4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (77)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (44)
- Posterpräsentation (24)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (17)
- Sonstiges (5)
- Forschungsbericht (4)
- Monografie (1)
- Buchkapitel (1)
- Forschungsdatensatz (1)
Schlagworte
- Nano (29)
- OECD (20)
- Nanomaterial (14)
- VOC (13)
- Bauprodukte (12)
- Emission (9)
- Prüfrichtlinie (9)
- Volatile organic compounds (8)
- Aerosol (7)
- BEMMA (7)
- Cascade impactor (7)
- ISO 16000-6 (7)
- Nanopartikel (7)
- EN 16516 (6)
- Geruch (6)
- TXRF (6)
- Emissionen (5)
- Museum (5)
- Nanomaterials (5)
- Nanoparticle (5)
- Reference material (5)
- Test guideline (5)
- Umweltsimulation (5)
- VVOCs (5)
- Analytical method (4)
- Architecture (4)
- Bundesoberbehörden (4)
- Chemical durability (4)
- Construction products (4)
- Corrosion (4)
- Emission test chamber (4)
- Formaldehyd (4)
- Gas chromatography (4)
- Guideline (4)
- Standardisation (4)
- Thermal desorption (4)
- UFP (4)
- Affinity chromatography (3)
- Air quality monitoring (3)
- Antibodies (3)
- Biofilm (3)
- ESEM (3)
- Electron microscopy (3)
- FFF-3D-Printer (3)
- Geruchsmessung (3)
- Glass (3)
- Low melting (3)
- Luftschadstoffe (3)
- Microplastics (3)
- Particle size distribution (3)
- Partikel (3)
- Perceived Intensity (3)
- Polyglycerol (3)
- Reference materials (3)
- Size (3)
- VOC-emission (3)
- Weathering (3)
- Additive Fertigung (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (AM) (2)
- Aerosol measurements (2)
- Aerosole (2)
- Air exchange rate (2)
- Ambient aerosols (2)
- Analytik (2)
- Behördenklausurtagung (2)
- Bewitterung (2)
- Biofilms (2)
- CO2 assisted impregnation (2)
- Capsules (2)
- Chamber test (2)
- Chemical analysis (2)
- Chemical characterization (2)
- Consumer products (2)
- Corona (2)
- Crystallization (2)
- DIN EN 16516 (2)
- Elektronisches Laborbuch (2)
- Element mass concentration (2)
- Emission chamber (2)
- Emission reference material (2)
- Emissions (2)
- Emissionskammer (2)
- Environmental simulation (2)
- European standard (2)
- FEM model (2)
- Fluorescence (2)
- Formaldehyde (2)
- Fume (2)
- GAeF (2)
- Glasmalfarben (2)
- Glutaraldehyde (2)
- Größenbestimmung (2)
- ICP-MS (2)
- Indoor air quality (2)
- Innenraum (2)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (2)
- LA-ICP-MS (2)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) (2)
- Loading factor (2)
- Luft (2)
- MOF (2)
- Material emissions (2)
- Microbiome (2)
- Nano particle (2)
- Nanofasern (2)
- Nanomaterialien (2)
- Particle gas emission (2)
- Particle size (2)
- Particle size distributuion (2)
- Particles (2)
- Particulate emission (2)
- Plume (2)
- Pollutants (2)
- Prozessmonitoring (2)
- Purification (2)
- Radon (2)
- Reductive amination (2)
- Reference method (2)
- Round robin test (2)
- Sapphire (2)
- Schadstoffaustrag (2)
- Size distribution (2)
- Size resolved chemical composition (2)
- Spatter (2)
- Struvite (2)
- Test Guideline (2)
- Testguideline (2)
- Thermal extraction (2)
- Time resolved chemical composition (2)
- Total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- Ultrafine particles (2)
- VOC Emissionen (2)
- VOC-Emissionen (2)
- VVOC (2)
- Vitrinen (2)
- Wooden toys (2)
- 3D Printing (1)
- 3D printer (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- AEROMET II (1)
- AEROMET project (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Advanced Materials (1)
- Aerosol element alanysis (1)
- Aerosol element mass concentration (1)
- Aerosol gravimetry (1)
- Aerosol measurement instruments (1)
- Aerosol spectroscopy (1)
- Aerosolforschung (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Aerosolsensor (1)
- Affinity extraction (1)
- Affinity support (1)
- AgBB Bewertung (1)
- Aging test (1)
- Aging tests (1)
- Air analysis (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Air quality (1)
- Air sampling (1)
- Airborne Particles (1)
- Alkali zinc borate glass (1)
- Aluminium (1)
- Aluminum (1)
- Aluminum oxide (1)
- Ambient air (1)
- Ambient air pollution (1)
- Amino acid analysis (1)
- Ammoniak (1)
- Analytical chemistry (1)
- Analytische Methode (1)
- Anodization (1)
- Antibody purification (1)
- Aqueous synthesis (1)
- Architektur (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis AAAA (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis aaaa (1)
- BAM Data Store (1)
- BEMMA Bewertung (1)
- BFR (1)
- BMU (1)
- BODIPY dye (1)
- BSA (1)
- Bauproduktenverordnung (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Bewertung (1)
