage. With the advent of wireless technologies and advancements in information and communication technologies, civil infrastructure has been increasingly instrumented with wireless sensor nodes to record, analyze, and communicate data relevant to SHM. A promising method for SHM is to embed sensors directly into concrete for recording SHM data from inside structural elements. In this paper, a sensor system for embedment into concrete is proposed, able to assess SHM data recorded from concrete. Power is supplied to the sensors on-demand by quadruped robots, which also collect the SHM data via radio-frequency identification (RFID), providing an automated and efficient SHM process. In laboratory experiments, the capability of the sensor system of automatically collecting the SHM data using quadruped robots is validated. In summary, the integration of RFID technology and robot-based inspection presented in this study demonstrates a vital approach to evolve current SHM practices towards more digitalized and automated SHM.
Implementation and validation of robot-enabled embedded sensors for structural health monitoring
(2024)
In the past decades, structural health monitoring (SHM) has matured into a viable supplement to regular inspections, facilitating the execution of repair and maintenance work in the early stages of structural damage. With the advent of wireless technologies and advancements in information and communication technologies, civil infrastructure has been increasingly instrumented with wireless sensor nodes to record, analyze, and communicate data relevant to SHM. A promising method for SHM is to embed sensors directly into concrete for recording SHM data from inside structural elements. In this paper, a sensor system for embedment into concrete is proposed, able to assess SHM data recorded from concrete. Power is supplied to the sensors on-demand by quadruped robots, which also collect the SHM data via radio-frequency identification (RFID), providing an automated and efficient SHM process. In laboratory experiments, the capability of the sensor system of automatically collecting the SHM data using quadruped robots is validated. In summary, the integration of RFID technology and robot-based inspection presented in this study demonstrates a vital approach to evolve current SHM practices towards more digitalized and automated SHM.
A monitoring and surveillance system is a mandatory element to ensure that a radioactive waste disposal facility provides and meets the required level of safety during both its operational and closure periods. In this study an innovative approach for the identification and monitoring of the structural integrity of stored radioactive drums is presented. The activities were carried out in the context of the European Project PREDIS, whose goal is the development of a robust and reliable sensing technology for monitoring and long-term storage of radioactive waste packaging systems.
Specifically, the focus was set on the development of innovative and smart sensor technologies, non-destructive examination tools, and/or devices capable to improve the safety of the storage by minimizing the number of interventions of cemented waste packages. Both conventional and innovative techniques, such as muon-tomography, SiLiF neutron and SciFi gamma detection, or contactless and smart radio transceiver technology provided with radiation monitoring sensors, have been considered and adapted for the use under repository conditions. Indeed, gamma and neutron detection techniques exploit the radiological information coming from inside the drums, while imaging techniques proved to be effective in spotting high density objects embedded inside the concrete: together, they allow to improve safety and security and can provide an early alert on behavioral changes hinting at anomalies in the drums.
A reliable monitoring and oversight system is essential to guarantee the safe operation and eventual closure of radioactive waste disposal facilities. With recent technological advancements, there is now the capability to deploy distributed wireless sensor networks that are cost-effective and low in power consumption. Such networks are versatile, finding applications in several civil, environmental, and industrial sectors. This work presents a novel system and method for identifying and continuously monitoring the integrity of stored radioactive waste packages. The proposed approach, developed by the University of Pisa in the context of the H2020 European Project PREDIS, employs a network of wireless node devices, provided with solid-state micro-power radiation detectors tasked with the measurement of gamma-rays and thermal neutrons coming from within cemented waste drums. Collected data are automatically transmitted across the storage site via Long Range radio technology and forwarded to cloud-based or offline platforms, allowing for further visualization, data processing, and safe storage. The system highlights the feasibility of autonomously and passively gathering data from radioactive waste drums over extended distances (more than 250 m in non-line-of-sight conditions), decreasing the reliance
on portable or automated scanning mechanisms. In line with its capability for autonomous, long-range data collection, the system satisfies the requirement for structural integrity, containment, and confinement of packaging throughout both interim and long-term disposal of radioactive wastes, thereby playing a key role in reinforcing the safe management of radioactive waste.
