4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (341) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (299)
- Deutsch (38)
- Chinesisch (2)
- Italienisch (1)
- Polnisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Leaching (14)
- Biocides (10)
- Phosphorus (10)
- Sewage sludge (9)
- Archaeometry (8)
- Bacteria (8)
- Bottom ash (8)
- Circular economy (7)
- Antimicrobial resistance (6)
- Biofilm (6)
- Construction products (6)
- Biofilms (5)
- Black fungi (5)
- DRIFTS (5)
- Ectoine (5)
- Evolution (5)
- Fertilizer (5)
- Fungi (5)
- Inks (5)
- Non-destructive testing (5)
- Phosphorus recovery (5)
- Thermal desorption (5)
- VOC (5)
- Degradation (4)
- Ecotoxicity (4)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (4)
- Gas chromatography (4)
- Incineration bottom ash (4)
- Ink (4)
- Klärschlamm (4)
- Mixed ink (4)
- Non-invasive analysis (4)
- PFAS (4)
- Papyrus (4)
- Polyethylene (4)
- Raman spectroscopy (4)
- Recycling (4)
- Reverse glass painting (4)
- Struvite (4)
- Termites (4)
- Wastewater (4)
- Wood protection (4)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (4)
- XANES spectroscopy (4)
- Bio-weathering (3)
- Biodeterioration (3)
- Corrosion (3)
- DHN melanin (3)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (3)
- Disinfection (3)
- Emission test chamber (3)
- Fertilzer (3)
- Geosynthetics (3)
- Geotextiles (3)
- Holzschutz (3)
- Indoor air quality (3)
- Ink analysis (3)
- Interlaboratory comparison (3)
- Knufia petricola (3)
- MIC (3)
- Manuscripts (3)
- NAP-XPS (3)
- Osmoadaptation (3)
- Pathogen (3)
- Phosphat (3)
- Phosphor (3)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (3)
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (3)
- Rostasche (3)
- Scandium (3)
- Sewage sludge ash (3)
- Soil (3)
- Standardisation (3)
- TXRF (3)
- Termite (3)
- Thermal treatment (3)
- Ultrafine particles (3)
- VVOC (3)
- Volatile organic compounds (3)
- Wood Protection (3)
- Zinc (3)
- Aerosol (2)
- Air pollution (2)
- Air quality monitoring (2)
- Air sampling (2)
- Analytical methods (2)
- Antimicrobial (2)
- Atomic and Molecular Physics and Optics (2)
- BEMMA (2)
- Bacterial adhesion (2)
- Bauprodukte (2)
- Biocorrosion (2)
- Bioinformatics (2)
- Bioreceptivity (2)
- Brown-rot fungi (2)
- Building and Construction (2)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (2)
- Cannibalism (2)
- Carbon ink (2)
- Cascade impactor (2)
- Circular Economy (2)
- Colourants (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (2)
- Condensed Matter Physics (2)
- Coptic (2)
- Corrosion evolution (2)
- Cultural heritage (2)
- DNA (2)
- Dead Sea Scrolls (2)
- Density separation (2)
- Design of experiments (2)
- Disposal repository (2)
- ESEM (2)
- Electric arc furnace dust (2)
- Electron microscopy (2)
- Emission (2)
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology (2)
- Entomopathogen (2)
- Environment (2)
- Ersatzbaustoff (2)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (2)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (2)
- Fluoride (2)
- Forsterite (2)
- Fuel Technology (2)
- Fungus (2)
- Geokunststoffe (2)
- Geruchsmessung (2)
- Gut microbiota (2)
- Halomonas elongata (2)
- Hazard properties (2)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (2)
- Horizontal gene transfer (2)
- ICP-MS (2)
- ISO 16000-6 (2)
- Immunity (2)
- Insect biotechnology (2)
- Iron-gall ink (2)
- Isoptera (2)
- Keratin (2)
- Klärschlammverordnung (2)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (2)
- Kulturelle Entomologie (2)
- LC-MS/MS (2)
- Langzeitverhalten (2)
- Lapis lazuli (2)
- Laser processing (2)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (2)
- Leaching control mechanisms (2)
- Leaching tests (2)
- Lysimeter (2)
- MOF (2)
- Magnesium (2)
- Marine littering (2)
- Mechanochemistry (2)
- Melting experiments (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Method development (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (2)
- Microbiota (2)
- Microcolonial fungi (2)
- Micropatterning (2)
- Microplastic (2)
- NanoSIMS (2)
- Nanoparticles (2)
- Non-destructiv testing (2)
- Nosema ceranae (2)
- Nuclear waste (2)
- Osmia bicornis (2)
- PGAA (2)
- PIXE (2)
- Particles (2)
- Passive sampling (2)
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (2)
- Pigment (2)
- Pigment analyses (2)
- Pigment identification (2)
- Polyglycerol (2)
- Provenance studies (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Raman (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Recycling fertilizer (2)
- Reference material (2)
- Secondary building materials (2)
- Social (2)
- Stress tolerance (2)
- Struvit (2)
- Subaerial biofilms (2)
- Substance release (2)
- Symbiosis (2)
- Tantal (2)
- Thermochemical treatment (2)
- Tineola bisselliella (2)
- Transcriptomics (2)
- Transformation (2)
- Virology (2)
- Virulence (2)
- Waste treatment (2)
- Waste-to-energy (2)
- Weathering (2)
- Wild bees (2)
- X-ray diffraction (2)
- XANES (2)
- XPS (2)
- XRF (2)
- pH sensor (2)
- (Semi)arid to humid-temperate natural ecosys (1)
- 13CO2 pulse labeling (1)
- 13th century (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 2D nanomaterials (1)
- 3D printer (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- A key interface (1)
- A-DNA conformation (1)
- AEROMET II (1)
- AEROMET project (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Abfalltrennung (1)
- Abfallverbrennung (1)
- Abfälle (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Abwasserreinigung (1)
- Accelerated aging (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acidobacteria (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone (1)
- Adipokinetic hormone receptor (1)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (1)
- Advanced groups of termites (1)
- Aerodynamic levitation (1)
- Aerosol gravimetry (1)
- Aerosol measurement instruments (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Aerosolsensor (1)
- Affinity chromatography (1)
- Ag-LDI-MS (1)
- Aging (1)
- Aging tests (1)
- Agricultural mycology (1)
- Agronomic performance (1)
- Agronomische Effizienz (1)
- Air analysis (1)
- Air pollution control (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Alkylating agents (1)
- Ambient aerosols (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Amphiphilic polymer (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Anaerobic pathways (1)
- Analytical Chemistry (1)
- Analytical screening techniques (1)
- Ancient document production (1)
- Animal immune system (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Antagonism (1)
- Antibacterial (1)
- Antibacterial coatings (1)
- Antibacterial polymer (1)
- Antibacterial surfaces (1)
- Antibiotic resistance (1)
- Antibiotics (1)
- Antibodies (1)
- Antifouling (1)
- Antimicrobial coating (1)
- Antimicrobial materials (1)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (1)
- Antimicrobial test (1)
- Antimicrobial testing (1)
- Antimicrobials (1)
- Antimony (1)
- Antimony black (stibnite) (1)
- Antiseptic agents (1)
- Aquatic fungi (1)
- Aqueous synthesis (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza (1)
- Archaea (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Artificial ageing (1)
- Artificial weathering (1)
- Ascosphaera apis (1)
- AshDec (1)
- Ashes (1)
- Aspergillus (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Astrobiology (1)
- Aufbereitung (1)
- Auslaugtest (1)
- Automated analysis (1)
- BAM Data Store (1)
- BAM-Zulassung (1)
- BESSY (1)
- BODIPY (1)
- BOFS (1)
- BTEX (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Bacterial cell cycle (1)
- Bacterial second messenger (1)
- Bagasse (1)
- Basidiomycetes (1)
- Basin (1)
- Bassanite (1)
- Batch tests (1)
- Bathyarchaeia (1)
- Bauxite Residue (1)
- Bauxite residue (1)
- Bawit (1)
- Bee diseases (1)
- Bee health (1)
- Behavioural mechanisms (1)
- Beneficial microbes (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Bewertungsverfahren (1)
- Bio-P-Kläranlage (1)
- Bio-based insulation (1)
- Bioceramics (1)
- Biocide tolerance (1)
- Biodeterioration and biodegradation (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofilm quantification (1)
- Biofouling (1)
- Biogenic weathering (1)
- Bioinformatics virology viruses software (1)
- Biokorrosion (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung (1)
- Biomimetic (1)
- Biosynthesis (1)
- Biotests (1)
- Biotic environment (1)
- Biozide (1)
- Biphasic growth (1)
- Black microcolonial fungi (1)
- Black writing ink (1)
- Blast furnace sludge (1)
- Blast-furnace sludge (1)
- Blattodea (1)
- Boden (1)
- Bodenmaterialien (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Building Material (1)
- Building materials (1)
- Built environment (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- C-di-GMP (1)
- CCQM (1)
- CEC-L-103 (1)
- CEN (1)
- CHC (1)
- COST action CA15114 AMICI (1)
- CPC calibration (1)
- CaNaPO4 (1)
- Calcareous deposits (1)
- Calcium alkali phosphate (1)
- Calcium carbonate (1)
- Calcium silicate (1)
- Calcium sulfate (1)
- Calibration transfer (1)
- Carbon steel (1)
- Carbon steel corrosion (1)
- Carolingian (1)
- Cathodic protection (1)
- Cell appendages (1)
- Cell studies (1)
- Cell-envelope (1)
- Cellulose ether (1)
- Cellulose synthase (1)
- Cerium oxide (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Chemical analysis (1)
- Chemical durability (1)
- Chemical ecology (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chemical extraction methods (1)
- Chemical recycling (1)
- Chemicals (1)
- Chemische Löslichkeit (1)
- Chemisches Recycling (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Chlorination (1)
- Chlorine (1)
- Chromitites (1)
- Clean steel (1)
- Cleridae (1)
- Climate gradient (1)
- Cloning vectors (1)
- Close proximity to colonies (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Cockroach (1)
- Cockroaches (1)
- Codex (1)
- Cognitive performance (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colorants (1)
- Colored glasses (1)
- Colouring (1)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (1)
- Combustion and gasification (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Community-level interactions (1)
- Comparison (1)
- Compatible solute (1)
- Comsumer good samples (1)
- Concept (1)
- Concrete (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Coniophora puteana (1)
- Conjugate (1)
- Conjugation (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Constantinomyces (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction product (1)
- Construction products regulation (CPR) (1)
- Consumer products (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Contraction (1)
- Control (1)
- Copper (1)
- Copper-based wood preservatives (1)
- Coptic manuscripts (1)
- Coptic papyri (1)
- Coptotermes (1)
- Core microbiome (1)
- Corrosion environment (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- Cross-feeding (1)
- Cross-resistance (1)
- Cross-sectioning (1)
- Cryo XPS (1)
- Cryptoendolithism (1)
- Crystalline phase identification (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- CuNPs (1)
- Cubical shape (1)
- Cupriavidus campinensis (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- DIN (1)
- DIN EN 16516 (1)
- DNA polymerase (1)
- DSM 5009 (1)
- Decomposition point (1)
- Degradable polymer (1)
- Dendrimer (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Deponie (1)
- Deponierung (1)
- Deponieverordnung (1)
- Desert ecology (1)
- Developing building materials (1)
- Dielectric heating (1)
- Dietary adaptation (1)
- Differential expression (1)
- Diffractive gratings (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Direct laser writing (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Disinfection Fuel (1)
- Disposal (1)
- Diversity (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Domestikation (1)
- Dothideomycetes (1)
- Draft Genome (1)
- Drawings (1)
- Driving rain (1)
