4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2019 (42) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (42) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- DRIFTS (4)
- Leaching (4)
- Reverse glass painting (4)
- Non-invasive analysis (3)
- Raman spectroscopy (3)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (2)
- ESEM (2)
- Fungus (2)
- Klärschlamm (2)
- Lapis lazuli (2)
- Manuscripts (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Nosema ceranae (2)
- Osmia bicornis (2)
- PGAA (2)
- PIXE (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Phosphor (2)
- Pigment analyses (2)
- Pigment identification (2)
- Provenance studies (2)
- Struvit (2)
- Virulence (2)
- Wild bees (2)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 2D nanomaterials (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Aging tests (1)
- Agronomic performance (1)
- Agronomische Effizienz (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Analytical methods (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Antimicrobial (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Bee diseases (1)
- Bee health (1)
- Bio-P-Kläranlage (1)
- Biocides (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Blast furnace sludge (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Chemical durability (1)
- Chemical extraction methods (1)
- Chemische Löslichkeit (1)
- Chlorination (1)
- Chromitites (1)
- Cleridae (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colorants (1)
- Colored glasses (1)
- Colourants (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction products regulation (CPR) (1)
- Copper-based wood preservatives (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Cultural heritage (1)
- DIN EN 16516 (1)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (1)
- Deponie (1)
- Disposal (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Düngemittel (1)
- Ecotoxicity (1)
- Electric arc furnace dust (1)
- Elimination (1)
- Emissionsprüfung (1)
- Enamels (1)
- Environment (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Fertilzer (1)
- Fire-retardant paint (1)
- Food fermentation (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Formaldehyd (1)
- Functionalized graphene (1)
- Fungiculture (1)
- Fällmittel (1)
- Genome (1)
- Geokunststoffe (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Gut symbionts (1)
- Heavy metal free (1)
- Herbaspirillum seropedicae (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction (1)
- ITS region (1)
- In-situ Process Monitoring (1)
- Incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures (1)
- Indirect photolysis (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Inks (1)
- Innenraumluft (1)
- Insect evolution (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Intraparticle diffusion (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Isoptera (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Issues (1)
- Kläranlage (1)
- Klärschlammasche (1)
- Klärschlammverordnung (1)
- Korynetes caeruleus (1)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (1)
- Laboratory breeding (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill lining (1)
- Langzeitverhalten (1)
- Laser-induced nanostructures (1)
- Laser-modified surface (1)
- Lead (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Magnesium (1)
- Marek's virus (1)
- Mathematical analysis (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Model (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Moisture (1)
- Molecular clock (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Monoverbrennung (1)
- NanoSIMS (1)
- Non-destructiv testing (1)
- Non-destructive Materials (1)
- Non-destructive testing (1)
- OIT (1)
- Olivine (1)
- Organic contaminants (1)
- P sink method (1)
- P-Recyclingdünger (1)
- Pathogen (1)
- Pathogen spillover (1)
- Pathogen transmission (1)
- Performance (1)
- Permeat (1)
- Pflanzenverfügbarkeit (1)
- Pflanzenwurzel (1)
- Phenotypic variation (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorus (1)
- Phosphorus plant-availability (1)
- Plant Experiment (1)
- Plant pathogen (1)
- Platinum (1)
- Polyethylene (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Process development (1)
- Ptinidae (1)
- Quasispecies (1)
- Recycling fertilizer (1)
- Relative agronomische Effizienz (RAE) (1)
- Retentat (1)
- Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae (1)
- Rice (1)
- Safety (1)
- Sewage sludge (1)
- Soil incubation study (1)
- Solitary bees (1)
- Standardisation (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Stop/flow experiments model (1)
- Survival rates (1)
- Synthetic organic pigments (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- UpConversion (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Vanadium (1)
- Vegetationsversuche (1)
- Water (1)
- Weathering (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- Wood protection (1)
- Writing materials (1)
- X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- Zearalenone sulfate (1)
