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Advanced codicological studies of Cod. germ. 6 (Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek): Part 2
(2018)
The work presented here follows the article Combining Codicology and X-Ray Spectrometry to Unveil the History of Production of Codex germanicus 6 (Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg), published in 2014.1 It confirms the main result of the previous article: the Artusnotiz, the fourth text in the bound manuscript, must have been introduced as the last one. This paper offers further details of the codex production, based on the composition of the black and red inks collected in four measurement campaigns. Furthermore, using imaging μ-XRF, we succeeded in understanding the strong variation of the composition of the red inks in the initials of all the texts except for Parzival and Jeanne d’Arc.
It is well documented that throughout Antiquity, ancient Egyptians used mostly carbon inks as a writing material. In Late Antiquity, some metals started to be added to carbon based inks. We have records of five manuscripts from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection whose carbon inks were found to contain copper Also, lead was recently found as an additive in carbon inks on a charred fragment from Herculaneum. Furthermore, the earliest evidence of iron-gall ink was found in the Book of Proverbs (Codex Ms. Berol. orient. oct. 987) dating to the third fourth centuries ce. It has been suggested that along with carbon and iron-gall inks, there is no reason to think that purely tannin inks were not also in use in Egypt. However, so far, we just have evidence of a copper-tannin ink identified in a number of documents from Egypt in the first third centuries bce. In an attempt to fill this gap in this extremely fragmented scenario during our studies of the socio-geographic history of inks, we arrived at the conclusion that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for the historical study of inks across a large geographic area.
Techialoyan/ Central Mexico
MsAmer7 shows limited colors:
ochre (yellow, brown red, rose)
indigo (blue, green, greyblue+?)
cerussite + chalk (white)
organic ink for writing (brown)
The mayor part of the Berlin collection `Manuscripta Americana´ consists of documents compiled by Alexander von Humboldt. The diversity of the written fragments and their shape presume few accordance concerning purpose, place or time of production. Even before the papers came to Berlin, manuscripts were copied, divided and collected by famous scholars also in Mexico. Back in Europe, Humboldt visited further collections and published the detected hieroglyphic writings altogether with cultural objects and landscapes in the book `Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des Peuples Indigènes de l`Amerique, voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland´, labelled corresponding to the cultural background.
By scientific and culture historical analyses, the Humboldt codices are revised and related to each other and others. In especial, the compilation of fragments shown on plate 36 in the book is looked at more closely. Whereas most of the plates represent only one sheet of painted amate paper, here segments with details of seven fragments are put together. It is tried to comprehend why these pieces are on one plate.
To find out a common feature of the documents, their content and represented form are compared. A correlation between some pieces is obvious and thus is also expected in the manufacture of the codices, in the kind of material used. For this the inks and colors are determined by scientific analysis including XRF-, Raman-, FTIR- and VIS- spectroscopy. Special material is detected and related to results of former analysis of codices written during the colonial period of America. Herewith a clear cultural assignment of the manuscripts is performed.
A relation of the fragments represented on plate 36 among each other and to other codices of the collection Manuscripta Americana in Berlin is discussed. Also, if the manuscripts are unique `originals´ or represent fragments of documents, whose corresponding pieces maybe found- in the best case- incorporated in other collections. We detected, that at least two of them can be put into relation to similar manuscripts deposited in Mexico. Further material analysis should clarify, if the corresponding pieces are identical- from one document, or if one of them is a copy. Herewith an approximation to authenticity features and history is issued.
Nach 1850 wurde zur weiteren Herabsetzung der Einbrenntemperatur von Glasmalfarben Borax (Na2B4O7 · 10 H2O) zugesetzt. Das Verhältnis war nun 1 Teil SiO2, 3 Teile PbO und 0,5 Teile Borax. Der analytische Nachweis von Bor in eingebrannten Malschichten war bisher jedoch nicht möglich.Daher wurden in Laborversuchen Glasmalfarben mit unterschiedlichem Gehalt an Borax auf Modellgläser aufgetragen, eingebrannt und anschließend unter simulierten Umweltbedingungen zeitraffend im Klimaschrank bewittert.