- Dry treatment (1)
- Drywood termite (1)
- DsRNA (1)
- Dye (1)
- Dyes and pigments (1)
- Dynamic calibration gas mixtures (1)
- Dynamic surface leaching test (1)
- Düngemittel (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EAF slags (1)
- EN 717-3 (1)
- Earthen building materials (1)
- Ecotoxicity tests (1)
- Ecotoxicological tests (1)
- Ecotoxixity (1)
- Efficacy (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags (1)
- Electric arc furnace slags (1)
- Electronic (1)
- Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) (1)
- Electronic lab notebook (ELN) (1)
- Elektrolichtbogenofen (1)
- Elektronisches Laborbuch (1)
- Element mass concentration (1)
- Elemental aerosol analysis (1)
- Elemental composition (1)
- Elimination (1)
- Eluates (1)
- Eluatwerte (1)
- Elutionsverfahren (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission test method (1)
- Emission testing (1)
- Emissionen (1)
- Emissionsprüfung (1)
- Enamels (1)
- Entomopathogenic Fungus (1)
- Entropy (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Environmental Chemistry (1)
- Environmental Engineering (1)
- Environmental analysis (1)
- Environmental assessment (1)
- Environmental conditions (1)
- Environmental evaluation (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental simulations (1)
- Epidemal layer (1)
- Erfurt (1)
- Eurotiomycetes (1)
- Exergie (1)
- Exocrine gland (1)
- Expansion (1)
- Exposure (1)
- External (1)
- Extracellular enzymes (1)
- Extracellular pH (1)
- Extractable organic fluorine (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- Extremophile (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- F pili (1)
- FAT class concept (1)
- FFF-3D printer (1)
- FFF-3D printing (1)
- FFF-filament (1)
- FFF-printing (1)
- FT-Raman (1)
- FactSage calculations (1)
- FactSageTM calculations (1)
- Family archives (1)
- Faraday cup aerosol electrometer (1)
- Fassaden (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Fenton-like reaction (1)
- Fire-retardant paint (1)
- Flask method (1)
- Flexible shadow masks (1)
- Flow system (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescent microscopy (1)
- Fluoride nanoparticles (1)
- Fluorides (1)
- Fluorolytic sol-gel synthesis (1)
- Fluorolytic sol−gel (1)
- Flügel (1)
- Food (1)
- Food fermentation (1)
- Forest fires (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Formaldehyd (1)
- Formaldehyde (1)
- Formation enthalpy (1)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (1)
- Freisetzung (1)
- Fuel sorption (1)
- Functionalized graphene (1)
- Fungal decay (1)
- Fungal stress mechanisms and responses (1)
- Fungicidal property (1)
- Fungiculture (1)
- Fusarium (1)
- Fällmittel (1)
- GC-FID (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GDL (1)
- GNBP-2 (1)
- Gas analysis (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- General Chemistry (1)
- General Environmental Science (1)
- General Materials Science (1)
- General Medicine (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Genome (1)
- Genome sequence (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Giulio Romano (1)
- Global radiation (1)
- Granulat (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Graphene–bacteria interaction (1)
- Green facades (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Grouts (1)
- Growth-rate homeostasis (1)
- Gut symbionts (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- Gypsum plasterboards (1)
- Gypsum waste (1)
- Halogenation (1)
- Halophilic bacteria (1)
- Hausbockkäfer (1)
- Hazardous waste (1)
- Haze Samples (1)
- Hazenite (1)
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis (1)
- Healthcare (1)
- Heat capacity (1)
- Heat maps (1)
- Heavy metal free (1)
- Heavy metal removal (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Hebrew studies (1)
- Hellenistic (1)
- Herbaspirillum seropedicae (1)
- Herculaneum papyri (1)
- Hermopolis (1)
- Hi-Tension (1)
- High density polyethylene (1)
- History of Art (1)
- Holy Family (1)
- Holzschutzmittel (1)
- Holzwurm (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Honeybee (1)
- Hospital premises (1)
- Host and symbiont ecology (1)
- Host immunity (1)
- Hydration products (1)
- Hydrogen permeation (1)
- Hydrogen storage (1)
- Hydrogenasen (1)
- Hydrophobic interaction (1)
- Hygienic behavior (1)
- Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum, natural durability, tropical wood, native wood. (1)
- Hyperarid (1)
- Hypermutation (1)
- Hypopharynx (1)
- ICP-OES (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISO (1)
- ISO 22196 (1)
- ISO REMCO (1)
- ITS region (1)
- Idiopathic environmental intolerance (1)
- In situ (1)
- In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction (1)
- In-situ Process Monitoring (1)
- In-situ analysis (1)
- Incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures (1)
- Indirect photolysis (1)
- Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance (1)
- Indoor air (1)
- Indoor mycobiome (1)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (1)
- Industrial mycology (1)
- Infecting a number of insects, (1)
- Infections (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Infrared thermography (1)
- Ink analyses (1)
- Ink corrosion (1)
- Innenraumluft (1)
- Insect evolution (1)
- Insecticide (1)
- Instrumental analysis of ink (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Inter-comparison (1)
- Inter-lab comparison (1)
- Inter-laboratory test (1)
- Intercomparison (1)
- Interdisciplinarity (1)
- Intraparticle diffusion (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Ir DNA staining approach (1)
- Iron gall ink (1)
- Iron making (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Iron scrap (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Issues (1)
- Jig (1)
- Joint grouts (1)
- Kläranlage (1)
- Klärschlammasche (1)
- Knock-out mutant (1)
- Korynetes caeruleus (1)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- Laboratory breeding (1)
- Labrum (1)
- Laccase (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill lining (1)
- Laser printer emission (1)
- Laser-induced nanostructures (1)
- Laser-modified surface (1)
- Layer-by-Layer (1)
- Leaching of waste materials (1)
- Lead (1)
- Leather (1)
- Lichtbogenofen (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Lignocellulose (1)
- Limit values (1)
- Low alloy steel (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Low-molecular-weight organic substances (1)
- Luftgüte (1)
- MSWI bottom ash (1)
- MSWI fly ash (1)
- Major transition (1)
- Mantelverordnung (1)
- Manuscript (1)
- Manuscript studies (1)
- Map production and publishing (1)
- Maps and colours (1)
- Marble (1)
- Marek's Disease Virus (1)
- Marek's virus (1)
- Mask fabrication (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Materials Chemistry (1)
- Mathematical analysis (1)
- Mechanische Stabilität (1)
- Mechanisms of pathogenesis (1)
- Mechanosensitive channel (1)
- Medical mycology (1)
- Melanin (1)
- Melanin Adhesion (1)
- Melting point (1)
- Melting temperature (1)
- Metabolic engineering (1)
- Metabolic flux analysis (1)
- Metabolic modeling (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metadata (1)
- Metal recovery (1)
- Metals and Alloys (1)
- Metarhizium (1)
- Metarhizium robertsii DSM 1490 (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methanogen (1)
- Methanogene (1)
- Methanogens (1)
- Methods of scientific analysis (1)
- Microbe (1)
- Microbial abundance (1)
- Microbial adhesions (1)
- Microbial simulation, (1)
- Microbially Induced Corrosion (1)
- Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) (1)
- Microbiological influenced corrosion MIC (1)
- Microchamber (1)
- Micromonospora aurantiaca (1)
- Microorganisms (1)
- Microplastics (1)
- Microwaves (1)
- Middle Ages (1)
- Millipedes (1)
- Mineral (1)
- Mining (1)
- Mixed Inks (1)
- Mixture toxicity (1)
- Model (1)
- Model aerosols (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modelling studies (1)
- Modified mycotoxins (1)
- Moisture (1)
- Moisture performance (1)
- Molecular Organic Frameworks (1)
- Molecular clock (1)
- Molecular identification (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Monoterpene (1)
- Monoverbrennung (1)
- MscS (1)
- Mud volcanoe fluids (1)
- Multi-resistant bacteria (1)
- Multi-scale study (1)
- Multicellularity (1)
- Multidisciplinary (1)
- Multilocus phylogeny (1)
- Multiple Displacement Amplification (1)
- Multiple chemical sensitivity (1)
- Multiple lines of evidence (1)
- Multiport (1)
- Municipal sewage sludge (1)
- Museum (1)
- Museumsschädling (1)
- Mussel-inspired coating (1)
- Mussel-inspired materials (1)
- Mutation rate (1)
- MySpot (1)
- Mycotoxin (1)
- Müllverbrennung (1)
- N and K analog tracer (1)
- NGS (1)
- NIR imaging (1)
- Nachsorge (1)
- Nano (1)
- Nano CRM (1)
- Nano Particles (1)
- Nano-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Nano-materials (1)
- NanoPlattform (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanomaterials (1)
- Nanoparticle (1)
- Nanopowder (1)
- Nanosensor (1)
- Natural abundance of 15N (1)
- Natural durability (1)
- Natural ecosystems (1)
- Natural products discovery (1)
- Near ambient x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Near-infrared refectography (1)
- Near-infrared refelctography (1)
- Neozoon (1)
- Neuropeptide (1)
- New exocrine organ (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Nickel (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Nitrogen fixation (1)
- Nitrogen uptake (1)
- Nitrososphaerales (1)
- Nitrous oxide (1)
- Non-destructive Materials (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Non-invasive (1)
- Non-invasive scientific methods (1)
- Non-vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Nonspecific binding (NSB) (1)
- Nonvolatile (1)
- Normung (1)
- Nostoc punctiforme (1)
- Novelle BBodSchV (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Nutrient acquisition (1)
- Nutrient cycles (1)
- Nutrient uplift and recyclin (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- OECD (1)
- OIT (1)
- Oddy test (1)
- Oil (1)
- Olivine (1)
- One-step ionic liquids synthesis (1)
- Open data (1)
- OpenBIS (1)
- Optical properties of ink (1)
- Optical and Magnetic Materials (1)
- Organic contaminants (1)
- Organic phosphorus breakdown (1)
- Osmotic shock (1)
- Osteogenesis (1)
- Oxide melts (1)
- Oxyfuel-Verbrennung (1)
- P sink method (1)
- P speciation (1)
- P-Recyclingdünger (1)
- P-efficiency (1)
- P. Fluorescens (1)
- PAK (1)
- PM monitors (1)
- PV modules (1)
- Painting (1)
- Paper sizings (1)
- Particle emission (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Particle synthesis (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Parylene C (1)
- Pathogen spillover (1)
- Pathogen transmission (1)
- Pathogen virulence (1)
- Pentimenti (1)
- Peptide-derived components (1)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkly substances (PFASs) (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (1)
- Performance (1)
- Permeability (1)
- Permeat (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Persian historical recipes (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Pest control (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Pflanzenverfügbarkeit (1)
- Pflanzenwurzel (1)
- Phase formation (1)
- Phase transformation (1)
- Phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- Phenotypic variation (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphate dynamics (1)
- Phosphate extractability and availability (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphor-Rückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorous recovery (1)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorus K-edge-XANES spectroscopy (1)
- Phosphorus availability (1)
- Phosphorus elimination (1)
- Phosphorus plant-availability (1)
- Phosphous recovery (1)