This working paper summarises the current state of knowledge and research on the application of sensors in road pavements, designed to record input quantities and characteristics for structural assessment. In this working paper, sensors generally refer to technical equipment that can used to record the values of physical quantities and display them for interpretation.
The working paper deals with every type of sensor that is permanently connected to the road, i.e. sensors that are installed – in the bound and unbound courses of the superstructure as well as in the sub-base/sub-structure, – next to or above the road (for example on masts) and can contribute to structural recording and its subsequent assessment. This can also include sensors that are primarily used for a different purpose (e.g. traffic control). However, this working paper only describes the application of sensors that are installed primarily for other purposes for the sake of completeness; special publications (e.g. Notes on detection technologies in road traffic) are available for the respective installation situations.
Bei der Erhaltung von Stahlbetonbauwerken ist der Chloridgehalt im Beton ein wichtiger Parameter zur Festlegung geeigneter Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen. Die bisher etablierten Verfahren basieren auf der nasschemischen Analyse einer Probe, Bohrmehl oder aufgemahlener Segmente eines Bohrkerns. Das Verfahren liefert einen Chloridgehalt je Tiefensegment, was mit einer starken Homogenisierung der Probe einhergeht, wodurch detaillierte Informationen zu Chloridunterschieden im Millimeterbereich verloren gehen. Eine alternative Methode ist die laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS), die nicht nur die quantitative ortsaufgelöste Bestimmung des Chloridgehalts im Bezug zur Zementmasse ermöglicht, sondern auch simultan detaillierte Informationen über die Verteilung vieler anderer chemischer Elemente liefert. Die räumliche Auflösung liegt in der Regel im Bereich von einigen Millimetern, kann aber bei Bedarf auf 0,1 mm oder weniger erhöht werden. Das neue Merkblatt B14 „Quantifizierung von Chlorid in Beton mit der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS)“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen (DGZfP) regelt und vereinheitlicht erstmals die zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ermittlung des Chloridgehalts mit LIBS. In diesem Beitrag wird das Merkblatt vorgestellt und anhand praktischer Anwendungsbeispiele das Potenzial von LIBS für Fragestellungen in der Betonerhaltung verdeutlicht.
-Über 80 Mio. Schwellen im deutschen Schienennetz verbaut
-Lebensdauer einer Schwelle beträgt ca. 20 bis 50 Jahre
-Über 2 Mio. Schwellen werden jährlich ausgetauscht, obwohl die Mehrzahl noch intakt ist
-Zustandsbewertung mittels ZfP kann Ausschuss verringern
-Schadhafte Schwellen könnten mittels ZfP frühzeitig im Gleis erkannt werden, um Gefahren und Unfälle abzuwenden
This technical note highlights the fact that CF-LIBS algorithms work in mole fractions, while results of spectrochemical analysis are usually reported in mass fractions or mass percent. Ignoring this difference and not converting mole fractions to mass fractions can lead to errors in reported concentrations determined by the CF-LIBS method and inadequate comparison of these concentrations with certified concentrations. Here, the key points of the CF-LIBS algorithm are reproduced and the formulae for converting a mole fraction to a mass fraction and vice versa are given. Several numerical examples are also given, which show that the greater the difference between the molar mass of an individual element in a sample and the average molar mass, the greater the discrepancy between the mole and mass fractions.
Additive manufacturing of concrete structures is a novel and emerging technology. Freecontouring in civil engineering, which allows for entirely new designs, is a significant advantage. Inthe future, lower construction costs are expected with increased construction speeds and decreasingrequired materials and workers. However, architects and civil engineers rely on a certain quality ofexecution to fulfil construction standards. Although several techniques and approaches demonstratethe advantages, quality control during printing is highly challenging and rarely applied. Due to thecontinuous mixing process commonly used in 3D concrete printing, it is impossible to exclude varia-tions in the dry mixture or water content, and a test sample cannot be taken as a representative samplefor the whole structure. Although mortar properties vary only locally, a defect in one layer duringprinting could affect the entire integrity of the whole structure . Therefore, real-time process monitor-ing is required to record and document the printing process.At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) a new test rig for the additive man-ufacturing of concrete is built. The primary purpose is measuring and monitoring the properties of amortar during the printing process.The following study investigates an approach for calculating yield stress and plastic viscosity based onexperimentally recorded pressure data. The calculations assume that fresh mortar behaves as a Bing-ham fluid and that the Buckingham-Reiner-equation is applicable. A test setup consisting of rigid pipeswith integrated pressure sensors at different positions is utilized.Monitoring the printing process with different sensors is crucial for the quality control of an ongoingprocess.
