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Organisationseinheit der BAM
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Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (431) (entfernen)
Data analysis methods play an important role in both the experimental and simulation-based digital description of materials but have so far been poorly structured. The platform Material Digital (PMD) should contribute to a standardized description of data processing methods in materials research. The goal is the quality assurance of the processes and the output data, the acquisition and definition of their accuracy as well as the interoperability between applications.
Therefore, application ontologies are created to explicitly describe processes and test methods. In this presentation, the first efforts in creating a tensile test application ontology in accordance with the ISO standard 6892-1:2019-11 are shown. Especially, the path of ontology development to be pursued based on standards was focused.
The collaborative project “Impacts of impurities in CO2 streams captured from different emitters in a regional cluster on transport, injection and storage (CLUSTER)” aimed to set up recommendations on how to define “reasonable minimum composition thresholds” that CO2 streams should meet when accessing CO2 transport pipeline networks. Within CLUSTER, we investigated potential impacts of CO2 streams with different and temporally variable compositions and mass flow rates along the whole CCS chain. Investigations included, amongst others, impacts on: Corrosion of pipeline steel, pipeline network design and related transport costs, alteration of well bore cements, pressure evelopment and rock integrity, geochemical reactions, and petrophysical and geomechanical rock properties.
All investigations are based on a generic CCS chain scenario. In this scenario, CO2 streams are captured from a spatial cluster of eleven emitters and collected in a regional pipeline network. Emitters comprise seven fossil fuel-fired power plants equipped with different capture technologies, two cement plants, one refinery and one integrated iron and steel plant. In total, 19.78 Mio t CO2 (including impurities) are captured in the emitter cluster annually. The combined CO2 stream is transported in a trunk line with a length of 400 km (100 km of these offshore) and is injected into five generic storage structures. The storage reservoirs are saline aquifers of the Buntsandstein.
The investigations revealed beneficial and deteriorating impacts of different impurities and combinations thereof. Overall, no fundamental technical obstacles for transporting, injecting and storing CO2 streams of the modelled variable compositions and mass flow rates were observed. Based on the results, the CLUSTER project team recommends not to define “minimum composition thresholds” for CO2 streams as strict threshold values for eachindividual impurity in the stream. Instead, CO2 stream compositions and variabilities for specific CCS projects should be constrained with regard to a set of parameters including i) the overall CO2 content, ii) maximum contents of relevant impurities or elements, iii) acceptable variability of CO2 stream composition, and iv)impurity combinations to be avoided.
CALM is software for determining the Bravais lattice type and the resulting lattice parameters from a single Kikuchi pattern. It requires the definition of 4 bands and a single bandwidth from which all other band positions as well as bandwidths are derived. For band detection, it uses the Funk transform, which allows detection of twice as many bands as usual. CALM works for any symmetry and requires low-noise patterns of at least 320x240 pixels. The resulting errors are <2% even for such small patterns, assuming good quality. The relative errors are <0.5%. However, this requires a projection centre position best derived from a sample of a cubic phase in CALM. However, this must have been recorded under identical conditions. Hundreds of Kikuchi patterns of phases with different symmetries were examined.
The cyclic crack tip opening displacement ΔCTOD is a promising loading Parameter to quantify the crack propagation under thermomechanical fatigue (TMF). In this work, suitable techniques are investigated and compared for an accurate calculation of ΔCTOD under TMF loading using a viscoplastic temperature dependent material model.
It turned out that collapsed special crack tip elements give the best results. An efficient FEM-technique is developed to simulate the incremental crack growth by successive remeshing, whereby the deformations and internal state variables are mapped from the old mesh onto the new one. The developed techniques are demonstrated and discussed for two-dimensional examples like TMF-specimens. Recommendations are made regarding important numerical control parameters like optimal size of crack tip elements, length of crack growth increment in relation to plastic zone size and ΔCTOD value.