- Bewertungsverfahren (1)
- Bio-based insulation (1)
- Bio-weathering (1)
- Bioactive glass (1)
- Bioconjugation (1)
- Bioseparation (1)
- Biosphere (1)
- Black fungi (1)
- Blauer Engel (1)
- Blue Angel ecolabel (1)
- Bodenbelag (1)
- Bodenbeläge (1)
- Bovine serum albumin (1)
- Building product (1)
- Building products (1)
- Bürogeräte mit Druckfunktion (1)
- CCQM (1)
- COVID (1)
- CPC calibration (1)
- CRM (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Calibration transfer (1)
- Carrier (1)
- Cellulose ether (1)
- Cerium oxide (1)
- Chamber measurement (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Characterization (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemische Beständigkeit (1)
- Climate responsive materials (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Cognitive performance (1)
- Colored glasses (1)
- Comparison (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Construction Products (1)
- Construction product (1)
- Consumer article (1)
- Consumer articles (1)
- Core/shell nanoparticle (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Covid (1)
- Cross-sectioning (1)
- Cubical shape (1)
- DIN EN 717-1 (1)
- DMAS (1)
- Damage repair (1)
- Dendrimer (1)
- Diffusive sampling (1)
- Digitalisation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Dispay case (1)
- Dispergierung von Glaspartikeln (1)
- Dispersion of glass particle (1)
- Display case (1)
- Downstream processing (1)
- Druck (1)
- EDX Analysis (1)
- EN 717-1 (1)
- EN 717-3 (1)
- EU EMPIR (1)
- EU regulations (1)
- Earthen building materials (1)
- Effective uptake rate (1)
- Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) (1)
- Electronic lab notebook (ELN) (1)
- Elektrolichtbogenofen (1)
- Element analysis (1)
- Elemental aerosol analysis (1)
- Elemental composition (1)
- Emerging Contaminants (1)
- Emission Test Chamber (1)
- Emission Testing (1)
- Emission chamber testing (1)
- Emission chambers (1)
- Emission reference materials (1)
- Emission test chamber procedure (1)
- Emission test method (1)
- Emissions of hazardous gases (1)
- Emissionsmessungen (1)
- Emissionsprüfkammer (1)
- Emissionsprüfung (1)
- Emisson testing (1)
- Enamel colors (1)
- Enamels (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental friendly (1)
- Exposure (1)
- Exposure risk (1)
- Extracellular pH (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- FFF-filament (1)
- FFF-printing (1)
- Faraday cup aerosol electrometer (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Fiber (1)
- Fibre (1)
- Filament comparison (1)
- Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Flask method (1)
- Flexible shadow masks (1)
- Fluorometric sensing (1)
- Food (1)
- Forest fires (1)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (1)
- Forschungsstrategie (1)
- Forsterite (1)
- Fungus (1)
- Gas analysis (1)
- Gas sensing (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Glas (1)
- Glasanalyse (1)
- Größe (1)
- Haze Samples (1)
- Heavy metal free (1)
- Historic buildings (1)
- Human plasma (1)
- Hyperbranched polymer (1)
- IAQ (1)
- IEQ (1)
- ISO REMCO (1)
- ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies (1)
- Idiopathic environmental intolerance (1)
- Igg (1)
- Immunoglobulins (1)
- Immunoprecipitation (1)
- In-situ Process Monitoring (1)
- In-situ analysis (1)
- Indoor Air Quality (1)
- Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance (1)
- Indoor Products (1)
- Indoor emission (1)
- Innenraumluft (1)
- Innenraumluftqualität (1)
- Innenraumluftqualtität (1)
- Inter-comparison (1)
- Inter-lab comparison (1)
- Intercomparison (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Knock-out mutant (1)
- LCC (1)
- Lapis lazuli (1)
- Laser Printer (1)
- Laser printer emission (1)
- Layer-by-Layer (1)
- Linker (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Low-tech approach (1)
- Luftgüte (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Mask fabrication (1)
- Material emissions testing (1)
- Mechanochemistry (1)
- Medieval glasses (1)
- Melanin Adhesion (1)
- Metallic silver precipitates (1)
- Metals (1)
- Methoden (1)
- Micro-XRF (1)
- Microchamber (1)
- Microorganisms (1)
- Micropatterning (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mobile anodisation (1)
- Mobile application (1)
- Model aerosols (1)
- Molecular Organic Frameworks (1)
- Monoterpene (1)
- Multigassensorik (1)
- Multiple Displacement Amplification (1)
- Multiple chemical sensitivity (1)
