4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (299)
- Vortrag (280)
- Posterpräsentation (138)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (43)
- Buchkapitel (23)
- Dissertation (6)
- Sonstiges (6)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (5)
- Forschungsbericht (4)
- Forschungsdatensatz (3)
Sprache
- Englisch (813) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Biocides (50)
- Antimicrobial resistance (34)
- Corrosion (25)
- Bacteria (24)
- Biofilms (24)
- Ink (24)
- Leaching (23)
- Biofilm (19)
- MIC (19)
- Archaeometry (17)
- Nano (17)
- Sewage sludge (17)
- VOC (17)
- Evolution (15)
- Phosphorus (15)
- XRF (15)
- Bottom ash (14)
- Methanogens (14)
- OECD (14)
- Phosphorus recovery (14)
- Recycling (14)
- Fungus (13)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (13)
- PFAS (13)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (13)
- Raman spectroscopy (13)
- Inks (12)
- Black fungi (11)
- Construction products (11)
- Disinfection (11)
- E. coli (11)
- Manuscripts (11)
- NAP-XPS (11)
- XANES spectroscopy (11)
- Antimicrobial coating (10)
- Biocide (10)
- Reverse glass painting (10)
- Soil (10)
- Archaea (9)
- Cascade impactor (9)
- DRIFTS (9)
- Genetics (9)
- Knufia petricola (9)
- Manuscript (9)
- Microbiology (9)
- Persistence (9)
- Resistance (9)
- Standardization (9)
- Termite (9)
- Wastewater (9)
- Aerosol (8)
- Circular economy (8)
- Ectoine (8)
- Fertilizer (8)
- Fungi (8)
- Geosynthetics (8)
- Indoor air quality (8)
- Non-destructive testing (8)
- Non-invasive analysis (8)
- TXRF (8)
- Volatile organic compounds (8)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (8)
- Combustion ion chromatography (7)
- Coptic (7)
- Ecotoxicity (7)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (7)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (7)
- Melanin (7)
- Nanomaterial (7)
- Papyrus (7)
- Reference material (7)
- Resistance evolution (7)
- Risk assessment (7)
- Termites (7)
- Tolerance (7)
- Weathering (7)
- Antibiotics (6)
- BOFS (6)
- Bacterial adhesion (6)
- Biocide tolerance (6)
- Cultural heritage (6)
- DHN melanin (6)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (6)
- Emission (6)
- Fertilzer (6)
- Glutaraldehyde (6)
- Horizontal gene transfer (6)
- Hydraulic reactivity (6)
- ISO 16000-6 (6)
- Pathogen (6)
- Pigment (6)
- Remediation (6)
- Scandium (6)
- Thermal desorption (6)
- Wood protection (6)
- Alginate (5)
- Antimony (5)
- Bio-weathering (5)
- Biofilm formation (5)
- Cross-resistance (5)
- Degradation (5)
- Emission test chamber (5)
- Environmental Simulation (5)
- Gas chromatography (5)
- Ground water (5)
- Heterogeneity (5)
- Immunity (5)
- Ink analyses (5)
- Iron-gall ink (5)
- Korrosion (5)
- Methanogen (5)
- Microcolonial fungi (5)
- Mutation rate (5)
- Nanomaterials (5)
- Nanoparticle (5)
- Olivine (5)
- Parchment (5)
- Pigments (5)
- Portland Cement (5)
- Prüfrichtlinie (5)
- Pyrometallurgy (5)
- Reflectography (5)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (5)
- Sewage sludge ash (5)
- Single cell analysis (5)
- Spectroscopy (5)
- Standardisation (5)
- Test guideline (5)
- Ultrafine particles (5)
- XANES (5)
- XPS (5)
- Zinc (5)
- ATR (4)
- Air quality monitoring (4)
- Alite (4)
- Analytical method (4)
- Anobium punctatum (4)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (4)
- Antimicrobials (4)
- Biocorrosion (4)
- Carbon steel (4)
- Corrosion products (4)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (4)
- EN 16516 (4)
- Electric arc furnace dust (4)
- Emission reference materials (4)
- Environmental evaluation (4)
- Geotextiles (4)
- Guideline (4)
- Gypsum (4)
- Humboldt Codices (4)
- ICP-MS (4)
- Incineration bottom ash (4)
- Ink analysis (4)
- Light (4)
- Lysimeter (4)
- Method development (4)
- Middle Ages (4)
- NanoSIMS (4)
- Nanoparticles (4)
- Nitrogen (4)
- Particles (4)
- Passive sampling (4)
- Polyethylene (4)
- Polyglycerol (4)
- Raman Spectroscopy (4)
- Red Mud (4)
- Reference materials (4)
- Round robin test (4)
- Steelmaking slag (4)
- Tantalum (4)
- Thermal treatment (4)
- Tineola bisselliella (4)
- Transformation (4)
- UFP (4)
- VVOCs (4)
- Virus (4)
- 3D printing (3)
- Affinity chromatography (3)
- Antibodies (3)
- Antimicrobial (3)
- Architecture (3)
- BEMMA (3)
- Bauxite Residue (3)
- Biodeterioration (3)
- Bioinformatics (3)
- Black fungus (3)
- Blast furnace sludge (3)
- Cairo Genizah (3)
- Carbon Fibers (3)
- Carbon steel corrosion (3)
- Chamber test (3)
- Chemical analysis (3)
- Chemical durability (3)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (3)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (3)
- DNA (3)
- Design of experiments (3)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (3)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (3)
- Drawings (3)
- ESEM (3)
- Electron microscopy (3)
- Element mass concentration (3)
- Emerging (3)
- Emission reference material (3)
- Emissions (3)
- Environmental simulation (3)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (3)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (3)
- Extremotolerance (3)
- FFF-3D-Printer (3)
- FIB/SEM (3)
- Flow Model (3)
- Fluorescence (3)
- Genomics (3)
- Groundwater (3)
- Gut microbiota (3)
- HP14 (3)
- Halomonas elongata (3)
- Herculaneum (3)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (3)
- Immune gene family (3)
- In-situ analysis (3)
- Interlaboratory comparison (3)
- Ir DNA staining approach (3)
- LIPSS (3)
- Laser processing (3)
- Manuscript studies (3)
- Material science (3)
- Materials emissions test (3)
- Mechanochemical treatment (3)
- Metabolism (3)
- Methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (3)
- Microbiological influenced corrosion MIC (3)
- Microplastics (3)
- Mixed ink (3)
- Modelling (3)
- Modelling studies (3)
- Non destructive analytical techniques (3)
- Non-destructiv testing (3)
- Odour (3)
- Osmoadaptation (3)
- Particle size distribution (3)
- Perceived Intensity (3)
- Persian manuscripts (3)
- Phenotypic diversity (3)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (3)
- Quality assurance (3)
- Raman (3)
- Recovery (3)
- Recycling fertilizer (3)
- Recycling materials (3)
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (3)
- Rock-inhabiting fungus (3)
- SC-ICP-ToF-MS (3)
- Secondary building materials (3)
- Selective chlorination (3)
- Single cell (3)
- Size (3)
- Social (3)
- Stress tolerance (3)
- Struvite (3)
- Sulfate reducing bacteria (3)
- Symbiosis (3)
- UV radiation (3)
- VOC-emission (3)
- VVOC (3)
- Virulence (3)
- Waste management (3)
- Waste treatment (3)
- Wood Protection (3)
- X-ray diffraction (3)
- XRF analysis (3)
- 3D inspection (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (2)
- Adipokinetic hormone (2)
- Adipokinetic hormone receptor (2)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (2)
- Aerosol measurements (2)
- Agronomic performance (2)
- Air exchange rate (2)
- Air pollution (2)
- Air sampling (2)
- Aluminium (2)
- Ambient aerosols (2)
- Ammonium (2)
- Analytical methods (2)
- Anoxia (2)
- Antagonism (2)
- Antibiotic resisitance (2)
- Antiquity (2)
- Apanteles carpatus (2)
- Arabic Recipes (2)
- Artificial ageing (2)
- AshDec (2)
- Astrobiology (2)
- Atomic and Molecular Physics and Optics (2)
- Bacterial adhesion tests (2)
- Bacterial attachment (2)
- Bagasse (2)
- Baryscapus tineivorus (2)
- Bassanite (2)
- Bauprodukte (2)
- Bee (2)
- Biodiversity (2)
- Biofilm growth (2)
- Biofouling (2)
- Biogenic weathering (2)
- Biological pest control (2)
- Bioreceptivity (2)
- Biosynthesis (2)
- Biotechnology (2)
- Blattodea (2)
- Botrytis cinerea (2)
- Brown-rot fungi (2)
- Building and Construction (2)
- CDW processing (2)
- CFK (2)
- CO2 assisted impregnation (2)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (2)
- CSMC (2)
- Cabonfasern (2)
- Calcium alkali phosphate (2)
- Calcium silicate (2)
- Calcium sulfate (2)
- Cannibalism (2)
- Capsules (2)
- Carbide formation (2)
- Carbon feeding (2)
- Carbon ink (2)
- Chemical characterization (2)
- Chinese paper (2)
- Chromium (2)
- Circular Economy (2)
- Clinker substitute (2)
- Coastal protection (2)
- Cockroach (2)
- Colourants (2)
- Compatible solute (2)
- Comsumer good samples (2)
- Concrete (2)
- Condensed Matter Physics (2)
- Conservation (2)
- Consumer products (2)
- Contamination (2)
- Corynetes caeruleus (2)
- Crystallization (2)
- DGT (2)
- Density separation (2)
- Deponie (2)
- Desinfectant (2)
- Diffusive sampling (2)
- Disease (2)
- Disinfectants (2)
- Dry treatment (2)
- Dyes (2)
- E.coli (2)
- Electric Arc Furnace (2)
- Elektroofenstaub (2)
- Emission chamber (2)
- Emission testing (2)
- Emissionen (2)
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology (2)
- Entomopathogen (2)
- Environment (2)
- Environmental condition (2)
- European standard (2)
- Eusociality (2)
- FEM model (2)
- Flow system (2)
- Fluoride (2)
- Formaldehyde (2)
- Forsterite (2)
- Fuel Technology (2)
- Fume (2)
- Fungal biofilms (2)
- Genetic engineering (2)
- Genome sequence (2)
- Geogitter (2)
- Geokunststoffe (2)
- Geruch (2)
- Gichtgasschlamm (2)
- Glass (2)
- Glass scanning (2)
- Group defence (2)
- Gypsum recycling (2)
- HAXPES (2)
- Halomonas CRISPR Ectoine (2)
- Halophile (2)
- Heavy metal removal (2)
- Hi-Tension (2)
- Hydrogen (2)
- In situ (2)
- Infrared spectroscopy (2)
- Ink composition (2)
- Inkwells (2)
- Insect biotechnology (2)
- Interdisciplinary (2)
- Interdisciplinary approach (2)
- Iron (2)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (2)
- Isoptera (2)
- Keratin (2)
- Knufia (2)
- Korynetes caeruleus (2)
- Lapis lazuli (2)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (2)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (2)
- Leaching control mechanisms (2)
- Leaching of waste materials (2)
- Leaching tests (2)
- Leather (2)
- Life history data (2)
- Loading factor (2)
- Low melting (2)
- MOF (2)
- MSWI bottom ash (2)
- Magnesium (2)
- Marble (2)
- Marine littering (2)
- Material emissions (2)
- Mechanochemistry (2)
- Melting experiments (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Micro plastic (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microbial (2)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) (2)
- Microbiome (2)
- Microbiota (2)
- Microorganism (2)
- Micropatterning (2)
- Microplastic (2)
- Mikrobiell beeinflusste Korrosion (2)
- Model (2)
- Museum (2)
- Museum Pests (2)
- Nano particle (2)
- Nanopartikel (2)
- Neuropeptide (2)
- Nitrification inhibitor (2)
- Non invasive analysis (2)
- Nosema ceranae (2)
- Nutrient (2)
- Optics (2)
- Osmia bicornis (2)
- PGAA (2)
- PIXE (2)
- Particle gas emission (2)
- Particle size (2)
- Particle size distributuion (2)
- Particulate emission (2)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (2)
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (2)
- Perceived intensity (2)
- Permeable reactive barriers (2)
- Persister cells (2)
- Phopshorus recovery (2)
- Pigment analyses (2)
- Pigment identification (2)
- Plant pathogen (2)
- Plume (2)
- Pollutant (2)
- Pollutants (2)
- Provenance studies (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Purification (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Recycling fertiliser (2)
- Recycling fertilisers (2)
- Reduction process (2)
- Reductive amination (2)
- Reference method (2)
- Rembrandt (2)
- Ressourcenrückgewinnung (2)
- Restoration and conservation (2)
- Risk assesment (2)
- Robustness studies (2)
- Sapphire (2)
- Scattering (2)
- Sewage sludge ordinance (2)
- Shale (2)
- Size distribution (2)
- Size resolved chemical composition (2)
- Social immunity (2)
- Soil P species (2)
- Soil-like material (2)
- Solar panel (2)
- Solubility (2)
- Sorption (2)
- Spatter (2)
- Stained glass (2)
- Steelmaking (2)
- Stress (2)
- Structured light scanning (2)
- Subaerial biofilm (2)
- Subaerial biofilms (2)
- Substance release (2)
- Sustainability (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- Synthetic organic pigments (2)
- Termite phylogeny (2)
- Test Guideline (2)
- Testguideline (2)
- Thermal extraction (2)
- Thermochemical treatment (2)
- Time resolved chemical composition (2)
- Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- Transcriptomics (2)
- Tricalcium-silicate (2)
- UV-irradiation (2)
- Vanadium (2)
- Virology (2)
- Waste-to-energy (2)
- Wild bees (2)
- Wooden toys (2)
- Writing inks (2)
- X-Ray fluorescence analyses (2)
- X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (2)
- Zink (2)
- genetics (2)
- melanin (2)
- (Semi)arid to humid-temperate natural ecosys (1)
- 13CO2 pulse labeling (1)
- 13th century (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 2A peptide (1)
- 2D nanomaterials (1)
- 3D Printing (1)
- 3D printer (1)
- A Greek palimpsest (1)
- A key interface (1)
- A-DNA conformation (1)
- AEROMET II (1)
- AEROMET project (1)
- AMR (1)
- ASAP-MS (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Academia (1)
- Accelerated aging (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acidobacteria (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Advanced groups of termites (1)
- Aerodynamic levitation (1)
- Aerosol element alanysis (1)
- Aerosol element mass concentration (1)
- Aerosol gravimetry (1)
- Aerosol measurement instruments (1)
- Aerosol spectroscopy (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Aerosolsensor (1)
- Affinity extraction (1)
- Affinity support (1)
- Ag-LDI-MS (1)
- AgBB Bewertung (1)
- Agarose (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aging (1)
- Aging test (1)
- Aging tests (1)
- Agricultural mycology (1)