- Photocatalytic surfaces (1)
- Photodynamic therapy (1)
- Photometric P determination (1)
- Photonics (1)
- Phototrophs (1)
- Phyllosphere (1)
- Physical and optical characteristics (1)
- Pilot comparison (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Plant Experiment (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Plant economic spectrum (1)
- Plant pathogen (1)
- Plastic degradation (1)
- Plastic waste (1)
- Platinum (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Polydopamine (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- Polyioinic liquid (1)
- Polymer-based products (1)
- Polymerase mutant (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polystyrene (1)
- Polyurethanes (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Portrayal of St Joseph (1)
- Pot experiments (1)
- Potential toxic elements (1)
- Probiotic-based vaccines (1)
- Probiotics (1)
- Process Metallurgy (1)
- Process development (1)
- Process upscaling (1)
- Proficiency testing (1)
- Proofreading deficient (1)
- Prospective risk assessment (1)
- Proteome (1)
- Proton conductivity (1)
- Pseudomonas fluorescens (1)
- Pseudomonas veronii (1)
- Ptinidae (1)
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health (1)
- Purification (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- Pyrolysis (1)
- Pyrometallurgie (1)
- Quasispecies (1)
- RNA interference (1)
- RNA-Seq (1)
- RNA-Sequencing (1)
- RNAi (1)
- Radio waves (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radon (1)
- Radon exhalation (1)
- Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Raphael school (1)
- Reactive oxygen species (1)
- Reactor conditions (1)
- Real-time qPCR (1)
- Recipes (1)
- Recovery potential (1)
- Recovery rate (1)
- Recycled gypsum (1)
- Recycled sources (1)
- Recyclingdüngemittel (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Red mud (1)
- Redensarten (1)
- Reductive decomposition (1)
- Reductive defluorination (1)
- Reduktionsprozess (1)
- Reference materials (1)
- Reference method (1)
- Reference nanoparticles (1)
- Reference organisms (1)
- Reference samples (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Relative agronomische Effizienz (RAE) (1)
- Religion (1)
- Rembrandt (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Research Data Infrastructure (1)
- Research Data Management (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Resistance model (1)
- Resource Recovery (1)
- Resources (1)
- Retentat (1)
- Reverse paintings on glass (1)
- Reworking (1)
- Rhenanite (1)
- Rhizopus (1)
- Rhizopus and Aspergillus oryzae (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Rhizosphere effect (1)
- Rhizosphere processes (1)
- Rhodonia placenta (1)
- Rice (1)
- Road construction waste (1)
- Robustness validation (1)
- Rock biofilm (1)
- Root economics space (1)
- Rostral gland (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- Rround robin test (1)
- Ruthenium (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SEM (1)
- SEM micrography (1)
- SEM wood characterization (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SVOC (1)
- Safety (1)
- Salts (1)
- Sample preparation (1)
- Sapphire (1)
- Sc recovery (1)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- Scanning micro-X-ray fluorescence (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) (1)
- Schmetterlinge (1)
- Scribal corrections (1)
- Secondary P-fertilizer (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Secondary raw materials (1)
- Selective Chlorination (1)
- Selective chlorination (1)
- Selective quantification (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (1)
- Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) (1)
- Semivolatile organic compounds (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Sequence annotation (1)
- Sequential extraction (1)
- Sets of archaeometric data (1)
- Setzmaschine (1)
- Sewage Sludge (1)
- Sewage Sludge Ashes (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (SSA) (1)
- Sewage sludge disposal (1)
- Short crack propagation (1)
- Silica and polystyrene nanoparticles (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Silicon carbide (1)
- Silver (1)
- Single cell (1)
- Single cell microbiology (1)
- Sixteenth-century painting technique (1)
- Size (1)
- Size exclusion chromatography (1)
- Size resolved chemical composition (1)
- Social Immunity (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Social insect (1)
- Social insects (1)
- Sociality (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil contact (1)
- Soil incubation study (1)
- Soil-feeding habit (1)
- Soil-like material (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solar panels (1)
- Soldier (1)
- Solid phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solid-liquid extraction (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solitary bees (1)
- Solute excretion (1)
- Solvents (1)
- Solvolyse (1)
- Solvolysis (1)
- Sorption (1)
- Spectral imaging (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Sprache (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standsicherheit (1)
- Steelmaking residues (1)
- Stoichiometric homeostasis (1)
- Stone cultural heritage (1)
- Stop/flow experiments model (1)
- Strategy and Management (1)
- Stress conditions (1)
- Sub-4nm particles (1)
- Subjective complaints (1)
- Subsocial (1)
- Subsoil nutrient tracing (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Sum parameter (1)
- Sum parameter analysis (1)
- Suppression (1)
- Surface interactions (1)
- Surface water (1)
- Surface waters (1)
- Survival rates (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- Synchrotron radiation (1)
- Synergy (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- Synthetic metabolism (1)
- Synthetic organic pigments (1)
- Systematics (1)
- Tannins (1)
- Targeted and nontargeted (1)
- Targeting, Nanoparticles (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Temperate rain forest (1)
- Temperature and humidity (1)
- Temple Scroll (1)
- Tems (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Termite-associated microbes (1)
- Termiten (1)
- Termitoidae (1)
- Textilschädling (1)
- Thermal analysis (1)
- Thermal degradation (1)
- Thermo-desorption (1)
- Thermocouple (1)
- Thermodynamic (1)
- Thioimidazolium (1)
- Time resolved chemical composition (1)
- Torah (1)
- Torah scrolls (1)
- Touch surfaces (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Tripartite interactions (1)
- UV radiation (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- Ultrastructure (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Umweltmessung (1)
- Umweltsimulation (1)
- Umweltverträglichkeit (1)
- Up-cycling (1)
- UpConversion (1)
- Urban mining (1)
- Ureolytic bacteria (1)
- Utilisation (1)
- VOC emission (1)
- VOC-Emission (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Vanadium (1)
- Vasari (1)
- Vegetationsversuche (1)
- Vererbung (1)
- Vergleichende Linguistik (1)
- Verwertung (1)
- Viruses (1)
- Vitrine (1)
- Vitriolic iron-gall inks (1)
- Vorsorgewerte (1)
- Waste (1)
- Waste incineration (1)
- Waste management (1)
- Waste water (1)
- Water (1)
- Water analysis (1)
- Water atmosphere (1)
- Water contact (1)
- Water stable isotope analysis (1)
- Water uptake (1)
- Weld fatigue (1)
- Weld toe geometry (1)
- Wet-mechanical treatment (1)
- White-rot fungi (1)
- Wood Modification (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- Wood samples (1)
- Wooden toys (1)
- Writing materials (1)
- X-Ray analysis (1)
- X-Ray flourescence spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray adsorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) (1)
- X-ray fuorescence (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray tomographic (1)
- XRF imaging (1)
- XRF ink analysis (1)
- Yeast (1)
- ZIF (1)
- ZIF-8 (1)
- Zearalenone (1)
- Zearalenone sulfate (1)
- Zentrat (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zinc chloride (1)
- Zinc oxide (1)
- Zinnschlacke (1)
- a-zearalenol (1)
- dsDAN monolayer (1)
- fertilizer (1)
- iChip (1)
- microspectroscopy (1)
- openBIS (1)
- pH (1)
- pH probe (1)
- pHe (1)
- qPCR (1)
- soil (1)
- underexplored phyla (1)
- x-ray diffraction (1)
- ‘Green’ pesticide (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (341)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (93)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (74)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (56)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (54)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (44)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (38)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (33)
- 6 Materialchemie (31)
- 1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik (12)
Paper des Monats
- ja (19)
Wild bees are important pollinators for agricultural crops and solitary species such as Osmia bicornis are particularly suitable for pollination management. Wild bees share floral resources with managed honey bees and may be exposed to emerging infectious diseases. Although studies have explored the prevalence of pathogens in solitary wild bee species, data regarding the impact of pathogens on solitary bee health are lacking.
We carried out experiments examining whether the solitary bee species O. bicornis is susceptible to infection with the emerging pathogen The results obtained indicate that N. ceranae may be able to infect O. bicornis but its impact on host fitness is negligible: survival rates did not differ between Control and inoculated bees, although male survival was marginally lower after infection. To explore the possible field-relevance of our findings, we collected wild bees near an infected and a non-infected hive and showed that N. ceranae was shared between managed and wild bees, although only the in presence of infected honey bees.
The findings of the present study show that O. bicornis is susceptible to pathogen spillover and could act as a potential reservoir host for N. ceranae in pollinator networks. Additional studies on this species incorporating sublethal effects, multiple infections and other interacting stressors are warranted.
Termitidae comprises 80% of all termite species that play dominant decomposer roles in Tropical cosystems. Two major events during Termite evolution were the loss of cellulolytic gut protozoans in the ancestor of Termitidae and the subsequent gain in the termitid subfamily Macrotermitinae of fungal symbionts cultivated externally in ‘‘combs’’ constructed within the nest. How these symbiotic transitions occurred remains unresolved. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial data previously suggested that Macrotermitinae is the earliest branching termitid lineage, followed soon after by Sphaerotermitinae, which cultivates bacterial symbionts on combs inside its nests. This has led to the hypothesis that comb building was an important evolutionary step in the loss of gut protozoa in ancestral termitids. We sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of 55 termite species and reconstructed phylogenetic trees from up to 4,065 orthologous genes of 68 species. We found strong support for a novel sister-group relationship between the bacterial comb-building Sphaerotermitinae and fungus comb-building Macrotermitinae.
This key finding indicates that comb building is a derived trait within Termitidae and that the creation of a comb-like ‘‘external rumen’’ involving bacteria or fungi may not have driven the loss of protozoa from ancestral termitids, as previously hypothesized.
Instead, associations with gut prokaryotic symbionts, combined with dietary shifts from wood to other plant-based substrates, may have played a more important role in this symbiotic transition. Our phylogenetic tree provides a platform for future studies of comparative termite evolution and the evolution of symbiosis in this taxon.