- Museumsvitrine (1)
- Museumsvitrinen (1)
- NDT (1)
- NFDI (1)
- NGS (1)
- Nano CRM (1)
- Nano@BAM (1)
- NanoPlattform (1)
- Nanocarrier (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoplattform (1)
- Nanopowder (1)
- Nanosensor (1)
- Nanotechnologie (1)
- Neuartige Materialien (1)
- Nickel (1)
- Niedrig schmelzend (1)
- Non-destructive Materials (1)
- Nonspecific binding (NSB) (1)
- Novel sample preparation techniques (1)
- Oddy test (1)
- Odour (1)
- Office machines (1)
- Olivine (1)
- OpenBIS (1)
- Operating Procedure (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optische Tomografie (1)
- PBFSM (1)
- PGAA (1)
- PIXE (1)
- PM monitors (1)
- PP (1)
- PS (1)
- Particle (1)
- Particle Size (1)
- Particle emission (1)
- Particulate emissions (1)
- Partikeldurchmesser (1)
- Parylene C (1)
- Passive sampling (1)
- Periodate oxidation (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Phase separation (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphonic acids (1)
- Phosphorous recovery (1)
- Phototrophic bacteria (1)
- Pigment (1)
- Pigment analyses (1)
- Pilot comparison (1)
- Plastic biofilm (1)
- Plastic pollution (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polypropylen (1)
- Polystyrol (1)
- Printing (1)
- ProMoAM (1)
- Process development (1)
- Process monitoring (1)
- Proficiency testing (1)
- Protein (1)
- Protein a (1)
- Protein hydrolysis (1)
- Protein immobilization (1)
- Protein quantification (1)
- Proton conductivity (1)
- Provenance studies (1)
- Prüfkammer (1)
- Prürfrichtlinie (1)
- QA/QC (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Quantum dot (1)
- REACH (1)
- RFA (1)
- Radon exhalation (1)
- Recovery rate (1)
- Recycling (1)
- Reduktionsprozess (1)
- Reference data (1)
- Reference nanoparticles (1)
- Reference procedures (1)
- Reference samples (1)
- Release kinetics (1)
- Research Data Infrastructure (1)
- Research Data Management (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Ringversuch (1)
- Robustness validation (1)
- Rround robin test (1)
- SARS (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SDS-PAGE (1)
- SMPS (1)
- SOP (1)
- Safety (1)
- Sample preparation (1)
- Schadgase (1)
- Schutzverglasung (1)
- Selective quantification (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (1)
- Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) (1)
- Semivolatile organic compounds (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Silver diffusion (1)
- Sintering (1)
- Small angle x-ray scattering (1)
- Solid phase (1)
- Solid-phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solvents (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Spielzeug (1)
- Stained glasses (1)
- Standardarbeitsanweisungen (1)
- Subjective complaints (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- TEM (1)
- TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition (1)
- Tantal (1)
- Targeting, Nanoparticles (1)
- Test method (1)
- Thermal Desorption (1)
- Thermal Extraction (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thermografie (1)
- Thermoplastic filaments (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Tyrosine (1)
- UV absorption (1)
- UV protection (1)
- Umweltmessung (1)
- Up-cycling (1)
- Uptake rate (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- VOC Emission (1)
- VOC emission (1)
- VOC transfer standards (1)
- VOC-Emission (1)
- Vitrine (1)
- Volatile organic compound (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOC) (1)
- WKI flask method (1)
- Weathering tests (1)
- Workflows (1)
- X-Ray analysis (1)
- XRF (1)
- ZIF (1)
- ZIF-8 (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zinc oxide (1)
- natural ventilation (1)
- openBIS (1)
- pH (1)
- pH sensor (1)
- pHe (1)
- Äquivalenzdurchmesser (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (174) (entfernen)
Paper des Monats
- ja (3)
Der mitteleuropäische Mensch hält sich 80 – 90 % der Zeit in Innenräumen auf. Je nach Aktivität atmet er 10 – 20 m³ bzw. 12 - 24 kg Luft täglich, das ist weit mehr als das Doppelte der Summe an Essen und Trinken. Die technischen Voraussetzungen für die Bestimmung von Emissionen aus Bauprodukten in die Luft liegen vor – harmonisierte horizontale Prüfnorm EN 16516. Es dürften mittlerweile zig-tausende Emissionsdatensätze vorliegen. Defizite gibt es bei der Kennzeichnung zur Unterscheidung emissionsarmer und emissionsreicher Produkte, die bestehende CE-Kennzeichnung ist unvollständig, ersatzweise gibt es nationale Regelungen.