- Air analysis (1)
- Air pollution control (1)
- Air quality (1)
- Airborne Particles (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Alite hydraulic reactivity (1)
- Alkali zinc borate glass (1)
- Alkylating agents (1)
- Aluminum (1)
- Aluminum oxide (1)
- Ambient aerosol (1)
- Ambient air (1)
- Ambient air pollution (1)
- Amino acid analysis (1)
- Amphiphilic polymer (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Anaerobic pathways (1)
- Analytical Chemistry (1)
- Analytical chemistry (1)
- Analytical screening techniques (1)
- Analytical standards (1)
- Ancient INKS (1)
- Ancient document production (1)
- Animal immune system (1)
- Anodization (1)
- Anti-microbial effects (1)
- Antiadhesive surfaces (1)
- Antibacterial (1)
- Antibacterial coatings (1)
- Antibacterial polymer (1)
- Antibacterial surfaces (1)
- Antibiotic (1)
- Antibiotic resistance (1)
- Antibody purification (1)
- Antifouling (1)
- Antimicrobial Resistance (1)
- Antimicrobial materials (1)
- Antimicrobial resistances (1)
- Antimicrobial test (1)
- Antimicrobial testing (1)
- Antimony black (stibnite) (1)
- Antiseptic agents (1)
- Aquatic fungi (1)
- Aqueous synthesis (1)
- Arabic recipes (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza (1)
- Archaeological provenance (1)
- Archaeometric studies (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis AAAA (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis aaaa (1)
- Artificial weathering (1)
- Ascomycetes (1)
- Ascosphaera apis (1)
- Ashdec (1)
- Aspergillus (1)
- Aspergillus flavus (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Atomic force microscopy (1)
- Autoclave tests (1)
- Automated analysis (1)
- BESSY (1)
- BFR (1)
- BODIPY (1)
- BODIPY dye (1)
- BSA (1)
- BTEX (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Bacteria repellent surfaces (1)
- Bacteria-repellent surfaces (1)
- Bacterial cell cycle (1)
- Bacterial growth (1)
- Bacterial infection (1)
- Bacterial second messenger (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Bankia sp (1)
- Basidiomycetes (1)
- Basin (1)
- Batch tests (1)
- Bathyarchaeia (1)
- Bauxite residue (1)
- Bawit (1)
- Bee diseases (1)
- Bee health (1)
- Bees (1)
- Behavioural mechanisms (1)
- Beneficial microbes (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Beständigkeit (1)
- Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (1)
- Bio-based insulation (1)
- Bio-receptive (1)
- Bioactive glass (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Bioceramics (1)
- Biocides in the environment (1)
- Bioconjugation (1)
- Biodegradation (1)
- Biodeterioration and biodegradation (1)
- Biofilm quantification (1)
- Bioilm (1)
- Bioinformatics virology viruses software (1)
- Biokorrosion (1)
- Biological Control (1)
- Biological control (1)
- Biologically induced mineral weathering (1)
- Biomimetic (1)
- Bioseparation (1)
- Biosphere (1)
- Biosphere-technosphere interaction (1)
- Biotests (1)
- Biotic environment (1)
- Biphasic growth (1)
- Black Ink (1)
- Black microcolonial fungi (1)
- Black writing ink (1)
- Blast-furnace sludge (1)
- Blue Angel ecolabel (1)
- Bodenbelag (1)
- Book production (1)
- Botrytis (1)
- Bovine serum albumin (1)
- Building Material (1)
- Building material (1)
- Building materials (1)
- Building product (1)
- Building products (1)
- Built environment (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- Byzantine manuscript (1)
- C-di-GMP (1)
- CCQM (1)
- CEC-L-103 (1)
- CFRP (1)
- CHC (1)
- CIC (1)
- COST Action (1)
- COST action CA15114 AMICI (1)
- COVID (1)
- CPC calibration (1)
- CRISPR dCas9 (1)
- CRISPR/ Cas9-mediated genome editing (1)
- CRM (1)
- CaNaPO4 (1)
- Calcareous deposits (1)
- Calcium carbonate (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Calibration transfer (1)
- Carbon Fibre (1)
- Carolingian (1)
- Carotenoids (1)
- Carrier (1)
- Cascade impector (1)
- Cast iron (1)
- Cathodic protection (1)
- Cell appendages (1)
- Cell factory (1)
- Cell studies (1)
- Cell-envelope (1)
- Cellulose ether (1)
- Cellulose synthase (1)
- Cerium oxide (1)
- Chamber measurement (1)
- Chamber-test (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Characterization (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemical ecology (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chemical extraction methods (1)
- Chemical recycling (1)
- Chemicals (1)
- Chicken manure (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Chinese Paper (1)
- Chlorination (1)
- Chlorine (1)
- Chromitites (1)
- Clean steel (1)
- Cleridae (1)
- Climate gradient (1)
- Climate responsive materials (1)
- Cloning vectors (1)
- Close proximity to colonies (1)
- Co-combustion (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Cockroaches (1)
- Codex (1)
- Codex Miscellaneus (1)
- Codicology (1)
- Cognitive performance (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colorants (1)
- Colored glasses (1)
- Colouring (1)
- Combustion and gasification (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Community-level interactions (1)
- Comparison (1)
- Concept (1)
- Conditioning layer (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Coniophora puteana (1)
- Conjugate (1)
- Conjugation (1)
- Constantinomyces (1)
- Construction Products (1)
- Construction and demolition waste (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction product (1)
- Construction products regulation (CPR) (1)
- Consumer article (1)
- Consumer articles (1)
- Contaminant transfer (1)
- Contraction (1)
- Control (1)
- Controllable gene expression (1)
- Controlled atmosphere (1)
- Controlled release fertilisers (1)
- Copper (1)
- Copper-based wood preservatives (1)
- Coptic manuscripts (1)
- Coptic papyri (1)
- Coptic studies (1)
- Coptotermes (1)
- Core microbiome (1)
- Core/shell nanoparticle (1)
- Corona (1)
- Corrosion product (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Cribellate spiders (1)
- Crispr-Cas9 (1)
- Crispr/Cas9 (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- Cross-feeding (1)
- Cross-sectioning (1)
- Cryo XPS (1)
- Cryptoendolithic black fungus (1)
- Cryptoendolithism (1)
- Crystalline phase identification (1)
- CuNPs (1)
- Cubical shape (1)
- Cultural Entomology (1)
- Cultural Heritage (1)
- Culuative energy demand (1)
- Cupriavidus campinensis (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- DNA barcode (1)
- DNA polymerase (1)
- DSLT (1)
- DSM 5009 (1)
- Damage repair (1)
- De novo assembly (1)
- Decomposition point (1)
- Degradable polymer (1)
- Dendrimer (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Deponiebau (1)
- Desert ecology (1)
- Desiccation (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Developing building materials (1)
- Development (1)
- Dielectric heating (1)
- Dietary adaptation (1)
- Differential expression (1)
- Differential gene expression analysis (1)
- Diffractive gratings (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Digitalisation (1)
- Direct laser writing (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Disinfection Fuel (1)
- Dispay case (1)
- Dispersion of carbon pigments (1)
- Display case (1)
- Disposal (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Dothideomycetes (1)
- Downstream processing (1)
- Draft Genome (1)
- Drawing (1)
- Driving rain (1)
- Drywood termite (1)
- DsRNA (1)
- Durability (1)
- Dye (1)
- Dyes and pigments (1)
- Dynamic calibration gas mixtures (1)
- Dynamic surface leaching test (1)
- E$volution (1)
- EAF slags (1)
- EDX Analysis (1)
- EN 717-3 (1)
- EOF (1)
- EOF/AOF (1)
- EU EMPIR (1)
- EU regulations (1)
- Early european inks (1)
- Earthen building materials (1)
- Eco-efficiency analysis (1)
- Ecology (1)
- Ecotoxicity testing (1)
- Ecotoxicity tests (1)
- Ecotoxicological tests (1)
- Ecotoxixity (1)
- Edible insects (1)
- Effective uptake rate (1)
- Efficacy (1)
- Efflux (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags (1)
- Electric arc furnace slags (1)
- Electrochemical remediation (1)
- Electronic (1)
- Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) (1)
- Element analysis (1)
- Element mass concetration (1)
- Elemental aerosol analysis (1)
- Elemental composition (1)
- Eluates (1)
- Emerging Contaminants (1)
- Emission Test Chamber (1)
- Emission Testing (1)
- Emission chamber testing (1)
- Emission chambers (1)
- Emission test chamber procedure (1)
- Emission test method (1)
- Emissions of hazardous gases (1)
- Emisson testing (1)
- Enamel colors (1)
- Enamels (1)
- Entomopathogenic Fungus (1)
- Entropy (1)
- Environmental Chemistry (1)
- Environmental Engineering (1)
- Environmental assessment (1)
- Environmental conditions (1)
- Environmental friendly (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental simulations (1)
- Epidemal layer (1)
- Erfurt (1)
- Essential oils (1)
- European research area (1)
- Eurotiomycetes (1)
- Exergy (1)
- Exocrine gland (1)
- Expansion (1)
- Experimental evolution (1)
- Exposure (1)
- Exposure risk (1)
- External (1)
- Extracellular enzymes (1)
- Extracellular pH (1)
- Extractable organic fluorine (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extreme environments (1)
- Extremophile (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Extremophilic fungi (1)
- F pili (1)
- FAT class concept (1)
- FFF-3D printer (1)
- FFF-3D printing (1)
- FFF-filament (1)
- FFF-printing (1)
- FT-Raman (1)
- FTIR (1)
- FTIR spectroscopy (1)
- FactSage calculations (1)
- FactSageTM calculations (1)
- Fakes (1)
- Family archives (1)
- Faraday cup aerosol electrometer (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Façade (1)
- Feeding behaviour (1)
- Femtosecond laser processing (1)
- Fenton-like reaction (1)
- Fiber (1)
- Fibre (1)
- Fibre analysis (1)
- Filament comparison (1)
- Fire-retardant paint (1)
- Flask method (1)
- Flexible shadow masks (1)
- Flow chamber system (1)
- Flow-System (1)
- Flow-system (1)
- Fluor XANES (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescent microscopy (1)
- Fluorescent proteins (1)
- Fluoride nanoparticles (1)
- Fluorides (1)
- Fluorolytic sol-gel synthesis (1)
- Fluorolytic sol−gel (1)
- Fluorometric sensing (1)
- Food (1)
- Food fermentation (1)
- Food safety (1)
- Force distance curve (1)
- Forest fires (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Forgery (1)
- Formation enthalpy (1)
- Foward genetics (1)
- Fractal structure (1)
- Fractional factorial (1)
- Fragmented manuscripts (1)
- Fuel sorption (1)
- Functionalized graphene (1)
- Fungal decay (1)
- Fungal stress mechanisms and responses (1)
- Fungicidal property (1)
- Fungiculture (1)
- Fusarium (1)
- GAeF (1)
- GC-FID (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GDL (1)
- GNBP-2 (1)
- Gas analysis (1)
- Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (1)
- Gas sensing (1)
- Gas storage (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- Gene network (1)
- General Chemistry (1)
- General Environmental Science (1)
- General Materials Science (1)
- General Medicine (1)
- Genetic tools (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome editing (1)
- Geobiology (1)
- Geological formation (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Geruchsmessung (1)
- Giulio Romano (1)
- Glass paints (1)
- Global radiation (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gothic incursions (1)
- Granulat (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Graphene–bacteria interaction (1)
- Gray mold fungus (1)
- Green facades (1)
- Green pesticide (1)
- Greenhouse gas accounting (1)
- Greenhouse gas balance (1)
- Greenhouse gas mitigation (1)
- Grouts (1)
- Growth-rate homeostasis (1)
- Gut symbionts (1)
- Gypsum fiberboards and synthetic gypsum (1)
- Gypsum plasterboards (1)
- Gypsum waste (1)
- HI-Tension (1)
- HR-CS-GFMAS (1)
- Halogenation (1)
- Halophilic (1)
- Halophilic bacteria (1)
- Hazard properties (1)
- Hazardous waste (1)
- Haze Samples (1)
- Hazenite (1)
- Headspace GC-MS (1)
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis (1)
- Healthcare (1)
- Heat capacity (1)
- Heat maps (1)
- Heavy metal free (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Hebrew studies (1)
- Hellenistic (1)
- Herbaspirillum seropedicae (1)
- Herculaneum papyri (1)
- Hermopolis (1)
- Herteogeneous phenotypes (1)
- Heterologous expression (1)
- Heterologous gene expression (1)
- High density polyethylene (1)
- High salinity (1)
- Historic buildings (1)
- Historic ink (1)
- History of Art (1)
- Holy Family (1)
- Holzschutzmittel (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Hospital premises (1)
- Host and symbiont ecology (1)
- Host immunity (1)
- Household waste (1)
- Human plasma (1)
- Hydration products (1)
- Hydraulic engineering (1)
- Hydrogen permeation (1)
- Hydrogen storage (1)
- Hydrogenasen (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction (1)
- Hygienic behavior (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, natural durability, tropical wood, native wood. (1)
- Hyperarid (1)
- Hyperbranched polymer (1)
- Hypermutation (1)
- Hypopharynx (1)
- IAQ (1)
- ICP-OES (1)
- IEQ (1)
- IPM in museums (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISO 22196 (1)
- ISO REMCO (1)
- ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies (1)
- ISO22196 (1)
- ITS region (1)
- Idiopathic environmental intolerance (1)
- Igg (1)
- Illness-induced anorexia (1)
- Illuminated manuscripts (1)
- Immune gene prediction (1)
- ImmunoDB (1)
- Immunoglobulins (1)
- Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Implants (1)
- In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction (1)