This work presents the non-destructive spectroscopic characterisation of original Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS)parchment fragments from Ronald Reed collection. The fragments are of paramount importance becausethey have never been subjected to any treatment of preservation and restoration, this allows to investi-gate the manufacturing method of real original Jewish parchments. The manufacture of “sacred” Jewishparchments, in fact, is traditionally supposed to use a superficial tannin treatment. To study the DSS frag-ments, it was necessary both to analyse mock-up samples, especially manufactured in order to reproduceancient Oriental Jewish ritual parchments, and to compare the results with those obtained in the analysisof modern and ancient Western Jewish ritual parchments, in order to test the effectiveness of the selectedspectroscopic techniques. Traditionally, the main difference between Oriental and Western traditionalparchment preparation consisted in the dehairing method: enzymatic for Oriental and lime-based forWestern. Moreover, a finishing treatment with tannin was supposed to be applied on ritual Jewish parch-ments. The need of reference samples derives from the knowledge that each parchment preparation,treatment and degradation can induce structural modifications that affect the spectral features. FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy by Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR-FTIR), FT-Raman and m-Ramanwere used in this study. The experimental results allowed us to recognise, with different sensitivity, thepresence of tannin by using m-Raman and IR spectroscopies and to prove that not all the archaeologicalsamples were manufactured in the same way with vegetal extracts. Many salts (tschermigite, dolomite,calcite, gypsum and iron carbonate) were found on the surface of DSS fragments. They can derive fromthe degradation processes and storage environment before the discovery or from the manufacture. More-over, the different sensitivities and instrumental characteristics of the used techniques permitted us toestablish an analytical protocol, useful for further studies of similar materials.
The miraculously preserved 2000-year-old Dead Sea Scrolls, ancient texts of invaluable historical significance, were discovered in the mid-20th century in the caves of the Judean desert. The texts were mainly written on parchment and exhibit vast diversity in their states of preservation. One particular scroll, the 8-m-long Temple Scroll is especially notable because of its exceptional thinness and bright ivory color. The parchment has a layered structure, consisting of a collagenous base material and an atypical inorganic overlayer. We analyzed the chemistry of the inorganic layer using x-ray and Raman spectroscopies and discovered a variety of evaporitic sulfate salts. This points toward a unique ancient production technology in which the parchment was modified through the addition of the inorganic layer as a writing surface. Furthermore, understanding the properties of these minerals is particularly critical for the development of suitable conservation methods for the preservation of these invaluable historical documents.
Larvae and adults of Korynetes caeruleus (de Geer 1775) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) were collected from old churches and reared in the laboratory on Anobium punctatum (de Geer 1774) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae). Breeding success of K. caeruleus was low, but basic parameters of this species’ developmental cycle were identifi ed. At 21°C and 75% relative humidity and a fourmonth cold period at 4°C, the development of K. caeruleus from egg to adult appearance lasted 2 years. The pupal stage may be reached and completed after one and a half years. Feeding on larvae of A. punctatum by larvae of K. caeruleus was observed and consisted of a combination of sucking haemolymph and consuming body parts. The sickle-like mandibles of larvae of K. caeruleus penetrate the cuticle of prey larvae; this is followed by pumping and sucking body movements. Adult beetles of A. punctatum were not attacked by K. caeruleus larvae. Feeding behaviour of adult K. caeruleus was not investigated.
The ISO 16000 standard series provide guidelines for emission measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials. However, polymer-based consumer products such as toys may also release harmful substances into indoor air. In such cases, the existing standard procedures are unsuitable for official control laboratories due to high costs for large emission testing chambers. This paper aims at developing and comparing alternative and more competitive methods for the emission testing of consumer products. The influence of the emission chamber size was investigated as smaller chambers are more suited to the common size of consumer products and may help to reduce the costs of testing. Comparison of the performance of a 203 l emission test chamber with two smaller chambers with the capacity of 24 l and 44 ml, respectively, was carried out by using a polyurethane reference material spiked with 14 VOCs during the course of 28 days. The area-specific emission rates obtained in the small chambers were always similar to those of the 203 l reference chamber after a few hours. This implies that smaller chambers can provide at least useful numbers on the extent of polymer-based consumer product emissions into indoor air, thereby supporting meaningful exposure assessments.
The container of high-level radioactive waste (HLRW) being in deep geological disposal, the backfill material is needed to serve as the second defense for HLRW and the highly compacted bentonite is generally selected. As the time goes, the underground water will infiltrate the backfill, causing the corrosion of materials for the building of containers in the formed electrolyte. Carbon steel, titanium and its alloy are the potential candidate materials for the fabrication of HLRW containers.
The current investigation aims at assessing the safety of HLRW container in deep geological disposal for hundreds of thousands of years and facilitating the material selection for future Container fabrication by estimating their corrosion behavior in compacted bentonite with a series of moisture content at different temperatures through electrochemical methods including open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization curve (PC) measurements. The corrosion rates were estimated for a carbon steel, a pure titanium and a titanium alloy in compacted Gaomiaozi Bentonite infiltrated with simulated underground water in Beishan area of China over an expected disposal period up to 106 years respectively, showing that titanium and its alloy are more reliable materials for building HLRW containers than carbon steel.
An understanding of the interactions of 2D nanomaterials with pathogens is of vital importance to developing and controlling their antimicrobial properties. In this work, the interaction of functionalized graphene with tunable hydrophobicity and bacteria is investigated. Poly-(ethylene glycol)-block-(poly-N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymer (PEG-b-PNIPAM) with the triazine joint point was attached to the graphene Surface by a nitrene [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction. By thermally switching between hydrophobic and hydrophilic states, functionalized graphene sheets were able to bind to bacteria. Bacteria were eventually disrupted when the functionality was switched to the hydrophobic state. On the basis of measuring the different microscopy methods and a live/dead viability assay, it was found that Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are more susceptible to hydrophobic interactions than B. cereus bacteria, under the same conditions. Our investigations confirm that hydrophobic interaction is one of the main driving forces at the presented graphene/bacteria interfaces and promotes the antibacterial activity of graphene derivatives significantly.
In this study, femtosecond laser-induced sub-micrometer structures are generated to modify polyethylene (PE) surface topographies. These surfaces were subjected to bacterial colonization studies with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as test strains. The results reveal that the nanostructures do not influence S. aureus coverage, while the adhesion of E. coli is reduced.
Phosphorus (P) recycling from sewage sludge for agricultural needs has to meet requirements for agricultural implementation, such as short and long-term P-plant-availability under field conditions. Field experiments often bring no evaluable results, because agricultural soils got a high potential of P-supply even if they are classified as low in P-supply according to the CAL extraction method. The present study presents a possible way to investigate the P-plant-availability of P-recycling-fertilizers under field-like conditions. The plant experiments are firstly performed in small Mitscherlich pots in growth chambers and subsequently in containers with a high soil volume of 170 kg under greenhouse conditions, in which plants can grow until ripening. The tested P-recycling fertilizers were produced from sewage sludge in a large-scale thermal process. It was a two-step treatment process performed with a pyrolysis of sewage sludge at 550°C (SSC-550) and a subsequent thermochemical post-treatment at 950°C with Na2SO4 (SSA-Na) and HCl + Na2SO4 (SSA-HCl/Na) as additives. The results show, that the P-recycling-products from pyrolysis got an adequate long-term but a 65% lower short-term P-plant-availability compared to triple superphosphate. SSA-Na and SSA-HCl/Na show both a high short and longterm P-plant-availability comparable to triple-superphosphate. This can be explained by their highly plant-available P-compound CaNaPO4.
The objective of this study is to find out, to what extent the geochemical characteristics of lapis lazuli can be utilized in respect to its provenance. A wide range of variables is taken into consideration depending on the quantity of samples analysed from a specific geological region and the methods applied. In order to provide evidence, a multi-technique analytical approach using µXRF, ESEM, PGAA and PIXE is applied to samples from the most famous deposits of lapis lazuli. Special elements determined as fingerprints are compared in relation to the forming conditions obvious in textural features. The results and statistical output allow a differentiation that enables an optimized local classification of the blue stone. An absolute requirement for all geo-tracing performed on blue colored cultural objects of unknown provenance is awareness of the limits of analysis. The possible sources of lapis lazuli are tested by analysing the blue pigment used as paint on murals and ink on manuscripts from the Silk Road.
Tempeh is a common food in Indonesia, produced by fungal fermentation of soybeans using Rhizopus sp., as well as Aspergillus oryzae, for inoculation. Analogously, for economic reasons, mixtures of maize and soybeans are used for the production of so-called tempeh-like products. For maize, a contamination with the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) has been frequently reported. ZEN is a mycotoxin which is known to be metabolized by Rhizopus and Aspergillus species. Consequently, this study focused on the ZEN transformation during tempeh fermentation. Five fungal strains of the genera Rhizopus and Aspergillus, isolated from fresh Indonesian tempeh and authentic Indonesian inocula, were utilized for tempeh manufacturing from a maize/soybean mixture (30:70) at laboratory-scale. Furthermore, comparable tempeh-like products obtained from Indonesian markets were analyzed. Results from the HPLC-MS/MS analyses show that ZEN is intensely transformed into its metabolites alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZEL), ZEN-14-sulfate, alpha-ZEL-sulfate, ZEN-14-glucoside, and ZEN-16-glucoside in tempeh production. alpha-ZEL, being significantly more toxic than ZEN, was the main metabolite in most of the Rhizopus incubations, while in Aspergillus oryzae fermentations ZEN-14-sulfate was predominantly formed. Additionally, two of the 14 authentic samples were contaminated with ZEN, alpha-ZEL and ZEN-14-sulfate, and in two further samples, ZEN and alpha-ZEL, were determined. Consequently, tempeh fermentation of ZEN-contaminated maize/soybean mixture may lead to toxification of the food item by formation of the reductive ZEN metabolite, alpha-ZEL, under model as well as authentic conditions.
Rice is staple food of nearly half the world’s population. Rice yields must therefore increase to feed ever larger populations. By colonising rice and other plants, Herbaspirillum spp. stimulate plant growthand productivity. However the molecular factors involved are largely unknown. To further explore this interaction, the transcription profiles of Nipponbare rice roots inoculated with Herbaspirillum seropedicae were determined by RNA-seq. Mapping the 104 million reads against the Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare genome produced 65 million unique mapped reads that represented 13,840 transcripts each with at least two-times coverage. About 7.4% (1,014) genes were differentially regulated and of these 255 changed expression levels more than two times. Several of the repressed genes encoded proteins related to plant defence (e.g. a putative probenazole inducible protein), plant disease resistance as well as enzymes involved in flavonoid and isoprenoid synthesis. Genes related to the synthesis and efflux of phytosiderophores (PS) and transport of PS-iron complexes were induced by the bacteria. These data suggest that the bacterium represses the rice defence system while concomitantly activating iron uptake. Transcripts of H. seropedicae were also detected amongst which transcripts of genes involved in nitrogen fixation, cell motility and cell wall synthesis were the most expressed.
RNA virus populations are composed of highly diverse individuals that form a cloud of related sequences commonly referred to as a ‘quasispecies’1–3. This diversity arises as a consequence of low-fidelity genome replication4,5. By contrast, DNA Virus populations contain more uniform individuals with similar fitness6.
