8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen
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Validation of artificial defects for Non-destructive testing measurements on a reference structure
(2018)
Non-destructive testing was established over the last decades as an important tool for assessing damages, material characterization and quality assurance in civil engineering. For example, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can be used to scan large areas of concrete structures to determine the spatial position of the reinforcement. With the ultrasonic echo method, the thickness of concrete structures can be easily determined even if a high density of reinforcement is given. Various methods and processes have been developed for the validation of NDT procedures aiming at ensuring the quality of measurements in practical use. The Probability of Detection (POD) for example, is an available method to compare different technical devices with each other quantitatively regarding their performance. With this method, the best suited testing device for a specific inspection task under defined boundary conditions can be selected. By using the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), it is possible to quantify the measurement uncertainty of an inspection procedure for a specific task. Another important aspect to improve the acceptance of non-destructive testing methods is the development of reference specimens.
Reference specimens serve for the calibration and further development of NDT methods under realistic conditions in different laboratories under the same conditions. This is an essential prerequisite for round robin tests. A particular challenge here is the most realistic representation of a damage that can occur at building sites. Possible damages include for example horizontal and vertical cracks or honeycombs in concrete. Such a reference structure was built for the development of a new design of power plant constructions. Comparative studies on the manufacturing of realistic honeycombs and delaminations were carried out in advance on a test specimen. The results of this study are presented here.
Seismic interferometry (SI) deals either with the sensible detection of changes in the subsurface or with the reconstruction of virtual signals between two receivers by crosscorrelation of signals from diffuse sources. These concepts can be applied in NDT in civil engineering for various purposes, e. g. to detect changes in bridges. Here it is demonstrated using data from a reference structure on our test site. Practical applications can be expected in the very near future.
Concrete is often used in combination with steel as reinforced concrete. Environmental influences, especially the ingress of harmful ions in combination with the ingress of water, trigger different damage processes which reduce the designed lifetime of a structure. The ingress of chlorides from de-icing salt or sea water leads to corrosion of the reinforcement. Also the carbonation of the concrete may trigger the corrosion of the reinforcement. The ingress of alkalis from de-icing salts may cause the expansion of the amorphous silica aggregates (alkali-silica reaction) through formation of a swelling gel of calcium silicate hydrate if water is present. The ingress of sulfates may cause spalling of the concrete surface due to ettringite formation.
BAM has developed the LIBS technique for automated laboratory use with high numbers of samples to investigate transport processes of harmful species (Cl-, CO2, SO42- and alkalis) in concrete. Information about ingress depth and the quantitative values are important to estimate the remaining lifetime of the infrastructure. To get information about the ingress depth, a core has to be taken and cut in the middle. The measurements are carried out at the cross section. The main advantages of LIBS are the direct measurement on the surface of the concrete, fast analysis (sample rate 100 Hz) with a spatial resolution of up to 100 µm, the consideration of the heterogeneity of the concrete. The possibility of automated measurements saves a lot of manpower and time. At the same time a 2D-evaluation provides information about hot spots of elemental concentration which may not be found by standard methods.
Typical results of 2D investigation of concrete in laboratory will be presented. The performance is also demonstrated by examples for onsite applications using a mobile LIBS system. The road map to standardization is presented as well.
Die „Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy“ (LIBS) bietet die Möglichkeit, direkt auf der optisch zugänglichen Oberfläche von Baustoffen 2-dimensional die Elementverteilung zu erfassen. Durch das zugrundeliegende Prinzip sind alle Elemente des Periodensystems detektierbar, auch leichte Elemente wie Wasserstoff oder Lithium.
Einerseits können alle für die Zusammensetzung des Zementes und der Gesteinskörnung relevanten Elemente erfasst werden, andererseits auch die für Schädigungsprozesse in Beton wichtigen Elemente Chlor, Schwefel, Natrium, Kalium, Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff. Der Nachweis kann simultan erfolgen.
Der Vorteil des Verfahrens liegt in der einfachen Probenvorbereitung, der direkten Messung auf der Oberfläche des Festkörpers und der Schnelligkeit der Messung. Die Heterogenität von Beton wird im Ergebnis berücksichtigt. Die Konzentrationen von schädigenden Ionen lassen sich bezogen auf den Bindemittelgehalt angeben. LIBS liefert standardmäßig qualitative Werte. Durch Kalibrierung anhand von Referenzproben ist eine Quantifizierung der Ergebnisse möglich.
Das Potenzial des Verfahrens wird am Beispiel der Bestimmung der Chlorid-Verteilung in der Bindemittelmatrix vorgestellt. Andere Anwendungen sind die Bestimmung der Karbonatisierungstiefe, die Bestimmung des Eintrages von Alkalien oder die Bestimmung der Verteilung von Schwefel.
