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- Tineola bisselliella (1)
- Tinting (1)
- ToF SIMS (1)
- ToF-SIMS (1)
- Tomography (1)
- Torah Scrolls (1)
- Trait-based ecology (1)
- Transposon (1)
- Tricalciumsilikat (1)
- UFP (1)
- UV absorption (1)
- UV protection (1)
- UV tolerance (1)
- UV-VIS Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- Ultrakurzpuls-Laser (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Unterirdische Speicher (1)
- Upscaling (1)
- Uptake rate (1)
- Utilization (1)
- VAMAS (1)
- VOC Emission (1)
- VOC transfer standards (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- Versuchskampagne (1)
- Virulence (1)
- Vitrinen (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOC) (1)
- Vues des Cordillères (1)
- WKI flask method (1)
- Wasserbau (1)
- Wasserstofflagerung (1)
- Wasserstoffplasma (1)
- Waste water treatment (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Weathering tests (1)
- Wiederholbarkeit (1)
- Wiederverwertung (1)
- Wooden toys (1)
- Workflows (1)
- Wärmedämmverbundsystem (1)
- X-Ray fluorescence (1)
- X-Ray fluorescence analyses (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- X-ray spectroscopic techniques (1)
- XRF-, FTIR-, VIS-espectroscopía (1)
- XRF-, VIS- FTIR-spectroscopy (1)
- XRF-, VIS- spectroscopy (1)
- Zeichenmaterialien (1)
- Zementersatz (1)
- Zementklinker (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zinnschlacken (1)
- black fungus (1)
- carotenoids (1)
- genetics (1)
- historic inks (1)
- individual-based modelling (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- light (1)
- multi scale testing (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- plant pathogen (1)
- signaling (1)
- thermochemische Behandlung (1)
- virulence (1)
- Äquivalenzdurchmesser (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (435)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (91)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (91)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (78)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (77)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (66)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (46)
- 6 Materialchemie (30)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (27)
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (16)
- 1.1 Anorganische Spurenanalytik (11)
- 1.4 Prozessanalytik (10)
- 6.2 Material- und Oberflächentechnologien (10)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (10)
- 1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik (7)
- 1.8 Umweltanalytik (7)
- 4.6 Molekulare und angewandte Entomologie (7)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (7)
- 7.1 Baustoffe (6)
- 1.2 Biophotonik (5)
- 7.4 Baustofftechnologie (5)
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (5)
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (5)
- 1.9 Chemische und optische Sensorik (4)
- 6.3 Strukturanalytik (4)
- 6.6 Physik und chemische Analytik der Polymere (4)
- 5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse (3)
- 7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen (3)
- 8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (3)
- 9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren (3)
- 5.1 Mikrostruktur Design und Degradation (2)
- 5.3 Polymere Verbundwerkstoffe (2)
- 8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren (2)
- 8.5 Röntgenbildgebung (2)
- 9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (2)
- 1.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (1)
- 2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit (1)
- 2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern (1)
- 5.6 Glas (1)
- 6.7 Materialsynthese und Design (1)
- 7.6 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz (1)
- 8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren (1)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by furniture and building materials can cause health issues. For an improvement of indoor air quality low emitting materials should be used. Quality assurance and –control (QA/QC) measures require an emission reference material (ERM) with a predictable emission rate of VOCs. The idea is to use porous materials as ERM, which store the VOCs inside their pores and emit them constantly.
Im Rahmen eines vom Umweltbundesamt geförderten Forschungsprojekts wurde untersucht, ob die Abtrennung der Feinfraktion (0-2 mm) eine Verbesserung der umweltrelevanten Eigenschaften bewirkt und somit HMVA-1 erreicht werden kann. In Deutschland wird die Rostasche durch Nassentschlackungssysteme aus dem Feuerraum ausgetragen. Durch den Kontakt mit Wasser setzen direkt hydraulische Reaktionen ein, die eine vollständige Abtrennung der Feinfraktion unmöglich machen. Das wurde bereits in den 1990er Jahren erkannt und führte zur Entwicklung des ABB InRec Verfahrens mit Trockenentaschung als ersten Verfahrensschritt. Auch damals war das Ziel eine möglichst inerte Rostasche für die Verwertung zu erzeugen. In den letzten Jahren wurden in der Schweiz Trockenentaschungssystem installiert, hier vor allem um die Rückgewinnung von elementaren Metallen auch in der Feinfraktion zu verbessern. Welche Potenziale sich dabei erschließen lassen, wurde in einem anderen UBA-Projekt untersucht. Im Rahmen unserer Arbeiten wurde versuchsweise trockene Rostasche an einer Anlage in Süddeutschland genommen und im Labor untersucht. Im Vortrag werden die Ergebnisse zum Auslaugverhalten und zur Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (Ökotoxizität) vorgestellt.