- Zentrat (1)
- Zinc (1)
- a-zearalenol (1)
- pH sensor (1)
- qPCR (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (42) (entfernen)
Die agronomische Effizienz von Düngemitteln wird üblicherweise in Vegetationsversuchen geprüft. Diese erlauben die es, unterschiedliche Kulturpflanzen und deren Strategien der Nährstoffmobilisierung und -aneignung zu betrachten und verschiedene Substrattypen und deren Eigenschaften im Hinblick auf Nährstofffixierung und -freisetzung zu berücksichtigen. Solche Versuche, selbst wenn sie nicht im Feld, sondern nur im Gefäß durchgeführt werden, sind jedoch sowohl zeit- als auch kostenintensiv. In erster Näherung wird die Pflanzenverfügbarkeit insbesondere von Phosphor (P)-Düngemitteln daher in der Regel mit Hilfe standardisierter chemischer Extraktionsmethoden abgeschätzt, deren Durchführung in der deutschen ebenso wie in der europäischen Düngemittelverordnung normiert ist. Diese Methoden werden auch bei der staatlichen Düngemittelverkehrskontrolle genutzt, um zu überprüfen, ob die düngemittelrechtlichen Vorgaben eingehalten werden. Wie jüngere Arbeiten gezeigt haben, ist es jedoch schwierig, herkömmliche Standardextraktionsmethoden auf neue Dünger aus Recyclingmaterialien wie Klärschlamm zu übertragen. Korrelationen zwischen P-Aufnahme im Vegetationsversuch und chemischer Löslichkeit im Standardextrakt sind oft nur mäßig bis schwach oder überhaupt nicht signifikant. Die vorliegende Literaturübersicht gibt einen Überblick zum aktuellen Stand des Wissens über die chemische Löslichkeit von klärschlammbasierten P-Recyclingdüngern, deren Effizienz im Vegetationsversuch und statistische Relationen zwischen beiden Parametern. Anschließend werden alternative Methoden zur Abschätzung der P-Verfügbarkeit von Recyclingdüngern vorgestellt, die derzeit Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion sind.
Leaching processes are responsible for the release of biocides from treated materials into the environment.
Adequate modeling of emission processes is required in order to predict emission values in the framework of the risk assessment of biocidal products intended for long-term service life. Regression approaches have been applied to data obtained from the long-term monitoring of biocide emissions in experiments involving semi-field conditions. Due to the complex interaction of different underlying mechanisms such as water and biocide diffusion and desorption, however, these attempts have proven to be of limited usefulness e at least, for the available biocide emission data. It seems that the behavior of the biocide emission curve depends to a considerable extent on whichever underlying mechanism is slowest at a given point in time, thus limiting the amount of biocide available for release. Building on results obtained in the past few years, the authors propose a criterion for determining which mechanism controls the leaching process at a given point in time based on the slope of the log-log emission curve. In addition, a first-order approximation of this slope value is presented which displays advantages both in terms of computability and interpretability. Finally, an algorithm for the determination of breakpoints in the slope of the log-log emission curve is presented for the demarcation of phases within which one mechanism acts as a limiting factor.
The environmental compatibility of reactive fire-retardant coatings (intumescent paints) was investigated by a combination of leaching and ecotoxicological tests. Three representative fire-retardant coating systems were tested using two leaching procedures: “Horizontal Dynamic Surface Leaching Test” (DSLT) and the “Intermittent Immersion Test” (IIT). All eluate fractions (8 for DSLT and 9 for IIT) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, concentration of total organic carbon and selected anions und cations. Additionally, a GC-MS screening of selected fractions was conducted for identification of organic compounds. Eluate fractions 1 + 2 and fraction 7 of the DSLT were analyzed in four ecotoxicological tests (algae, daphnia, fish egg, luminescent bacteria) and in one genotoxicity test (umu). Concentration of most analytes was rather low or below limit of detection for many eluates. Analytes detected in eluates of all three products are Zn, Ba, SO4(2−) and PO4(3−). Release patterns do not indicate a general trend: some compounds show maximum release in the first fractions while for others the maximum was observed in later test stages. Ecotoxic effects in eluates were found, which were higher in the eluate fraction 7 (maximum lowest ineffective dilution for luminescent bacteria (LIDL) 256) than in the eluate fraction 1 + 2 (maximum LIDL = 24). The sensitivity of the test systems was very different with highest effects for luminescent bacteria, followed by algae and daphnia and without effects in the fish egg test and umu test. A biotest battery for the comprehensive assessment is therefore advisable.