- In-situ Process Monitoring (1)
- In-vivo mutagenesis (1)
- Incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures (1)
- Indirect photolysis (1)
- Indoor Air Quality (1)
- Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance (1)
- Indoor Products (1)
- Indoor air (1)
- Indoor emission (1)
- Indoor mycobiome (1)
- Inducible promoter (1)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (1)
- Industrial applications (1)
- Industrial mycology (1)
- Infecting a number of insects, (1)
- Infections (1)
- Infrared thermography (1)
- Initial attachment (1)
- Ink corrosion (1)
- Ink fingerprint (1)
- Ink terminology (1)
- Insect evolution (1)
- Insecticide (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Integrated Museum Pest Management (IMPM) (1)
- Inter-comparison (1)
- Inter-lab comparison (1)
- Inter-laboratory test (1)
- Intercomparison (1)
- Interdisciplinarity (1)
- Internal pores (1)
- Intraparticle diffusion (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Iodine (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Ionizing radiation (1)
- Iron gall ink (1)
- Iron making (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Iron scrap (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Issues (1)
- Jewish cultures (1)
- Jig (1)
- Joint grouts (1)
- Knock-out mutant (1)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LCA (1)
- LCC (1)
- LIBS (1)
- Laboratory breeding (1)
- Labrum (1)
- Laccase (1)
- Lake Cadagno (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill lining (1)
- Laser Printer (1)
- Laser printer emission (1)
- Laser structuring (1)
- Laser-induced nanostructures (1)
- Laser-induced pariodic surface structures (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structueres (LIPPS) (1)
- Laser-modified surface (1)
- Layer-by-Layer (1)
- Lead (1)
- Lead books (1)
- Leonardo da Vinci (1)
- Lfe cycle assessment (1)
- Library pests (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Light regulation (1)
- Light sensing (1)
- Light-induced stress (1)
- Lightning talk (1)
- Lightweighting (1)
- Lignocellulose (1)
- Limit values (1)
- Limitations (1)
- Limnoria spp (1)
- Linker (1)
- Low alloy steel (1)
- Low cost aerosol PM sensor (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Low-molecular-weight organic substances (1)
- Low-tech approach (1)
- Luftgüte (1)
- Lysimeter, Antimony (1)
- MDG ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- MIC Island (1)
- MIC projekt (1)
- MSWI Bottom Ash (1)
- MSWI fly ash (1)
- Major transition (1)
- Manuscript making (1)
- Map production and publishing (1)
- Maps and colours (1)
- Marek's Disease Virus (1)
- Marek's virus (1)
- Marine borers (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Mask fabrication (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Mass spectroscopy (1)
- Material Analysis (1)
- Material analysis (1)
- Material degradation (1)
- Material emissions testing (1)
- Material recycling (1)
- Material surface colonisation (1)
- Materials (1)
- Materials Chemistry (1)
- Materials emissions testing (1)
- Materials flow (1)
- Mathematical analysis (1)
- Mathematical modelling (1)
- Mechanische Stabilität (1)
- Mechanisms of pathogenesis (1)
- Mechanosensitive channel (1)
- Medical mycology (1)
- Medieval glasses (1)
- Medieval-stained glass (1)
- Melanin Adhesion (1)
- Melanins (1)
- Melting point (1)
- Melting temperature (1)
- Metabolic engineering (1)
- Metabolic flux analysis (1)
- Metabolic modeling (1)
- Metadata (1)
- Metal organic frameworks (1)
- Metal recovery (1)
- Metal reducing bacteria (1)
- Metallic silver precipitates (1)
- Metalls (1)
- Metals (1)
- Metals and Alloys (1)
- Metarhizium (1)
- Metarhizium robertsii DSM 1490 (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methanogenesis (1)
- Methods of scientific analysis (1)
- Microbe (1)
- Microbial abundance (1)
- Microbial adhesions (1)
- Microbial communities (1)
- Microbial community modelling (1)
- Microbial simulation, (1)
- Microbial survival mechanisms (1)
- Microbially Induced Corrosion (1)
- Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) (1)
- Microbiologically Influrenced Corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microchamber (1)
- Microdroplet generator (1)
- Microfluidics (1)
- Micromonospora aurantiaca (1)
- Microorganisms (1)
- Microwaves (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikrobiell (1)
- Mikroplastik (1)
- Millipedes (1)
- Mineral (1)
- Mineral weathering (1)
- Mining (1)
- Mircobially influcenced corrosion (1)
- Mixed Inks (1)
- Mixture toxicity (1)
- Mobile anodisation (1)
- Mobile application (1)
- Model aerosols (1)
- Model organism (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modern painting (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Moisture (1)
- Moisture performance (1)
- Molecular (1)
- Molecular Organic Frameworks (1)
- Molecular clock (1)
- Molecular identification (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Monoterpene (1)
- Moriscos (1)
- MscS (1)
- Mud volcanoe fluids (1)
- Multi-resistant bacteria (1)
- Multi-scale study (1)
- Multicellularity (1)
- Multidisciplinary (1)
- Multilocus phylogeny (1)
- Multiple Displacement Amplification (1)
- Multiple chemical sensitivity (1)
- Multiple lines of evidence (1)
- Multiport (1)
- Municipal sewage sludge (1)
- Municipal solid waste (1)
- Museum insect pest (1)
- Museum pests (1)
- Mussel-inspired coating (1)
- Mussel-inspired materials (1)
- Mutagenesis (1)
- MySpot (1)
- Mycotoxin (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- Müllverbrennung (1)
- N and K analog tracer (1)
- NDT (1)
- NFDI (1)
- NGS (1)
- NIR imaging (1)
- NIR reflectography (1)
- Nano CRM (1)
- Nano Particles (1)
- Nano characterization (1)
- Nano metal fluorides (1)
- Nano-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Nano-materials (1)
- Nano@BAM (1)
- Nanobiocide (1)
- Nanocarrier (1)
- Nanocoating (1)
- Nanoplattform (1)
- Nanopowder (1)
- Nanorods (1)
- Nanosensor (1)
- Natural abundance of 15N (1)
- Natural durability (1)
- Natural ecosystems (1)
- Natural products discovery (1)
- Near ambient pressure XPS (1)
- Near ambient x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Near-infrared refectography (1)
- New exocrine organ (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Nickel (1)
- Niobium (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrogen fixation (1)
- Nitrogen uptake (1)
- Nitrososphaerales (1)
- Nitrous oxide (1)
- Non-destructive Materials (1)
- Non-destructive test (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Non-invasive (1)
- Non-invasive scientific methods (1)
- Non-vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Nonspecific binding (NSB) (1)
- Nonvolatile (1)
- Nostoc (1)
- Nostoc punctiforme (1)
- Novel sample preparation techniques (1)
- Nuclear waste disposal (1)
- Nutrient acquisition (1)
- Nutrient cycles (1)
- Nutrient uplift and recyclin (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- OIT (1)
- Oddy test (1)
- Office machines (1)
- Oil (1)
- Oil and gas industry (1)
- Oil and gas reservoir (1)
- Oilfield (1)
- On-line analysis (1)
- One-step ionic liquids synthesis (1)
- Open data (1)
- Operating Procedure (1)
- Optical and Magnetic Materials (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Ordinance on Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection (1)
- Organic contaminants (1)
- Organic phosphorus breakdown (1)
- Organo fluorine analysis (1)
- Osmophobic effect (1)
- Osmotic shock (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Oxide melts (1)
- P sink method (1)
- P speciation (1)
- P-efficiency (1)
- P-recovery (1)
- P. Fluorescens (1)
- PAH (1)
- PAK (1)
- PE-HD (1)
- PFAS analysis (1)
- PFAS analytics (1)
- PM (1)
- PM monitors (1)
- PP (1)
- PS (1)
- PV modules (1)
- Painting (1)
- Paints (1)
- Palaeography (1)
- Palimpsest (1)
- Paper (1)
- Paper sizings (1)
- Paper tinting (1)
- Particle (1)
- Particle Size (1)
- Particle emission (1)
- Particle synthesis (1)
- Particulate emissions (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Partikeln (1)
- Parylene C (1)
- Pathogen spillover (1)
- Pathogen transmission (1)
- Pathogen virulence (1)
- Pentimenti (1)
- Peptide-derived components (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkly substances (PFASs) (1)
- Perfluorierte Verbindungen (1)
- Perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) (1)
- Performance (1)
- Performance comparison (1)
- Periodate oxidation (1)
- Permeability (1)
- Persian historical recipes (1)
- Persian manuscript (1)
- Pest control (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phase formation (1)
- Phase separation (1)
- Phase transformation (1)
- Phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- Phenotypic variation (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphate dynamics (1)
- Phosphate extractability and availability (1)
- Phosphonic acids (1)
- Phosphorous recovery (1)
- Phosphorus K-edge-XANES spectroscopy (1)
- Phosphorus availability (1)
- Phosphorus elimination (1)
- Phosphorus plant-availability (1)
- Phosphorus recycling (1)
- Phosphous recovery (1)
- Photocatalytic surfaces (1)
- Photodynamic therapy (1)
- Photometric P determination (1)
- Photonics (1)
- Photoperception (1)
- Photoreceptors (1)
- Phototrophic bacteria (1)
- Phototrophs (1)
- Phyllosphere (1)
- Physical and optical characteristics (1)
- Pilot comparison (1)
- Plant Experiment (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Plant economic spectrum (1)
- Plant growth test (1)
- Plant-availability (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plastic biofilm (1)
- Plastic degradation (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Plastic waste (1)
- Platinum (1)
- Poficiency test (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Polydopamine (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- Polyfluorinated alcohol (PFOH) (1)
- Polyioinic liquid (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer Matrix Composites (1)
- Polymer foils (1)
- Polymer-based products (1)
- Polymerase mutant (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polystyrene (1)
- Polyurethanes (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Portrayal of St Joseph (1)
- Poster presentation (1)
- Pot experiment (1)
- Pot experiments (1)
- Potential toxic elements (1)
- Preferential binding (1)
- Preferential exclusion (1)
- Preservation (1)
- Probiotic-based vaccines (1)
- Probiotics (1)
- Process Metallurgy (1)
- Process control (1)
- Process development (1)
- Process monitoring (1)
- Process upscaling (1)
- Proficiency Test (1)
- Proficiency testing (1)
- Proofreading deficient (1)
- Prospective risk assessment (1)
- Protective glazing (1)
- Protein (1)
- Protein a (1)
- Protein hydrolysis (1)
- Protein immobilization (1)
- Protein quantification (1)
- Proteome (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Pseudomonas (1)
- Pseudomonas fluorescens (1)
- Pseudomonas veronii (1)
- Ptinidae (1)
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health (1)
- Push-out Test (1)
- Pyrolysis (1)
- QA/QC (1)
- Quality assurance/quality control (1)
- Quantum dot (1)
- Quasispecies (1)
- REACH (1)
- RNA extraction (1)
- RNA interference (1)
- RNA-Seq (1)
- RNA-Sequencing (1)
- RNAi (1)
- Radio waves (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radon (1)
- Radon exhalation (1)
- Raphael school (1)
- Reactor conditions (1)
- Real-time qPCR (1)
- Recipes (1)
- Recovery potential (1)
- Recovery rate (1)
- Recycled gypsum (1)
- Recycled sources (1)
- Red chalk (1)
- Red mud (1)
- Reduction (1)
- Reductive decomposition (1)
- Reductive defluorination (1)
- Reductive iron assimilation (1)
- Reference data (1)
- Reference nanoparticles (1)
- Reference organisms (1)
- Reference procedures (1)
- Reference samples (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Release kinetics (1)
- Research Data Infrastructure (1)
- Research Data Management (1)
- Resistance model (1)
- Resource Recovery (1)
- Resources (1)
- Reverse painting on glass (1)
- Reverse paintings on glass (1)
- Reworking (1)
- Rhenanite (1)
- Rhizopus (1)
- Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Rhizosphere effect (1)
- Rhizosphere processes (1)
- Rhodonia placenta (1)
- Rice (1)
- Road construction waste (1)
- Robustness validation (1)
- Rock biofilm (1)
- Rock leaching (1)
- Rock-inhabiting black fungi (1)
- Rock-inhabiting fungi (1)
- Root economics space (1)
- Rostral gland (1)
- Rround robin test (1)
- Ruthenium (1)
- SARS (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SCALE (1)
- SDS-PAGE (1)
- SEM (1)
- SEM micrography (1)
- SEM wood characterization (1)
- SEM-EDS (1)
- SERS (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SOP (1)
- SPE extraction (1)
- SRB (1)
- SVOC (1)
- Safety (1)
- Salts (1)
- Sample preparation (1)
- Sanierung (1)
- Sc recovery (1)
- Scanning micro-X-ray fluorescence (1)
- Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) (1)
- Schwermetalle (1)
- Scribal corrections (1)
- Scythica Vindobonensia, (1)
- Secondary P-fertilizer (1)
- Secondary Recources (1)
- Secondary metabolism (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Secondary raw materials (1)
- Secondary resources (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Selection (1)
- Selective Chlorination (1)
- Selective quantification (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (1)
- Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) (1)