Gerade bei modernen, dichten Bauten mit geringem natürlichen Luftwechsel sind hohe Schadstoffkonzentrationen zu erwarten, wenn nicht emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte zum Einsatz kommen.
Neuartige Materialien, die bekannte (Werk-)Stoffe mit neuen Funktionalitäten ausstatten, spielen eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle im Bereich der Materialforschung und -prüfung. Das Spektrum neuartiger Materialien reicht von der gezielten Oberflächenfunktionalisierung und -strukturierung makroskopischer Materialien, dünnen Beschichtungen bis hin zu mikro- und nanoskaligen Kompositmaterialien und funktionalen Materialien an der Schnittstelle zur Biologie, Biotechnologie, nachhaltige Energiespeicherung und Sensorik. Dabei bieten neuartige Materialien die Chance, Werkstoffe und Produkte mit erweiterter oder verbesserter Funktionalität zu erhalten und Sicherheit bereits im Designprozess zu berücksichtigen. Durch dieses breite Anwendungsspektrum und die Herausforderungen, die solche Materialien für die Sicherheit in Chemie und Technik mit sich bringen, sind diese in allen Themenfeldern der BAM repräsentiert (Material, Analytical Sciences, Energie, Infrastruktur und Umwelt).
Die Aufgaben der BAM erstrecken sich dabei von der Herstellung von Referenzmaterialien für Industrie, Forschung und Regulation, über die Erstellung von standardisierten Referenzverfahren für nachhaltige Messungen im Umwelt- und Lebenswissenschaftsbereich bis hin zur Bereitstellung von belastbaren und zitierbaren Referenzdaten. Durch die genaue Charakterisierung neuartiger Materialien können potentiell problematische Substanzen identifiziert und deren Risiken besser abgeschätzt werden. In diesem Beitrag werden einige aktuelle Beispiele aus diesen Bereichen vorgestellt.
Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d 1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful immissions inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially high concentrations of organic acids, which can emit from e.g. sealing materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure witch is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. textiles, plastics, sealing material, coatings and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. The BEMMA scheme is not a guarantee for an emission free display case, but a necessary requirement for the choice of suitable materials for emission and immission reduced display cases.
Die gemeinsame Forschungsstrategie der Bundesoberbehörden zur Nanotechnologie wurde 2016 veröffentlicht. Die darin enthaltenen Aufgaben wurden von den Bundesoberbehörden vielfältig bearbeitet. Diese Präsentation gibt einen Überblick über die Projekte, die von der BAM bis 2019 bearbeitet wurden/werden und sich in den Rahmen der Forschungsstrategie einordnen.
Measurements of aerosol particles are vital for enforcing EU air quality regulations to protect human health, and for research on climate change effects. Although metrics such as PM10 and PM2.5 are currently in use, the level of uncertainty of aerosol metrics is too high and the traceability is insufficient. The project AEROMET, which has been started in June 2017 aims at implementing improvements in a) the uncertainty of particle mass, size and number concentration measurements and b) in the characterization of regulated components in airborne particles. Both are demanded by existing networks within the EU as well as by global atmospheric research.
On-site measurement campaigns
One of the objects is the application of mobile x-ray spectroscopy techniques combined with aerosol sampling techniques for quantifying particle compositions in the field for real time analysis. During two in-field measurement campaigns in Budapest, Hungary in May 2018 and Cassino, Italy in September 2018 the size dependent mass concentrations of specific elements in ambient aerosols were monitored under dynamic conditions.
Typically, airborne particles are sampled on filter substrates. During this project new sampling methods with specially designed substrate holders for an in-situ TXRF analysis were developed and applied for the first time. This approach allows a direct time and size resolved analysis without laborious digestion steps and a reduced risk of contamination.
