6 Materialchemie
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Englisch (176)
Referierte Publikation
- ja (176) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- XPS (31)
- Nanoparticles (26)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (13)
- Electron microscopy (9)
- ToF-SIMS (9)
- Graphene (7)
- NEXAFS (7)
- Nanomaterials (6)
- SEM (6)
- Sample preparation (6)
- Core-shell (5)
- NAP-XPS (5)
- Thin films (5)
- SAXS (4)
- Surface analysis (4)
- Surface chemical analysis (4)
- Titanium dioxide (4)
- AISI 304L (3)
- Bacteria (3)
- Catalysis (3)
- Corrosion (3)
- EPMA (3)
- Electrochemistry (3)
- Fluorescence (3)
- Functionalized graphene (3)
- Hydrogen (3)
- Ionic liquid (3)
- Nano (3)
- Nanoparticle (3)
- Nanotechnology (3)
- Quantification (3)
- Quantum dots (3)
- Quantum yield (3)
- Reproducibility (3)
- Shape (3)
- Size (3)
- Spectroscopic ellipsometry (3)
- Standardization (3)
- Surface chemistry (3)
- Surface functionalization (3)
- Thickness (3)
- TiO2 (3)
- Transmission function (3)
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (3)
- Zirconium (3)
- 2D Materials (2)
- ATR-FTIR spectroscopy (2)
- Advanced materials (2)
- Atomic layer deposition (2)
- Auger Electron Spectroscopy (2)
- Biofilms (2)
- Bisphenol A (2)
- Characterisation (2)
- Coating (2)
- Concentration (2)
- Copper (2)
- Core-shell nanoparticles (2)
- Decision support (2)
- Deuterium (2)
- EDS (2)
- Electrocatalysis (2)
- Electron probe microanalysis (2)
- Elemental composition (2)
- Ferrihydrite (2)
- Fluoride (2)
- Fullerene (2)
- HAXPES (2)
- Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- Image analysis (2)
- Imaging XPS (2)
- Lateral resolution (2)
- Method (2)
- Metrology (2)
- Molecular sieves (2)
- Nanomaterial (2)
- Oxidation (2)
- Oxygen evolution reaction (2)
- Particle (2)
- Photooxidation (2)
- Polyglycerol (2)
- Polymers (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- SIMS (2)
- Secondary ion mass spectrometry (2)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (2)
- Small-spot XPS (2)
- Stability (2)
- Stainless steel (2)
- Standardisation (2)
- Standards (2)
- Steel (2)
- Surface science (2)
- Synchrotron radiation (2)
- Synthesis (2)
- TEM (2)
- Tungsten (2)
- VAMAS (2)
- Virus inhibition (2)
- Water (2)
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) (2)
- X-ray production efficiency (2)
- (Quantitative) Structure-Active Relationships (1)
- (ter-)pyridineterminated self-assembled monolayer (1)
- 1-propyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (1)
- 2D (1)
- 2D nanomaterial (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 4H–SiC (1)
- ACEnano (1)
- AFM (1)
- Absorption spectrometry (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Acidic oxygen evolution reaction (1)
- Advanced material (1)
- AgInS (1)
- Aging (1)
- Alkali-silica reaction (1)
- Alloy 31 (1)
- Amorphous phases (1)
- Amperometry (1)
- Amphiphilicity (1)
- Analysis area measurements (1)
- Anomalous Small Angle X-ray Scattering (1)
- Antibacterial (1)
- Antibacterial surface coatings (1)
- Antibiotic delivery (1)
- Antibiotic release (1)
- Antifouling (1)
- Antimicrobial titanium coating (1)
- Antiviral activity (1)
- Aqueous synthesis (1)
- Argon gas cluster ion sputtering (1)
- Artificial intelligence (1)
- Atomic force microscopy (1)
- Austenitic stainless steel (1)
- Automated image analysis (1)
- Automation (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (1)
- Base damage (1)
- Base loss (1)
- Benchmarking (1)
- Binary zinc alloys (1)
- Bio sensing device (1)
- Bio-orthogonal chemistry (1)
- Bio-weathering (1)
- Biochip (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biointerfaces (1)
- Biomimicry (1)
- Biosensors (1)
- Bipyramid (1)
- Bismuth titanates (1)
- Black fungi (1)
- Black phosphorus (1)
- Boehmite (1)
- Boehmite nanoparticles (1)
- Bone (1)
- Boronic acid (1)
- Boronic acid-functionalized 2D MoS2 (1)
- Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (1)
- Bulk metallic glasses (1)
- C7H15N2O4P (1)
- CCQM (Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance) (1)
- CEN (1)
- CO2 (1)
- Calcium monofluoride (1)