Ferritic-austenitic chromia-forming alloys are frequently used as boiler tubes and heat exchanger materials for fossil-,biomass, and co-fired power plants. In all applied environments several strongly corrosive gaseous species such as CO2, SO2, SO3, H2O, O2 exist, causing materials degradation by high-temperature corrosion. The elucidation of degradation mechanisms introduced by multiple gases is challenging due to the presence of different oxidizing agents contributing to the competing reactions for oxidation, sulfurization or carburization. The degradation processes can be divided into initial stages, a transitional stage and the further proceeding steady-state oxidation reaction. Especially the long-term steady-state oxidation and further materials’ life-time are strongly dependent on the initial stages. The adsorption and absorption of the reactive species at the alloy surface and the growing oxide in the initial reaction is further influenced by dissociation and re-reactions of the gas phase molecules. To understand these mechanisms from a fundamental point of view in more detail, dedicated experiments and advanced characterization techniques on various length scale need to be applied. Real-time approaches using highly energetic synchrotron X-ray diffraction showed a high potential to enlighten competitively mechanisms by following the corrosion reactions in-situ in the environment they occur. Despite various other thin film characterization techniques, time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) is a powerful tool to visualize light atoms or labeled isotopes enabling the Differentiation between different oxidizing species. It was especially shown to be applicable in challenging atmospheres containing KCl deposits or in CO/CO2/O2 environments. The present study analyses the competing oxidation/sulfidation process in a humid atmosphere on two ferritic alloys with 2 and 9 % in weight chromium by in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) and comparative tube furnace exposure using S16O2 and H2 18O atmosphere.
Interfacial Spinodals
(2021)
Despite their finite spatial extent, interfaces can have profound impacts on microstructure properties. This is because of their distinct phase-like properties distinguishing them from the adjacent homogeneous bulk structure. When noticed by solute atoms, interfaces can experience their own chemical phase changes. In this talk, we investigate the constrained states of chemically decomposed phases at interfaces. A density-based theory of interfaces is proposed to describe the confined chemical decomposition at general grain boundaries. Here the grain boundary is viewed as a lesser dense, defected structure with reference to the corresponding bulk structure. Using this picture, the thermodynamic origins of interfacial spinodal phenomena are revealed. We also show that transient interfacial spinodals can be activated over a large alloy composition range, enabling kinetic engineering of interfacial chemistry.
Systematic microstructure design requires reliable thermodynamic descriptions and phase diagrams of each and all microstructure elements. While such descriptions are well established for most bulk phases, thermodynamic assessment of crystal defects is greatly challenged by their individualistic aspects. In this talk, we present a density-based thermodynamic concept to describe defects based on available bulk thermodynamic data. Here dealing with grain boundaries (GBs), we apply this concept to compute GB (phase) diagram. Applications to segregation engineering of GBs in bulk and nanocrystalline alloys will be presented. We further develop this model to include the effect of elastic interactions due to atom size mismatch and obtain the corresponding GB (phase) diagram for the ternary Al-Cu-Li system.
Damage tolerance counts as one of the most widespread approach to fatigue assessment and surely as one of the most promising in understanding the process-structure-property-performance relationships in additively manufactured metallic materials. Manufacturing defects, surface roughness, microstructural features, short and long crack fatigue propagation, residual stresses and applied loads can be taken into consideration in a fracture mechanics-based fatigue assessment. Many aspects are crucial to the reliable component life prediction. Among those a prominent role is played by an accurate measurement and modelling of the short crack fatigue behavior, and reliable statistical characterization of defects and residual stresses.
This work aims at addressing the issues related to both experimental testing, fatigue and fatigue crack propagation, and fracture mechanics-based modelling of fatigue lives. Examples will be provided on an additively manufactured AISI 316 L.