Aerosol particles were sampled in a 13-stage DLPI impactor - size range from 0,03 µm to 10 µm - which was equipped with special adapters for acrylic discs of 30 mm diameter, serving as substrates. TXRF analysis was performed on site with the transportable spectrometer S2 PICOFOX (Bruker Nano GmbH) equipped with a Mo X-ray tube and a 30 mm² Silicon Drift Detector (SDD). Excitation conditions were 50 kV, 600 µA, measurement time 1000 s. Quantification was based on internal standardization using 50 ng of Y in solution, which was pipetted into the centre of the discs prior to sampling.
At moderate air pollution levels, i.e. PM10 ~ 20 µg/m³, sampling times of less than 2 hours were enough for the detection of elements in different particle size bins. The in-situ approach and the high sensitivity of TXRF enables the observation of rather quick changes in the quantity and distribution of elements in an ambient aerosol on the day of sampling, as the below example from the Cassino field campaign on 11 Sept. 2018 shows: The analysis of the morning and afternoon sampling shifts reveals the occurrence of the elements Fe, Ca and Si in different size bins as well as their significant temporal change in respective mass concentrations over the day while the distributions of several other elements in the aerosol remain unchanged.
The validation of these results by backup measurements is planned.
A mobile Bruker S2 Picofox TXRF spectrometer has been used in two field campaigns within the EMPIR env07 AEROMET project for the on-site analysis of cascade impactor aerosol samples.The results show that even at moderate air pollution levels – i.e.PM10 fairly below 20 μg/m³ - element mass concentrations in air in the range of 100 pg/m³could be measured in up to 13 size bins after sampling times of less than only 0.5 days.
The OECD test guidelines (TGs) for testing chemicals have been widely used for regulatory purposes all over the world since the establishment of the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) principle in 1984. This MAD principle ensures that, if a chemical is tested under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions accordingly to an OECD TG, the data should be accepted in all OECD countries. The TGs have been developed, harmonized, internationally validated (round robin tests) and adopted by OECD countries to be used for the physical-chemical characterisation, fate estimation, and hazard identification for risk assessment of various chemicals. In addition to the TGs, OECD Guidance Documents (GDs) usually provide guidance on how to use TGs and how to interpret the results. These GDs do not have to be fully experimentally validated, and hence they are not under MAD, but they are based on relevant published scientific research.
But are the existing TGs and the related GDs applicable and adequate for the regulatory testing of nanomaterials? In general, for nanomaterials it is accepted that most of the "endpoints" or more precisely measurement variables are applicable. However, for some endpoints new or amended TGs are needed. In addition, several GDs are needed to give more precise advice on the test performance in order to gain regulatory relevant data on nanomaterials.
The new OECD test guideline will address the following four main steps in the determination of the length and width distributions of fibers: sample preparation, image acquisition, data evaluation and uncertainty analysis. As the sample preparation has to be optimized for each material, general quality criteria will be given in the protocol. For full visibility of a fiber the appropriate resolution has to be chosen. In the data evaluation the length and diameter of each fiber will be determined concurrently to allow for application of different regulatory definitions. The quality of the results critically depends on the sample preparation as well as the data evaluation. In this step the classification rules have to be formulated and followed accurately in order to optimize reproducibility of the method. The SOP will be validated in an international round robin test, which is planned for 2018/2019.
The properties of nanomaterials are influenced not only by their chemical composition but also by physical properties (such as size, geometry and crystal structure). For the reliable determination and assessment of behaviour and effects of nanomaterials as well as for the determination of the exposure of humans and environment a comprehensive physical-chemical characterization of nanomaterials is essential. This is an important prerequisite to identify them as nanomaterials and to interpret and compare test results and - in future – to forecast interaction and effects of nanomaterials.
In 2006, the OECD launched a sponsorship program for the testing of nanomaterials in which 11 nanomaterials were thoroughly investigated using a variety of methods. The aim of the project was, among other things, to find out where problems occur and where there are gaps in the measurement and test procedures and where are changes required. An important outcome of the sponsorship program was the finding that the OECD Test Guidelines should in several cases be extended to the specific needs in testing of nanomaterials. The existing standardized test methods of the OECD for physical-chemical characterization have not been developed for nanomaterials in particular. A high demand for an extension of the test guidelines was identified. Germany complied with the OECD's request in 2017 and has agreed to extend the “Test Guideline on Particle Size Distribution / Fiber Length and Diameter Distributions Test Guideline” for Manufactured Nanomaterials (MN). UBA commissioned BAM and BAuA with the preparation of the Test Guideline. The aim of the project is the development of a harmonized test protocol for a valid and reproducible determination of particle size and size distribution which is one of the most relevant physical-chemical properties for MNs.