Im Januar 2018 wurde die DIN EN 16516 „Bauprodukte: Bewertung der Freisetzung gefährlicher Stoffe – Bestimmung von Emissionen in die Innenraumluft“ als harmonisierte europäische Prüfnorm veröffentlicht. Für die Etablierung der DIN EN 16516 als neue Referenznorm wurden verschiedene Emissionsprüfungen mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, ein neues Prüfverfahren für Formaldehydemissionen aus Holzwerkstoffen zu erarbeiten. Das übergeordnete Ziel ist die Minimierung des Risikos von Überschreitungen des Innenraumrichtwertes für Formaldehyd. Die Untersuchungen ergaben teilweise hohe Formaldehydemissionen, insbesondere bei höheren Beladungsfaktoren und Temperaturen, sowie bei niedrigen Luftwechselraten. Eine getestete Spanplatte hätte aufgrund ihrer hohen Formaldehydemission nicht auf den deutschen Markt gebracht werden dürfen. Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen konnte ein Umrechnungsfaktor in Höhe von 2,0 für die Umrechnung von Prüfwerten nach DIN EN 717-1 zu DIN EN 16516 abgeleitet werden.
A wide range of methods are used to estimate the plant-availability of soil phosphorus (P). Published research has shown that the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has a superior correlation to plant-available P in soils compared to standard chemical extraction tests. In order to identify the plantavailable soil P species, we combined DGT with infrared and P K- and L2,3-edge X-ray adsorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. This was achieved by spectroscopically investigating the dried binding layer of DGT devices after soil deployment. All three spectroscopic methods were able to distinguish between different kinds of phosphates (poly-, trimeta-, pyro- and orthophosphate) on the DGT binding layer. However, infrared spectroscopy was most sensitive to distinguish between different types of adsorbed inorganic and organic phosphates. Furthermore, intermediates of the time-resolved hydrolysis of trimetaphosphate in soil could be analyzed.
Copper-based fungicides are routinely used for wood and plant protection, which can lead to an enrichment of copper-tolerant microbial communities in soil. To investigate the effect of such wood preservatives on the soil fungal and bacterial community compositions, five different vineyard and fruit-growing soil environments were evaluated using incubation studies over time. Pine sapwood specimens were impregnated with either water or different biocide treatment solutions containing a mixture of copper, triazoles, and quaternary ammonium compounds (CuTriQAC), a mixture of triazoles and quaternary ammonium compounds (TriQAC), or copper alone (Cu). Specimens were incubated in soil from each sample site for 8, 16, 24, and 32 weeks. The effects of preservative treatment on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the wood specimens and on the soil fungal as well as bacterial community composition at the soil-wood interface were assessed by quantitative PCR and amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Specimens impregnated with CuTriQAC and Cu showed decreased MOE and reduced fungal and bacterial copy numbers over time compared to those impregnated with water and TriQAC. Fungal but not bacterial community composition was significantly affected by wood preservative treatment. The relative abundance of members of the family Trichocomaceae compared to other genera increased in the presence of the Cu and CuTriQAC treatments at three sites, suggesting these to be Cu-tolerant fungi. In conclusion, the copper-containing treatments resulted in marginally increased MOE, lowered microbial gene copy numbers compared to those in the TriQAC and water treatments, and thus enhanced wood protection against soil microbial wood degradation
A non-invasive methodological approach has been carried out to identify the pigments and classify the binding media of the reverse painting on glass Kreuzabnahme (1914/15) by Carlo Mense.
Mense was a member of the group Rhenish Expressionists around August Macke and got interested in the technique of painting on the reverse side of a glass panel. The studied painting indicates a remarkably painted reverse and front side, which creates a unique visual appearance of the glass. The applied noninvasive, spectroscopic approach includes X-ray fluorescence, VIS spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The measurements revealed inorganic Pigments mixed with drying oil as binder. Together with common pigments, such as lead white, barium sulphate, bone black, cinnabar, chrome yellow, ochre, and viridian, an unusual additional material was found, Strontium white.
This work presents a technical investigation of two Chinese reverse glass paintings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A multi-analytical, non-invasive approach (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), Raman spectroscopy) was used to identify the pigments and classify the binding media. The results reveal a combined use of traditional Chinese and imported European materials. Several pigments like cinnabar, lead white, orpiment, carbon black and copper-arsenic green (probably emerald green) were found in both paintings; red lead, artificial ultramarine blue, Prussian blue and ochre appear in at least one of the paintings. The proof of limewash (calcite and small amounts of portlandite) as a backing layer in Yingying and Hongniang indicates that clamshell white was also used for reverse glass paintings. Drying oil was classified as a binding media in most areas of both paintings. However, the orange background of The Archer yielded prominent bands of both proteinaceous and fatty binder.