- Calcium silicate hydrate (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Cancer therapy (1)
- Carbon Nanotubes (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carbon nanoparticles (1)
- Carbon nanotubes (1)
- Carbon storage (1)
- Cationic photocuring (1)
- Cell sheet fabrication (1)
- Cell-envelope (1)
- Cement hydration (1)
- Cerium oxide (1)
- Certified reference nanomaterials (1)
- Charge (1)
- Chemical analysis (1)
- Chemistry (1)
- Chemotherapy (1)
- Classification (1)
- Click chemistry (1)
- Comparability (1)
- Complementary methodology and metrology (1)
- Complex-shape (1)
- Composites (1)
- Composition (1)
- Computed tomography (1)
- Conditioning films (1)
- Controlled morphology (1)
- Controlled periodic illumination (1)
- Controlled-shape (1)
- Coprecipitation (1)
- Core-shell structures (1)
- Core–shell particles (1)
- Correlative analysis (1)
- Corrosion testing (1)
- Covalend functionalization (1)
- Covalent functionalization (1)
- Covalent interactions (1)
- Cross-sectioning (1)
- Crosslinking density (1)
- Cryo XPS (1)
- CuNPs (1)
- CuO nanoparticles (1)
- Cyclic voltammetry (1)
- Cycloaliphatic epoxy oligosiloxane (1)
- Cyclometalated iridium (III) complexes (1)
- Cytotoxicity (1)
- DFT (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA radiation damage (1)
- DSM 5009 (1)
- Damage (1)
- Data correlation (1)
- Data readiness level (1)
- Defects (1)
- Definition (1)
- Dendritic polyglycerol (1)
- Diffraction (1)
- Diffusion/diffusivity (1)
- Direct damage (1)
- Dissociative electron attachment (DEA) (1)
- Dissociative electron transfer (DET) (1)
- Dodecanethiol (1)
- Dosimetry (1)
- Double-strand break (DSB) (1)
- Dry DNA (1)
- Drywood termite (1)
- Dynamic behavior (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EBSD (1)
- EC nanomaterial definition (1)
- EDX (1)
- ESR (1)
- Electrochemical catalysts (1)
- Electrochemical sensing (1)
- Electrolysis (1)
- Electron spectroscopy (1)
- Electrospun nanocomposite fiber (1)
- Ellipsometry (1)
- Endocrine disruptor (1)
- Energy dependent XPS (1)
- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- Epoxy (1)
- Epoxy conversion degree (1)
- Epoxy nanocomposites (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Estrogenic activity of plastic nanoparticles (1)
- European Centre (1)
- Expert system (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- F- doping (1)
- FAIRification (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Fe-Ni oxides (1)
- FeNi (1)
- Femtosecond laser (1)
- Fenton (1)
- Ferroelectricity/ferroelectric materials (1)
- Field of view (1)
- Film thickness (1)
- Fluorouracil (1)
- Foaming (1)
- Formaldehyde (1)
- Forsterite (1)
- Fullerene-Polyglycerol Sulfates (1)
- Functionalized nanographene (1)
- Geant4 (1)
- Geant4-DNA (1)
- Gel electrolytes (1)
- General Materials Science (1)
- Genotoxic and oxidative damage (1)
- Glass powder (1)
- Glass-ceramic (1)
- Glycan microarray (1)
- Goethite (1)
- Governance (1)
- Graphen Oxide (1)
- Graphene oxide (1)
- Graphene related two-dimensional materials (GR2M) (1)
- Graphene template (1)
- Graphene-based polyglycerol sulfates (1)
- Graphene–bacteria interaction (1)
- Graphhene (1)
- Graphite furnace (1)
- Grating method (1)
- Green rust (1)
- H-terminated Si3N4 films (1)
- HKUST-1 (1)
- HR-CS-MAS (1)
- Hard-energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Hazard assessment (1)
- Hematite (1)
- High entropy alloy (1)
- High pressure (1)
- High temperature corrosion (1)
- Hybrid metrology (1)
- Hybrid metrology measurement (1)
- Hydrated DNA (1)
- Hydrated electron (1)
- Hydration shell (1)
- Hydrogen evolution reaction (1)
- Hydrogen generation (1)
- Hydrogen photoproduction (1)
- Hydrogenated nanostructures (1)
- Hydroxyl radical (1)
- Hyperbranched (1)
- ICP-OES (1)
- IR spectroscopy; conductometry (1)
- ISO (1)
- ISO 23173 (1)
- Identification (1)
- Image segmentation (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imaging AES (1)
- Imaging SIMS (1)
- Imaging ellipsometry (1)
- Imaging surface chemical analysis (1)
- Immunoassay (1)
- In situ (1)
- In-situ SAXS/WAXS (1)
- Indenter area function (1)
- Indirect damage (1)
- Indium (1)
- Inelastic background (1)
- Influenza A virus (1)