Different measuring methods provide different results for the size distribution of the particles. This is caused by the different measuring principles of the methods. Each method measures a specific parameter that ultimately determines particle size. First, the measured quantity differs for each method (Scattered light intensity, 2D image / projection, electric mobility, etc.). Second, the calculated diameters of the MN may differ (Feret Diameter, Area Projection, Mobility Diameter, Aerodynamic Diameter, Hydrodynamic Diameter). Third, a measuring method provides a size distribution which is measured either mass-based, surface-based or number-based. A conversion between the results requires additional parameters and thus possibly increases the measurement error.
In addition to the technical differences, the individual parameters are strongly influenced by the structure and material of the nanoparticles. For example, a surface functionalization can lead to very different results in the size distribution. The suitability of measurement methods differs with the material of the MN. As a result, two very different results can be measured for the particle size distribution using two different methods, which are nevertheless both correct. Several large projects in recent years therefore concluded that nanomaterials should be characterized by at least two complementary method. Imaging techniques are regarded as one of these methods for the characterization, the complementary methods are supposed to be statistical methods.
The different results for the size distribution of nanomaterials become problematic for the registration of new MN. A comparable and reproducible size distribution is a prerequisite for a standardized registration. In the future, the particle size distribution in the EU will also decide on the classification of a substance as a nanomaterial or as a non-nanomaterial. Especially in borderline cases, a standardized and comparable measurement methodology is therefore essential.
The particle size distribution is considered the most relevant information for nanoscale property identification and material characterization. The current OECD test guideline on particle size and size distribution (TG 110) is not applicable to ‘nano-sized’ objects. In this project we thus develop a new OECD test guideline for the measurement of the size and size distribution of particles and fibers with at least one dimension in the nanoscale. A fiber is defined as an object having an aspect ratio of length/diameter l/d >3. The width and length of each fiber should be measured concurrently.
In order to measure the particle size distributions, many techniques are available. 9 methods for particles and 2 methods for fibres have been tested in a prevalidation study and appropriate methods will be compared in an interlaboratory round robin test starting in February 2019.
EN 16516 sets the test method and requirements for the determination of emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from building materials into indoor air. To address the quality control requirements for the class of semi-VOCs (SVOCs), VSL developed gaseous reference materials. A novel home-made dynamic gas mixture preparation system, operating according to ISO 6145-4 (continuous injection method), has recently been developed and validated. Thanks to the stable temperature control up to 100 oC, the system can prevent condensation of the SVOCs in air at indoor air concentration levels. The in-situ obtained SVOC gas standards can be sampled in sorbent tubes to obtain SVOC transfer standards. A study was performed to determine the optimal sorbent material and storage conditions. This study will be presented together with the results of the 2018 Round Robin test for emission test chamber measurements organised by BAM. Using the novel system, VSL prepared transfer standards with known amounts of VOCs and SVOCs for participants to evaluate their analytical performance.
The chemical emissions from products are tested by means of emission test chambers under defined conditions (climate, loading, air change rate). The standard method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is the sampling onto Tenax-tubes followed by thermal desorption (TDS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The EU-LCI list includes some very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) and some VOC for which there are limitations when using the standard method. For VVOC additional sampling is required using stronger absorbers like Carbotrap or multi-bed adsorption tubes. The analysis of VVOC also requires a different GC oven program and a different column for the separation. For the determination of formaldehyde and other low boiling aldehydes (e.g. acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal, propenal) DNPH-cartridges are used which are extracted with acetonitrile followed by liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) analysis. The derivatisation of propenal and other unsaturated aldehydes (e.g. 2-butenal) with DNPH might lead to lower findings due to incomplete derivatization and forming of by-products. For a better quantification of acetic acid the use of ion chromatography (IC) is recommended because the analysis of acetic acid with the standard method (TDS) leads to lower findings due to break through during sampling. The use of ion chromatography for the analysis of organic acids requires a third sampling technique. The acids are adsorbed onto silica-gel and extracted with water.
