4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (31) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Recycling (5)
- Gypsum (3)
- Lichtbogenofen (3)
- Bauschuttaufbereitung (2)
- CDW processing (2)
- Elutionsverfahren (2)
- Environmental evaluation (2)
- Kontaminierte Böden (2)
- LD-Schlacke (2)
- LIBS (2)
- Organische Schadstoffe (2)
- Pyrometallurgy (2)
- Resource recovery (2)
- Sewage sludge ash (2)
- Tantalum (2)
- Alit (1)
- Alite (1)
- Altfett (1)
- Ashes (1)
- BONARES (1)
- Beton (1)
- Blast furnace sludge (1)
- Bodenfruchtbarkeit (1)
- Building waste (1)
- CDW treatment (1)
- Carbide formation (1)
- Carbon feeding (1)
- Coatings (1)
- Concrete aggregates (1)
- Construction (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- Demolition/selective dismantling (1)
- Düngemittel (1)
- Düngemittelgewinnung (1)
- Electric arc furnace dust (1)
- Enzymkatalyse (1)
- Gips (1)
- Klärschlammasche (1)
- Klärschlammdüngung (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- Makronährstoffe (1)
- Metal (1)
- Methodenvergleich (1)
- Niobium (1)
- On-line analysis (1)
- Online-Analyse (1)
- Online-RFA (1)
- Phoshorrückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphor (1)
- Phosphorous (1)
- Phosphorus (1)
- Phosphorus recovery (1)
- Portland Cement (1)
- Prozessoptimierung (1)
- Pyrometallurgie (1)
- RCA (Recycled concrete aggregates) (1)
- Rare earth elements (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Reduction process (1)
- Ressourceneffizienz (1)
- Schüttelverfahren (1)
- Selective chlorination (1)
- Selective dismantling (1)
- Sewage sludge (1)
- Stahlwerksschlacke (1)
- Steelmaking slag (1)
- Säulenperkolationsverfahren (1)
- Säulenverfahren (1)
- Tantal (1)
- Technology metals (1)
- Tricalcium-silicate (1)
- Tricalciumsilikat (1)
- WEEE (1)
- Zement (1)
- Zementklinker (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zinnschlacke (1)
- ageing (1)
- artificial weathering (1)
- degradation (1)
- emission (1)
- extraction (1)
- leaching (1)
- rubber (1)
- sporting track (1)
- Ökobilanzielle Betrachtung (1)
- Ökobilanzielle Bewertung (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (31)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (31)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (3)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (3)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (2)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (2)
- 7.1 Baustoffe (2)
- 1.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (1)
- 1.4 Prozessanalytik (1)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen (1)
- 3.1 Gefahrgutverpackungen (1)
- 7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen (1)
Ressourceneffizienz im Betonrecycling - Rahmen und Möglichkeiten in Deutschland und der Schweiz
(2013)
Aufgrund der großen anfallenden Massenströme ist die Wiederverwertung von Baurestmassen in Industrienationen von besonderer Bedeutung. Auch vor dem Hintergrund der Ressourceneffizienz wird beispielsweise die Nutzung des in Bauschutt vorhandenen Wertstoffpotentials zunehmend wichtiger.
Eine besondere Rolle spielt dabei die Wiederverwertung von Altbeton. Ein Grund hierfür ist der deutliche Anstieg des seit Mitte des letzten Jahrhunderts im Bauwesen verbrauchten Betons und die damit verbundene – zeitlich versetzte – Zunahme des Altbetonanteils im Bauschutt. Darüber hinaus ist das Wertstoffpotential von Altbeton im Vergleich zu anderen Abbruchmaterialien besonders groß, denn Altbeton kann unter bestimmten Bedingungen sehr hochwertig auch als rezyklierte Gesteinskörnung wieder in der Betonherstellung eingesetzt werden. Damit kann ein Kreislauf im Sinne eines Closed-loop-Recycling verwirklicht und Altbeton damit hochwertig wiederverwertet werden.
Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) represent a possible source of phosphorus (P) and technology metals. So far, the sole external source for P, that is indispensable for all animate beings, is rock phosphate, a finite resource. The EU depends completely on the import from possible politically instable regions. Furthermore, rock phosphate is often contaminated with heavy metals like Cd and U, leading to health and environmental hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. SSA of German mono incineration facilities are analyzed for their elemental composition. More than 95% of the emerging SSA is monitored, enabling the determination of complete mass flows of the ashes and their components. Initial results indicate a P recovery potential of 16,000 t/a (11% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are one to two Orders of magnitude lower than in rock phosphate and could help to reduce possible hazards.
Säulenperkolationsversuche werden u.a. zur Ermittlung der Freisetzung von Schadstoffen aus Böden durchgeführt. Im Entwurf der novellierten Bundesboden-schutz- und Altlastenverordnung ist neben Schüttelverfahren (DIN 19527 und 19529) ein Säulenperkolationsverfahren (DIN 19528) zur Eluatgewinnung aus Böden festgeschrieben. Mit diesem Verfahren kann im Vergleich zu den Schüttelversuchen auch der zeitliche Verlauf der Schadstofffreisetzung erfasst und bewertet werden. Allerdings sind die Verfahren bisher nur für anorganische Stoffe und wenige prioritäre organische Schadstoffe validiert worden (PAK, MKW, PCB, Phenole).
Aber auch Schadstoffe wie perfluorierte Tenside (PFT), die z.B. für die Veredlung von Papier, Textilien und Haushaltsgeräten eingesetzt werden oder Biozide, mit denen Bauprodukte zum Schutz vor mikrobiellem Befall ausgerüstet werden (z.B. Fassadenbeschichtungen und Holz), geraten auf Grund ihrer gesundheits- und umwelt-schädlichen Eigenschaften immer stärker in die Diskussion.