Bei der Betonage von Abdichtbauwerken können Temperaturen bis 110 °C und hohe Drücke bis 5 MPa erreicht werden. Mittels Technikumsversuchen wurde nachgewiesen, dass Mikroakustik- und Ultraschallsensoren zum Einbau in Demonstrationsbauwerke geeignet sind.
Die Untersuchungen wurden bei der BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) in Berlin durchgeführt. Es ist vorgesehen, die Sensoren in Morsleben am Demonstrationsbauwerk im Anhydrit einzusetzen.
Ultrasonic echo testing is a well-established non-destructive testing technique used to investigate the interior of concrete structures in civil engineering. For the reconstruction of internal features, methods similar to seismic imaging are applied. To improve the ultrasonic imaging capabilities, we investigate the potential of a newly available 3D matrix mode measurement device in combination with advanced imaging techniques.
Commonly used ultrasonic array measurement devices rely on several ultrasonic transducers coupled to act as one transducer that transmits or receives transversal ultrasound waves. Although this approach is well suited to detect elongated structures such as pipes and rebars, it has limitations if 3D embedded objects are present. Hence, the ultrasonic device MiraA1040Pro used here is designed to measure the ultrasonic wavefield on a 4 by 16 matrix of individual transducers. For testing, we used laboratory specimens with linear and spheric embedded structures first. Both linear and matrix mode measurements were conducted and analysed using the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique
(SAFT) which is similar to Kirchhoff migration. Second, we used a data set from Teutschenthal mine at a shotcrete specimen constructed to simulate engineered barriers tailored for nuclear waste repositories. Ultrasonic measurements were investigated as a tool for quality assurance of these structures. The specimen contains both artificial 3D artifacts as well as naturally occurring defects such as a delamination. To make use of the advanced data acquisition, focusing 3D imaging techniques are applied to further improve the imaging quality.
Generally, the reconstructed images from the 3D matrix mode data have a lower level of Signal-to-Noise-Ratio than the 2D linear mode because the source signal is weaker compared to the linear mode. Moreover, complex wave conversions of the SH-transversal wave occur that are reduced in the 2D linear scenario. However, clearer images can be achieved at non-linear features, particularly with focusing imaging methods. Thus, combining 3D data acquisition techniques with advanced imaging methods improves the success in imaging complex concrete structures. This is of particular interest for thick concrete structures in nuclear barrier systems or foundations. Additionally, we demonstrate opportunities to use well-constrained test laboratory scenarios from non-destructive testing as a practical test case for geophysical methods.
Machbarkeitsstudie zur Zustandserfassung von Spannbetonschwellen mit dem Ultraschallverfahren
(2024)
Das niederfrequente Ultraschallverfahren zur zerstörungsfreien Zustandserfassung von Stahlbetonkomponenten findet im Bauwesen umfangreiche Anwendung. Multistatische Arrays sind am Markt verfügbar und ausgelegt für die Prüfung großflächiger Betonstrukturen. In einer Machbarkeitsstudie wird überprüft, ob eine Zustandserfassung an schlanken Spannbetonschwellen möglich ist. B70-Schwellen und B90-Weichenschwellen wurden hierfür im Labor, im Schienennetz und während der Wiederaufbereitung mit dem Ultraschallverfahren untersucht. Fokus ist die Detektion von Sickenrisse, Kopfrissen und Treibrissen im Bereich des Schwellenkopfes.