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) technology for metal part production especially for complex and lightweight structures or functional designs. In L PBF processes several by-products including welding plume and its condensates, spatter and ejected powder are generated during laser exposure. Investigations of micro- and nano-sized by-products have received little attention in literature. This study focuses on the analysis of particle emissions in L PBF of 316L stainless steel using a scattered light aerosol spectrometer and a fast mobility particle sizer spectrometer during the process which allows for in-situ analysis of particle sizes in the range of 6 nm to 100 µm. A distinct correlation of emission signals to part position can be revealed. In addition, a significant influence of laser scanning vector directions on emission signals is presented. Furthermore, differing powder layer thicknesses can be recognised by deviations in emission signals.
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) technology for metal part production especially for complex and lightweight structures or functional designs. In L PBF processes several by-products including welding plume and its condensates, spatter and ejected powder are generated during laser exposure. Investigations of micro- and nano-sized by-products have received little attention in literature. This study focuses on the analysis of particle emissions in L PBF of 316L stainless steel using a scattered light aerosol spectrometer and a fast mobility particle sizer spectrometer during the process which allows for in-situ analysis of particle sizes in the range of 6 nm to 100 µm. A distinct correlation of emission signals to part position can be revealed. In addition, a significant influence of laser scanning vector directions on emission signals is presented. Furthermore, differing powder layer thicknesses can be recognised by deviations in emission signals.
Moderne Vitrinen sollen gleichzeitig eine hohe Dichtigkeit und die Abwesenheit jeglicher Fremdstoffe in den Vitrinen gewährleisten. Diese Anforderungen sind zeitgleich kaum erfüllbar, da es emissionsfreie Materialien (vor allem Kleb- und Beschichtungsstoffe) nicht gibt. Um die potentiellen Emissionen zu minimieren wurde ein Messverfahren entwickelt, welches inzwischen als BEMMA-Schema (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen) in die Museumswelt Einzug genommen hat.
Die erfolgreiche Bewertung der für den Bau verwendeten Materialien gemäß BEMMA-Schema resultiert nicht in einer emissionsfreien Vitrine, sondern soll bei der Auswahl geeigneter Materialien zur Herstellung möglichst emissionsarmer Vitrinen helfen. Konkrete handwerkliche Durchführungen beim Bau, Dichtheits¬anforderungen, wie auch die Aufstellbedingungen (Umgebung der Vitrine) beeinflussen die Emissionscharakteristik der fertigen Vitrine in der Praxis. Eine saubere Vitrine hilft nichts in einer belasteten Umgebung oder auch bei emittierenden Exponaten. Inzwischen liegen Erfahrungen mit dem Schema seit 2012 vor.
Der Messablauf sieht vor, dass von den Materialien kleine Muster mit der Mikrokammer (Markes) innerhalb von 2 Tagen untersucht werden. Dabei wird mit Silikagelkartuschen auf Ameisen- und Essigsäure, mit DNPH auf Aldehyde und Ketone und mit Tenax® sowohl auf VOC als auch für die spezifische Oxim-Analytik die Abluft der Mikrokammern untersucht. Die Bewertungskriterien basieren auf den Ergebnissen einer Vorstudie mit ca. 150 verschiedenen Produkten im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2012.
The ISO 16000 standard series provide guidelines for emission measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials. However, polymer-based consumer products such as toys may also release harmful substances into indoor air. In such cases, the existing standard procedures are unsuitable for official control laboratories due to high costs for large emission testing chambers. This paper aims at developing and comparing alternative and more competitive methods for the emission testing of consumer products. The influence of the emission chamber size was investigated as smaller chambers are more suited to the common size of consumer products and may help to reduce the costs of testing. Comparison of the performance of a 203 l emission test chamber with two smaller chambers with the capacity of 24 l and 44 ml, respectively, was carried out by using a polyurethane reference material spiked with 14 VOCs during the course of 28 days. The area-specific emission rates obtained in the small chambers were always similar to those of the 203 l reference chamber after a few hours. This implies that smaller chambers can provide at least useful numbers on the extent of polymer-based consumer product emissions into indoor air, thereby supporting meaningful exposure assessments.
Moderne Vitrinen sollen gleichzeitig eine hohe Dichtigkeit und die Abwesenheit jeglicher Fremdstoffe in den Vitrinen gewährleisten. Diese Anforderungen sind zeitgleich kaum erfüllbar, da es emissionsfreie Materialien (vor allem Kleb- und Beschichtungsstoffe) nicht gibt. Um die potentiellen Emissionen zu minimieren wurde ein Messverfahren entwickelt, welches inzwischen als BEMMA-Schema (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museumsausstattungen) in die Museumswelt Einzug genommen hat.
