4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (95)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (56)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (15)
- Posterpräsentation (14)
- Buchkapitel (5)
- Tagungsband (Herausgeberschaft für den kompletten Band) (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Forschungsbericht (1)
Schlagworte
- Recycling (26)
- Phosphor (20)
- Klärschlamm (17)
- Phosphorus (15)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (14)
- Phosphorus recovery (14)
- Sewage sludge (12)
- Fertilizer (9)
- Klärschlammverordnung (9)
- CFK (8)
- Gichtgasschlamm (7)
- Scandium (7)
- BOFS (6)
- Environmental evaluation (6)
- Fertilzer (6)
- Hydraulic reactivity (6)
- Pyrometallurgy (6)
- Elektroofenstaub (5)
- Gypsum (5)
- Klärschlammasche (5)
- Lichtbogenofen (5)
- Portland Cement (5)
- Pyrometallurgie (5)
- Ressourcenrückgewinnung (5)
- Ringversuch (5)
- Sewage sludge ash (5)
- Tantal (5)
- Wastewater (5)
- XANES spectroscopy (5)
- Zement (5)
- Zink (5)
- Alite (4)
- Cabonfasern (4)
- Carbon Fibers (4)
- Circular economy (4)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (4)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (4)
- Düngemittel (4)
- Dünger (4)
- Electric arc furnace dust (4)
- LD-Schlacke (4)
- Makronährstoffe (4)
- Nährstoffe (4)
- Phosphat (4)
- Red Mud (4)
- Stahlwerksschlacke (4)
- Steelmaking slag (4)
- Tantalum (4)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (4)
- Zinc (4)
- Baustoffrecycling (3)
- Bauxite Residue (3)
- Blast furnace sludge (3)
- CDW processing (3)
- Carbonfaser (3)
- DGT (3)
- Electric Arc Furnace (3)
- Gypsum recycling (3)
- Landwirtschaft (3)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (3)
- Leichtbau (3)
- Mantelverordnung (3)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (3)
- Recycling fertilizer (3)
- Rotschlamm (3)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (3)
- Selective chlorination (3)
- Soil (3)
- Steelmaking (3)
- Thermochemisch (3)
- X-ray diffraction (3)
- AbfKlärV (2)
- Abwasser (2)
- Abwasserbehandlung (2)
- Agronomic performance (2)
- Agronomische Effizienz (2)
- Alkalien (2)
- Aluminium (2)
- Ammonium (2)
- Analytik (2)
- AshDec (2)
- Ashdec (2)
- Bagasse (2)
- Bassanite (2)
- Building and Construction (2)
- Calcium alkali phosphate (2)
- Calcium silicate (2)
- Calcium sulfate (2)
- Carbide formation (2)
- Carbon feeding (2)
- Carbonfasern (2)
- Chromium (2)
- Clinker substitute (2)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (2)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (2)
- Filterstaub (2)
- Gypsum fiberboards and synthetic gypsum (2)
- Heavy metal removal (2)
- Infrared spectroscopy (2)
- Leaching (2)
- Leaching control mechanisms (2)
- Melting experiments (2)
- Monoverbrennung (2)
- Monoverbrennungsanlage (2)
- Nitrification inhibitor (2)
- Nutrient (2)
- P-Recyclingdünger (2)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (2)
- Phopshorus recovery (2)
- Pollutant (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Recycling fertiliser (2)
- Recycling fertilisers (2)
- Reduction process (2)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (2)
- SCALE (2)
- Scattering (2)
- Secondary Recources (2)
- Sewage sludge ordinance (2)
- Soil P species (2)
- Struvit (2)
- Struvite (2)
- Thermal treatment (2)
- Thermochemical treatment (2)
- Tricalcium-silicate (2)
- Tricalciumsilikat (2)
- X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (2)
- XANES (2)
- Zementersatz (2)
- Zementklinker (2)
- Zinnschlacke (2)
- Zitronensäure (2)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Aerodynamic levitation (1)
- Alit (1)
- Alite hydraulic reactivity (1)
- Ashes (1)
- BESSY (1)
- Bauxite residue (1)
- Bio-P-Kläranlage (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Bioceramics (1)
- Blast-furnace sludge (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- CFRP (1)
- CaNaPO4 (1)
- Calcium carbonate (1)
- Carbonbeton (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chemical extraction methods (1)
- Chemische Löslichkeit (1)
- Chicken manure (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Chlorination (1)
- Chlorine (1)
- Chromitites (1)
- Clean steel (1)
- Co-combustion (1)
- Combustion and gasification (1)
- Controlled release fertilisers (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- Crystalline phase identification (1)
- DGT-Methode (1)
- Design of experiments (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) (1)
- EAF slags (1)
- Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags (1)
- Electric arc furnace slags (1)
- Elektrolichtbogenofen (1)
- Elimination (1)