Treatment and reusing of hazardous wastes have become significant issues of modern societies. Blast furnace sludge (BFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) are such typical wastes, because they usually contain high amounts of undesirable elements such as zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb).
These elements can cause operational problems in reusing of BFS and EAFD. In this study, the Ferro Duo GmbH and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing have investigated a novel approach for eliminating and/or recovering Zn and Pb from both wastes. Applied was a selective chlorination and volatilization of Zn and Pb as chlorides at temperatures between 500 °C and 1100 °C. Both product obtained, Zn and Pb in the form of ZnCl2 and PbCl2 and the purified solid mineral compound are attractive materials for further use. Hydrochloric acid and iron(II) chloride were used as chlorination agents. Exceptionally high Zn and Pb removal efficiencies of >99.5 % could be achieved with both chlorination agents, whereby iron(II) chloride exhibited better performance.
Column leaching tests are frequently used and accepted for investigation of release of hazardous substances from solid materials. Independent of differences due to the field of application or national regulations, column tests assume that local equilibrium is established in the experiment which facilitates transfer of results to field conditions. In the process of harmonization and standardization within Europe the question on the influence of flow rate and grain size distribution on the local equilibrium was raised. Thus, a set of experiments using two different masonry materials with varying grain size distribution and flow rate were conducted including stop/flow experiments. Results are compared to a numerical model which takes intraparticle pore diffusion-controlled release of Mo and V into the percolating water into account. Due to the relatively high intraparticle porosity of the materials (24–29%) data and model indicate that initially equilibrium-state conditions prevail followed by rapidly decreasing concentrations. The model fits data for Mo and V reasonably well; however, after the initial decline of concentrations (at L/S > 2) extended tailing is observed especially of elements occurring as oxides, which is not captured by the model.
In Denmark, increasing amounts of woody biomass are being used for the production of renewable energy, resulting in more wood ashes being generated. While these materials have been mainly landfilled, wood ashes may also be utilised for fertilizing and liming purposes on top of soils. Pre-treatments involving hardening or granulation may be carried out prior to soil application. In this study, two Danish wood ash samples were hardened and/or granulated. Lab-hardening induced rapid changes in the shape of the acid neutralisation capacity curve of the ashes. Up-flow column tests, assuming local equilibrium conditions, were employed to investigate the leaching from pre-treated ashes. Granules and loose ashes demonstrated similar leaching behaviours, indicating that similar geochemical processes were governing their leaching. In comparison with untreated fresh ashes, the hardened ashes demonstrated reduced leaching of Ca, Ba, Pb and Zn with concentration levels generally below or close to the analytical limits of quantification; to the contrary, the leaching of As, P, Sb, Si, V and Mg was enhanced in the hardened ashes. The release of alkalinity was reduced by hardening. In general, all granules were barely breakable by finger-pinching and they could withstand one month of continuous leaching, preserving their overall shape. The solubility of phosphorous in neutral ammonium citrate indicated that about 30–51% of the total P content in the ash samples was released, suggesting that the ashes could be potentially valuable as P-fertiliser if applied onto soil.
Biocides are commonly applied to construction materials such as facade renders and paints in order to protect them from microbial spoilage. These renders and paints are exposed to weathering conditions, e.g., sunlight and rain. Pigments are interacting intensively with the spectrum of the incoming light; thus, an effect of paint pigments on phototransformation rates and reaction pathways of the biocides is hypothesized.
In this study, the phototransformation of four commonly used biocides (carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and terbutryn) in four different paint formulations differing solely in pigments (red and black iron oxides, white titanium dioxide, and one pigment-free formulation) were investigated. Paints surfaces were irradiated under controlled conditions. The results show that biocides degrade most rapidly in the pigment-free formulation. The degradation in the pigment-free formulation followed a first-order kinetic model with the respective photolysis rate constants: kp,Diuron=0.0090 h−1, kp,OIT=0.1205 h−1, kp,Terbutryn=0.0079 h−1.
Carbendazim concentrations did not change significantly. The degradation was considerably lower in the pigment-containing paints. The determination of several phototransformation products of terbutryn and octylisothiazolinone showed different transformation product ratios dependent on the pigment. Consequently, pigments not only reflect the incoming light, but also interact with the biocide photodegradation.