7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen
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The importance of empirical relations to quantify the movement of pedestrians through a facility has increased during the last decades since performance-based design methods became more common. Bottlenecks are of special interest because of their importance for egress routes and as they result in a reduced capacity. The empirical relations as the density-dependent movement speed or flow rate were derived by studies under laboratory conditions, which were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics forbetter control of influencing variables.
If individual characteristics of a crowd become more heterogeneous, individuals were forced to adapt their individual movement and control individual manoeuvring.
These unintended interactions lead to a different shape of the fundamental empirical relations. Here, we present results from a movement study under well-controlled boundary conditions in which participants with and without different characteristics of disabilities participated. To consider the effect of different heterogeneities on the capacity of a facility, fundamental diagrams are generated using the Voronoi method. If participants with visible disabilities (such as using assistive devices) are part of a crowd, significant differences relating to the shape of the empirical Relations and the capacities are found. This indicates that the heterogeneity of a Population leads to an increased interpersonal interaction which results in influenced movement characteristics.
To quantify the evacuation process, evacuation practitioners use engineering egress data describing the occupant movement characteristics. These data are typically based to young and fit populations. However, the movement abilities of occupants who might be involved in evacuations are becoming more variable—with the building populations of today typically including increasing numbers of individuals: with impairments or who are otherwise elderly or generally less mobile. Thus, there will be an increasing proportion of building occupants with reduced ability to egress. For safe evacuation, there is therefore a need to provide valid Engineering egress data considering pedestrians with disabilities. Gwynne and Boyce recently compiled a series of data sets related to the evacuation process to support practitioner activities in the chapter Engineering Data in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. This paper supplements these data sets by providing information on and presenting data obtained from additional research related to the premovement and horizontal movement of participants with physical-, cognitive-, or age-related disabilities. The aim is to provide an overview of currently available data sets related to, and key factors affecting the egress performance of, mixed ability populations which could be used to guide fire safety engineering decisions in the context of building design.
Evakuierungsübung Werkstatt: positives Ergebnis
Evakuierungsübung Wohnbereich: Optimierungspotential identifiziert
•Lange Evakuierungszeiten
•Vorzeitige Rückkehr in das Gebäude / Freigabe
•Gefährdungsbeurteilungen
•Einweisung / regelmäßige Übung Assistenzmittel
•Intensivierung der Zusammenarbeit / Abstimmung mit örtlicher Feuerwehr
Emergency exits as bottlenecks in escape routes are important for designing traffic facilities. Especially the fundamental diagram is a crucial performance criterion for assessment of pedestrians' safety in facilities and an important basis for calculation methods. For this reason, several studies were performed during the last decades which focus on the quantification of movement through bottlenecks. These studies were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics to reduce influencing variables and for reasons of practicability.
Studies which consider heterogeneous characteristics in performance parameters are rarely available. In response and to reduce this lack of data a series of well-controlled large-scale movement studies considering pedestrians with different disabilities was carried out.
Emergency exits as bottlenecks in escape routes are important for designing traffic facilities. Especially the fundamental diagram is a crucial performance criterion for assessment of pedestrians' safety in facilities and an important basis for calculation methods. For this reason, several studies were performed during the last decades which focus on the quantification of movement through bottlenecks. These studies were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics to reduce influencing variables and for reasons of practicability.
Studies which consider heterogeneous characteristics in performance parameters are rarely available. In response and to reduce this lack of data a series of well-controlled large-scale movement studies considering pedestrians with different disabilities was carried out.
Emergency exits as bottlenecks in escape routes are important for designing traffic facilities. Particularly, the capacity estimation is a crucial performance criterion for assessment of pedestrians' safety in built environments. For this reason, several studies were performed during the last decades which focus on the quantification of movement through corridors and bottlenecks. These studies were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics to reduce influencing variables and for reasons of practicability. Studies which consider heterogeneous characteristics in performance parameters are rarely available. In response and to reduce this lack of data a series of well-controlled large-scale movement studies considering pedestrians using different types of wheelchairs was carried out. As a result it is shown that the empirical relations are strongly affected by the presence of participants with visible disabilities (such as wheelchair users). We observed an adaption of the overall movement speeds to the movement speeds of participants using a wheelchair, even for low densities and free flow scenarios. Flow and movement speed are in a complex relation and do not depend on density only. In our studies, the concept of specific flow fits for the nondisabled subpopulation but it is not valid for scenario considering wheelchair users in the population.