In Europa fallen jedes Jahr mehr als 10 Millionen Tonnen Klärschlamm an (Trockenmasse), etwa 2 Millionen davon in Deutschland, Bild 1 zeigt die Entwicklung der Klärschlammentsorgung in Deutschland. Nach dem Deponierungsverbot hat die Verbrennung des Klärschlamms stetig zugenommen. Die Verwendung im Landschaftsbau bzw. als Düngemittel ist nach einem Maximum um die Jahrtausendwende herum zugunsten der Verbrennung zurückgegangen, so dass heute jeweils etwa die Hälfte des Klärschlamms verbrannt und in der Landwirtschaft genutzt wird. Der Anteil an verbranntem Klärschlamm wird in Zukunft vermutlich weiter steigen. Ein wesentlicher Grund dafür ist die zunehmende Besorgnis über Schadstoffe im Klärschlamm, die Mensch und Umwelt schädigen könnten. Neben verschiedenen organischen und anorganischen Schadstoffen handelt es sich insbesondere um Emerging Pollutants of Concern (EMPOC) wie Antibiotika und Kosmetika.
Phosphorous is essential for all living creatures and indispensable in its functions regarding bone structure, energy metabolism, and storage and expression of genetic information. It is removed from the soils through farming and husbandry and has to be replaced. Annually, more than 17 million tons of phosphorous are applied to soils in the form of mineral fertilizer worldwide (Killiches, 2013). In Germany, this accounts for 150,000 t/a. This fertilizer is produced from rock phosphate, which is often contaminated with heavy metals (Dissanayake et al., 2009), especially cadmium and uranium. Cd concentrations are around 30 mg/kg, U around 100 mg/kg, with even higher peak values. Since rock phosphate is treated with acids to make the phosphorous bioavailable, those heavy metals were also mobilized. When the fertilizer is applied to the farmland, the contaminants can pollute the soil and pose an environmental risk. Sewage sludge is another phosphorous source for farming. In Germany, 15,000 t/a phosphorous are applied to farmlands this way. However, there is a growing concern of possible environmental hazards since sewage sludge contains not only inorganic contaminants but also organic pollutants, especially pharmaceuticals and personal care products (Guardia et al., 2004).
There is a growing concern of the direct use of contaminated sewage sludge in agriculture due possible environmental and health hazards. Thus, incineration of the sludge and thus increasing amounts of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) are to be expected in the future. SSA contains considerable amounts of phosphorus (P) and technology metals that might be recovered as secondary raw materials. Since the EU for instance depends completely on the import of rock phosphate needed for fertilizer production, alternative sources for P are in order. Furthermore, rock phosphate is often contaminated with heavy metals like Cd and U, leading to health and environmental hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. To determine the possible recovery potential of P and technology metals from SSA, we conducted a survey of German mono incineration facilities and analyzed the respective SSA for their elemental composition. More than 95% of the emerging SSA was monitored. Results indicate a P recovery potential of 18,000 t/a (up to 13% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are one to two Orders of magnitude lower than in rock phosphate and could help to reduce possible hazards.
Due to the great quantities of construction and demolition waste in Europe, the reuse of building material waste as secondary raw materials is of particular importance. A recycling of building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several aspects: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and the related protection of natural resources as well as the saving of landfill sites. In recent years sulphates originating from gypsum in secondary building materials, made of construction and demolition waste, received growing attention. Sulphates are unwanted in secondary building materials for concrete production as well as for other use e.g. in unbounded layers. The content of gypsum resp. sulphates in secondary aggregates can be reduced by different methods. Depending on the type of material different steps for selective dismantling can be used to separate gypsum containing residues from concrete rubble. Furthermore some steps for the processing of building rubble are suitable for the reduction of sulphates in the produced aggregates. An environmental evaluation of different ways for the production of recycled concrete aggregates was performed with regard to a reduction of sulphates in the secondary building material. The use of techniques for selective dismantling was environmentally advantegous for the deconstruction of three investigated model houses.
Complete survey of German sewage sludge ashes - phosphorous and technology metal recovery potential
(2014)
Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) are a possible source for recovery of phosphorous (P) and technology metals. Phosphorous is essential for all animate beings. So far, its sole external source is rock phosphate, which is a finite resource. The EU import dependency on P from regions with high domestic demands or political instabilities is almost complete. Furthermore, rock phosphate often contains high amounts of heavy metals like Cd and U that might lead to health and environmetal hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. We analyzed SSA from German mono incineration facilities in terms of their elemental composition and respective recovery potential. More than 97% of the emerging SSA is monitored, enabling the determination of complete mass flows of the ashes and their components. Results indicate a P recovery potential of 19,000 t/a (more than 12% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are significantly lower than in rock phosphate and thus might help to reduce possible envrionmental and health hazards.
In order to estimating the amount and kind of emissions from polymeric sporting tracks a laboratory test was developed in BAM that combines artificial weathering and subsequent batch and column tests [1, 2, 3]. The goal consisted in nvestigating a possible change of emissions into soil and groundwater of a new sporting ground as a function of ageing and egradation of the system. At various stages of the weathering, the samples were removed and subjected to especially designed column extraction tests for the solid samples. Both these extracts and the accumulated rainwater run-off of the weathering device were subjected to analytical tests of their ingredients. The overall aim of the test consisted in developing ontrollable, reproducible, and standardisable conditions and methods of investigation that would allow an estimation of the emissions in the course of outdoor application of about five years.