Die rekonstruierten Ultraschalldaten zeigen für intakt-klassifizierte Schwellen ein reproduzierbares Rückwandecho und weitere Reflexionen an den Schwellenaußenkanten. Die Ausprägung der Amplitude variiert je nach Degradation durch Belastung und Verwitterung. Defekt-klassifizierte Schwellen mit z. B. Kopfrissen oder unterseitigen Abplatzungen unterscheiden sich im Signalbild deutlich durch oberflächennahe Reflexionen bzw. verschobene Rückwandechos. Basierend auf den untersuchten Schwellen zeigt die Machbarkeitsstudie, dass eine zerstörungsfreie Zustandserfassung mit Hilfe des Ultraschallverfahrens grundsätzlich möglich ist.
Entwicklung einer flexiblen Datenablage zur sicheren Speicherung von Bauwerksdaten - "CASPAR"
(2024)
Bestandsunterlagen von älteren Bauwerken sind bezüglich einer rechnerischen Zustandsbewertung häufig nur in einem unzureichenden Umfang verfügbar. Dies gilt sowohl für den privaten als auch für den öffentlichen Bereich. Der Wert von Bestandsunterlagen für Gebäude oder Brücken ist Vielen nicht bekannt. Soll jedoch der aktuelle Zustand von Bauwerken bewertet, sollen Restlebensdauern abgeschätzt oder soll umgebaut werden, stellen Bestandsunterlagen die Grundlage dafür dar. Liegen diese nicht vor, so muss die Bauweise des Bauwerkes kostenintensiv nachvollzogen und mit nachträglichen Untersuchungsverfahren bewertet werden. Vor allem ist dies darauf zurückzuführen, dass die Aufbewahrung der Bestandsunterlagen dem Bauherrn obliegt und diese meist in Papierform vorliegen und dann bei Umzügen, Betriebsschließungen, Eigentümerwechsel etc. verloren gehen.
Die Digitalisierung im Bauwesen bietet hier Möglichkeiten diese Probleme künftig zu vermeiden. Bereits heute nimmt die digitale Planung im Bauwesen eine immer größere Rolle ein. Mehr und mehr Bauvorhaben werden schon jetzt in sogenannten BIM Modellen (Building Information Modelling) geplant. Um die Akzeptanz einer digitalen Lösung zu gewährleisten muss die Vertrauenswürdigkeit von Daten auch langfristig garantiert sein. Naturgemäß unterliegen Erkenntnisse, die aus Daten gewonnen werden, häufig vielen Prozessschritten mit unterschiedlichen Beteiligten. Es lässt sich vor dem Hintergrund der üblichen Lebensdauern von Bauwerken leicht erkennen, dass es schwierig ist diese Prozesskette, von der Datenerhebung bis zur teilweise jahrzehnte späteren Nutzung, beweissicher und rückführbar zu gestalten. Diese Attribute sind es aber, die die Vertrauensbasis für die Qualität und somit auch die Akzeptanz von digitalisierten Daten bilden. Im Projekt „CASPAR“ erarbeiten wir eine mögliche technologische Grundlage, um Bauwerksdaten langfristig und manipulationssicher zu speichern.
Relevant, abgesichert, vergleichbar – ZfP-Ergebnisse bei der Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung von Bauwerken
(2024)
Die Nachrechnung, d. h. die Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung von bestehenden Brücken, ist aufgrund der alternden Infrastruktur und sich verändernden Anforderungen an die Bauwerke eine fortwährend große Herausforderung in Wissenschaft, Praxis und Standardisierung. Ein wesentlicher Vorteil bei der Nachrechnung besteht gegenüber dem Neubauentwurf in der Möglichkeit, Informationen über den tatsächlichen Zustand der Bauwerke zu erheben – im Idealfall ohne wesentliche destruktive Eingriffe in die Bausubstanz. Deren Verwendung bei der Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse dient der Zuschärfung von Berechnungsmodellen und ermöglicht realitätsnähere Bauwerksbeurteilungen. Die Einbeziehung von Messdaten bei der Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung setzt jedoch voraus, dass die Qualität der gemessenen Informationen bekannt und deren Vergleichbarkeit sichergestellt ist. Darüber hinaus sollte die Relevanz der messbaren Informationen beziffert werden, um wirtschaftliche Inspektionen am Bauwerk gezielt durchführen zu können.