Das Verfahren kann im Labor zur Untersuchung einer großen Anzahl von Proben oder vor-Ort zur schnellen Entscheidungsfindung eingesetzt werden. Kommerzielle Geräte sind seit kurzem verfügbar.
Die örtliche Auflösung der Messung beträgt bis zu 0,1 mm × 0,1 mm. Ein Messpunkt hat einen Durchmesser von ca. 100 μm. Die Messfrequenz liegt bei 100 Hz. Als Ergebnis entstehen für jedes Element eine 2D-Darstellungen der Konzentration über der Messfläche.
Der Scan eines Bohrkerns von 50 mm x 70 mm dauert bei einer Auflösung von 0,5 mm lateral und 1 mm vertikal ca. 7 min. Es können auch raue oder gebrochene Oberflächen durch Nachführung der z-Achse untersucht werden. Die Nachweisgrenze für die Bestimmung des Chlorgehaltes bezogen auf den Bindemittelgehalt liegt bei 0,03 M-%.
Der Unterausschuss LIBS im Bauwesen im FA ZfP im Bauwesen der DGZfP arbeitet an der Erstellung von Merkblättern und Regelwerken zur Anwendung des Verfahrens.
The Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an useful analytical technique for the chlorine detection in building materials, specifically in the reinforcement concrete. If chlorine exceeds a specific concentration threshold, the result can be pitting corrosion of the reinforcement, which affects the stability and lifetime of building structures like marine constructions, bridges or parking decks. The critical chlorine content based to cement is 0.4 wt.-% based to the cement for reinforced concrete. The ingress of chlorides from sea water or de-icing salt leads to corrosion of the reinforcement.
The chlorine spectral line Cl I at 837.59 nm shows a good performance in helium atmosphere. For measurements without helium we used a electric discharge setup to reheat the Laser-induced plasma with a voltage below 100 V. In this case the reheating shows an increasing chlorine emission in air atmosphere.
This work shows chlorine calibration curves with LIBS in a helium flow and LIBS with electric discharge reheating in air atmosphere. The determination of the limit of detection (LOD) for both setups and the measurement results of a drill core sample with a quantitative chlorine ingress profile will be presented.
The majority of the built infrastructure is made of concrete, which is a multiphase system made of cement, aggregates, water and pores. Concrete is often used in combination with steel as reinforced concrete. Environmental influences, especially the ingress of harmful ions in combination with the ingress of water, trigger different damage processes which reduce the designed lifetime of a structure. The ingress of chlorides from de-icing salt or sea water leads to corrosion of the reinforcement. Also the carbonation of the concrete may trigger the corrosion of the reinforcement. The ingress of alkalis from de-icing salts may cause the expansion of the amorphous silica aggregates (alkali-silica reaction) through formation of a swelling gel of calcium silicate hydrate if water is present. The ingress of sulfates may cause spalling of the concrete surface due to ettringite formation.
For the standard procedure in civil engineering cores are taken, cut in slices, grinded and the obtained homogenized powder is solved in acid and investigated by standard procedures.
BAM has developed the LIBS technique for the 2D evaluation of the chemical composition of concrete [1-11]. The technique is established for automated laboratory use with high numbers of samples to investigate transport processes of harmful species (Cl-, CO2, SO42- and alkalis) in concrete. Information about ingress depth and the quantitative values are important to estimate the remaining lifetime of the infrastructure. LIBS is a surface technique. To get information about the ingress depth, a core has to be taken and cut in the middle. The measurements are carried out at the cross section. The main advantages of LIBS are the direct measurement on the surface of the concrete, fast analysis (sample rate 100 Hz) with a spatial resolution of up to 100 µm, the consideration of the heterogeneity of the concrete and the possibility of automated measurements which save a lot of manpower and time. As an example the investigation of ingress profiles for standard diffusion and migration tests in civil engineering takes hours in comparison to just a few minutes using LIBS. At the same time a 2D-evaluation provides information about hot spots of elemental concentration which may not be found by standard methods.
Ingress of chlorides due to a crack in a repair mortar. Left: Photo of the cross section of a concrete core and the surface investigated by LIBS (area 70 mm x 70 mm). Right: Color coded chlorine intensity on the cross section of a concrete core, dark red represents high chlorine content.
The state of the art of LIBS technique for applications in civil engineering will be presented, including typical results of 2D investigation of concrete in laboratory. The performance is also demonstrated by examples for onsite applications using a mobile LIBS system. The road map to standardization is presented as well.