- Infrared nano AFM (1)
- Instrument compliance (1)
- Intensity scale calibration (1)
- Inter-laboratory comparison (1)
- Interaction with atmospheres (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Intermediate phases (1)
- Intermodulation (1)
- Intermodulation AFM (1)
- Interphase (1)
- Intrinsic OER activity (1)
- Iodine (1)
- Ionization (1)
- Iridium oxide (1)
- Iron (1)
- Iron nanophases (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- K-rich Birnessite (K0.45MnO2) (1)
- Katalysator (1)
- Knock-out mutant (1)
- Kraft Lignin (1)
- LEE (1)
- Lanthanide (1)
- Laser ablation in liquid (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (1)
- Layer-by-layer deposition (1)
- Lead-free ceramics (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Lifetime analysis (1)
- Ligand exchange (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Lonic liquid (1)
- Low energy electrons (1)
- Low-density polyethylene (1)
- Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (1)
- Luminescent lifetime (1)
- MALDI (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Magic-sized cluster (1)
- Magnetic nanocatalyst (1)
- Magnetpartikel (1)
- Martensite (1)
- Martin Seah (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Mass spectrometry imaging (1)
- Mechanical properties (1)
- Mechanochemical oxidation (1)
- Mechanochemistry (1)
- Medium entropy alloy (1)
- Melanin Adhesion (1)
- Mesoporosity (1)
- Mesoporous iridium oxide films (1)
- Mesoporous oxides (1)
- Metal fluorides (1)
- Metal-organic frameworks (1)
- Metal-organic-frameworks (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methane removal (1)
- Methane total oxidation (1)
- Method development (1)
- Metrology in Chemistry and Biology (1)
- Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microdosimetry (1)
- Microdroplet (1)
- Micropatterning (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microstructure (1)
- Microwave-assisted synthesis (1)
- Milling (1)
- Mineral tranformation (1)
- Mixed metal oxide (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Morphogenesis (1)
- Multi-resistant bacteria (1)
- Multi-sample analysis (1)
- Multiphoton lithography (1)
- Multivalency (1)
- Mussel-inspired adhesives (1)
- Mussel-inspired coating (1)
- Mussel-inspired dendritic polyglycerol (MI-dPG) (1)
- Mutual calibration (1)
- Nano structure (1)
- Nano-object (1)
- Nano-safety (1)
- Nanobiointerfaces (1)
- Nanocomposite (1)
- Nanocomposites (1)
- Nanoindentation (1)
- Nanoinformatics (1)
- Nanomaterial analysis (1)
- Nanomaterial categorisation (1)
- Nanomaterial definition (1)
- Nanomaterial legislation (1)
- Nanomaterial regulation (1)
- Nanomechanical charecteisation (1)
- Nanomechanical properties (1)
- Nanoparticle characterization (1)
- Nanoparticle concentration (1)
- Nanoparticle structure (1)
- Nanoplastics (1)
- Nanoplatform (1)
- Nanopowder (1)
- Nanosafety (1)
- Nanosheets (1)
- Nanostructured FeOx films (1)
- Nanostructured material (1)
- Nano‐object characterization (1)
- Narrow line method (1)
- Near ambient pressure xray photo electron spectroscopy (1)
- Near ambient x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (1)
- Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Net-ionization reaction (1)
- Neural networks (1)
- Nitrene[2+1]cycloaddition (1)
- Nm film thickness (1)
- Nobel-metal free electrocatalysis (1)
- Noise in image (1)
- Non-classical crystallization theory (1)
- Non-destructive ambient analysis (1)
- OECD (1)
- OER (1)
- OH radical (1)
- Ochratoxin A (1)
- One-pot synthesis (1)
- Operando (1)
- Optical analysis (1)
- Optical assay (1)
- Optical spectroscopy (1)
- Optically active surfaces (1)
- Organic phosphates (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Osteoporosis (1)
- Oxygen Evolution Reaction (1)
- Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (1)
- P. Fluorescens (1)
- PCA (1)
- PES (1)
- PS (1)
- PTFE (1)
- Particle architecture (1)
- Particle morphology (1)
- Particle size (1)
- Particle size and shape distribution (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Passivation (1)
- Passive film (1)
- Pelletization (1)
- Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Photodegradation (1)
- Photoelectrochemistry (1)
- Photoemission (1)
- Photoluminescence (1)
- Photophysics (1)
- Photoreforming (1)
- Photoswitchable monolayers (1)
- Physicochemical characterization (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plasma deposition (1)
- Platinum (1)
- Polarimetry (1)
- Polydopamine (1)
- Polyethylene glycol (1)
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-grafting antifouling surface (1)
- Polystyrene microparticles (1)
- Porous materials (1)
- Post-modification by L-cysteine (1)
- Powder (1)
- Pphosphates (1)
- Predictive modelling (1)
- Prehydrated electron (1)
- Prodrug antibiotic (1)
- Protein structure (1)
- Provenance information (1)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1)
- Pseudomonas fluorescens (1)
- QUASES (1)
- Quantitative XPS (1)
- Quantitative surface chemical analysis (1)
- Quantum dot (1)
- Quartzite rock (1)
- Quasi-direct damage (1)
- ROS (1)
- Radiation damage (1)
- Radiation therapy (1)
- Radical (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Reactive oxygen species (1)
- Real-time infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Reference material (1)
- Reference materials (1)
- Reference spectra (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Repelling surface coatings (1)
- Resolution criterion (1)
- Risk asessment (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Roughness (1)
- SARS-CoV 2 (1)
- SARS-CoV2 inhibitor (1)
- SEC (1)
- SEM micrography (1)
- SEM/EDS (1)
- SEM/EDX (1)
- SKPFM (1)
- STEM-in-SEM (1)
- STXM (1)
- Sabatier (1)
- Safe-by-design (1)
- Scanning Auger Spectroscopy (1)
- Scanning probe microscopy (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Selected area XPS (1)
- Self-assembled monolayers (1)
- Self-degrading (1)
- Semiconductor (1)
- Semiconductor nanocrystals (1)
- Sensing (1)
- Shape-controlled nanoparticles (1)
- Shape-engineered (1)
- Shell (1)
- SiGe (1)
- Sialic acid (1)
- Siderite (1)
- Silver (1)
- Silver nanoparticles (1)
- Single particle (1)
- Single-strand break (SSB) (1)
- Singulettsauerstoff (1)
- Sintering (1)
- Size distribution (1)
- Size measurement (1)
- Size measurements (1)
- Small-area XPS (1)
- Soft X-ray (1)
- Soft-templated mesoporous films (1)
- Software UNIFIT 2022 (1)
- Sol-gel synthesis (1)
- Solar Cell (1)
- Solar concentrator (1)
- Solar energy (1)
- Solarpur (1)
- Sonochemical synthesis (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Spectroscopy / Instrumentation (1)
- Spectroscopy / Theory (1)
- Stabilization (1)
- Standard operation procedures (1)
- Straight edge method (1)
- Streptavidin binding (1)
- Strontium titanate (1)
- Structure activity relationships (1)
- Struvite (1)
- Sulfated materials (1)
- Sulphidation (1)
- Surface (1)
- Surface Analysis Working Group (1)
- Surface charge (1)
- Surface chemisttry (1)
- Surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Surface regeneration (1)
- Surface-initated grafting (1)
- Surfaces (1)
- Swell-capture (1)
- T-SEM (1)
- TKD (1)
- TOPAS (1)
- TOPAS-nbio (1)
- TRL (1)
- Ternary zinc alloys (1)
- Thermal annealing (1)
- Thermoplastics (1)
- Thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) coatings (1)
- Thermosets (1)
- Thickness measurements (1)
- Thin mesoporous films (1)
- Thiols (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Thumor therapy (1)
- Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (1)
- Titania (1)
- Titania nanoparticles (1)
- Titanium oxide (1)
- Traceable nanoparticle size measurements; (1)
- Transition metal (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Transmission electron microsocpy (1)
- Transmission function IERF (1)
- Trends (1)
- Triazine (1)
- Two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN) (1)
- Ultra thin polymer films (1)
- Upconversion (1)
- VMAAS (1)
- VOx catalyst (1)
- Variable excitation (1)
- Virucidality (1)
- Volcano plot (1)
- Volume specific surface area (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Wastewater treatment (1)
- Water atmosphere (1)
- Water dispersibility (1)
- Water electrolysis (1)
- Water splitting (1)
- White light interference microscopy (1)