- Semivolatile organic compounds (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Separate collection (1)
- Sequence annotation (1)
- Sets of archaeometric data (1)
- Sewage Sludge (1)
- Sewage Sludge Ashes (1)
- Sewage extraction (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (SSA) (1)
- Sewage sludge disposal (1)
- Sewage sludge incineration (1)
- Short crack propagation (1)
- Siderophore (1)
- Signal transduction (1)
- Silica and polystyrene nanoparticles (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Silicon carbide (1)
- Silver (1)
- Silver diffusion (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Simulation of materials degradation (1)
- Single cell microbiology (1)
- Sintering (1)
- Sixteenth-century painting technique (1)
- Size exclusion chromatography (1)
- Sizing (1)
- Small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- Smartphone (1)
- Social Immunity (1)
- Social insect (1)
- Social insects (1)
- Sociality (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil contact (1)
- Soil extraction (1)
- Soil incubation study (1)
- Soil-feeding habit (1)
- Soil-like materials (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solar panels (1)
- Solar parks (1)
- Soldier (1)
- Solid phase (1)
- Solid phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solid-liquid extraction (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solitary bees (1)
- Solute excretion (1)
- Solvents (1)
- Solvolysis (1)
- Spectral imaging (1)
- Stained glass windows (1)
- Stained glasses (1)
- Stainless steel (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Standardized test and quantification procedure (1)
- Steelmaking residues (1)
- Stoichiometric homeostasis (1)
- Stone cultural heritage (1)
- Stop/flow experiments model (1)
- Strategy and Management (1)
- Stress conditions (1)
- Structural color (1)
- Sub-4nm particles (1)
- Subjective complaints (1)
- Subsocial (1)
- Subsoil nutrient tracing (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Sugarcane bagasse (1)
- Sum parameter (1)
- Sum parameter analyis (1)
- Sum parameter analysis (1)
- Superhydrophilic surface (1)
- Superhydrophobic surface (1)
- Suppression (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- Surface functionalization (1)
- Surface interactions (1)
- Surface water (1)
- Surface waters (1)
- Surfacewaters (1)
- Survival rates (1)
- Synchotron (1)
- Synchrotron radiation (1)
- Synchrotron-XPS (1)
- Synergy (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- Synthetic metabolism (1)
- Systematics (1)
- TED-GC/MS (1)
- TEM (1)
- TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition (1)
- Tanning (1)
- Tannins (1)
- Targeted and nontargeted (1)
- Targeting, Nanoparticles (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Temperate rain forest (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Tems (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Teredo sp (1)
- Termite control (1)
- Termite-associated microbes (1)
- Termitoidae (1)
- Test method (1)
- Test strip (1)
- Teststreifen (1)
- Text analysis (1)
- Thermal Desorption (1)
- Thermal Extraction (1)
- Thermal analysis (1)
- Thermal degradation (1)
- Thermal imaging (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thermo-desorption (1)
- Thermocouple (1)
- Thermodynamic (1)
- Thermoplastic filaments (1)
- Thioimidazolium (1)
- Tinting (1)
- ToF SIMS (1)
- ToF-SIMS (1)
- Tomography (1)
- Torah (1)
- Torah Scrolls (1)
- Torah scrolls (1)
- Touch surfaces (1)
- Trait-based ecology (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Transport modeling (1)
- Transposon (1)
- Tripartite interactions (1)
- Typology of Inks (1)
- Tyrosine (1)
- UV absorption (1)
- UV protection (1)
- UV tolerance (1)
- UV-VIS Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrashort PFAS (1)
- Ultrashort laser processing (1)
- Ultrastructure (1)
- Umweltmessung (1)
- Up-cycling (1)
- Uptake rate (1)
- Uranium (1)
- Uranium mining (1)
- Urban mining (1)
- Ureolytic bacteria (1)
- Utilisation (1)
- Utilization (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- VIS (1)
- VOC Emission (1)
- VOC Emissionen (1)
- VOC emission (1)
- VOC transfer standards (1)
- VOC-Emission (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Vasari (1)
- Velocimetry (1)
- Vienna manuscript (1)
- Viruses (1)
- Vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Volatile organic compound (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOC) (1)
- Vues des Cordillères (1)
- WKI flask method (1)
- Waste incineration (1)
- Waste water (1)
- Waste water treatment (1)
- Water (1)
- Water atmosphere (1)
- Water contact (1)
- Water stable isotope analysis (1)
- Water uptake (1)
- Weathering tests (1)
- Weld fatigue (1)
- Weld toe geometry (1)
- Wet-mechanical treatment (1)
- White-rot fungi (1)
- Wood Modification (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- Wood samples (1)
- Writing Ink (1)
- Writing materials (1)
- X-Ray analysis (1)
- X-Ray fluorescence (1)
- X-ray based techniques (1)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) (1)
- X-ray fuorescence (1)
- X-ray spectroscopic techniques (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray tomographic (1)
- X-rays (1)
- XRF Analysis (1)
- XRF imaging (1)
- XRF ink analysis (1)
- XRF-, VIS- FTIR-spectroscopy (1)
- Xestobium rufovillosum (1)
- Yeast (1)
- ZIF (1)
- ZIF-8 (1)
- Zearalenone (1)
- Zearalenone sulfate (1)
- Zeolite (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zinc chloride (1)
- Zinc oxide (1)
- a-zearalenol (1)
- biocide tolerance (1)
- black fungi (1)
- black fungus (1)
- carotenoids (1)
- disinfection (1)
- dsDAN monolayer (1)
- evolution (1)
- fertilizer (1)
- fs-laser processing (1)
- fungus (1)
- genomics (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- historic inks (1)
- iChip (1)
- individual-based modelling (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- ink (1)
- mRNA-seq (1)
- microspectroscopy (1)
- multi scale testing (1)
- natural ventilation (1)
- openBIS (1)
- pH (1)
- pH probe (1)
- pH sensor (1)
- pHe (1)
- papyrus (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- qPCR (1)
- soil (1)
- underexplored phyla (1)
- x-ray diffraction (1)
- ‘Green’ pesticide (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (813) (entfernen)
Paper des Monats
- ja (19)
AbstractThis work addresses the critical need for multifunctional materials and substrate‐independent high‐precision surface modification techniques that are essential for advancing microdevices and sensing elements. To overcome existing limitations, the versatility of mussel‐inspired materials (MIMs) is combined with state‐of‐the‐art multiphoton direct laser writing (DLW) microfabrication. In this way, 2D and 3D MIM microstructures of complex designs are demonstrated with sub‐micron to micron resolution and extensive post‐functionalization capabilities. This study includes polydopamine (PDA), mussel‐inspired linear, and dendritic polyglycerols (MI‐lPG and MI‐dPG), allowing their direct microstructure on the substrate of choice with the option to tailor the patterned topography and morphology in a controllable manner. The functionality potential of MIMs is demonstrated by successfully immobilizing and detecting single‐stranded DNA on MIM micropattern and nanoarray surfaces. In addition, easy modification of MIM microstructure with silver nanoparticles without the need of any reducing agent is shown. The methodology developed here enables the integration of MIMs in advanced applications where precise surface functionalization is essential.
The initial focus of this research was on the development of a general workflow for the documentation and monitoring of historical stained glass windows using structured light scanning.
Therefore windows from different churches, time periods and with different corrosion and damage phenomena were scanned before and after conservation measures.
The initial focus of this research was on the development of a general workflow for the documentation and monitoring of historical stained glass windows using structured light scanning. Therefore windows from different churches, time periods and with different corrosion and damage phenomena were scanned before and after conservation measures. To evaluate the execution of the restoration measures the data was compared using 3D inspection software to examine the differences in geometry between the two scans. Various problems had to be solved, for example, how to deal with heavily reflective surfaces and the extreme contrast between light and dark surfaces, as seen in the borders between ‘Schwarzlot’ painting and plain glass. The application of materials for matting the surfaces, such as Cyclododecane spray, was impossible due to the high accuracy of the surface measurement required for 3D inspection. Regarding the contrast differences of the surfaces, the creation of exposure fusions and the use of polarization filters to reduce reflections were tested. In addition to the general problems encountered when recording translucent surfaces, the historical glasses caused additional problems in calculating surface comparisons. For example, the windows have to be moved and turned around several times, both during the conservation process and while scanning, causing deformations of the geometry due to the flexible lead rods allowing a certain degree of movement.
In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed.
We will show procedures and problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on squid ink and mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol, the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts.
In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed.
First, we will provide an overview of the sources [1-2] employed in the study – dating from 9th to 14th century, although the manuscripts in which they can be found dates up to the 20th century – with an eye on the ink typologies (real and perceived by the compilers). Then we will show how, by reproducing the recipes, it was possible to shed light on some oddities in the procedures and the choice of ingredients. In the end we will discuss problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect [3]. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol and the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts.
[1] A. Schopen, Tinten und Tuschen des arabisch-islamischen Mittelalters, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004
[2] S. Fani, Le arti del libro secondo le fonti arabe originali. I ricettari arabi per la fabbricazione degli inchiostri (sec. IX-XIII): loro importanza per una corretta valutazione e conservazione del patrimonio manoscritto, PhD thesis, Napoli: Università L’Orientale, 2013
[3] C. Colini et. al, Manuscript cultures, 11 (2018) 43-50
In this poster we will present some results of a research projects dealing with Arabic recipes of black inks [1-2]. To improve conservation practices of Arabic manuscripts we have assessed the feasibility of the recipes collected from many Arabic sources on bookmaking and reproduced the most common inks. Ink samples were then artificially aged and analysed using an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed.
We will show procedures and problems concerning the identification of ink types and ingredients using reflectography (in Vis, IR and UV), X-Ray Fluorescence, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The focus will be in particular on squid ink [3] and mixed inks – both in the form of carbon inks with the addition of tannins and of a mixture of carbon and iron gall inks – which are particularly difficult to detect [4]. We will also examine the results of iron gall inks made with iron filings or nails instead of vitriol, the various precursor used to extract gallic acid that are mentioned in the sources as surrogates of gall nuts.
[1] A. Schopen, Tinten und Tuschen des arabisch-islamischen Mittelalters, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2004
[2] S. Fani, Le arti del libro secondo le fonti arabe originali. I ricettari arabi per la fabbricazione degli inchiostri (sec. IX-XIII): loro importanza per una corretta valutazione e conservazione del patrimonio manoscritto, PhD thesis, Napoli: Università L’Orientale, 2013
[3] S. Centeno, J. Shamir Journal of Molecular Structure, 873 (2008), 149-159
[4] C. Colini et. al, Manuscript cultures, 11 (2018) 43-50
The processing of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) represents a simple and robust way for the nanostructuring of solids that allows creating a wide range of surface functionalities featuring applications in optics, tribology, medicine, energy technologies, etc. While the currently available laser and scanner technology already allows surface processing rates at the m2/min level, industrial applications of LIPSS are sometimes hampered by the complex interplay between the nanoscale surface topography and the specific surface chemistry. This typically manifests in difficulties to control the processing of LIPSS and in limitations to ensure the long-term stability of the created surface functions. This presentation aims to identify some unsolved scientific problems related to LIPSS, discusses the pending technological limitations, and sketches the current state of theoretical modelling. Hereby, it is intended to stimulate further research and developments in the field of LIPSS for overcoming these limitations and for supporting the transfer of the LIPSS technology into industry.