With an increasing demand in more efficient fuel consumption to reduce CO2 emissions, weight reductions in high-temperature materials at affordable costs gain increasing attention. One potential candidate is the intermetallic material class of iron aluminides, combining the advantages in mass savings, high temperature performance and recyclability of resources. The alloy Fe-26Al-4Mo-0.5Ti-1B was selected to study the microstructural features evolving from two casting processes, five wall thicknesses and three final conditions. Conclusions are drawn upon the correlations of processing variables, grain sizes and hardness.
Diese Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung von Kurzrisswachstum in mittels Laser-Pulverbett-Verschmelzen (LPBF - Laser Powder Bed Fusion) hergestelltem rostfreien austenitischen Stahl. Spezifischer wird die Ermittlung zyklischer R-Kurven untersucht. Diese beschreiben den Aufbau des Widerstands gegen Ermüdungsrisswachstum - d.h. des Schwellenwertes - aufgrund von Rissschließeffekten bei physikalisch kurzen Rissen. Mit Hilfe der zyklischen R-Kurven kann die Fähigkeit eines Bauteils, physikalisch kurze Risse zu arretieren, charakterisiert werden. Wir verfügen damit über eine Schnittstelle zwischen klassischer Ermüdung und Bruchmechanik. Das ist gerade auch für additiv gefertigte (AM – Additive Manufacturing) Materialien von Interesse. Diese weisen prozessintrinsische Defekte auf, die als Initiierungsstellen kurzer Ermüdungsrisse agieren. Im Rahmen der experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden zyklische R-Kurven für konventionellen und LPBF AISI-316L-Stahl ermittelt. Insbesondere wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Wärmebehandlungen (WB1: 450°C, WB2: 800°C und WB3: 900°C) auf das Wachstumsverhalten physikalisch kurzer Risse im LPBF-Material untersucht. Aufgrund hoher Eigenspannungen war die Ermittlung des Kurzrisswachstumsverhaltens bei WB1 nicht möglich. Für WB2 und WB3 ergaben sich sehr unterschiedliche zyklische R-Kurven. Untersuchungen der Eigenspannungen, der Bruchfläche (insbesondere der Rauheit) und der Mikrostruktur sollen die Ursachen für das unterschiedliche Verhalten erklären. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den Verhältnissen in konventionellem Material verglichen.
Additive manufacturing (AM) processes allow a high level of freedom in designing and producing components for complex structures. They offer the possibility of a significant reduction of the process chain. However, the large number of process parameters influence the structure and the behavior of AM parts. A thorough understanding of the interdependent mechanisms is necessary for the reliable design and production of safe AM parts.
In this presentation we discuss the online monitoring of metallic AM parts produced by the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process by using optical, thermographic and electromagnetic methods. In a first approach we present the detection of defects generated during the process and discuss how to improve these methods for the optimization of design and production of metallic AM parts.
Latente Wärmspeicher auf der Basis von NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 Mischungen stellen eine kostengünstige Option für die Energiespeicherung von Prozesswärme dar. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die materialwissenschaftlichen Herausforderungen im System Salz-Legierung, welche gelöst werden müssen, um diese Speichertechnologie industriell zu etablieren.
The high-temperature corrosion behavior of the medium-entropy alloy Cr33Co33Ni33 (MEA) and the high-entropy alloy Fe20Cr20Co20Ni20Mn20 (HEA) in a mixed gas atmosphere of 10% H2O-2% O2 -0.5% SO2 + Ar as carrier gas [Vol.%] at 800 °C with duration times of t = 24h, 48h and 96h was investigated. Both alloys have a single-phase fcc microstructure. The oxidation kinetics of the HEA-CrMnFeCoNi roughly followed a linear rate law and a slow oxide growth was observable for the MEA-CrCoNi. The scale thickness of the corrosion layer in the quinary alloy increased with exposure time, while the scale thickness in the ternary alloy remained constant at around 1 µm. The MEA-CrCoNi developed a protective Cr2O3 layer with minor buckled parts. Co,Ni-chromite (Co,Ni)Cr2O4 was detected by XRD in minor amounts. The scale on HEA-CrMnFeCoNi displayed a triplex structure of a thin, continuous, inner Cr2O3 layer, a dense, intermediate Mn3O4 layer, and a thick, outer, porous layer consisting of Mn3O4 and MnSO4. Sulphides were only identified in the matrix of HEA-CrMnFeCoNi. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations with FactSage (Log(S2) vs. Log(O2), ΔG of reactions) are in good agreement with these observations. The intense diffusion of Cr in the ternary alloy leads to an immediate formation of a protective Cr2O3 layer. The fast diffusion of Mn through the bulk HEA material and through the formed Cr2O3 layer compared to the other alloying elements is considered as the rate-limiting process.