- X-ray Fluorescence (1)
- X-ray absorption Fine Spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray refraction (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray tomographic (1)
- X-rays (1)
- XANES (1)
- XAS (1)
- Xerogel (1)
- Xray (1)
- Xray photo electron spectrocopy (1)
- Zinc oxide (1)
- ZnSe (1)
- [MMIM]+[DMP]− (1)
- analytical service (1)
- layered system (1)
- nm films (1)
- transmission mode (1)
- wrapping (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (176) (entfernen)
Paper des Monats
- ja (6)
Impact of organic phosphates on the structure and composition of short-range ordered iron nanophases
(2024)
Organic phosphates (OP) are important nutrient components for living cells in natural environments, where they readily interact with ubiquitous iron phases such as hydrous ferric oxide, ferrihydrite (FHY). FHY partakes in many key bio(geo)chemical reactions including iron-mediated carbon storage in soils, or iron-storage in living organisms. However, it is still unknown how OP affects the formation, structure and properties of FHY. Here, we document how β-glycerophosphate (GP), a model OP ligand, affects the structure and properties of GP–FHY nanoparticles synthesized by coprecipitation at variable nominal molar P/Fe ratios (0.01 to 0.5). All GP–FHY precipitates were characterized by a maximum solid P/Fe ratio of 0.22, irrespective of the nominal P/Fe ratio. With increasing nominal P/Fe ratio, the specific surface area of the GP–FHY precipitates decreased sharply from 290 to 3 m2 g−1, accompanied by the collapse of their pore structure. The Fe–P local bonding environment gradually transitioned from a bidentate binuclear geometry at low P/Fe ratios to monodentate mononuclear geometry at high P/Fe ratios. This transition was accompanied by a decrease in coordination number of edge-sharing Fe polyhedra, and the loss of the corner-sharing Fe polyhedra. We show that Fe(III) polymerization is impeded by GP, and that the GP–FHY structure is highly dependent on the P/Fe ratio. We discuss the role that natural OP-bearing Fe(III) nanophases have in biogeochemical reactions between Fe–P and C species in aquatic systems.
Transparent conductive oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO) are standards for thin film electrodes, providing a synergy of high optical transparency and electrical conductivity. In an electrolytic environment, the determination of an inert electrochemical potential window is crucial to maintain a stable material performance during device operation. We introduce operando ellipsometry, combining cyclic voltammetry (CV) with spectroscopic ellipsometry, as a versatile tool to monitor the evolution of both complete optical (i.e., complex refractive index) and electrical properties under wet electrochemical operational conditions. In particular, we trace the degradation of ITO electrodes caused by electrochemical reduction in a pH-neutral, water-based electrolyte environment during electrochemical cycling. With the onset of hydrogen evolution at negative bias voltages, indium and tin are irreversibly reduced to the metallic state, causing an advancing darkening, i.e., a gradual loss of transparency, with every CV cycle, while the conductivity is mostly conserved over multiple CV cycles. Post-operando analysis reveals the reductive (loss of oxygen) formation of metallic nanodroplets on the surface. The reductive disruption of the ITO electrode happens at the solid–liquid interface and proceeds gradually from the surface to the bottom of the layer, which is evidenced by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy imaging and complemented by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping. As long as a continuous part of the ITO layer remains at the bottom, the conductivity is largely retained, allowing repeated CV cycling. We consider operando ellipsometry a sensitive and nondestructive tool to monitor early stage material and property changes, either by tracing failure points, controlling intentional processes, or for sensing purposes, making it suitable for various research fields involving solid–liquid interfaces and electrochemical activity.