Evaluation of evacuation process is common separated by two phases: pre-movement and movement-phase. Individual capabilities of pedestrians have an impact on both and therefore on the time required for safe escape. In view of evaluating the evacuation process, characteristics of realistic movements of pedestrians involved are needed, but so far such data are mainly available for individuals with unrestricted evacuation capabilities only.
Due to the lack of available data, parameter studies in an assisted living for people with disabilities were performed to explore the movement during evacuation. Preparation times for assistance (n = 10), unimpeded walking speeds (n = 34) depending on the assistance devices in the plane as well as walking speeds on stairs (n = 11) were focussed.
Time to prepare an assistance device for utilisation depends significantly on the kind of device type. Further on, practical experience in handling the devices for assistance has an impact on the preparation time. In contrast to the results of the preparation times, any relation on assistance devices were investigated for the unimpeded walking speed in the plane. A remarkable decrease of walking speed on stairs was observed which is independent from the utilised assistance device.
The presented data improve and extend the insufficient engineering data base and raised up questions regarding the complexity of considering pedestrians movement with impairments in evacuation planning.
Evaluation of evacuation process is common separated by two phases: pre-movement and movement-phase. Individual capabilities of pedestrians have an impact on both and therefore on the time required for safe escape. In view of evaluating the evacuation process, characteristics of realistic movements of pedestrians involved are needed, but so far such data are mainly available for individuals with unrestricted evacuation capabilities only.
Due to the lack of available data, parameter studies in an assisted living for people with disabilities were performed to explore the movement during evacuation. Preparation times for assistance (n=10), unimpeded walking speeds (n=34) depending on the assistance devices in the plane as well as walking speeds on stairs (n=11) were focussed.
Time to prepare an assistance device for utilisation depends significantly on the kind of device type. Further on, practical experience in handling the devices for assistance has an impact on the preparation time. In contrast to the results of the preparation times, any relation on assistance devices were investigated for the unimpeded walking speed in the plane. A remarkable decrease of walking speed on stairs was observed which is independent from the utilised assistance device.
The presented data improve and extend the insufficient engineering data base and raised up questions regarding the complexity of considering pedestrians movement with impairments in evacuation planning.
Evaluation of evacuation process is common separated by two phases: pre-movement and movement-phase. Individual capabilities of pedestrians have an impact on both and therefore on the time required for safe escape. In view of evaluating the evacuation process, characteristics of realistic movements of pedestrians involved are needed, but so far such data are mainly available for individuals with unrestricted evacuation capabilities only.
Due to the lack of available data, parameter studies in an assisted living for people with disabilities were performed to explore the movement during evacuation. Preparation times for assistance (n=10), unimpeded walking speeds (n=34) depending on the assistance devices in the plane as well as walking speeds on stairs (n=11) were focussed.
Time to prepare an assistance device for utilisation depends significantly on the kind of device type. Further on, practical experience in handling the devices for assistance has an impact on the preparation time. In contrast to the results of the preparation times, any relation on assistance devices were investigated for the unimpeded walking speed in the plane. A remarkable decrease of walking speed on stairs was observed which is independent from the utilised assistance device.
The presented data improve and extend the insufficient engineering data base and raised up questions regarding the complexity of considering pedestrians movement with impairments in evacuation planning.
Understanding movement in heterogeneous groups is important for a meaningful evaluation of evacuation prediction and for a proper design of buildings. The understanding of interactions and influencing factors in heterogeneous groups on key performance figures is fundamental for a safe design. This contribution presents results of experimental studies on movement of a crowd through a bottleneck involving participants with and without disabilities. High precise trajectories of the attendees extracted from video recordings were used to calculate density and velocity of the participants. Besides the well-established fundamental diagram new insights into the individual relation between density and velocity are discussed. A complex structure and considerate behaviour in movement implicates a strong influence of the heterogeneity on key performance values of safe movement.
Understanding movement in heterogeneous groups is important for a meaningful evaluation of evacuation prediction and for a proper design of buildings. The understanding of interactions and influencing factors in heterogeneous groups on key performance figures is fundamental for a safe design. This contribution presents results of experimental studies on movement of a crowd through a bottleneck involving participants with and without disabilities. High precise trajectories of the attendees extracted from video recordings were used to calculate density and velocity of the participants. Besides the well-established fundamental diagram new insights into the individual relation between density and velocity are discussed. A complex structure and considerate behaviour in movement implicates a strong influence of the heterogeneity on key performance values of safe movement.