Terrestrial mud volcanoes are unique structures driven by tectonic pressure and fluids from the deep subsurface. These structures are mainly found in active tectonic zones, such as the area near the Los Bajos Fault in Trinidad. Here we report a chemical and microbiological characterization of three mud volcanoes, which included analyses of multiple liquid and solid samples from the mud volcanoes. Our study confirms previous suggestions that at least some of the mud volcano fluids are a mixture of deeper salt-rich water and surficial/precipitation water. No apparent water quality differences were found between sampling sites north and south of a major geological fault line. Microbiological analyses revealed diverse communities, both aerobic and anaerobic, including sulfate reducers, methanogens, carbon dioxide fixing and denitrifying bacteria. Several identified species were halophilic and likely derived from the deeper salt-rich subsurface water, while we also cultivated pathogenic species from the Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Shewanellaceae, and Clostridiaceae. These microorganisms were likely introduced into the mud volcano fluids both from surface water or shallow ground-water, and perhaps to a more minor degree by rain water. The identified pathogens are a major health concern that needs to be addressed.
This work addresses the identification of synthetic organic pigments (SOP) in ten modern reverse paintings on glass (1912-1946) by means of an in-situ multi-analytical approach. The combination of the complimentary properties of mobile Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) enabled the detection of sixteen SOP even in complex mixtures with inorganic compounds and binders. For the β-naphthol pigments, both Raman and DRIFTS yield appropriate results. DRIFTS was the preferred method for the detection of synthetic alizarin (PR83). Its diagnostic band pattern even allows its detection in complex mixtures with mineral pigments, binders and fillers. Raman spectroscopy yielded distinctive spectra for the triaryl carbonium pigments (PG1, PV2, PR81) and the two-yellow azo SOP (PY3, PY12), whereas DRIFT spectra were affected by extensive band overlapping. This may also occur in Raman spectra, but in less problematic amounts. Fluorescence is the major problem with Raman and it significantly hampers the SOP spectra even with the 785 nm laser. On the one hand the big spot size of DRIFTS (10 mm) limits the technique to rather large sampling areas, whereas the use of a 50× objective for in-situ Raman measurements permits a focus on small spots and aggregated SOP flakes. Moreover, “environmental” factors like temperature changes, artificial light, limited space and vibrations when people pass by need to be considered for in-situ measurements in museums.
Finally, the results show the experimental use of SOP in modern reverse glass paintings. Among several rare SOP (e.g. PB52, PR81), two of them (PG1, PV2) have never been reported before in any artwork.
This work addresses the identification of synthetic organic pigments (SOP) in eight modern reverse paintings on glass (1913–1946) by means of an in-situ multi-analytical approach. We combined the complementary properties of mobile Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to overcome the main disadvantages of each method: extensive band overlapping in DRIFT spectra and fluorescence problems in Raman spectra. A collection of DRIFTS reference spectra enables a precise pigment identification by DRIFTS and establishes this method as a serious non-destructive alternative for the identification of SOP. The group of β-naphthol pigments yielded valuable results for both methods, whereas synthetic alizarin (PR83) was preferentially detected by DRIFTS. Finally, uncommon triaryl carbonium pigments and two azo group-based yellows were identified in the paintings by means of Raman spectroscopy.
Here, we describe a fast and simple extraction method for the determination of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) utilizing extractable organic fluorine (EOF) sum parameter analysis and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) in soil samples. After extraction and separation of inorganic and organic fluorinated compounds, organically bound fluorinated compounds were indirectly determined via the molecular absorption of gallium mono-fluoride at 211.248 nm. The implementation of the decisions of the “Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants” as well as the “Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution” of the UNECE include the reduction respectively the elimination of PFASs in the environment. Currently, regulations aim to target single compounds (mostly C8-PFAS). But the PFAS group includes over 4700 substances, which are potentially persistent and toxic, thus target analytical approaches are not suitable for a holistic approach investigating the PFAS pollutant situation. Furthermore, forbidden PFASs are substituted by short-chain PFASs, thus the number of unknow substances is steadily increasing. For this reason, sum parameter approaches are more suitable to investigate and assess the pollution situation as well as derive exposure limits. Our developed analytical method was successfully applied to determine PFASs in soil samples from a polluted site. In view of steadily increasing numbers of PFAS substances, our method will make an important contribution in assessing the pollution situation as well as support policy makers in deriving exposure limits for PFAS in the future.
Here, we describe an optimized fast and simple extraction method for the determination of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in soils utilizing high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR–CS–GFMAS). To omit the bias of the solid phase extraction (SPE) step commonly used during the analysis of extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) we optimized a fast and simple SPE-free extraction method. The developed extraction method consists of a liquid-solid extraction using acidified methanol without any additional SPE. Four extraction steps were representative to determine a high proportion of the EOF (>80% of eight extractions). Comparison of the optimized method with and without an additional SPE clean-up step revealed a drastic underestimation of EOF concentrations using SPE. Differences of up to 94% were observed which were not explainable by coextracted inorganic fluoride. Therefore, not only a more accurate but also a more economic as well as ecologic method (bypassing of unnecessary SPE) was developed. The procedural limit of quantification (LOQ) of the developed method was 10.30 μg/kg which was sufficient for quantifying EOF concentrations in all tested samples. For future PFAS monitoring and potential regulative decisions the herein presented optimized extraction method can offer a valuable contribution.
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used as active agents in disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives. Despite being in use since the 1940s, there remain multiple open questions regarding their detailed mode-of-action and the mechanisms, including phenotypic heterogeneity, that can make bacteria less susceptible to QACs. To facilitate studies on resistance mechanisms towards QACs, we synthesized a fluorescent quaternary ammonium compound, namely N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-[2-[(4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-7-yl)amino]ethyl]azanium-iodide (NBD-DDA). NBD-DDA is readily detected by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with standard GFP/FITC-settings, making it suitable for molecular and single-cell studies. As a proof-of-concept, NBD-DDA was then used to investigate resistance mechanisms which can be heterogeneous among individual bacterial cells. Our results reveal that the antimicrobial activity of NBD-DDA against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is comparable to that of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a widely used QAC, and benzyl-dimethyl-dodecylammonium chloride (BAC12), a mono-constituent BAC with alkyl-chain length of 12 and high structural similarity to NBD-DDA. Characteristic time-kill kinetics and increased tolerance of a BAC tolerant E. coli strain against NBD-DDA suggest that the mode of action of NBD-DDA is similar to that of BAC. As revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), NBD-DDA is preferentially localized to the cell envelope of E. coli, which is a primary target of BAC and other QACs. Leveraging these findings and NBD-DDA‘s fluorescent properties, we show that reduced cellular accumulation is responsible for the evolved BAC tolerance in the BAC tolerant E. coli strain and that NBD-DDA is subject to efflux mediated by TolC. Overall, NBD-DDA’s antimicrobial activity, its fluorescent properties, and its ease of detection render it a powerful tool to study resistance mechanisms of QACs in bacteria and highlight its potential to gain detailed insights into its mode-of-action.
A Genetic Toolbox for Exploring the Life Style of the Rock-inhabiting Black Fungus Knufia petricola
(2019)
After their discovery on rock surfaces in cold and hot deserts, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetous black fungi was found to dominate a range of hostile environments – natural and man-made, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Together with bacteria and algae they may establish sub-aerial biofilms and cause weathering of the surfaces they grow on. Their impressive survival abilities as well as their constitutive protective pigmentation and cluster-like microcolony organisation are similar in environmental isolates as well as in heat-tolerant opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. The exact genetic properties that ensure their survival in extreme environments can be studied if some black fungi were amenable to genetic manipulations. We selected the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (class Eurotiomycetes, order Chaetothyriales) that grows moderately in axenic culture and exhibits all the characteristics of black yeasts such as yeast-like cell growth, absence of reproductive structures and constitutive dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanogenesis. For this environmental strain we developed protocols to efficiently generate and transform protoplasts resulting in stable homokaryotic transformants by targeting genes involved in pigment synthesis and expressing fluorescent reporter genes. Hence, endogenous and foreign genes can be expressed from episomal AMA1-containing plasmids and genome-integrated DNA constructs. Moderate rates of homologous recombination allow for both ectopic and targeted integrations. CRISPR-Cas9 was further validated as a strategy for obtaining selection marker-free mutants and silencing via RNA interference as an approach to study essential genes. Availability of this genetic toolbox and an annotated genome sequence is paving the way for studying interactions of K. petricola and other black yeasts with environmental stressors, material surfaces, soil matrices and phototrophic symbionts.
A genetic toolbox for exploring the life style of the rock-inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola
(2020)
After their discovery on rock surfaces in cold and hot deserts, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetous black fungi was found to dominate a range of hostile environments – natural and man-made, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Together with bacteria and algae they may establish subaerial biofilms and cause weathering of the surfaces they grow on. Their impressive survival abilities as well as their constitutive protective pigmentation and cluster-like microcolony organisation are similar in environmental isolates as well as in heat-tolerant opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. The exact genetic properties that ensure their survival in extreme environments can be studied if some black fungi were amenable to genetic manipulations. We selected the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (class Eurotiomycetes, order Chaetothyriales) that grows moderately in axenic culture and exhibits all the characteristics of microcolonial black fungi such as yeast-like cell growth, absence of reproductive structures and constitutive dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanogenesis (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol). We developed protocols to efficiently generate and transform protoplasts resulting in stable homokaryotic transformants by targeting genes involved in pigment synthesis and expressing fluorescent reporter genes. Hence, endogenous and foreign genes can be expressed from episomal AMA1-containing plasmids and genome-integrated DNA constructs. Moderate rates of homologous recombination allow for both ectopic and targeted integrations. CRISPR-Cas9 was further validated as a strategy for obtaining selection marker-free mutants and silencing via RNA interference as an approach to study essential genes. Availability of this genetic toolbox and an annotated genome sequence of the strain A95 is paving the way for studying interactions of K. petricola with environmental stressors, material surfaces, soil matrices and phototrophic symbionts.
Leaching processes are responsible for the release of biocides from treated materials into the environment.
Adequate modeling of emission processes is required in order to predict emission values in the framework of the risk assessment of biocidal products intended for long-term service life. Regression approaches have been applied to data obtained from the long-term monitoring of biocide emissions in experiments involving semi-field conditions. Due to the complex interaction of different underlying mechanisms such as water and biocide diffusion and desorption, however, these attempts have proven to be of limited usefulness e at least, for the available biocide emission data. It seems that the behavior of the biocide emission curve depends to a considerable extent on whichever underlying mechanism is slowest at a given point in time, thus limiting the amount of biocide available for release. Building on results obtained in the past few years, the authors propose a criterion for determining which mechanism controls the leaching process at a given point in time based on the slope of the log-log emission curve. In addition, a first-order approximation of this slope value is presented which displays advantages both in terms of computability and interpretability. Finally, an algorithm for the determination of breakpoints in the slope of the log-log emission curve is presented for the demarcation of phases within which one mechanism acts as a limiting factor.
Bacterial adhesion on surfaces of medical, water and food applications may lead to infections, water or food spoilage and human illness. In comparison to traditional static and macro flow chamber assays for biofilm formation studies, microfluidic chips allow in situ monitoring of biofilm formation under various flow regimes, have better environment control and smaller sample requirements.
In this work, a novel microfluidic platform is developed to investigate biofilm adhesion under precisely controlled bacteria concentration, temperature, and flow conditions. This platform central unit is a single-inlet microfluidic flow cell with a 5 mm wide chamber designed and tested to achieve ultra-homogenous flow in the central area of chamber. Within this area, defined microstructures are integrated that will disturb the homogeneity of the flow, thus changing bacterial adhesion pattern.
Here we present the monitoring of bacterial biofilm formation in a microfluidic chip equipped with a microstructure known as micro-trap. This feature is based on a 3D bacteria trap designed by Di Giacomo et al. and successfully used to sequester motile bacteria.
At first, fluorescent particles similar in size to Escherichia coli (E. coli) are used to simulate bacteria flow inside the flow cell and at the micro-trap. The turbulences induced by the trap are analyzed by imaging and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). Secondly, the model strain E. coli TG1, ideal and well described for biofilm studies, is used to analyze biofilm formation in the micro-trap. Therefore, a stable fluorescent strain E. coli TG1-MRE-Tn7-141 is constructed by using Tn7 transposon mutagenesis according to the method described by Schlechter et al. Sequestering of E. coli cells within the micro-trap was followed using epifluorescence microscopy.
The novel microfluidic platform shows great potential for assessment of bacterial adhesion under various flow regimes. The performance of structural feature with respect to the generation of turbulences that promote or reduce bacterial adhesion can be systematically examined.