The plastic value chain, central part of modern living, caused environmental pollution and bioaccumulation of plastic nanoparticles (PNPs). Their ubiquitous presence in different environmental and biological compartments has become a serious threat to human health and ecosystems. Frequently used plastic materials such as polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) have been detected in the form of PNPs in the food chain, soil, water and air, as well as in human feces and blood. In this study, we aimed to provide novel insights in endocrine disrupting properties of PNPs using in vitro estrogen receptor (ER) transactivation assay. The effects of PP-NPs, PE-NPs and PS-NPs and their mixture on T47D-KBluc cell line stably transfected with luciferase as reporter enzyme was evaluated by means of cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and ER activation. Tested dose range for PNPs was 0.001 – 10 mg/L. Both cellular uptake and cytotoxicity for all PNPs was found to be dose-dependent. Only the highest dose of PP-NPs and PE-NPs induced apoptosis and cell death, while PS-NPs were not cytotoxic in tested dose range. For tested concentrations, PP-NPs and PE-NPs showed significant agonistic activity on ER, while PS-NPs cannot be considered ER active. When, applied as mixture, PNP demonstrated additive toxicity effects compared to the effect of each individual PNPs. Additivity was also observed for ER agonistic effect of PNPs mixture according to the benchmark dose-addition modelling approach. This study provides missing science-based evidence on endocrine disrupting effects of PE-NPs, PP-NPs, PS-NPs and their mixtures and highlights the importance of considering unintentional, aggregate and combined exposure to different PNPs in risk management.
Luminescence lifetimes are an attractive analytical method for detection due to its high sensitivity and stability. Iridium probes exhibit luminescence with long excited-state lifetimes, which are sensitive to the local environment. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is listed as a chemical of high concern regarding its toxicity and is classified as a “forever chemical”. In addition to strict limits on the presence of PFOA in drinking water, environmental contamination from industrial effluent or chemical spills requires rapid, simple, accurate, and cost-effective analysis in order to aid containment. Herein, we report the fabrication and function of a novel and facile luminescence sensor for PFOA based on iridium modified on gold surfaces. These surfaces were modified with lipophilic iridium complexes bearing alkyl chains, namely, IrC6 and IrC12, and Zonyl-FSA surfactant. Upon addition of PFOA, the modified surfaces IrC6-FSA@Au and IrC12-FSA @Au show the largest change in the red luminescence signal with changes in the luminescence lifetime that allow monitoring of PFOA concentrations in aqueous solutions. The platform was tested for the measurement of PFOA in aqueous samples spiked with known concentrations of PFOA and demonstrated the capacity to determine PFOA at concentrations >100 μg/L (240 nM).
Reliable measurement of the size of polydisperse, complex-shaped commercial nanopowders is a difficult but necessary task, e.g., for regulatory requirements and toxicity risk assessment. Suitable methods exist for the accurate characterization of the size of non-aggregated, stabilized, spherical and monodisperse nanoparticles. In contrast, industrial nanoscale powders usually require dedicated sample preparation procedures developed for the analysis method of choice. These nano-powders tend to agglomerate and/or aggregate, a behavior which in combination with an innate broad particle size distribution and irregular shape often significantly alters the achievable accuracy of the measured size parameters. The present study systematically tests two commercially available nanoscale powders using different sample preparation methods for correlative analysis by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method and differential mobility analysis. One focus was set on the sample preparation by embedding nanoparticles in carbon-based hot-mounting resin. Literature on this topic is scarce and the accuracy of the data extracted from cross sections of these particles is unclearly stated. In this paper systematic simulations on the deviation of the size parameters of well-defined series of nanoparticles with different shapes from the nominal value were carried out and the contributing factors are discussed.
Here, we elucidate nonclassical multistep crystallization pathways of transition metal phosphates from aqueous solutions. We followed precipitation processes of M-struvites, NH4MPO4·6H2O, and M-phosphate octahydrates, M3(PO4)2·8H2O, where M = Ni, Co, or NixCo1–x, by using in situ scattering and spectroscopy-based techniques, supported by elemental mass spectrometry analyses and advanced electron microscopy. Ni and Co phosphates crystallize via intermediate colloidal amorphous nanophases, which change their complex structures while agglomerating, condensing, and densifying throughout the extended reaction times. We reconstructed the three-dimensional morphology of these precursors by employing cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). We found that the complex interplay between metastable amorphous colloids and protocrystalline units determines the reaction pathways. Ultimately, the same crystalline structure, such as struvite, is formed. However, the multistep process stages vary in complexity and can last from a few minutes to several hours depending on the selected transition metal(s), their concentration, and the Ni/Co ratio.