Genome diversity is often correlated with increased Fitness in RNA viruses, while DNA viruses are thought to require more faithful genome replication. During DNA replication, erroneously incorporated bases are removed by a 3′-5′ exonuclease, a highly conserved enzymatic function of replicative DNA but not RNA polymerases. This proofreading process enhances replication fidelity and ensures the genome integrity of DNA organisms, including large DNA viruses7. Here, we show that a herpesvirus can tolerate impaired exonucleolytic proofreading, resulting in DNA virus populations, which, as in RNA viruses8, are composed of highly diverse genotypes of variable individual fitness. This indicates that herpesvirus mutant diversity may compensate for individual Fitness loss. Notably, in vivo infection with diverse virus populations results in a marked increase in virulence compared to genetically homogenous parental virus. While we cannot exclude that the increase in virulence is caused by selection of and/or interactions between individual genotypes, our findings are consistent with quasispecies dynamics. Our results contrast with traditional views of DNA virus replication and evolution, and indicate that a substantial increase in population diversity can lead to higher virulence.
Uranium and thorium species in phosphate rock and sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers
(2020)
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is thus often applied as phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers in agriculture to enable continuous farming. However, these P-fertilizers contain also hazardous uranium (U) and thorium (Th), up to 660 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, novel P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge (ash) contain only low mass fractions of U and Th. In addition to the total amount of U and Th in P-fertilizers, their mobility and bioavailability is important, which depends to a large extent on their chemical state, especially oxidation state and chemical bonding. Thus, we analyzed their chemical state in various P-fertilizers by U and Th L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectroscopy. Phosphate rocks and sewage sludge-based P-fertilizers contain mainly U(IV) compounds which have only a low bioavailability. In contrast, acidic treatment of phosphate rock to produce super phosphates lead to an oxidation to U(VI) compounds (including formation of uranium phosphates) with a strongly increased bioavailability. On the contrary, all analyzed P-fertilizers contain Th in form of strongly insoluble phosphates and oxides with a low bioavailability. Additionally performed water extractions and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) experiments support these findings.
Today glass is broadly used in modern architecture. For indoor applications it is possible to produce decorated glass by using enamel colours and glass painting techniques without any problems. However, this is more limited for applications out of doors. Humidity and environmental pollution attack the surface of the coating and can damage it. There are only a few colours on the market which are resistant towards acids and bases until now. Additionally, most of those colours are opaque. To extend the colour palette, chemically resistant low melting coloured glasses are being developed which are transparent and intensively toned even in thin coating thicknesses. To achieve such an ambitious aim, many parameters have to combine and act in a complex manner. New compositions of lead borosilicate, zinc borosilicate and lead-zinc borosilicate glasses were produced and milled as powder. The thermal properties as well as the environmental stability were analysed. The influence of PbO and ZnO on the thermal properties and the environmental stability were investigated. Evaluation of the fusing results shows that the production and mixture of transparent vitreous enamels for the exterior side of glasses is possible. The tests made it clear that the original materials for making the vitreous enamels must be excellently ground and prepared to achieve a satisfactory result. The method to produce durable vitreous enamels for exterior application also seems to allow the production of glass colours.
Mechanisms of olivine dissolution by rock-inhabiting fungi explored using magnesium stable isotopes
(2019)
To unravel the dissolution mechanisms of olivine by a rock-inhabiting fungus we determined the stable isotope ratios of Mg on solutions released in a laboratory experiment. We found that in the presence of the fungus Knufia petricola the olivine dissolution rates were about seven-fold higher (1.04×10−15 mol cm−2 s−1) than those in the abiotic experiments (1.43×10−16 mol cm−2 s−1) conducted under the same experimental condition (pH 6, 25 °C, 94 days). Measured element concentrations and Mg isotope ratios in the supernatant solutions in both the biotic and the abiotic experiment followed a dissolution trend in the initial phase of the experiment, characterized by non-stoichiometric release of Mg and Si and preferential release of 24Mg over 26Mg. In a later phase, the data indicates stoichiometric release of Mg and Si, as well as isotopically congruent Mg release. We Attribute the initial non-stoichiometric phase to the rapid replacement of Mg2+ in the olivine with H+ along with simultaneous polymerization of Si tetrahedra, resulting in high dissolution rates, and the stoichiometric phase to be influenced by the accumulation of a Si-rich amorphous layer that slowed olivine dissolution. We attribute the accelerated dissolution of olivine during the biotic experiment to physical attachment of K. petricola to the Si-richamorphous layer of olivine which potentially results in ist direct exposure to protons released by the fungal cells. These additional protons can diffuse through the Si-rich amorphous layer into the crystalline olivine. Our results also indicate the ability of K. petricola to dissolve Fe precipitates in the Si-rich amorphous layer either by protonation, or by Fe(III) chelation with siderophores. Such dissolution of Fe precipitates increases the porosity of the Si-rich amorphous layer and hence enhances olivine dissolution. The acceleration of mineral dissolution in the presence of a rock-dissolving fungus further suggests that its presence in surficial CO2 sequestration plants may aid to accelerate CO2 binding.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all life forms, and P-availability thus an important driver of a functioning agriculture. However, phosphate rock resources for P-fertilizer production are only available in a few countries. Therefore, P-recovery from waste materials has become of increasing interest during the last decade and has been investigated worldwide. In order to characterize potential novel P-fertilizers made from recycled materials, a large array of P-compound characterizations, chemical extractions and growth experiments were performed. This review bundles the work carried out in that field over the last years. Overall, P-fertilizers from recycled materials show a broad range of P-compounds with very different chemical structure and solubility. Growth experiments performed to assess their fertilizing effects display high variations for most of the products. While these experiments have demonstrated that some fertilizers made of recycled materials may reach P effects in the same order of magnitude as water-soluble phosphate rock-based fertilizers, an important limitation in their interpretation is the fact that they often vary considerably in their experimental design. The existing data show clearly that standardization of growth experiments is urgently needed to achieve comparable results. Standard chemical extractants used to assess the chemical solubility of P-fertilizers were found to be of limited reliability for predicting plant P uptake. Therefore, alternative methods such as sequential fractionation, or the extraction of incubated soil/fertilizer mixtures with standard soil extractants or with P sink methods should be tested more intensively in the future to provide alternative options to predict the P-availability of fertilizers from recycled materials.
An approach to achieve 'zero leakage' is discussed with respect to experience in Germany, where strict regulations for landfill lining and capping Systems have been developed and issued because of large environmental Problems related to landfills that accumulated in the 1970s and 1980s. Using a thick, high-quality high-density Polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GM) that is installed free of residual waves and wrinkles in intimate contact with a compacted clay liner or geosynthetic clay liner of very low permeability, by a qualified, experienced, well-equipped and properly third-party-controlled installer, and which is protected by heavy protection layers designed with respect to the long-term performance of the GM may result in a liner or capping system of practically no leakage. This is demonstrated by analysing results of measurements obtained from permanently installed leak-detection Systems in combination with HDPE GMs. The survey was based on 32 German landfills with 1.276.500 m² of installed GMs.
We present the design and fabrication of pH responsive ratiometric dual component sensor systems based on multicolor emissive upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) and pH sensitive BODIPY dyes with tunable pKa values embedded into a polymeric hydrogel matrix. The use of NIR excitable NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNPs enables background free read-out. Furthermore, the spectrally matching optical properties of the UCNPs and the dyes allow the UCNPs to serve as excitation light source for the analyteresponsive BODIPY as well as intrinsic reference. The blue upconversion luminescence (UCL) of NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNPs excited at 980 nm, that overlaps with the absorption of the pH-sensitive fluorophore, provides reabsorption based excitation of the dye, the spectrally distinguishable green fluorescence of which is switched ON upon protonation, preventing photoinduced electron transfer (PET) within the dye moiety, and the pH-inert red UCL act as reference. The intensities ratios of the dye’s fluorescence and the analyte-inert red Tm3+ UCL correlate directly with pH, which was successfully utilized for Monitoring timedependent pH changes of a suspension of quiescent E. coli metabolizing D-glucose.
Small-scale variations in mineral chemistry, textures, and platinum group element (PGE) mineralization were investigated in the Lower and Middle Group chromitite layers LG6, LG6a, MG1, MG2, and MG2 II from vertical drill core profiles at the Thaba mine in the northwestern limb of the Bushveld Complex. We present detailed geochemical profiles of chromite composition and chromite crystal size distribution curves to shed light on the processes of chromite accumulation and textural modification as well as mineralization. Multiple samples within each layer were assayed for PGE concentrations, and the respective platinum group mineral association was determined by mineral liberation analysis (MLA).
There is strong evidence for postcumulus changes in the chromitites. The crystal size distribution curves suggest that the primary chromite texture was coarsened by a combination of adcumulus growth and textural equilibration, while compaction of the crystal mush played only a minor role. Mineral compositions were also modified by postcumulus processes, but because of the very high modal amount of chromite and its local preservation in orthopyroxene oikocrysts, that phase retained much primary information. Vertical variations of chromite composition within chromitite layers and from one layer to another do not support the idea of chromite accumulation from crystal-rich slurries or crystal settling from a large magma chamber. Instead, we favor a successive buildup of chromitite layers by repeated injections of relatively thin layers of chromite-saturated magmas, with in situ crystallization occurring at the crystal mush-magma interface. The adcumulus growth of chromite grains to form massive chromitite required addition of Cr to the layers, which we attribute to downward percolation from the overlying magma.
The PGE concentrations are elevated in all chromitite layers compared to adjacent silicate rocks and show a systematic increase upward from LG6 (avg 807 ppb Ir + Ru + Rh + Pt + Pd + Au) to MG2 II (avg 2,062 ppb).
There are also significant internal variations in all layers, with enrichments at hanging and/or footwalls. The enriched nature of chromitites in PGEs compared to host pyroxenites is a General feature, independent of the layer thickness. The MLA results distinguish two principal groups of PGE mineral associations: the LG6, LG6, and MG1 are dominated by the malanite series, laurite, and PGE sulfarsenides, while the MG2 and MG2 II layers are characterized by laurite and PGE sulfides as well as Pt-Fe-Sn and PGE-Sb-Bi-Pb alloys. Differences in the PGE associations are attributed to postcumulus alteration of the MG2 and MG2 II layer, while the chromitites below, particularly LG6 and LG6a, contain a more pristine association.
The investigation of physical properties and chemical composition generates data important for answering cultural-historical questions that cannot be solved by historical and philological methods alone. Due to technological developments, technical diagnostics in art and culture are in ever-greater demand in such fields of transdisciplinary research. Natural sciences play auxiliary role in the studies of manuscripts. The success of their contribution depends strongly on the formulation of the question, the choice of the methods to obtain the requested answer, and appropriate reference databases. First, report was given on the measurements performed on local raw materials, such as, plants, minerals and animals, which constitute the reference session. Then, the first results of the scientific analysis of several fragments from the Malian manuscript collections were present.