- Entropy (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- Extraktionen (1)
- Extraktionsversuche (1)
- FactSage calculations (1)
- FactSageTM calculations (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Formation enthalpy (1)
- Forschungsförderung (1)
- Fällmittel (1)
- General Environmental Science (1)
- General Materials Science (1)
- Gesteinskörnungen (1)
- Gipsabfälle (1)
- Gipsrecycling (1)
- Gleichwertigkeit Messverfahren (1)
- Granulat (1)
- Gypsum plasterboards (1)
- Gypsum waste (1)
- Hazardous waste (1)
- Hazenite (1)
- Heat capacity (1)
- Hydration products (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- ICP-MS (1)
- ICP-OES (1)
- In situ (1)
- In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction (1)
- In-situ analysis (1)
- Incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures (1)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (1)
- Industrielles Abwasser (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Iron making (1)
- Klimaneutralität (1)
- Kläranlage (1)
- Klärschlammdüngung (1)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (1)
- LCA (1)
- Landwirtschaftliche Klärschlammverwertung (1)
- Lead (1)
- Lebensmittelindustrie (1)
- Lightweighting (1)
- MSWI fly ash (1)
- Materials Chemistry (1)
- Mechanische Stabilität (1)
- Metals and Alloys (1)
- Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) (1)
- Multidisciplinary (1)
- Municipal sewage sludge (1)
- MySpot (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nano-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Neutralammoniumcitrat (1)
- Neutralammoniumnitrat (1)
- Niobium (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- On-Line Analyse (1)
- On-line analysis (1)
- Oxide melts (1)
- P sink method (1)
- P speciation (1)
- P-Recyclate (1)
- P-Rückgewinnung (1)
- P-Senken (1)
- P-efficiency (1)
- P-recovery (1)
- Passive sampling (1)
- Permeat (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Pflanzenverfügbarkeit (1)
- Pflanzenwurzel (1)
- Phase formation (1)
- Phase transformation (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphate dynamics (1)
- Phosphate extractability and availability (1)
- Phosphor-Rückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorbestimmung (1)
- Phosphorus availability (1)
- Phosphorus elimination (1)
- Phosphorus plant-availability (1)
- Phosphorus recycling (1)
- Phosphous recovery (1)
- Photometric P determination (1)
- Plant Experiment (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Plant growth test (1)
- Plant-availability (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Platinum (1)
- Pot experiment (1)
- Pot experiments (1)
- Process Metallurgy (1)
- Process control (1)
- Process upscaling (1)
- Push-out Test (1)
- Raman (1)
- Recovery potential (1)
- Recycled gypsum (1)
- Recycled sources (1)
- Recyclingdüngemittel (1)
- Red mud (1)
- Reduction (1)
- Reduktionsprozess (1)
- Relative agronomische Effizienz (RAE) (1)
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (1)
- Resource Recovery (1)
- Ressourceneffizienz (1)
- Ressourcenschonung (1)
- Retentat (1)
- Rhenanite (1)
- Ringversuch P-Gehalt in Klärschlamm (1)
- Rückgewinnung (1)
- Sc recovery (1)
- Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) (1)
- Schlacke (1)
- Secondary P-fertilizer (1)
- Sekundärgipse (1)
- Sekundärrohstoff (1)
- Selective Chlorination (1)
- Sewage Sludge (1)
- Sewage Sludge Ashes (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (SSA) (1)
- Sewage sludge disposal (1)
- Sewage sludge incineration (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Silicon carbide (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Stalwerksschlacke (1)
- Steelmaking residues (1)
- Strategy and Management (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Sugarcane bagasse (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- Synchrotron radiation (1)
- Technologietransfer (1)
- Thermal analysis (1)
- Thermochemische Prozesse (1)
- Upscaling (1)
- Ureolytic bacteria (1)
- Vegetationsversuche (1)
- Versuchskampagne (1)
- Wasserstoffplasma (1)
- Waste (1)
- Waste water (1)
- Waste water treatment (1)
- Wiederholbarkeit (1)
- Wiederverwertung (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- Zentrat (1)
- Zinc chloride (1)
- Zinnschlacken (1)
- fertilizer (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- microspectroscopy (1)
- multi scale testing (1)
- soil (1)
- thermochemische Behandlung (1)
- x-ray diffraction (1)
- Ökobilanz (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (188) (entfernen)
Paper des Monats
- ja (3)
Phosphorus (P) recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fuctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge.
