6.4 Materialinformatik
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Since the function of materials is controlled by properties and processes on the atomic scale, ab initio based high-throughput methods are valuable strategies in materials design. For computational efficiency, they are however often restriction to T=0K calculations, while many technologically relevant materials properties and thermodynamic stabilities change when going from low to high temperatures. On the other hand, the constantly increasing performance of digital tools for simulation and data-driven science enables more targeted material development including these kinds of finite-temperature effects. A flexible infrastructure, including data management and workflow solutions is required to make this symbiosis user-friendly efficient. Within this presentation, examples from ab initio thermodynamics for the design of phase stabilities in hard-magnetic alloys and defect-phases in advanced high-strength steels will be demonstrated. We will discuss physical concepts with a focus at the impact of magnetic excitations. At the same time, the examples will be used to derive requirements and present solutions for a digital infrastructure. An outlook will be given to current strategies with the NDFI initiative NFDI-MatWerk.
We study single-site and two-site defect structures in B2-type Fe-Al alloys by means of density functional theory supercell calculations. The defect formation energies are calculated as functions of the chemical potential, which are used to obtain the dependence of the defect concentrations on Al content at different temperatures. We also examine the converging behavior of the formation energies with respect to the supercell size to study the corresponding limit of dilute defects. The effect of magnetism is investigated by considering nonmagnetic, ferromagnetic, and paramagnetic states, calculations for the latter showing that the magnitude of the local magnetic moments strongly impacts the defect formation energies. The methodological studies are used to provide explanations for the wide spread of defect formation energies reported by experiments and other theoretical investigations. Based on these insights, the stability of the B2-FeAl structure as a function of Al concentration is obtained and discussed.
We present a first-principles approach for the computation of the magnetic Gibbs free energy ofmaterials using magnetically constrained supercell calculations. Our approach is based on an adiabatic approximation of slowly varying local moment orientations, the so-called finite-temperature disordered local moment picture. It describes magnetic phase transitions and how electronic and/or magnetostructural mechanisms generate a discontinuous (first-order) character. We demonstrate that the statistical mechanics of the local moment orientations can be described by an affordable number of supercell calculations containing noncollinear magnetic configurations.
The applicability of our approach is illustrated by firstly studying the ferromagnetic state in bcc Fe. We then investigate the temperature-dependent properties of a triangular antiferromagnetic state stabilizing in two antiperovskite systems Mn3AN (A = Ga, Ni). Our calculations provide the negative thermal expansion of These materials as well as the ab initio origin of the discontinuous character of the phase transitions, electronic and/or magnetostructural, in good agreement with experiment.