The combination of flow analysis and fluorescent strain injection into the microfluidic chip shows that the micro-trap is useful for capturing bacteria at defined positions and to study how flow conditions, especially micro-turbulences, can affect biofilm formation. It represents a powerful and versatile tool for studying the relation between topography and bacteria adhesion.
Despite the recognized excellence of virology and bioinformatics, these two communities have interacted surprisingly sporadically, aside from some pioneering work on HIV-1 and influenza. Bringing together the Expertise of bioinformaticians and virologists is crucial, since very specific but fundamental computational approaches are required for virus research, particularly in an era of big data. Collaboration between virologists and bioinformaticians is necessary to improve existing analytical tools, cloud-based systems, computational resources, data sharing approaches, new diagnostic tools, and bioinformatic training. Here, we highlight current progress and discuss potential avenues for future developments in this promising era of virus bioinformatics. We end by presenting an overview of current technologies, and by outlining some of the Major challenges and Advantages that bioinformatics will bring to the field of virology.
Our standard protocol for the characterisation of writing materials within advanced manuscript studies has been successfully used to investigate manuscripts written with a pure ink on a homogeneous writing surface. However, this protocol is inadequate for analysing documents penned in mixed inks. We present here the advantages and limitations of the improved version of the protocol, which now includes imaging further into the infrared region (1100−1700 nm).
The main obstacle to bottom ash (BA) being used as a recycling aggregate is the content of salts and potential toxic elements (PTEs), concentrated in a layer that coats BA particles. This work presents a dry treatment for the removal of salts and PTEs from BA particles. Two pilotscale abrasion units (with/without the removal of the fine particles) were fed with different BA samples. The performance of the abrasion tests was assessed through the analyses of particle size and moisture, and that of the column leaching tests at solid-to-liquid ratios between 0.3 and 4.
The results were: the particle-size distribution of the treated materials was homogeneous (25 wt % had dimensions <6.3 mm) and their moisture halved, as well as the electrical conductivity of the leachates. A significant decrease was observed in the leachates of the treated BA for sulphates (44%), chlorides (26%), and PTEs (53% Cr, 60% Cu and 8% Mo). The statistical analysis revealed good correlations between chloride and sulphate concentrations in the leachates with Ba, Cu, Mo, and Sr, illustrating the consistent behavior of the major and minor components of the layer surrounding BA particles. In conclusion, the tested process could be considered as promising for the improvement of BA valorization.
The main obstacle to bottom ash (BA) being used as a recycling aggregate is the content of salts and potential toxic elements (PTEs), concentrated in a layer that coats BA particles. This work presents a dry treatment for the removal of salts and PTEs from BA particles. Two pilotscale abrasion units (with/without the removal of the fine particles) were fed with different BA samples. The performance of the abrasion tests was assessed through the analyses of particle size and moisture, and that of the column leaching tests at solid-to-liquid ratios between 0.3 and 4. The results were: the particle-size distribution of the treated materials was homogeneous (25 wt % had dimensions <6.3 mm) and their moisture halved, as well as the electrical conductivity of the leachates. A significant decrease was observed in the leachates of the treated BA for sulphates (44%),
chlorides (26%), and PTEs (53% Cr, 60% Cu and 8% Mo). The statistical analysis revealed good correlations between chloride and sulphate concentrations in the leachates with Ba, Cu, Mo, and Sr, illustrating the consistent behavior of the major and minor components of the layer surrounding BA particles. In conclusion, the tested process could be considered as promising for the improvement of BA valorization.
RNA virus populations are composed of highly diverse individuals that form a cloud of related sequences commonly referred to as a ‘quasispecies’1–3. This diversity arises as a consequence of low-fidelity genome replication4,5. By contrast, DNA Virus populations contain more uniform individuals with similar fitness6.
Genome diversity is often correlated with increased Fitness in RNA viruses, while DNA viruses are thought to require more faithful genome replication. During DNA replication, erroneously incorporated bases are removed by a 3′-5′ exonuclease, a highly conserved enzymatic function of replicative DNA but not RNA polymerases. This proofreading process enhances replication fidelity and ensures the genome integrity of DNA organisms, including large DNA viruses7. Here, we show that a herpesvirus can tolerate impaired exonucleolytic proofreading, resulting in DNA virus populations, which, as in RNA viruses8, are composed of highly diverse genotypes of variable individual fitness. This indicates that herpesvirus mutant diversity may compensate for individual Fitness loss. Notably, in vivo infection with diverse virus populations results in a marked increase in virulence compared to genetically homogenous parental virus. While we cannot exclude that the increase in virulence is caused by selection of and/or interactions between individual genotypes, our findings are consistent with quasispecies dynamics. Our results contrast with traditional views of DNA virus replication and evolution, and indicate that a substantial increase in population diversity can lead to higher virulence.
Microcolonial black fungi ubiquitously inhabit sun-exposed natural and man-made surfaces of our planet. To promote genetic studies, which are hindered by slow growth, lack of sexual cycles and transformation difficulties, CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic tools were implemented (Erdmann et al. 2022, Front Fungal Biol). Now efficient targeted mutagenesis of the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes/Chaetothyriales) - as a representative of the polyphyletic group of black fungi - enables the elucidation of extremotolerance, oligotrophism, unusual types of cell division, mineral weathering and symbiotic interactions. Still more progress on assigning functions to yet unknown genes can be expected if a forward genetics approach is available. We chose the two-component Activator/ Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transposon system from maize for generating a collection of insertional mutants by in-vivo mutagenesis of K. petricola. For the optimal use of this genetic tool, an inducible promoter for the expression of the Ac transposase (AcTPase) and by this the regulatable transposition of the resistance cassette-containing Ds transposon is desired. However, endogenous promoters for nitrate assimilation and galactose catabolism - often used in fungi for regulatable gene expression - are not inducible by their substrates in K. petricola suggesting that the regulatory networks for nutrient acquisition differ significantly in oligotrophic fungi. Therefore, the metabolism-independent Tet-on system was combined with the AcTPase coding sequence and subsequently transformed into Ds-carrying K. petricola strains. In total, four auxotrophic Ac|Ds starter strains containing the Ds transposon at different position of ade2 or ura3 were generated. The cultivation of these strains with doxycycline for induction of TET::Ac and subsequent selection of cells on ADE/URA-lacking media resulted in prototrophic colonies (revertants) for some but not all Ac|Ds strains. Currently, the transposition events in the obtained revertants are studied to validate the procedure. First amplicon sequencing of excision sites revealed footprint patterns, proving the transposon jumped.
A similar secretome disturbance as a hallmark of non-pathogenic Botrytis cinerea ATMT-mutants?
(2019)
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen able to infect
hundreds of host plants, including high-value crops such as grapevine, strawberry and tomato. In order to decipher its infectious strategy, a library of 2,144 mutants was generated by random insertional mutagenesis using Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transformation (ATMT). Twelve mutants exhibiting total loss of virulence toward different host plants were chosen for detailed analyses. Their molecular characterization revealed a single T-DNA insertion in different loci. Using a proteomics approach, the secretome of four of these strains was compared to that of the parental strain and a common profile of reduced lytic enzymes was recorded. Significant variations in this profile, notably deficiencies in the secretion of proteases and hemicellulases, were observed and validated by biochemical tests. They were also a hallmark of the remaining eight non-pathogenic strains, suggesting the importance of these secreted Proteins in the infection process. In the twelve non-pathogenic mutants, the Differentiation of infection cushions was also impaired, suggesting a link between the Penetration structures and the secretion of proteins involved in the virulence of the pathogen.
Typology of Inks
Archives and museums around the world contain a vast number of manuscripts that were written in different inks: carbon inks, plant inks, iron-gall inks and mixed inks. Yet most archaeometric studies of manuscripts focus on the palette of pigments found in illuminated manuscripts whereas identification of the inks is still largely based on cultural-historical studies and visual inspections. One of the reasons of this disproportion in the studies can be explained by the properties of Raman spectroscopy, the technique of choice for identification of pigments. In contrast, this technique is only partially viable when dealing with organic colourants. Brown and Clark discuss these difficulties and the uncertainties of identification of iron-gall inks by Raman spectroscopy in their pioneering work on early medieval Anglo-Saxon manuscripts (K. Brown and R. Clark 2004). To facilitate instrumental analysis of inks, we have developed a protocol that starts with the identification of the inks type (Rabin et al. 2012) which doesn’t require complicated instrumentation and can be carried out by paleographers and codicologists.
Three typological ink classes
The black writing materials used in manuscript production in Antiquity und Middle Ages can be sorted in three typologically different ink classes: soot, plant and iron-gall. Soot ink is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water soluble binding agent; plant-based ink consists of a solution of the tannins extracted from gallnuts or tree bark; iron-gall ink, is produced by mixing a soluble compound of iron (II) with gallic or tannic acid extracted from gallnuts or tree bark. Therefore, iron-gall ink presents a boundary case between solution and dispersion ink, in which a water-soluble preliminary stage oxidizes and evolves into a black, insoluble precipitate similar to the carbon pigments when the writing is exposed to air (Krekel 1999). The additional category of mixed inks, i.e. inks produced by addition of various metals to the soot inks or intentional mixing of iron-gall and soot - based inks started attracting scholarly attention only recently because their significance was established only a short while ago (Brun et al. 2016, Colini 2018, Nehring et al. 2021). We suggest that plant and mixed inks build a bridge from the carbon ink of Antiquity to the properly formulated iron-gall ink that became a standard black ink from the late Middle Ages to the 19th century when it gave way to modern inks.
AbstractThe correlation between altered extracellular pH and various pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation and metabolic disorders, is well known. Bulk pH measurements cannot report the extracellular pH value at the cell surface. However, there is a limited number of suitable tools for measuring the extracellular pH of cells with high spatial resolution, and none of them are commonly used in laboratories around the world. In this study, a versatile ratiometric nanosensor for the measurement of extracellular pH was developed. The nanosensor consists of biocompatible polystyrene nanoparticles loaded with the pH-inert reference dye Nile red and is surface functionalized with a pH-responsive fluorescein dye. Equipped with a targeting moiety, the nanosensor can adhere to cell membranes, allowing direct measurement of extracellular pH at the cell surface. The nanosensor exhibits a sensitive ratiometric pH response within the range of 5.5–9.0, with a calculated pKa of 7.47. This range optimally covers the extracellular pH (pHe) of most healthy cells and cells in which the pHe is abnormal, such as cancer cells. In combination with the nanosensors ability to target cell membranes, its high robustness, reversibility and its biocompatibility, the pHe nanosensor proves to be well suited for in-situ measurement of extracellular pH, even over extended time periods. This pH nanosensor has the potential to advance biomedical research by improving our understanding of cellular microenvironments, where extracellular pH plays an important role.
The halophilic γ-proteobacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 2581T thrives at salt concentrations well above 10 % NaCl (1.7 M NaCl). A well-known osmoregulatory mechanism is the accumulation of the compatible solute ectoine within the cell in response to osmotic stress. While ectoine accumulation is central to osmoregulation and promotes resistance to high salinity in halophilic bacteria, ectoine has this effect only to a much lesser extent in non-halophiles. We carried out transcriptome analysis of H. elongata grown on two different carbon sources (acetate or glucose), and low (0.17 M NaCl), medium (1 M), and high salinity (2 M) to identify additional mechanisms for adaptation to high saline environments. To avoid a methodological bias, the transcripts were evaluated by applying two methods, DESeq2 and Transcripts Per Million (TPM). The differentially transcribed genes in response to the available carbon sources and salt stress were then compared to the transcriptome profile of Chromohalobacter salexigens, a closely related moderate halophilic bacterium. Transcriptome profiling supports the notion that glucose is degraded via the cytoplasmic Entner-Doudoroff pathway, whereas the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway is employed for gluconeogenesis. The machinery of oxidative phosphorylation in H. elongata and C. salexigens differs greatly from that of non-halophilic organisms, and electron flow can occur from quinone to oxygen along four alternative routes. Two of these pathways via cytochrome bo' and cytochrome bd quinol oxidases seem to be upregulated in salt stressed cells. Among the most highly regulated genes in H. elongata and C. salexigens are those encoding chemotaxis and motility proteins, with genes for chemotaxis and flagellar assembly severely downregulated at low salt concentrations. We also compared transcripts at low and high-salt stress (low growth rate) with transcripts at optimal salt concentration and found that the majority of regulated genes were down-regulated in stressed cells, including many genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, while ribosome synthesis was up-regulated, which is in contrast to what is known from non-halophiles at slow growth. Finally, comparing the acidity of the cytoplasmic proteomes of non-halophiles, extreme halophiles and moderate halophiles suggests adaptation to an increased cytoplasmic ion concentration of H. elongata. Taken together, these results lead us to propose a model for salt tolerance in H. elongata where ion accumulation plays a greater role in salt tolerance than previously assumed.
Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is a neuropeptide produced in the insect corpora cardiaca that plays an essential role in mobilizing carbohydrates and lipids from the fat body to the hemolymph. AKH acts by binding to a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the adipokinetic hormone receptor (AKHR). In this study, we tackle AKH ligand and receptor gene evolution as well as the evolutionary origins of AKH gene paralogues from the order Blattodea (termites and cockroaches). Phylogenetic analyses of AKH precursor sequences point to an ancient AKH gene duplication event in the common ancestor of Blaberoidea, yielding a new group of putative decapeptides. In total, 16 different AKH peptides from 90 species were obtained. Two octapeptides and seven putatively novel decapeptides are predicted for the first time. AKH receptor (AKHRs) sequences from 18 species, spanning solitary cockroaches and subsocial woodroaches as well as lower and higher termites, were subsequently acquired using classical molecular methods and in silico approaches employing transcriptomic data. Aligned AKHR open reading frames revealed 7 highly conserved transmembrane regions, a typical arrangement for GPCRs. Phylogenetic analyses based on AKHR sequences support accepted relationships among termite and cockroach lineages to a large extent, while putative post-translational modification sites do not greatly differ between solitary and subsocial roaches and social termites. This study provides important information not only for AKH and AKHR functional research but also for further analyses interested in their development as potential candidates for biorational pest control agents against invasive termites and cockroaches.
Advanced codicological studies of Cod. germ. 6 (Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek): Part 2
(2018)
The work presented here follows the article Combining Codicology and X-Ray Spectrometry to Unveil the History of Production of Codex germanicus 6 (Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg), published in 2014.1 It confirms the main result of the previous article: the Artusnotiz, the fourth text in the bound manuscript, must have been introduced as the last one. This paper offers further details of the codex production, based on the composition of the black and red inks collected in four measurement campaigns. Furthermore, using imaging μ-XRF, we succeeded in understanding the strong variation of the composition of the red inks in the initials of all the texts except for Parzival and Jeanne d’Arc.
Advanced light weight applications like aircrafts and wind turbine blades are made of fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) with continuous fibre reinforcement and must withstand a high thermo-mechanical cyclic loading. The quality of the fibre matrix interface has a high impact on the fatigue life and was continuously improved over the years since the 50th. The fatigue life of glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) used in aircraft industry is 10 to 100 times higher compared to glass fibre non crimp fabrics used for wind turbine blades.
To assure a constant and reliable high quality and strength of reinforcement fibres, synthetic fibre production is state of the art (CF, GF). There is a need for recycling GFRP and CFRP waste due to the upcoming use. Pyrolysis and solvolysis are more expensive than the mechanical route however enable a more sustainable recycling. Natural fibres and recycled synthetic fibres have a high scatter in quality and strength. Hence it is a challenge to optimize the production / recycling processes to get a reliable quality for any demanding (second life) application.
Chemical routes for using renewables resources and recycling, is going to be a good approach especially for polymer-matrix systems to get 100% quality (back) compared to the state of the art.
Finally, a proper design, life-time extension and repair is preferable to recycling to keep the carbon footprint as low as possible.
During the last decades the material composition of buildings has become increasingly diverse. However, largely sorted material flows are needed for generating high quality secondary building materials. The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the preservation of natural resources as well as the conservation of landfill sites.
Recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) can be a good example for the environmental benefits of closed-loop recycling. The content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. In contrast, separated gypsum can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum are met. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an environmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted.
This paper focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process.
Measurements of aerosol particles are vital for enforcing EU air quality regulations to protect human health, and for research on climate change effects. Although metrics such as PM10 and PM2.5 are currently in use, the level of uncertainty of aerosol metrics is too high and the traceability is insufficient. The project AEROMET, which has been started in June 2017 aims at implementing improvements in a) the uncertainty of particle mass, size and number concentration measurements and b) in the characterization of regulated components in airborne particles. Both are demanded by existing networks within the EU as well as by global atmospheric research.
On-site measurement campaigns
One of the objects is the application of mobile x-ray spectroscopy techniques combined with aerosol sampling techniques for quantifying particle compositions in the field for real time analysis. During two in-field measurement campaigns in Budapest, Hungary in May 2018 and Cassino, Italy in September 2018 the size dependent mass concentrations of specific elements in ambient aerosols were monitored under dynamic conditions.
Typically, airborne particles are sampled on filter substrates. During this project new sampling methods with specially designed substrate holders for an in-situ TXRF analysis were developed and applied for the first time. This approach allows a direct time and size resolved analysis without laborious digestion steps and a reduced risk of contamination.
Aerosol particles were sampled in a 13-stage DLPI impactor - size range from 0,03 µm to 10 µm - which was equipped with special adapters for acrylic discs of 30 mm diameter, serving as substrates. TXRF analysis was performed on site with the transportable spectrometer S2 PICOFOX (Bruker Nano GmbH) equipped with a Mo X-ray tube and a 30 mm² Silicon Drift Detector (SDD). Excitation conditions were 50 kV, 600 µA, measurement time 1000 s. Quantification was based on internal standardization using 50 ng of Y in solution, which was pipetted into the centre of the discs prior to sampling.
At moderate air pollution levels, i.e. PM10 ~ 20 µg/m³, sampling times of less than 2 hours were enough for the detection of elements in different particle size bins. The in-situ approach and the high sensitivity of TXRF enables the observation of rather quick changes in the quantity and distribution of elements in an ambient aerosol on the day of sampling, as the below example from the Cassino field campaign on 11 Sept. 2018 shows: The analysis of the morning and afternoon sampling shifts reveals the occurrence of the elements Fe, Ca and Si in different size bins as well as their significant temporal change in respective mass concentrations over the day while the distributions of several other elements in the aerosol remain unchanged.
The validation of these results by backup measurements is planned.
Traceable and reliable chemical element analysis of aerosols by X-ray spectrometry was investigated using aerosol samples from field campaigns which have been measured in the GIXRF-beamline at BESSY.
The reference-free XRF approach allows for a traceable analysis of the mass deposition.
Traceable quantification by means of XRF can be transfered to benchtop instrumentation used in the laboratory Chemical and dimensional analysis of deposited aerosol allows for a comprehensive analysis of aerosols, e.g. for toxicity assessment and determination of the source The folowing elements could be identified and quantified in the field samples: Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, W, Pb.
Die Präsentation erläutert die Hintergründe der nationalen Anforderungen für die Verwendung von Kunststoffdichtungbahnen in Deponieabdichtungen. Die Beständigkeit wird diskutiert. Anforderungen an das Qualitatsmanagement während der Produktion der Produkte und der Bauphase werden aufgezeigt und die Auswirkungen auf die langzeitige Funktionserfüllung werden beschrieben.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all life forms, and P-availability thus an important driver of a functioning agriculture. However, phosphate rock resources for P-fertilizer production are only available in a few countries. Therefore, P-recovery from waste materials has become of increasing interest during the last decade and has been investigated worldwide. In order to characterize potential novel P-fertilizers made from recycled materials, a large array of P-compound characterizations, chemical extractions and growth experiments were performed. This review bundles the work carried out in that field over the last years. Overall, P-fertilizers from recycled materials show a broad range of P-compounds with very different chemical structure and solubility. Growth experiments performed to assess their fertilizing effects display high variations for most of the products. While these experiments have demonstrated that some fertilizers made of recycled materials may reach P effects in the same order of magnitude as water-soluble phosphate rock-based fertilizers, an important limitation in their interpretation is the fact that they often vary considerably in their experimental design. The existing data show clearly that standardization of growth experiments is urgently needed to achieve comparable results. Standard chemical extractants used to assess the chemical solubility of P-fertilizers were found to be of limited reliability for predicting plant P uptake. Therefore, alternative methods such as sequential fractionation, or the extraction of incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures with standard soil extractants or with P sink methods should be tested more intensively in the future to provide alternative options to predict the P-availability of fertilizers from recycled materials.
The present study shows the potential of high-resolution imaging and nano-Fourier-transform infrared (nano-FTIR) spectroscopy for corrosion science. The protective oxidation layers of different chlorine-gas treated silicon
carbides (SiCs) were characterized with these techniques. A nitrified SiC showed the highest resistant strength against chlorine corrosion at 1000 °C compared to the other SiCs. Nano-FTIR spectroscopy with a lateral resolution below 40 nm detected differences in the crystallinity of the bulk-SiC and in the transitional region to the protective layer. Furthermore, high-resolution imaging provides deep insight in the interfacial layer between bulk-SiC and the protective oxidation layer on sub-micrometer scale.
The aim of this study was to investigate the passive sampler method Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) for ammonium and nitrate in amended soils. Therefore, we used soils from a pot experiment with maize where nitrogen (N) was supplied as ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN), without and with a nitrification inhibitor (NI). The additional use of a NI can delay the nitrification in the soil and making the ammonium available for a longer period in the soil solution after its application. Homogenized soil samples were collected directly from each pot after one week of incubation before sowing and after harvesting the maize. Nitrate and ammonium in these soil samples were extracted using DGT devices equipped with a Putolite A520E (for nitrate) and Microlite PrCH (for ammonium) binding layer. Ammonium DGT which determined the mobile and labile ammonium forms based on diffusion and the resupplies from the solid soil phase, only showed a significantly higher amount of extractable ammonium with NI compared to that without NI for some samples. However, significantly lower values were found for nitrate of treatments with NI compared to without NI after harvest. Thus, the lower nitrate amounts for treatments with NI compared to the treatments without NI after harvest indicated the delay of the nitrification process by the NI. Furthermore, we compared also the ammonium and nitrate
DGT results to chemical extraction with KCl solutions. The results demonstrated that the trends of DGT results and chemical extraction were complimentary through all the treatments.
Microcolonial black fungi are a group of ascomycetes that exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast-like growth and constitutive melanin formation. They dominate a range of hostile natural and man-made environments, from desert rocks and salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Due to their slow growth and a lack of genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of black fungi’s phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. We chose to address this gap by genetically engineering the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales), a species that exhibits all characteristics of black fungi. A cell biological approach was taken by generating K. petricola strains expressing green or red fluorescent protein variants. By applying: (1) traditional gene replacement; (2) gene editing and replacement via plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9, and (3) silencing by RNA interference (RNAi), we constructed mutants in the pathways leading to melanin, carotenoids, uracil and adenine. Stable single and double mutants were generated with homologous recombination (HR) rates up to 100%. Efficient, partially cloning-free strategies to mutate multiple
genes with or without resistance cassettes were developed. This state-of-the-art genetic toolkit, together with the annotated genome sequence of strain A95, firmly established K. petricola as a model for exploring microcolonial black fungi.
It is well documented that throughout Antiquity, ancient Egyptians used mostly carbon inks as a writing material. In Late Antiquity, some metals started to be added to carbon based inks. We have records of five manuscripts from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection whose carbon inks were found to contain copper Also, lead was recently found as an additive in carbon inks on a charred fragment from Herculaneum. Furthermore, the earliest evidence of iron-gall ink was found in the Book of Proverbs (Codex Ms. Berol. orient. oct. 987) dating to the third fourth centuries ce. It has been suggested that along with carbon and iron-gall inks, there is no reason to think that purely tannin inks were not also in use in Egypt. However, so far, we just have evidence of a copper-tannin ink identified in a number of documents from Egypt in the first third centuries bce. In an attempt to fill this gap in this extremely fragmented scenario during our studies of the socio-geographic history of inks, we arrived at the conclusion that the continuous production of Coptic manuscripts from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages offers a unique opportunity for the historical study of inks across a large geographic area.
Free-living and (ecto)-mycorrhizal fungi enhance rock weathering. In their roles as mineral weathering agents and mutualistic partners of phototrophs, fungi supply primary producers like plants and phototrophic microorganisms with mineral-derived nutrients. The exact mechanisms behind fungus-induced mineral weathering processes are however not well understood. Progress can be achieved here by reproducible experimental simulations of the natural processes, using well-characterised model organisms and minerals.
In this study, the weathering-affecting, rock-inhabiting fungus, Knufia petricola A95 and the Fe-bearing olivine (Fe0.2Mg1.8SiO4) were selected to investigate fungi-induced effects on mineral dissolution. The availability of a melanin-deficient mutant (ΔKppks) of K. petricola A95, that produced more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) than the wild type (WT), enabled comparative studies of the role of melanin and EPS in weathering processes.
Three experimental systems, which generate long-term microbiological stability, were developed to study the impact of the WT and ΔKppks on olivine weathering: (1) batch and (2) mixed flow dissolution experiments, and (3) biofilm cultivation experiments. In addition, state-of-the-art analytical techniques were used to monitor changes in the growth medium, as well as of the mineral surface and biofilm-mineral interface.
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis of the Mg, Si and Fe concentrations in the reacted growth medium was used to quantify olivine dissolution. In abiotic controls, Mg and Si dissolved congruently, while Fe precipitated. The measured olivine dissolution rates at pH 6 were two orders of magnitude lower than previously reported, but similar at acidic pH. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the olivine surface confirmed the presence of Fe (oxyhydr)oxide precipitates. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of an abiotically reacted polished olivine section from the long-term cultivation experiment showed the presence of an amorphous layer enriched in Fe. All these observations indicate that the precipitation of Fe (oxyhydr)oxides on the olivine surface inhibits olivine dissolution.