In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fuctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber flter presses rather showed dilution efects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the
20 g/kg DM limit.
Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge will be obligatory in Germany from 2029. Phosphorus content determination in sewage sludge is crucial to assess the prescribed recycling rates. Currently, German law regards sample preparation using aqua regia digestion in a microwave or under reflux conditions as well as instrumental phosphorus determination by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, or photometric determination with ammonium molybdate as equivalent. However, it is questionable whether these methods are indeed equivalent regarding phosphorus quantification in sludges near the limit of 20 g/kg for mandatory recycling. To answer this question, 15 sewage sludges of 11 different wastewater treatment plants were investigated with all permitted method (digestion and measurement) combinations. Moreover, one sewage sludge was also examined in an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with 28 participants. This study shows that the above-mentioned methods differ in some cases significantly but across all method combinations and sludges, phosphorus recovery was between 80 and 121% after normalization to the grand mean (average of 15 sludges between 85 and 111%). The ILC and the examination of 15 sludges produced largely similar results. There is a tendency to higher phosphorus recovery after microwave digestion compared to reflux digestion and ICP-OES measurements determine higher phosphorus contents than ICP-MS and photometric phosphorus determination. As a result, the authors recommend ICP-OES determination of phosphorus in sewage sludge after microwave digestion.
Future nutrient recovery from sewage sludge regarding three different scenarios - German case study
(2022)
Agricultural sewage sludge utilization becomes less important in Germany. In 2017, new fertilizer and waste laws caused the agricultural sewage sludge utilization to collapse by more than a quarter. From 2029, German wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) must recover phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge if it contains more than 2 wt % P. Agricultural utilization will be prohibited for large WWTPs >100,000 population equivalents (pe) from 2029 and >50,000 pe from 2032. In Germany, each federal state must annually report amounts and quality of agriculturally utilized sewage sludge which was 16% of the total disposal in 2019. The reports of 10 states were evaluated for 2016 and 2017 representing approx. 60% of the total agriculturally used sludge volume. In 2016, 60% of the WWTPs’ sludges exceeded the recovery limit of 2 wt % P which is 70% of the amount of sludge and 85% of the phosphorus load. Other nutrients are not affected by the recovery obligation. However, many P recovery processes recover other nutrients, too. Considering three different scenarios for future German sewage sludge disposal shows that 70–77% of the P load in sewage sludge will probably be recovered in the future. At the same time, this applies for about 0–16% nitrogen, 36–52% of calcium, 31–53% of potassium, and 40–52% of magnesium. However, these recovered nutrients loads can substitute only 1% or less of the commercial fertilizer demand except from phosphorus which is up to 43% of the demand.