This work addresses the identification of synthetic organic pigments (SOP) in eight modern reverse paintings on glass (1913–1946) by means of an in-situ multi-analytical approach. We combined the complementary properties of mobile Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to overcome the main disadvantages of each method: extensive band overlapping in DRIFT spectra and fluorescence problems in Raman spectra. A collection of DRIFTS reference spectra enables a precise pigment identification by DRIFTS and establishes this method as a serious non-destructive alternative for the identification of SOP. The group of β-naphthol pigments yielded valuable results for both methods, whereas synthetic alizarin (PR83) was preferentially detected by DRIFTS. Finally, uncommon triaryl carbonium pigments and two azo group-based yellows were identified in the paintings by means of Raman spectroscopy.
This work highlights the rediscovery of the technique of reverse glass painting by the artists of the “Blaue Reiter” collective in the early 20th-century and focusses particularly on the role of Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944). Kandinsky created more than 70 reverse paintings on glass and showed several of them in exhibitions together with paintings on canvas and cardboard, implying a coequal importance of these techniques. Four of his early (1911–1914) reverse glass paintings (Auferstehung, Allerheiligen II, Rudern, Apokalyptischer Reiter II) were selected for investigation and their iconography, painting techniques and painting materials were examined. Two paintings were executed on so-called cathedral glass, revealing a “hammered surface”, whereas Kandinsky used a corrugated glass panel for Rudern. A multi-analytical, non-invasive approach [X-ray fluorescence (XRF), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), VIS spectroscopy (VIS), Raman spectroscopy] was taken to identify the pigments and classify the binding media. The results reveal a broad palette of materials. Several pigments like lead white, zinc white, Strontium yellow, Prussian blue, viridian, cadmium yellow, ultramarine blue, cinnabar and carbon black were found in most of the four paintings. The use of the rare synthetic organic pigments PR60 and PB52 is discussed. In two works of art, cadmium carbonate is associated with cadmium yellow. The identification of aluminium foil along with tin foils in Rudern indicates an early use of this material for reverse glass paintings.
The objective of this study is to find out, to what extent the geochemical characteristics of lapis lazuli can be utilized in respect to its provenance. A wide range of variables is taken into consideration depending on the quantity of samples analysed from a specific geological region and the methods applied. In order to provide evidence, a multi-technique analytical approach using µXRF, ESEM, PGAA and PIXE is applied to samples from the most famous deposits of lapis lazuli. Special elements determined as fingerprints are compared in relation to the forming conditions obvious in textural features. The results and statistical output allow a differentiation that enables an optimized local classification of the blue stone. An absolute requirement for all geo-tracing performed on blue colored cultural objects of unknown provenance is awareness of the limits of analysis. The possible sources of lapis lazuli are tested by analysing the blue pigment used as paint on murals and ink on manuscripts from the Silk Road.
Draft standards for the determination of organic pollutants in the solid matter of environmental matrices such as sludge, treated biowaste and soil have been basically developed in the framework of the European standardization project HORIZONTAL. A research project financed by the German Federal Environment Agency was initiated to finalize some of these CEN standard drafts, since fully validated standard procedures are crucial for the evaluation of their reliability in the context of implementation in legislation on environmental health.
Approach: Appropriate test materials (< 2mm particle size) were prepared and homogenized from contaminated soils, sludge and treated biowaste containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, furans and dioxin-like-PCB and served, along with reference solutions, as the basis for international interlaboratory comparisons. Performance data of three analytical standard procedures were obtained by the statistical evaluation of results received from 11 to 29 participants per test material.
Results: The overall variation coefficients of reproducibility (between-lab standard deviations) for the sum parameters were roughly between 10 and 35 %. The variation coefficients of repeatability (within-lab standard deviations) range between 3 % and 8 % and show no trend considering the substance groups or matrices.
The highest coefficients of reproducibility were found for the analysis of PAHs, which were between 26 and 35 %, depending on the matrix, whereas 7-17 % reproducibility was observed for toxicity equivalents (TEQ) comprising dioxins, furans and dl-PCB.
Conclusions: Overall, the results confirm that the procedures described in the Technical Specifications are fit for purpose for all three matrices and that the feasibility of the HORIZONTAL approach, to cover several matrices with one standard per analyte, was thereby proven.
Die P-Rückgewinnung aus Teilströmen mit erhöhten P-Gehalten kann direkt in den Kläranlagenbetrieb integriert werden und führt dort in vielen Fällen zu betrieblichen und ökonomischen Vorteilen. Sie ist in der Regel auf Bio-P-Kläranlagen beschränkt, da hier die anaerobe P-Rücklösung initiiert und genutzt werden kann. Durch die reine P-Rücklösung durch Schaffung anaerober Bedingungen ist allerdings das Potential der Rückgewinnung auf 5 bis 15 Prozent der Zulauffracht limitiert.
Die meisten Kläranlagen in Deutschland werden mit einer chemischen Phosphor-Fällung betrieben. Diese Anlagen können aus dem Klärschlamm Phosphat in ausreichend hoher Konzentration nur zurückgewinnen, indem zusätzlich anorganische Säuren wie Schwefelsäure zugeführt werden oder ein Aufschluss mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid stattfindet. Es wird angenommen, dass sich mit diesen Verfahren mehr als 50 Prozent der Zulauffracht einer Kläranlage zurückgewinnen lassen. Der Aufschluss von Klärschlamm mit Schwefelsäure geht aber mit vergleichsweise hohen Umweltwirkungen sowie mit höheren Kosten im Vergleich zu anderen Phosphor-Rückgewinnungsverfahren einher. Ein sehr hohes Potential der Rückgewinnung von Phosphor (P) ist bei allen Verfahren gegeben, die als Rohstoff die Asche aus der Monoverbrennung verwerten. Der Aufschluss mit anorganischen Säuren ermöglicht die sichere Phosphor-Rückgewinnung von mehr als 80% Prozent des Kläranlagenzulaufs. Die Verfahren sind zum Teil großtechnisch umgesetzt oder es befinden sich großtechnische Anlagen im Bau. Auch thermochemische Verfahren wurden entwickelt und deren Einsatzbereitschaft im großtechnischen Maßstab erfolgreich demonstriert. In dem nachfolgenden Beitrag werden unterschiedliche praxiserprobte Verfahren zur Phosphor-Rückgewinnung unter technischen und wirtschaftlichen Aspekten vorgestellt.
Die agronomische Effizienz von Düngemitteln wird üblicherweise in Vegetationsversuchen geprüft. Diese erlauben die es, unterschiedliche Kulturpflanzen und deren Strategien der Nährstoffmobilisierung und -aneignung zu betrachten und verschiedene Substrattypen und deren Eigenschaften im Hinblick auf Nährstofffixierung und -freisetzung zu berücksichtigen. Solche Versuche, selbst wenn sie nicht im Feld, sondern nur im Gefäß durchgeführt werden, sind jedoch sowohl zeit- als auch kostenintensiv. In erster Näherung wird die Pflanzenverfügbarkeit insbesondere von Phosphor (P)-Düngemitteln daher in der Regel mit Hilfe standardisierter chemischer Extraktionsmethoden abgeschätzt, deren Durchführung in der deutschen ebenso wie in der europäischen Düngemittelverordnung normiert ist. Diese Methoden werden auch bei der staatlichen Düngemittelverkehrskontrolle genutzt, um zu überprüfen, ob die düngemittelrechtlichen Vorgaben eingehalten werden. Wie jüngere Arbeiten gezeigt haben, ist es jedoch schwierig, herkömmliche Standardextraktionsmethoden auf neue Dünger aus Recyclingmaterialien wie Klärschlamm zu übertragen. Korrelationen zwischen P-Aufnahme im Vegetationsversuch und chemischer Löslichkeit im Standardextrakt sind oft nur mäßig bis schwach oder überhaupt nicht signifikant. Die vorliegende Literaturübersicht gibt einen Überblick zum aktuellen Stand des Wissens über die chemische Löslichkeit von klärschlammbasierten P-Recyclingdüngern, deren Effizienz im Vegetationsversuch und statistische Relationen zwischen beiden Parametern. Anschließend werden alternative Methoden zur Abschätzung der P-Verfügbarkeit von Recyclingdüngern vorgestellt, die derzeit Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion sind.
Leaching processes are responsible for the release of biocides from treated materials into the environment.
Adequate modeling of emission processes is required in order to predict emission values in the framework of the risk assessment of biocidal products intended for long-term service life. Regression approaches have been applied to data obtained from the long-term monitoring of biocide emissions in experiments involving semi-field conditions. Due to the complex interaction of different underlying mechanisms such as water and biocide diffusion and desorption, however, these attempts have proven to be of limited usefulness e at least, for the available biocide emission data. It seems that the behavior of the biocide emission curve depends to a considerable extent on whichever underlying mechanism is slowest at a given point in time, thus limiting the amount of biocide available for release. Building on results obtained in the past few years, the authors propose a criterion for determining which mechanism controls the leaching process at a given point in time based on the slope of the log-log emission curve. In addition, a first-order approximation of this slope value is presented which displays advantages both in terms of computability and interpretability. Finally, an algorithm for the determination of breakpoints in the slope of the log-log emission curve is presented for the demarcation of phases within which one mechanism acts as a limiting factor.
The environmental compatibility of reactive fire-retardant coatings (intumescent paints) was investigated by a combination of leaching and ecotoxicological tests. Three representative fire-retardant coating systems were tested using two leaching procedures: “Horizontal Dynamic Surface Leaching Test” (DSLT) and the “Intermittent Immersion Test” (IIT). All eluate fractions (8 for DSLT and 9 for IIT) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, concentration of total organic carbon and selected anions und cations. Additionally, a GC-MS screening of selected fractions was conducted for identification of organic compounds. Eluate fractions 1 + 2 and fraction 7 of the DSLT were analyzed in four ecotoxicological tests (algae, daphnia, fish egg, luminescent bacteria) and in one genotoxicity test (umu). Concentration of most analytes was rather low or below limit of detection for many eluates. Analytes detected in eluates of all three products are Zn, Ba, SO4(2−) and PO4(3−). Release patterns do not indicate a general trend: some compounds show maximum release in the first fractions while for others the maximum was observed in later test stages. Ecotoxic effects in eluates were found, which were higher in the eluate fraction 7 (maximum lowest ineffective dilution for luminescent bacteria (LIDL) 256) than in the eluate fraction 1 + 2 (maximum LIDL = 24). The sensitivity of the test systems was very different with highest effects for luminescent bacteria, followed by algae and daphnia and without effects in the fish egg test and umu test. A biotest battery for the comprehensive assessment is therefore advisable.