Both tested rock-inhabiting fungal strains affect Fe precipitation as well as olivine dissolution. Evaluation of the WT and ΔKppks revealed that the WT formed less biomass but could take up higher amounts of metals (e.g. Fe) and was more efficient in its attachment to olivine. The WT and ΔKppks enhanced olivine dissolution as demonstrated by higher Mg and Si concentration in the reacted growth medium. They furthermore prevented Fe precipitation by binding Fe and retaining it in solution, thereby allowing olivine dissolution to proceed. The WT cells that were attached to the olivine surface were particularly efficient at inhibiting Fe precipitation. By binding Fe directly at the olivine surface, the WT cells removed the inhibition of olivine dissolution almost completely. TEM analysis of polished olivine sections, colonised by a fungal biofilm for seven months, supported this hypothesis. After long-term fungus-olivine interaction, the Fe-enriched, amorphous layer did not develop, and the olivine surface was stronger etched compared to the abiotic control.
To study the effect of mutualism on mineral weathering, K. petricola was grown with the cyanobacterium, Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133. Both partners showed an enhanced growth and formed a stratified biofilm which attached more strongly to olivine. Nevertheless, the olivine dissolution rate of the fungus-cyanobacterium consortium was moderate.
Rock weathering simulation systems developed here are promising research instruments. The experimental conditions allow for the alteration of the studied mineral surface, while the clear definition of these conditions delivers a stable growth of microorganisms. The latter makes these systems universally applicable, especially in combination with integrative multidisciplinary analytics. Processes underlying environmental and biological effects on rock weathering, metal corrosion, plastic degradation, or the deterioration of any other substrate can be studied reproducibly and over a long period of time. The chemical and biological complexity of these simulation systems mimics natural rock weathering processes. The mineral dissolution rates generated in this study are therefore relevant to natural ecosystems.
The development of a test to evaluate the degradation of semi-volatile fuels as diesel by microorganisms is presented. This method is based on the principles described in the CEC-L-103 Standard procedure that is exclusively meant for testing the biodegradability of non-volatile lubricants. Therefore, significant modifications involve aseptic conditions for testing specific microorganisms and conducting the test in closed vessels avoiding evaporation losses, while fuel quantification using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) is retained. It is suggested that the modified procedure should enable routine application for semi-volatile hydrocarbon-based fuels. GC-FID provides additionally valuable information on the alteration of fuel component patterns during biodegradation. The procedure was successfully tested using two bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Sphingomonas sp.) and two yeasts (Moesziomyces sp. and Candida sp.) isolated from real diesel contamination cases. All tested microorganisms caused a significant degradation of diesel fuel achieving hydrocarbon degradation percentages ranging from 23% to 35%. Specific aspects on the test modification and prospects for further modification regarding targeted investigations in the field of fuel contamination by microorganisms are briefly discussed.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa MPAO1 is the parental strain of the widely utilized transposon mutant collection for this important clinical pathogen. Here, we validate a model system to identify genes involved in biofilm growth and biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance. Our model employs a genomics-driven workflow to assemble the complete MPAO1 genome, identify unique and conserved genes by comparative genomics with the PAO1 reference strain and genes missed within existing assemblies by proteogenomics. Among over 200 unique MPAO1 genes, we identified six general essential genes that were overlooked when mapping public Tn-seq data sets against PAO1, including an antitoxin. Genomic data were integrated with phenotypic data from an experimental workflow using a user-friendly, soft lithography-based microfluidic flow chamber for biofilm growth and a screen with the Tn-mutant library in microtiter plates. The screen identified hitherto unknown genes involved in biofilm growth and antibiotic resistance. Experiments conducted with the flow chamber across three laboratories delivered reproducible data on P. aeruginosa biofilms and validated the function of both known genes and genes identified in the Tn-mutant screens. Differential Protein abundance data from planktonic cells versus biofilm confirmed the upregulation of candidates known to affect biofilm formation, of structural and secreted proteins of type VI secretion systems, and provided proteogenomic evidence for some missed MPAO1 genes. This integrated, broadly applicable model promises to improve the mechanistic understanding of biofilm formation, antimicrobial tolerance, and resistance evolution in biofilms.
This talk will be divided into two parts. In the first part I will present the analytical techniques and the equipment used by the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures that can be applied for the study of decorated papers. The analyses aim to determine the constituent materials of papers, pigments, dyes and metals and the techniques used for their production. I will focus in particular on the kind of information these techniques allow us to gather: through optical microscopy we conduct fibre analysis in order to identify the plant used as raw material in paper production while Reflectography, X-Ray Fluorescence and InfraRed, Raman and Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy are used to study the sizing agents, the pigments, dyes and metals. In the second part I will show some results obtained by the application of these techniques on a few Persianate manuscripts, dating between the 15th and 17th centuries, belonging to the corpus of Ilse Sturkenboom.
In the 15th century, Persian manuscripts underwent significant and lasting changes. Possibly as a response to the import of tinted and gold-decorated paper from China, which was used for manuscript production in Greater Iran, Persian papers were also tinted and embellished with gold-decorated and marbled margins or frames. In a joint project between CSMC and the University of St Andrews, and in co-operation with the Golestan Palace Museum, we aim to analyse papers and their decorations in manuscripts in the holdings of the Golestan Palace Library. The analyses aim to determine the consistencies of papers, pigments and metals and the techniques used for their production and application. The support will be first described in its codicological characteristics such as dimensions, thickness, colour (expressed in colour coordinates), pattern left from the sieve (observed in transmitted light). The plant used as raw material in paper production will be studied by fibres analysis, while the sizing agents, the pigments, dyes and metals will be analysed by the application of several methods: in particular Reflectography, X-Ray Fluorescence and InfraRed, Raman and Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy. The results of the analyses will be published in an online database that will form an important resource for the material aspects of Persian manuscripts and be a starting point for establishing a first chronology of the materials and techniques used in Persian manuscript production.
Quantitative chemical analysis of airborne particulate matter (PM) is vital for the understanding of health effects in indoor and outdoor environments, as well as for enforcing air quality regulations. Typically, airborne particles are sampled over long time periods on filters, followed by lab-based analysis, e.g., with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Within the EURAMET EMPIR AEROMET project, cascade impactor aerosol sampling was combined for the first time with on-site total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy to develop a tool for quantifying particle element compositions within short time intervals and even on-site. This makes variations of aerosol chemistry observable with time resolution of only a few hours and with good size resolution in the PM10 range. A proof of principles of this methodological approach and the comparison to standard methods within the scope of a field campaign will be presented. Secondly, aerosol sampling and TXRF analysis seems suitable for the quantification of elements in indoor aerosols as well and may provide an important enhancement of existing methods for the analysis of organic species in aerosols (such as sampling and TD-GC/MS). As an example, the TXRF analysis of particles emitted from laser printers under controlled conditions in an environmental test chamber will be presented.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have emerged over the course of the last twenty years as a global pollution issue. Altogether, there are currently more than 4700 known but only partly characterized fluorinated compounds identified by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), as shown by a recently published classification proposal.
The ongoing production of new, yet unrestricted PFAS alternatives has become a major challenge for environmental routine analytics, since the state-of-the-art method LC-MS/MS relies on structural information and availability of isotope standards of the targeted compound. First reported by Miyake et al., fluorine sum parameters like adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF), extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) can be applied to survey and detect the presence of large amounts of unidentified organofluorine compounds in environmental matrices. Today fluorine sum parameters have been established as a useful supplement to classic target-analytical approaches of PFAS and were implemented for the first time as a sum value “PFAS-total” in the recently revised Drinking Water Directive (2020/2184) by the European Commission.
In contrast, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy has been widely applied to identify low concentration of element-specific contamination without pre-treatment in environmental samples in the past. The XANES approach enables a penetration depth of approx. 1 µm (at fluorine K-edge energy; depending on the matrix) which is significantly deeper than for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; penetration depth approx. 10 nm). Furthermore, the method is fast, non-destructive and only simple preparation of the samples is required.
In our work, we combined both F-XANES spectroscopy and combustion ion chromatography (CIC) in order to present a new analytical perspective on the investigation of PFAS in environmental media and material samples.
The mayor part of the Berlin collection `Manuscripta Americana´ consists of documents compiled by Alexander von Humboldt. The diversity of the written fragments and their shape presume few accordance concerning purpose, place or time of production. Even before the papers came to Berlin, manuscripts were copied, divided and collected by famous scholars also in Mexico. Back in Europe, Humboldt visited further collections and published the detected hieroglyphic writings altogether with cultural objects and landscapes in the book `Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des Peuples Indigènes de l`Amerique, voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland´, labelled corresponding to the cultural background.
By scientific and culture historical analyses, the Humboldt codices are revised and related to each other and others. In especial, the compilation of fragments shown on plate 36 in the book is looked at more closely. Whereas most of the plates represent only one sheet of painted amate paper, here segments with details of seven fragments are put together. It is tried to comprehend why these pieces are on one plate.
To find out a common feature of the documents, their content and represented form are compared. A correlation between some pieces is obvious and thus is also expected in the manufacture of the codices, in the kind of material used. For this the inks and colors are determined by scientific analysis including XRF-, Raman-, FTIR- and VIS- spectroscopy. Special material is detected and related to results of former analysis of codices written during the colonial period of America. Herewith a clear cultural assignment of the manuscripts is performed.
A relation of the fragments represented on plate 36 among each other and to other codices of the collection Manuscripta Americana in Berlin is discussed. Also, if the manuscripts are unique `originals´ or represent fragments of documents, whose corresponding pieces maybe found- in the best case- incorporated in other collections. We detected, that at least two of them can be put into relation to similar manuscripts deposited in Mexico. Further material analysis should clarify, if the corresponding pieces are identical- from one document, or if one of them is a copy. Herewith an approximation to authenticity features and history is issued.
Biofilms cause complications and high costs in both industry and medicine. Of particular interest are bacterial infections of prosthetic materials, which usually cannot be eliminated due to the high antibiotic resistance known for bacteria forming biofilms. The search for new materials and coatings with lower colonization potential and antibacterial activity is of great importance to reduce biofilm formation. However, there is no standardized procedure to examine the colonization characteristics of bacteria in the Biofilm state in situ. Here, we describe an automated epifluorescence microscopy system for the semi-quantitative analysis of three-dimensional (3D) biofilms on various surfaces. To analyze adherent bacteria, three materials (glass, steel and titanium) were incubated with bacteria in a flow chamber system. After fluorescence staining of the bacteria, automated image capturing, quantification of the bacteria, measurement of the colonized area and determination of the 3D biofilm height were carried out by using novel software.
Furthermore, the materials were examined for their surface topography using white light scanning interferometry. Titanium compared to glass showed a significantly higher number of adherent bacteria.
We argue that this was due to the higher microroughness of titanium. The colonized area was in accordance with the number of adherent bacteria and was also significantly larger on titanium coupons compared to glass. Maximum 3D biofilm height on glass coupons was significantly lower compared to the ones on steel and titanium. This novel method enables the standardized, automated investigation of the colonization with bacteria on different materials. This approach can considerably support the characterization of new material surfaces and their innovative coatings by analyzing the amount of attached Bacteria and thickness of biofilms in situ and eliminates the need of conventional cultivation.
Analytical Challenges for PFAS in Environmental Samples - Methods, Approaches and Applicability
(2022)
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anionic, cationic and zwitterionic synthetic products, in which the hydrogen atoms on the carbon skeleton of at least one carbon atom have been completely replaced by fluorine atoms and which include up to 1.7 M compounds, depending on the definition. As a result of continuous and prolific use, mainly in aviation firefighting foams, thousands of industrial and military installations have been found to contain contaminated soil, groundwater and surface water. Furthermore, because of the continuous contamination through PFAS containing commercial products, effluents and sewage sludge from WWTPs have been shown to be an important source of PFAS discharge into the aquatic environment. In the last few years, legacy PFAS (≥C4) have been found in various environments, including soil, water and wastewater, and their environmental pathways have been partly described.
Several long-chain PFAS species, and their respective salts are considered as persistent organic pollutants by the United Nations Stockholm Convention. These pollutants have been linked to altered immune and thyroid function, liver disease, lipid and insulin dysregulation, kidney disease, adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes, and cancer. A significant shift in the chemical industry towards production of short (C4-C7) and ultrashort (C1-C3) alternatives was observed in response to recently intensified regulations and restrictions on the use of long-chain (≥C8) PFAS. PFAS analysis in environmental samples is currently mainly done by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This efficient method is conducted in a targeted fashion analyzing a small subset of PFAS. The US EPA method for analysis of PFAS using LC-MS/MS for example currently lists 40 PFAS (≥C4). However, to get a better overview of the amount of “total PFAS,” sum parameter methods like total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay and methods based on combustion ion chromatography (CIC) are in development. CIC results in data regarding the sum of absorbable organic fluorine (AOF) or extractable organic fluorine (EOF), which can also quantify other organically bound fluorine compounds such as fluorinated pesticides and pharmaceutical. Moreover, non-target and suspect screening mass spectrometry can be used to identify novel emerging PFAS and partly unknown fluorinated compounds in environmental samples. Furthermore, to analyze ultrashort PFAS (C1-C3), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are available, but further research is needed to develop reliable and accurate methods to quantify several ultrashort PFAS in environmental samples.
Additionally, for research purpose several spectroscopical methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorine K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES)spectroscopy, particular induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are available.