Die erfolgreiche Bewertung der für den Bau verwendeten Materialien gemäß BEMMA-Schema resultiert nicht in einer emissionsfreien Vitrine, sondern soll bei der Auswahl geeigneter Materialien zur Herstellung möglichst emissionsarmer Vitrinen helfen. Konkrete handwerkliche Durchführungen beim Bau, Dichtheits-anforderungen, wie auch die Aufstellbedingungen (Umgebung der Vitrine) beeinflussen die Emissionscharakteristik der fertigen Vitrine in der Praxis. Eine saubere Vitrine hilft nichts in einer belasteten Umgebung oder auch bei emittierenden Exponaten. Inzwischen liegen Erfahrungen mit dem Schema seit 2012 vor.
Der Messablauf sieht vor, dass von den Materialien kleine Muster mit der Mikrokammer (Markes) innerhalb von 2 Tagen untersucht werden. Dabei wird mit Silikagelkartuschen auf Ameisen- und Essigsäure, mit DNPH auf Aldehyde und Ketone und mit Tenax® sowohl auf VOC als auch für die spezifische Oxim-Analytik die Abluft der Mikrokammern untersucht. Die Bewertungskriterien basieren auf den Ergebnissen einer Vorstudie mit ca. 150 verschiedenen Produkten im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2012.
A reliable analysis of aerosol particle is curial for enforcing EU air quality regulations to protect human health, and for research on climate change effects [1]. Although metrics such as PM10 and PM2.5 are currently in use, the level of uncertainty of aerosol metrics is too high and the traceability is insufficient. Within the AEROMET project [2] procedures are developed aiming at reducing the uncertainties of particle mass, size, and number concentration measurements including the characterization of regulated components in airborne particles. Here, we present an approach how to improve the uncertainties of the particle mass by mobile total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis. The combination of TXRF and aerosols sampling techniques supported by reference-free synchrotron radiation-based XRF enables a quantitative real-time analysis of particle mass. During in-field campaigns, the procedure was tested, monitoring the size dependent mass concentrations of specific elements in ambient aerosols under dynamic conditions. This approach allows a direct time and size-resolved analysis without laborious digestion steps and a reduced risk of contamination.
Aerosol particles were sampled in a 13-stage DLPI impactor on acrylic discs. TXRF analysis was performed on-site with the transportable spectrometer S2 PICOFOX (Bruker Nano GmbH). The TXRF quantification was based on internal standardization. At moderate air pollution levels (PM10 20 µg/m³) sampling times of less than 2 hours were enough to detect elements in different particle size bins. The on-site approach and the high sensitivity of TXRF enables the observation of rather quick changes in the quantity and distribution of elements in an ambient aerosol on the day of sampling. The analysis of the morning and afternoon sampling shifts reveals the occurrence of the elements Fe, Ca and Si in different size bins as well as their temporal change in respective mass concentrations over the day while the distributions of several other elements remain unchanged.
Ein Ringversuch ist eine Methode der externen Qualitätssicherung für sowohl Messverfahren als auch die Eignung von Mess- und Prüflaboratorien. Dabei werden möglichst identische Proben mit identischen Verfahren oder mit unterschiedlichen Verfahren untersucht. Die Teilnahme an Ringversuchen ist für alle akkreditierten Laboratorien ein wesentlicher Baustein der institutsinternen und -externen Qualitätssicherung. Je mehr Faktoren Einfluss auf das Endergebnis haben können, desto wichtiger ist es diese Faktoren zu kennen und deren Einflüsse durch weitestgehende Vergleichbarkeit der Messverfahren zu minimieren.
Für die Bewertung von Emissionen aus Bauprodukten haben sich Emissionsmess-kammer-Untersuchungen als Messverfahren etabliert. Um den Geruch auch für Innenraumanwendungen bewertbar zu machen sind in den letzten Jahren erste Normen entstanden (z. B. DIN ISO 16000-28 und VDI 4302-1). Um die Eignung dieser Normen und deren Anwendung zu untersuchen sind seit 2012 nunmehr 3 Ringversuche der BAM auch zum Thema Geruch durchgeführt worden.
Die bislang durchgeführten Ringversuche mit dem Ziel der Geruchsbewertung wiesen Standardabweichungen von ca. 24 bis 30 % um den jeweiligen Mittelwert auf und wiesen somit ähnliche Werte auf, die auch bei den VOC-Vergleichen ermittelt wurden. Diese Entwicklungen werden hier aufgezeigt.