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The interest to additively manufacture Nickel-based superalloys has substantially grown within the past decade both academically and industrially. More specifically, additive manufacturing processes such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) offer the ability to produce dense parts within a single manufacturing step. In fact, the exceptional freedom in design associated with the layer-based nature of the processes is of particular interest for the complex shapes typically required in turbine applications. In certain cases, the overall part performance can be achieved by tailoring the microstructure and the crystallographic texture to the specific application. However, these advantages must be paid at a price: the large local temperature gradients associated with the rapid melting and solidification produce parts that inherently contain large residual stress in the as-manufactured state. In addition, the presence of pores in the final part may further affect the in-service part failure. As among Nickel-based alloys Inconel 718 exhibits excellent weldability, this alloy has been widely studied in open research in the domain of LPBF. However, significant microsegregation of the heavier alloying elements such as Niobium and Molybdenum accompanied by dislocation entanglements may preclude the application of conventional heat treatment schedules. Therefore, different post processing heat treatments are required for laser powder bed fused Inconel 718 as compared to conventional variants of the same alloy.
In this study, we investigated two different heat treatment routes for LPBF Inconel 718. In a first routine, the samples were stress relieved and subsequently subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP) followed by a solution heat treatment and a two-step age (referred to as FHT). In a second routine, the samples were subjected to a single-step direct age post stress relieving heat treatment (referred to DA). We investigated the consequences of such heat treatment schedules on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical behavior. We show that by applying a DA heat treatment the typical columnar microstructure possessing a crystallographic texture is retained, while an equiaxed untextured microstructure prevails in case of an FHT heat treatment. We further evaluate how these heat treatments affect the mechanical behaviour on the macroscopic and microscopic scale.
Behälter aus hochdichtem Polyethylen (PE-HD) werden zur Lagerung und für den Transport von Kraftstoffen eingesetzt. Beim Kontakt beider Medien diffundiert der Kraftstoff in das Polymer, erhöht dessen Volumen und Duktilität und ändert damit das Fließverhalten des Polymers unter Zugbelastung. Zudem weist PE-HD in Luft im verstreckten Bereich das sogenannte strain-whitening (Lichtstreuung) auf, während in Diesel gelagertes PE-HD optisch transparent wird. Zur Untersuchung dieses Phänomens wurden ortsaufgelöste Röntgenrefraktion und –diffraktion (Topographie) eingesetzt. Aus Sicht der molekularen Struktur (Diffraktion) weisen die beiden Probentypen keine Unterschiede auf: im verstreckten Bereich liegt eine „Fasertextur“ der Polymerketten in Belastungsrichtung vor, im unverstreckten Bereich nahezu ideale Isotropie. Die für mikroskopische Strukturen empfindliche Röntgenrefraktion zeigt außerdem für die Probe in Luft im verstreckten Bereich eine ausgeprägte Orientierung von Grenzflächen in Zugrichtung, während die in Diesel gelagerte Probe keine Grenzflächen zeigt. In Analogie zum optischen Verhalten bewirken die ähnlichen Brechungsindizes beider Medien im Röntgenbereich, dass eindiffundierter Diesel als Immersionsflüssigkeit die Brechungseigenschaften herabsetzt.