The present work demonstrates a sustainable approach of using relatively coarser iron ore particles for ironmaking. The motivation is to reduce the energy consumption in the milling of the iron ore by utilizing coarser iron ore particles (+0.05 mm) and to select a suitable binder for improving pellet properties. Iron ore fines in the range of 0.05–0.25 mm was selected and classified into three size ranges. Fluxed iron ore pellets were prepared using lime as a binder for the basicity of 0, 1, and 2. Reduction of these pellets with a packed bed of coal fines was performed in the temperature range of 900–1200 °C for a duration of 30–120 min. The direct reduction kinetics of the iron ore pellets were studied by employing diffusion and chemical reaction control models to the experimental data. The results show that pellets made with coarser iron ore particles have improved reduction behavior and kinetics. The reduction reaction is found to be a mixed control. The activation energy for the reduction reaction varies from 44.3 to 74.76 kJ mol−1 as iron ore particle size decreases from 0.25 to 0.05 mm and basicity increases from 0 to 2.
In the transition to the Circular Economy (CE) model, where the added value of products is kept as long as possible and waste is eliminated, the sustainable management of raw materials plays a key role. In above CE model, especial attention is paid to CRMs which are economically and strategically important for the European economy, but have a high-risk associated with their supply.
One of the most important element which can not be replaced and is an essential element for human nutrition, yet limited resource is phosphorus (P). An importance of issues related to sustainable P management results from EU legislation, which indicated P as a Critical Raw Material (CRM).
The sustainable management of P-resources is especially important for the Baltic region. A consequence of waterborne loads passing into the sea, mainly as wastewater with a high P content is the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea environment. Due to the largest inputs of P (37%) into the Baltic Sea originate from Poland, the development of sustainable solutions aimed at more rational P management for this country is externally important.
Due to the vital importance of phosphorus (P) and its increasing scarcity as a natural resource, phosphorus recovery has recently gained significant scientific and technical interest. An interesting sources of phosphorus are sewage sludge (SS) and sewage sludge ash (SSA) due to the major part of the phosphate from P rich wastewater is transferred to the sludge (approx. 90%). Despite the fact that the raw materials base is large (PURE report indicates that in 2020 the amount of sewage sludge generated in Poland will reach 180% of the dry matter of sewage sludge produced in 2010), at present recycling of phosphorus is not a commonly used practice in Poland.
More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry.
Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted.
Popioły pochodzące z instalacji do spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych, znajdującej się na terytorium Polski, poddano procesom termochemicznego przekształcania, dzięki czemu otrzymano produkty nawozowe spełniające kryteria dopuszczające je do obrotu jako nawozy mineralne. Ponadto dokonano analizy możliwości wykorzystania popiołów na cele nawozowe zgodnie z obecnie przyjętymi dokumentami strategicznymi i planistycznymi dotyczącymi gospodarki odpadami na poziomie krajowym i europejskim.
This paper presents an inventory of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) generated in the mono-incineration plants for municipal sewage sludge in Poland. This research focused on the detailed study of mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. There are currently 11 sludge mono-incineration plants operated with a total capacity of 160,300 Mg dry weight (d.w.) of sludge annually. Recently, a significant increase in the amount of SSA generated in these plants has been observed, reaching 26,756 Mg in 2018. Chemical composition of SSA showed significant amounts of the main nutrients: calcium (~14%), phosphorus (~13%), magnesium (~3%), and potassium (~1%). Additional main elements were iron (~14.5%), silicon (~13%), and aluminium (~6%). The main trace elements in the SSA were zinc (~3750 mg/kg) and copper (~899 mg/kg). Pollutants, according to fertilizer regulations of different countries, present in Polish SSA were chromium(~703 mg/kg), nickel (~260 mg/kg), lead (~94 mg/kg), and Cadmium (~9 mg/kg). The radionuclides, uranium, and thorium often present in higher amounts in commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers, were only detected in SSA t low levels of 4–9 mg/kg and 2–3 mg/kg, respectively. Theoretical phosphorus recovery potential from the SSA (from plants in Cracow, Lodz, Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Kielce) was estimated at 1613.8 Mg, of which 33.9% is bioavailable. Currently, in Poland, the recommended approach is the production of fertilizers as a result of the extraction of phosphorus from the SSA with its use in the production of secondary mineral fertilizers.
Further research in this area is required considering Polish conditions and legislation.
Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin).
The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production.