Im Januar 2018 wurde die DIN EN 16516 „Bauprodukte: Bewertung der Freisetzung gefährlicher Stoffe – Bestimmung von Emissionen in die Innenraumluft“ als harmonisierte europäische Prüfnorm veröffentlicht. Für die Etablierung der DIN EN 16516 als neue Referenznorm wurden verschiedene Emissionsprüfungen mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, ein neues Prüfverfahren für Formaldehydemissionen aus Holzwerkstoffen zu erarbeiten. Das übergeordnete Ziel ist die Minimierung des Risikos von Überschreitungen des Innenraumrichtwertes für Formaldehyd. Die Untersuchungen ergaben teilweise hohe Formaldehydemissionen, insbesondere bei höheren Beladungsfaktoren und Temperaturen, sowie bei niedrigen Luftwechselraten. Eine getestete Spanplatte hätte aufgrund ihrer hohen Formaldehydemission nicht auf den deutschen Markt gebracht werden dürfen. Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen konnte ein Umrechnungsfaktor in Höhe von 2,0 für die Umrechnung von Prüfwerten nach DIN EN 717-1 zu DIN EN 16516 abgeleitet werden.
Jährlich entstehen in Brasilien ca. 2 bis 10 Millionen Tonnen Aschen aus der Verbrennung von Zuckerrohrbagasse. Die Aschen enthalten schwankende Zusammensetzungen an mineralischen Nährelementen und könnten daher zu Düngezwecken verwendet werden.
Allerdings ist (i) die Nährstoffverfügbarkeit gering, (ii), die entsprechende Nährstoffzusammensetzung nicht optimal für die Nutzung der Aschen als Düngemittel für die Hauptanbaukulturen in Brasilien und (iii) weisen die Aschen aufgrund häufig schlechter Verbrennungsqualitäten hohe organische Kohlenstoffgehalte auf. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts ASHES („Rückführung von Nährstoffen aus Aschen von thermochemischen Prozessen mit Bagasse bzw. Zuckerrohrstroh“), arbeiten 7 deutsche und 4 brasilianische Partner an der Optimierung der thermochemischen Verwertung von Rückständen aus der Zuckerproduktion in Brasilien, inklusive der Formulierung von optimierten Düngemischungen auf Basis der generierten Aschen. In dieser Veröffentlichung wird die Verarbeitung dieser optimierten Mischungen zu Pellets und Granulaten unter Verwendung verfügbarer regionaler Reststoffe wie Filterkuchen (Vinasse-Presskuchen) sowie Hühnertrockenkot beschrieben. Zur Untersuchung der Handlingeigenschaften wurden die produzierten Pellets und Granulate hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen Stabilität und des Wasseraufnahmevermögens untersucht. Dafür wurden geeignete Prüfverfahren angepasst und entsprechende Versuche durchgeführt.
A wide range of methods are used to estimate the plant-availability of soil phosphorus (P). Published research has shown that the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has a superior correlation to plant-available P in soils compared to standard chemical extraction tests. In order to identify the plantavailable soil P species, we combined DGT with infrared and P K- and L2,3-edge X-ray adsorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. This was achieved by spectroscopically investigating the dried binding layer of DGT devices after soil deployment. All three spectroscopic methods were able to distinguish between different kinds of phosphates (poly-, trimeta-, pyro- and orthophosphate) on the DGT binding layer. However, infrared spectroscopy was most sensitive to distinguish between different types of adsorbed inorganic and organic phosphates. Furthermore, intermediates of the time-resolved hydrolysis of trimetaphosphate in soil could be analyzed.
Copper-based fungicides are routinely used for wood and plant protection, which can lead to an enrichment of copper-tolerant microbial communities in soil. To investigate the effect of such wood preservatives on the soil fungal and bacterial community compositions, five different vineyard and fruit-growing soil environments were evaluated using incubation studies over time. Pine sapwood specimens were impregnated with either water or different biocide treatment solutions containing a mixture of copper, triazoles, and quaternary ammonium compounds (CuTriQAC), a mixture of triazoles and quaternary ammonium compounds (TriQAC), or copper alone (Cu). Specimens were incubated in soil from each sample site for 8, 16, 24, and 32 weeks. The effects of preservative treatment on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the wood specimens and on the soil fungal as well as bacterial community composition at the soil-wood interface were assessed by quantitative PCR and amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Specimens impregnated with CuTriQAC and Cu showed decreased MOE and reduced fungal and bacterial copy numbers over time compared to those impregnated with water and TriQAC. Fungal but not bacterial community composition was significantly affected by wood preservative treatment. The relative abundance of members of the family Trichocomaceae compared to other genera increased in the presence of the Cu and CuTriQAC treatments at three sites, suggesting these to be Cu-tolerant fungi. In conclusion, the copper-containing treatments resulted in marginally increased MOE, lowered microbial gene copy numbers compared to those in the TriQAC and water treatments, and thus enhanced wood protection against soil microbial wood degradation
A non-invasive methodological approach has been carried out to identify the pigments and classify the binding media of the reverse painting on glass Kreuzabnahme (1914/15) by Carlo Mense.
Mense was a member of the group Rhenish Expressionists around August Macke and got interested in the technique of painting on the reverse side of a glass panel. The studied painting indicates a remarkably painted reverse and front side, which creates a unique visual appearance of the glass. The applied noninvasive, spectroscopic approach includes X-ray fluorescence, VIS spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The measurements revealed inorganic Pigments mixed with drying oil as binder. Together with common pigments, such as lead white, barium sulphate, bone black, cinnabar, chrome yellow, ochre, and viridian, an unusual additional material was found, Strontium white.
This work presents a technical investigation of two Chinese reverse glass paintings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A multi-analytical, non-invasive approach (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), Raman spectroscopy) was used to identify the pigments and classify the binding media. The results reveal a combined use of traditional Chinese and imported European materials. Several pigments like cinnabar, lead white, orpiment, carbon black and copper-arsenic green (probably emerald green) were found in both paintings; red lead, artificial ultramarine blue, Prussian blue and ochre appear in at least one of the paintings. The proof of limewash (calcite and small amounts of portlandite) as a backing layer in Yingying and Hongniang indicates that clamshell white was also used for reverse glass paintings. Drying oil was classified as a binding media in most areas of both paintings. However, the orange background of The Archer yielded prominent bands of both proteinaceous and fatty binder.
Treatment and reusing of hazardous wastes have become significant issues of modern societies. Blast furnace sludge (BFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) are such typical wastes, because they usually contain high amounts of undesirable elements such as zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb).
These elements can cause operational problems in reusing of BFS and EAFD. In this study, the Ferro Duo GmbH and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing have investigated a novel approach for eliminating and/or recovering Zn and Pb from both wastes. Applied was a selective chlorination and volatilization of Zn and Pb as chlorides at temperatures between 500 °C and 1100 °C. Both product obtained, Zn and Pb in the form of ZnCl2 and PbCl2 and the purified solid mineral compound are attractive materials for further use. Hydrochloric acid and iron(II) chloride were used as chlorination agents. Exceptionally high Zn and Pb removal efficiencies of >99.5 % could be achieved with both chlorination agents, whereby iron(II) chloride exhibited better performance.
Test methods for efficacy assessment of antimicrobial coatings are not modelled on a hospital environment, and instead use high humidity (>90%) high temperature (37 ◦C), and no airflow. Therefore, an inoculum will not dry, resulting in an antimicrobial surface exhibiting prolonged antimicrobial activity, as moisture is critical to activity. Liquids will dry quicker in a hospital ward, resulting in a reduced antimicrobial efficacy compared to the existing test, rendering the test results artificially favourable to the antimicrobial claim of the product. This study aimed to assess how hospital room environmental conditions can affect the drying time of an inoculum, and to use this data to inform test parameters for antimicrobial efficacy testing based on the hospital ward. The drying time of different droplet sizes, in a range of environmental conditions likely found in a hospital ward, were recorded (n = 630), and used to create a model to inform users of the experimental conditions required to provide a drying time similar to what can be expected in the hospital
ward. Drying time data demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) variance when humidity, temperature, and airflow were assessed. A mathematical model was created to select environmental conditions for in vitro antimicrobial efficacy testing. Drying time in different environmental conditions demonstrates that experimental set-ups affect the amount of time an inoculum stays wet, which in turn may affect the efficacy of an antimicrobial surface. This should be an important consideration for hospitals and other potential users, whilst future tests predict efficacy in the intended end-use environment.
Column leaching tests are frequently used and accepted for investigation of release of hazardous substances from solid materials. Independent of differences due to the field of application or national regulations, column tests assume that local equilibrium is established in the experiment which facilitates transfer of results to field conditions. In the process of harmonization and standardization within Europe the question on the influence of flow rate and grain size distribution on the local equilibrium was raised. Thus, a set of experiments using two different masonry materials with varying grain size distribution and flow rate were conducted including stop/flow experiments. Results are compared to a numerical model which takes intraparticle pore diffusion-controlled release of Mo and V into the percolating water into account. Due to the relatively high intraparticle porosity of the materials (24–29%) data and model indicate that initially equilibrium-state conditions prevail followed by rapidly decreasing concentrations. The model fits data for Mo and V reasonably well; however, after the initial decline of concentrations (at L/S > 2) extended tailing is observed especially of elements occurring as oxides, which is not captured by the model.
Wie Länder mit ihren Abfällen umgehen, hängt nicht nur von der Wirtschaftskraft eines Landes ab. Selbst in einem reichen Land wie Australien werden unbehandelte Abfälle einfach deponiert. Im Rahmen der Travelling Conference, einer vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Vortragsreihe, besuchten Fachleute die Länder Südkorea, Vietnam und Australien, um mit Experten vor Ort Fragestellungen aus der Abfallwirtschaft zu diskutieren. Zu den Schwerpunktthemen zählte die Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz im Spannungsfeld von ökonomischen und umweltpolitischen Interessen. Eine Frage war beispielsweise die Bewertung der Umweltverträglichkeit von mineralischen Abfällen, wenn diese als Ersatzbaustoffe eingesetzt werden. In diesem Beitrag werden Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede bei der Entsorgung von Siedlungsabfällen, beim Recycling und bei der Bewertung der Umweltverträglichkeit der Wiederverwertung von Abfällen in den drei besuchten Ländern im Vergleich zu Deutschland aufgezeigt. Dabei ist man sich in Deutschland und den drei besuchten Ländern einig, dass die Abfallbeseitigung auf Deponien ohne Rückgewinnung von Ressourcen oder Energie die schlechteste Abfallentsorgungsoption ist. Einigkeit besteht auch darin, dass die Ziele einer nachhaltigen Abfallwirtschaft der Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit und der Umwelt sowie die Schonung von Ressourcen sind. In allen drei Ländern werden große Mengen an mineralischen Abfällen erzeugt, die bei Nachweis der Umweltverträglichkeit einen Teil von natürlichem Sand und Kies für die Bauindustrie ersetzen könnten. Ähnlich wie in Deutschland werden recycelte Abfälle im Tiefbau jedoch nur in geringem Maße eingesetzt. Gründe dafür sind fehlende Behandlungsanlagen für mineralische Abfälle und Bedenken im Hinblick auf die Umweltverträglichkeit.
Normativ ist der Holzschutz in Deutschland durch die DIN 68800-Reihe geregelt. Die Normungsarbeit in CEN/TC 38 bildet dafür den Rahmen, der national angepasst und fachspezifisch erweitert wurde. Zusammen mit dem Kommentar ergeben beide ein in Europa einzigartiges Regelkompendium im Holzschutz. In Zukunft wird die Regelsetzung noch stärker durch internationale Zusammenarbeit bestimmt sein. Der interkontinentalen Marktöffnung sollten Verständigungen auf gemeinsame Qualitätsstandards vorausgehen.