Studien zur Erforschung von Kenngrößen der Bewegung von Personen wurden in der Vergangenheit meistens mit jungen und fitten Menschen durchgeführt. In Folge des demographischen Wandels und der Anforderungen an barrierefreies Bauen stellt sich die Frage, ob die so ermittelten Kenngrößen der Bewegung auch auf heterogene Personengruppen übertragen werden können. Da bei der Berechnung von Räumungszeiten zunehmend Ingenieurmethoden eingesetzt werden, deren Ergebnisse ganz wesentlich von den zu Grunde gelegten Bewegungsparametern, wie z. B. der freien Gehgeschwindigkeit, abhängen, hat die Validität der Kenngrößen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die sicherheitstechnische Evaluation von Gebäuden und Versammlungsstätten.
In diesem Artikel wird anhand aktueller Forschungsergebnisse aus Bewegungsstudien, an denen Menschen mit und ohne Beeinträchtigungen teilgenommen haben, der Einfluss der Heterogenität auf Kenngrößen der Bewegung vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die Besonderheiten des Studienablaufs und die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Untersuchungsmethode dargestellt. Die Untersuchungen bestätigen, dass die Berücksichtigung besonderer Personengruppen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Kenngrößen der Bewegung hat und daher die Ergebnisse der Ingenieurmethoden beeinflusst und zukünftig bei heterogenen Personengruppen beachtet werden muss.
Studien zur Erforschung von Kenngrößen der Bewegung von Personen wurden in der Vergangenheit meistens mit jungen und fitten Menschen durchgeführt. In Folge des demographischen Wandels und der Anforderungen an barrierefreies Bauen stellt sich die Frage, ob die so ermittelten Kenngrößen der Bewegung auch auf heterogene Personengruppen übertragen werden können. Da bei der Berechnung von Räumungszeiten zunehmend Ingenieurmethoden eingesetzt werden, deren Ergebnisse ganz wesentlich von den zu Grunde gelegten Bewegungsparametern, wie z. B. der freien Gehgeschwindigkeit, abhängen, hat die Validität der Kenngrößen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die sicherheitstechnische Evaluation von Gebäuden und Versammlungsstätten.
In diesem Artikel wird anhand aktueller Forschungsergebnisse aus Bewegungsstudien, an denen Menschen mit und ohne Beeinträchtigungen teilgenommen haben, der Einfluss der Heterogenität auf Kenngrößen der Bewegung vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die Besonderheiten des Studienablaufs und die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Untersuchungsmethode dargestellt. Die Untersuchungen bestätigen, dass die Berücksichtigung besonderer Personengruppen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Kenngrößen der Bewegung hat und daher die Ergebnisse der Ingenieurmethoden beeinflusst und zukünftig bei heterogenen Personengruppen beachtet werden muss.
In der Vergangenheit wurden Kenngrößen der Bewegung von Menschen zumeist in Studien gewonnen, die mit jungen und fitten Menschen durchgeführt wurden (z. B. Studierende oder Soldaten). Aufgrund des demographischen Wandels und aktueller Entwicklungen im Kontext der Barrierefreiheit stellt sich jedoch die Frage, ob die in diesen Studien gewonnen Kenngrößen, z. B. freie Gehgeschwindigkeiten, ohne weiteres auch auf heterogene Personengruppen übertragen werden können.
Bei der Bewertung der Sicherheit von Menschen, z. B. in Wohneinheiten, Verwaltungsgebäuden und Versammlungsstätten, kommen heute Ingenieurmethoden zum Einsatz, welche auf den oben genannten Kenngrößen basieren. Insofern ist es erforderlich, Menschen mit und ohne Beeinträchtigungen bei den Bewegungsstudien zu berücksichtigen. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden aktuelle Ergebnisse solcher Studien vorgestellt. Zudem werden Besonderheiten sowie Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der Untersuchungsmethode herausgearbeitet.
Laboratory studies with pedestrians could depend strongly on Initial conditions. Comparisons of the results of such studies require to distinguish carefully between homoge neous and heterogeneous populations.
A series of well-controlled laboratory studies were performed with participants with and without impairments. Individual pedestrian movement through a corridor and a bottleneck of all participants was recorded by wide-angle HD-cameras and the trajectories of each participant was extracted automatically by using PeTrack.
This contribution shows that considering participants with impairments in laboratory studies of pedestrian movement is feasible and reports preliminary the inuences of movement. Preliminary analyses imply two main conclusions and a preliminary forecast: _rst, social behaviour in laboratory studies is considerately and respectful; we did not observe altruistic behaviour; but considerately behaviour may encourage a reduced capacity at bottlenecks. Second, technical devices to improve movement require space and reduce capacity.