In diesem Beitrag wird am Beispiel von Ultraschall- und Radarmessungen an einer Spannbetonbrücke gezeigt, wie ZfP-Ergebnisse bei der Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung von Bestandsbauwerken mit probabilistischen Methoden genutzt werden können. Betrachtet werden innere geometrische Abmessungen wie die Lage der Bewehrung oder von Spanngliedern. Die Relevanz der messbaren Informationen wird anhand von Sensitivitätsanalysen beziffert. Messunsicherheitsbetrachtungen dienen der Bezifferung der Qualität der gemessenen Informationen und der Gewährleistung deren Vergleichbarkeit. Abschließend werden die möglichen Auswirkungen der Berücksichtigung von ZfP-Ergebnissen auf die Bauwerkszuverlässigkeit in einem Nachweis einer Spannbetonbrücke gemäß Eurocode demonstriert.
Der Vortrag behandelt den Stand der Technik bei der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung von Betonkonstruktionen und insbesondere den Stand und die Herausforderungen bei der Digitalisierung. Es werden Prüfaufgaben sowie etablierte Prüfmethoden und die passende Auswahl diskutiert. Ein weitere Schwerpunkt liegt bei der Genauigkeit und Verlässlichkeit und dem Konzept ZfPStatik. Abschließend werden Schnittstellen zu BIM, SIB-Bauwerke und anderen System kurz angerissen und ein Katalog offener Fragen aufgestellt.
Locating and sizing delaminations is a common inspection task in the maintenance and quality control of construction and rehabilitation. Their detection is an important area of application of nondestructive testing in civil engineering (NDT-CE). To improve this application, NDT test systems and test solutions must be compared, for which specimens containing well-defined delaminations are needed to serve as a reference. Currently, there are no widely accepted procedures available for creating such flaws locally and reproducibly. This study presents procedures for creating artificial delaminations repeatably and as close as possible to natural delaminations. To produce the discontinuities only substances were used which can occur in concrete components and do not affect the application of NDT-CE methods. Ultrasonic pulse-echo (UPE) was used to test the flaws in the specimens. The delaminations were created by applying expansive mortar in prepared through holes. Three specimens with two delaminations each were built and tested using UPE.
AbstractAir‐coupled ultrasonic testing (ACU) is a pioneering technique in non‐destructive testing (NDT). While contact testing and fluid immersion testing are standard methods in many applications, the adoption of ACU is progressing slowly, especially in the low ultrasonic frequency range. A main reason for this development is the difficulty of generating high amplitude ultrasonic bursts with equipment that is robust enough to be applied outside a laboratory environment. This paper presents the fluidic ultrasonic transducer as a solution to this challenge. This novel aeroacoustic source uses the flow instability of a sonic jet in a bistable fluidic switch to generate ultrasonic bursts up to 60 kHz with a mean peak pressure of 320 Pa. The robust design allows operation in adverse environments, independent of the operating fluid. Non‐contact through‐transmission experiments are conducted on four materials and compared with the results of conventional transducers. For the first time, it is shown that the novel fluidic ultrasonic transducer provides a suitable acoustic signal for NDT tasks and has potential of furthering the implementation of ACU in industrial applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
In ultrasonic testing, material and structural properties of a specimen can be derived from the time-of-flight (ToF). Using signal features, such as the first peak or envelope maximum, to calculate the ToF is error-prone in multipath arrangements or dispersive and attenuating materials, which is not the case for the signal onset. Borrowing from seismology, researchers used the Akaike information criterion (AIC) picker to automatically determine onset times. The most commonly used formulation, Maeda's AIC picker, is reassessed and found to be based on inappropriate assumptions for signals often used in ultrasonic testing and dependent on arbitrary parameters. Consequently, an onset picker for ultrasonic through-transmission measurements is proposed, based on a spectral entropy criterion (SEC) to model the signal using the AIC framework. This SEC picker takes into account the spectral properties of the ultrasonic signal and is virtually free of arbitrary parameters. Synthetic and experimental data are used to compare the performance of SEC and AIC pickers. It is shown that the accuracy of onset picking is improved for densely sampled data.