Long Term Temperature and Humidity Evolution Forecast in Near Field of Nuclear Waste Container
(2018)
The paper aims to simulate the corrosion environment of nuclear waste containers at different geological disposal periods to obtain temperature and humidity information at the interface between the container and the surrounding environment. The simulated data and calculation results of long term temperature evolution at the surface of nuclear waste (HLW) containers from some typical nuclear countries about the safety disposition were reviewed. Combining different burial patterns, this paper speculated the long term temperature evolution rule for China. According to the study about saturation variation of buffer/backfill material at home and abroad, the humidity evolution of bentonite at the surface of HLW containers was specu- lated. The study showed that the temperature of the container surface increased rapidly at the beginning, and gradually decreased after the climax. For safety reasons, the maximum temperature was designed below 100°C. The saturation of bentonite was af- fected by the mutual influences of the heat released by nuclear waste decay and the infiltration of groundwater. It was dominated by the released heat in the early stage, and later was influenced greatly by the infiltration of groundwater. It is generally believed that the water content at the surface of the container will increase obviously in about 3 years, and will be saturated in about 10 years. The prediction of long-term temperature and humidity evolution will lay a foundation for study of corrosion evolution of nuclear waste containers in China.
Surface environment changes of nuclear waste container, mainly including oxygen contents, buffer pore water components and pH under the conditions of “borehole” type and “In-floor” type with bentonite buffer/backfill and concrete buffer were summarized. This summarization provides a basic corrosion environment reference for the corrosion evolution re- search of high-level radioactive waste disposal repository in our country.
ABSTRACT: A collection of thioimidazolium salts were synthesized and used as a new class of nonvolatile alkylating agents. Their nonvolatility prevents exposure during use or handling and are thus drastically safer than conventional alkylating agents. We discovered that thioimidazolium Iodide salts cannot release volatile compounds in the solid state, but instead only decompose when molten. Since decomposition proceeds via alkyl iodide elimination, SN2 of iodide on the thioimidazolium cation is constrained in the solid state, and instead can occur only upon melting when ions are mobile. By smart design of these alkylators, the melting point and thus the decomposition temperature of these salts can be increased from 106 to 169 °C and release negligible volatile organic compounds prior to melting. Thioimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) ionic liquids act as a completely nonvolatile and air-stable TFSI-based alkylating agent and can be used for high-throughput Synthesis of TFSI ionic liquids without solvent. Alkyl groups from methyl to dodecyl can be transferred to a nucleophile and the product purified by sublimation of the thione byproduct, which can then be recycled. We also found that thioimidazolium salts with a dodecyl chain are bactericidal, yet can hydrolyze in water to form benign neutral products, and thus wont accumulate in the environment. These results demonstrate that thioimidazolium salts are a designable platform for the pursuit of safer and more environmentally friendly alkylating and antiseptic agents.
Microbial activity and functioning in soils are strongly limited by carbon (C) availability, of which a great proportion is released by living roots. Rhizodeposition and especially root exudates stimulate microbial activity and growth, and may shift the stoichiometric balance between C, N, and P. Thereby, exudates heighten microbial nutrient demand and acquisition of N and P from organic matter, leading to an increase in enzyme production. Aim of this study was to determine environmental controls of extracellular enzyme production, and hence on potential enzyme activities (Vmax) and substrate affinities (Km). To determine the controlling factors, we worked on four spatial scales from the microscale (i.e. rhizosphere) through the mesoscale (i.e. soil depth) and landscape scale (relief positions), and finally to the continental scale (1200 km transect within the Coastal Cordillera of Chile). Kinetics of seven hydrolyzing enzymes of the C, N, and P cycles (cellobiohydrolase, β‑glucosidase, β‑xylosidase, β‑N‑acetylglucosaminidase, leucine‑aminopeptidase, tyrosine‑aminopeptidase, and acid phosphatase) were related to soil texture, C and N contents, pH, and soil moisture via redundancy analysis (RDA). Potential activities of C, N, and P acquiring enzymes increased up to 7-times on the continental scale with rising humidity of sites and C and N contents, while substrate affinities simultaneously declined. On the landscape scale, neither Vmax nor Km of any enzyme differed between north and south slopes. From top- to subsoil (down to 120 cm depth) potential activities decreased (strongest of aminopeptidases under humid temperate conditions with up to 90%). Substrate affinities, however, increased with soil depth only for N and P acquiring enzymes. Affinities of cellobiohydrolase and β‑xylosidase, on the contrary, were 1.5- to 3-times higher in top- than in subsoil. Potential activities of N and P acquiring enzymes and β‑glucosidase increased form bulk to roots. Simultaneously, substrate affinities of N and P acquiring enzymes declined, whereas affinities of β‑glucosidase increased. These trends of activities and affinities in the rhizosphere were significant only for acid phosphatase. The RDA displayed a strong relation of potential activities of C and P acquiring enzymes and β‑N‑acetylglucosaminidase to C and N contents in soil as well as to the silt and clay contents. Aminopeptidase activity was mainly dependent on soil moisture and pH. We conclude that substrate availability for microorganisms mainly determined enzyme activity patterns on the continental scale by the humidity gradient. Patterns on the meso- and microscale are primarily controlled by nutrient limitation, which is induced by a shift of the stoichiometric balance due to input of easily available C by roots in the rhizosphere.
In a controlled growth experiment we found that the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme has a bulk cell 26Mg/24Mg ratio (expressed as δ26Mg) that is −0.27‰ lower than the growth solution at a pH of ca. 5.9. This contrasts with a recently published δ26Mg value that was 0.65‰ higher than growth solution for the black fungus Knufia petricola at similar laboratory conditions, interpreted to reflect loss of 24Mg during cell growth. By a mass balance model constrained by δ26Mg in chlorophyll extract we inferred the δ26 Mg value of the main Mg compartments in a cyanobacteria cell: free cytosolic Mg (−2.64‰), chlorophyll (1.85‰), and the nonchlorophyll-bonded Mg compartments like ATP and ribosomes (−0.64‰). The lower δ26Mg found in Nostoc punctiforme would thus result from the absence of significant Mg efflux during cell growth in combination with either (a) discrimination against 26Mg during uptake by desolvation of Mg or transport across protein channels or (b) discrimination against 24Mg in the membrane transporter during efflux. The model predicts the preferential incorporation of 26Mg in cells and plant organs low in Mg and the absence of isotope fractionation in those high in Mg, corroborated by a compilation of Mg isotope ratios from fungi, bacteria, and higher plants.
In Denmark, increasing amounts of woody biomass are being used for the production of renewable energy, resulting in more wood ashes being generated. While these materials have been mainly landfilled, wood ashes may also be utilised for fertilizing and liming purposes on top of soils. Pre-treatments involving hardening or granulation may be carried out prior to soil application. In this study, two Danish wood ash samples were hardened and/or granulated. Lab-hardening induced rapid changes in the shape of the acid neutralisation capacity curve of the ashes. Up-flow column tests, assuming local equilibrium conditions, were employed to investigate the leaching from pre-treated ashes. Granules and loose ashes demonstrated similar leaching behaviours, indicating that similar geochemical processes were governing their leaching. In comparison with untreated fresh ashes, the hardened ashes demonstrated reduced leaching of Ca, Ba, Pb and Zn with concentration levels generally below or close to the analytical limits of quantification; to the contrary, the leaching of As, P, Sb, Si, V and Mg was enhanced in the hardened ashes. The release of alkalinity was reduced by hardening. In general, all granules were barely breakable by finger-pinching and they could withstand one month of continuous leaching, preserving their overall shape. The solubility of phosphorous in neutral ammonium citrate indicated that about 30–51% of the total P content in the ash samples was released, suggesting that the ashes could be potentially valuable as P-fertiliser if applied onto soil.
Biocides are commonly applied to construction materials such as facade renders and paints in order to protect them from microbial spoilage. These renders and paints are exposed to weathering conditions, e.g., sunlight and rain. Pigments are interacting intensively with the spectrum of the incoming light; thus, an effect of paint pigments on phototransformation rates and reaction pathways of the biocides is hypothesized.
In this study, the phototransformation of four commonly used biocides (carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and terbutryn) in four different paint formulations differing solely in pigments (red and black iron oxides, white titanium dioxide, and one pigment-free formulation) were investigated. Paints surfaces were irradiated under controlled conditions. The results show that biocides degrade most rapidly in the pigment-free formulation. The degradation in the pigment-free formulation followed a first-order kinetic model with the respective photolysis rate constants: kp,Diuron=0.0090 h−1, kp,OIT=0.1205 h−1, kp,Terbutryn=0.0079 h−1.
Carbendazim concentrations did not change significantly. The degradation was considerably lower in the pigment-containing paints. The determination of several phototransformation products of terbutryn and octylisothiazolinone showed different transformation product ratios dependent on the pigment. Consequently, pigments not only reflect the incoming light, but also interact with the biocide photodegradation.
In nature, the cellular environment of DNA includes not only water and ions, but also other components and co-solutes, which can exert both stabilizing and destabilizing effects on particular oligonucleotide conformations. Among them, ectoine, known as an important osmoprotectant organic co-solute in a broad range of pharmaceutical products, turns out to be of particular relevance. In this article, we study the influence of ectoine on a short single-stranded DNA fragment and on double-stranded helical B-DNA in aqueous solution by means of atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in combination with molecular theories of solution. Our results demonstrate a conformation-dependent binding behavior of ectoine, which favors the unfolded state of DNA by a combination of electrostatic and dispersion interactions. In conjunction with the Kirkwood–Buff theory, we introduce a simple Framework to compute the influence of ectoine on the DNA melting temperature. Our findings reveal a significant linear decrease of the melting temperature with increasing ectoine concentration, which is found to be in qualitative agreement with results from denaturation experiments. The outcomes of our Computer simulations provide a detailed mechanistic rationale for the surprising destabilizing influence of ectoine on distinct DNA structures.
Social insects employ a range of behaviours to protect their colonies against disease, but little is known about how such collective behaviours are orchestrated. This is especially true for the social Blattodea (termites). We developed an experimental approach that allowed us to explore how the social response to disease is co-ordinated by multistep host-pathogen interactions. We infected the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, and then, at different stages of infection, reintroduced them to healthy nestmates and recorded behavioural responses. As expected, termites groomed pathogen-exposed individuals significantly more than controls; however, grooming was significantly elevated after fungal germination than before, demonstrating the importance of fungal status to hygienic behaviour. Significantly, we found that cannibalism became prevalent only after exposed termites became visibly ill, highlighting the importance of host condition as a cue for social hygienic behaviour. Our study reveals the presence of a coordinated social response to disease that depends on stage of infection. Specifically, we show how the host may play a key role in triggering its own sacrifice. Sacrificial self-flagging has been observed in other social insects: our results demonstrate that termites have independently evolved to both recognize and destructively respond to sickness.