Although the use of noble metal catalysts can increase the efficiency of hydrogen evolution reaction, the process is still limited by the characteristics of the metal-hydrogen (M−H) bond, which can be too strong or too weak, depending on the metal employed. Studies revealed that the hydrogen affinity for the metal surface (i.e. H absorption/desorption) is regulated also by the potential at the metal nanoparticles. Through controlled periodic illumination (CPI) of a series of metal/TiO2 suspensions, here we demonstrated that an increase of the HER efficiency is possible for those photodeposited metals which have a Tafel slope below 125 mV. Two possible explanations are here reported, in both of them the M−H interaction and the metal covering level play a prominent role, which also depend on the prevailing HER mechanism (Volmer-Heyrovsky or Volmer-Tafel).
The X-ray intensities of the K-, L- and M-lines of copper, zirconium and tungsten have been measured with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer of known efficiency as function of photon energy. X-ray production efficiencies were determined from the measured intensities for Kα- and L-series of Cu and Zr and for the L- and M-series of W. These data were compared to calculated X-ray production efficiencies based on the widely used matrix correction models of Pouchou and Pichoir (XPP) and Bastin (PROZA96).
Our results indicate that a replacement of the stopping power in the PROZA96 algorithm by expressions of Joy and Jablonski has only a minor influence on the calculated X-ray production efficiencies. In contrast, the modifications of the ionization cross-section show a stronger effect. We replaced the ionization cross-sections for K lines of the PROZA96 algorithm with different models.
The results for L- and M-Lines are different. For the L-lines of Cu the original XPP and PROZA96 models show the best agreement while using the Bote cross-sections result in an overestimation. For the Zr-L and W-L1, -L2, -L3 X-ray production efficiencies, the Bote cross-sections lead to a significant improvement compared to all other models. The original XPP model represents the best agreement for the M5 efficiencies but underestimates the M4 efficiencies.
There is no superior model or modification because the parameter sets in the models need to be aligned to each other. However, using the ionization cross-sections of Bote, which are based on quantum mechanical calculations, show promising results in many cases.
Due to the extremely high specific surface area of nanoparticles and corresponding potential for adsorption, the results of surface analysis can be highly dependent on the history of the particles, particularly regarding sample preparation and storage. The sample preparation method has, therefore, the potential to have a significant influence on the results. This report describes an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with the aim of assessing which sample preparation methods for ToF-SIMS analysis of nanoparticles provided the most intra- and interlaboratory consistency and the least amount of sample contamination. The BAM reference material BAM-P110 (TiO2 nanoparticles with a mean Feret diameter of 19 nm) was used as a sample representing typical nanoparticles. A total of 11 participants returned ToF-SIMS data,in positive and (optionally) negative polarity, using sample preparation methods of “stick-and-go” as well as optionally “drop-dry” and “spin-coat.” The results showed that the largest sources of variation within the entire data set were caused by adventitious hydrocarbon contamination or insufficient sample coverage, with the spin-coating protocol applied in this ILC showing a tendency toward insufficient sample coverage; the sample preparation method or the participant had a lesser influence on results.
Bulk metallic glasses (BMG) are amorphous metal alloys known for their unique physical and mechanical properties. In the present study, the formation of femtosecond (fs) laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the Zr-based BMGs Zr46Cu46Al8, Zr61Cu25Al12Ti2, Zr52.5Cu17.9Al10Ni14.6Ti5 (Vit105) and Zr57Cu15.4Al10Ni12.6Nb5 (Vit106) was investigated as a function of their different chemical composition. For this purpose, LIPSS were generated on the sample surfaces in an air environment by fs-laser irradiation (λ = 1025 nm, τ = 300 fs, frep = 100 kHz). The surface topography was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the impact of LIPSS formation on the structure and chemical surface composition was analyzed before and after fs-laser irradiation by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as by transmission electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Despite the different chemical composition of the investigated BMGs, the fs-laser irradiation resulted in almost similar properties of the generated LIPSS patterns. In the case of Zr61Cu25Al12Ti2, Vit105 and Vit106, the surface analysis revealed the preservation of the amorphous state of the materials during fs-laser irradiation. The study demonstrated the presence of a native oxide layer on all pristine BMGs. In addition, fs-laser irradiation results in the formation of laser-induced oxide layers of larger thickness consisting of an amorphous ZrAlCu-oxide. The precise laser-structuring of BMG surfaces on the nanoscale provides a versatile alternative to thermoplastic forming of BMG surfaces and is of particular interest for the engineering of functional material surfaces.