Ceramic springs combine attractive properties for applications in machinery, metrology, and sensor technology. They are electrically insulating, non-magnetic, provide a linear stress-strain behavior, and are stable at high temperatures and in corrosive environments. Generally, the precise dimensioning of a ceramic spring with respect to the spring constant is challenging. Different models are described, but many of these calculations do not match the actual spring properties. We demonstrate a reliable approach for the dimensioning and manufacturing of helical compression springs with a rectangular winding cross-section. Based on the German standard DIN 2090, which is referring to metallic springs, the spring constant can be calculated based on shear modulus, diameter, height, widths, and number of windings. Different ceramic springs were produced by milling of sintered hollow cylinders of zirconia, alumina and silicon nitride. The experimental spring constants are in very good agreement with the calculated values. Spring constants of zirconia springs were varied over three orders of magnitude between 0.02 N/mm and 5 N/mm by purposeful adaption of the spring geometry. The combination of dimensioning based on DIN 2090 and precise hard machining offers a reliable technology for the fabrication of tailored ceramic springs for special applications.
In diesem Beitrag werden am Beispiel von Gasturbinen Verfahren zur Charakterisierung des werkstoff-mechanischen Verhaltens sowie der Gefügeentwicklung von Bauteilen für Anwendungen bei hohen Temperaturen aufgezeigt. Gasturbinen sind technisch gesehen sehr interessante Systeme, die in der Energietechnik und in der Luftfahrt von hoher wirtschaftlicher Relevanz sind. Seit Jahrzehnten gelten Gasturbinen als klassische Innovationstreiber, für ihre Entwicklung wurden bereits maßgebliche Erneuerungen im Bereich der Aerodynamik und der Werkstofftechnik hervorgebracht.
Die Bereitstellung von zuverlässigen Werkstoffdaten stand für die Werkstoffprüfung seit dem 19. Jahrhundert in zentraler Stelle. Mit der zunehmender Digitalisierung unserer Gesellschaft gewinnt das Datenmanagement insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Modellierungs- und Simulationsaktivitäten an Bedeutung.
In unserem Beitrag beschreiben wir die gegenwärtigen Aktivitäten in Deutschland – insbesondere die NFDI-MatWerk und die BMBF-Initiative MaterialDigital – sowie in Europa und Übersee. Abschließend heben wir die Auswirkungen auf die technische und akademische Aus- und Weiterbildung.
In this presentation we discuss the online monitoring of metallic AM parts produced by the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process by using optical, thermographic and electromagnetic methods. In a first approach we present the detection of defects generated during the process and discuss how to improve these methods for the optimization of design and production of metallic AM parts.
The mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composites with polymer matrix is governed by several mechanisms operating at different length scales. In this contribution we describe first non-destructive techniques which are adequate for the characterization of the fiber-matrix interphase at a microscopic level. In a second step we describe on a mesoscopic level the influence of manufacturing related elements on the mechanical properties of rotor blades for wind turbines. We concentrate on thermography, laminography and ultrasound in connection with mechanical testing systems. Finally we present methods for monitoring rotor blades by using embedded optical fibers.