Mit Hilfe von elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen können Malschichten charakterisiert werden und somit Hinweise auf mögliche Schadensursachen liefern. Erste Versuche zum Nachweis von Bor erfolgten mit Hilfe von LIBS-Messungen (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) an im Labor hergestellten Glasmalfarben mit unterschiedlichem Boraxgehalt.
Nach 1850 wurde zur weiteren Herabsetzung der Einbrenntemperatur von Glasmalfarben Borax (Na2B4O7 · 10 H2O) zugesetzt. Das Verhältnis war nun 1 Teil SiO2, 3 Teile PbO und 0,5 Teile Borax. Der analytische Nachweis von Bor in eingebrannten Malschichten war bisher jedoch nicht möglich.
In Laborversuchen wurden Glasmalfarben mit unterschiedlichem Gehalt an Borax auf Modellgläser aufgetragen, eingebrannt und anschließend unter simulierten Umweltbedingungen zeitraffend im Klimaschrank bewittert. Mit Hilfe von elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen können Malschichten charakterisiert werden und somit Hinweise auf mögliche Schadensursachen liefern. Der Nachweis von Bor erfolgte mit Hilfe von LIBS-Messungen (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) an im Labor hergestellten Glasmalfarben mit unterschiedlichem Boraxgehalt.
Los códices de Mizquiahualla
MsAmer1 frag VII, XIII (XIV, XV) muestran:
- colores indigenes: cochinilla (rojo), indigo (verde, azul), carbón (negro), zacatlaxcalli (amarillo)
- papel indigen (amate)
- pintura con líneas perfil en negro, pintado antes y después de la coloración
- influencía colonial: escritura en tinta hierro- gálica (1571, 1569)
Los Códices Humboldt, que proceden de la época colonial de Mexico, muestran:
1. colores indígenas típicos y sus mezclas:
cochinilla (rojo), índigo/ Azul Maya (azul y verde), carbón (negro),
zacatlaxcalli, mangle, colores orgánicos (amarillo)
2. influencia colonial:
tinta hierro- gálico para escribir
3. fragmentos distribuidos y cortados:
partes singulares forman parte de otros fragmentos dentro de la colección
(y en otras colecciones?)
The Cairo Geniza is an “archive” discovered in the 19th century in Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat, a district in Old Cairo (Egypt). The collection of mostly Jewish documents that vary in genres, languages and writing supports contains a large number of early medieval Hebrew manuscripts.
The Geniza provides sources for the literary, linguistic, historical studies of the various aspects Jewish life. As the documents attest, at least two Jewish communities co-existed in Fustat up to 11th century: a so-called Babylonian and Palestinian. These communities had different leaders, different traditions and lived independently. The differences seem to manifest themselves also in the paleographical, codicological and some material properties of the manuscripts produced by each community.
The aim of this project is to compare the inks used in the Jewish documents depending on different variables: support (paper, parchment), purpose of the manuscript (legal, private, religious), provenance of the scribe. For the determination of the inks type and composition we had to choose non-invasive, non-destructive and portable techniques to analyze the corpus directly on-situ.
The analyses were carried out with a micro-X-ray spectrometer ArtTAX® (Bruker GmbH) and a digital stereomicroscope features built-in LED illumination at 395 nm and 940nm, Dino Lite.
We would like to stress that though the methods of material analysis listed above have been successfully employed in the field of cultural heritage and conservation including ancient and medieval manuscripts they have not yet been used to study fragments from the Cairo Genizah. Therefore, we believe that this research project is a pioneering study that will provide new insights into the history of Hebrew writing materials, their production techniques and materials and, thus, contribute new data to the field of Hebrew paleography.