Thermochemische Aufarbeitung von Stahlwerksstäuben und -schlämmen zur Zink- und Eisenrückgewinnung
(2024)
Stahlwerksstäube und -schlämme enthalten in der Regel Schwermetalle wie Zink, Blei und Cadmium, die ein direktes Recycling verhindern und diese Stoffe potenziell umweltgefährdend machen. Um diese Schwermetalle aus den Materialien zu entfernen, werden drei thermochemische Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung von Gichtgasschlamm, Elektroofenstaub und ähnlichen Stahlwerksstäuben vorgestellt. Zum einen kann die Mischung von Elektroofenstaub mit chloridhaltigen Lösungen, wie sie z. B. in der Titandioxidproduktion anfallen, gemischt werden, um bei der thermischen Behandlung Schwermetallchloride zu effektiv verdampfen. Weiterhin kann der im Gichtgasschlamm enthaltene Kohlenstoff genutzt werden, um in Mischungen aus Gichtgasschlamm und Elektroofenstaub bei der thermischen Behandlung als Reduktionsmittel zu wirken. Dieses Verfahren führt zur Rückgewinnung von Zink und metallischem Eisen und wird im Technikums- und Pilotmaßstab erprobt. Abschließend wird die Nutzung von Wasserstoff als Reduktionsmittel für Elektroofenstaub vorgestellt. Hierbei lässt sich der Reststoff potenziell klimaneutral in Eisenschwamm umwandeln, wobei die chemischen Grundlagen anhand von DTA-Experimenten und thermodynamischen Simulationen ergründet werden.
Sunlight is an almost unavoidable environmental cue and plays a fundamental role in the biology of pro- and eukaryotic organisms. To cope with sunlight-associated stresses e.g., high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses, it is important for organisms to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. The benefits of light are obvious for green organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae and plants which use light as an energy source (photosynthesis). Less apparent are other light-dependent processes such as light-driven DNA repair by photolyases (photoreactivation) or ion pumping by microbial opsins. Fungi that can share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess many proteins for absorbing UV/blue, green, red and far-red light, produce the black 1,8 dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin and orange-red carotenoids, and may live in multispecies biofilms. Here, we are addressing the question to which extent constitutive pigment formation (melanin and carotenoids) and responses mediated by the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase contribute to the observed light (UV-B) tolerance of K. petricola.
Rotschlamm fällt in sehr großen Mengen bei der Herstellung von Aluminiumoxid an und wird fast ausschließlich deponiert. Es wird eine neue Technologie vorgestellt bei der das im Rotschlamm enthaltene Eisenoxid mittels Wasserstoffplasma reduziert wird. Es wird ein Reaktionsmechanismus über Titanomagnetit und Hercynit vorgeschlagen.
Sunlight is an almost unavoidable environmental cue and plays a fundamental role in the biology of pro- and eukaryotic organisms. To cope with sunlight-associated stresses e.g., high temperatures, UV radiation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, desiccation, and osmotic stress, it is important for organisms to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. The benefits of light are obvious for green organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae and plants which use light as an energy source (photosynthesis). Fungi that can share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. Examples are the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea, the gray mold fungus, and the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola, a microcolonial black fungus which forms multispecies biofilms with bacteria and algae.
Bakterielle Biofilme stellen in medizinischen und industriellen Bereichen ein ernsthaftes Problem dar. Eine der größten gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen liegt in der zunehmenden Resistenz von Bakterien gegen Biozide, die bei antimikrobiellen Behandlungen eingesetzt werden, z.B. durch übermäßigen Einsatz in Medizin, Industrie und Landwirtschaft oder durch Reinigung und Desinfektion in Privathaushalten. Daher sind neue effiziente bakterienabweisende Strategien, die den Einsatz von Bioziden vermeiden, dringend erforderlich.
Ein vielversprechender Weg zur Erzielung bakterienabweisender Oberflächen liegt in der berührungslosen und aseptischen großflächigen Laserbearbeitung von technischen Oberflächen. Maßgeschneiderte Oberflächentexturen, ermöglicht durch verschiedene Laserbearbeitungsstrategien, die zu topographischen Skalen im Bereich von Nanometern bis Mikrometern führen, können eine Lösung für diese Herausforderung darstellen.
In dem Vortrag wird ein Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Technik bei der subtraktiven Texturierung von Laseroberflächen zur Kontrolle der Biofilmbildung bei verschiedenen Bakterienstämmen und in unterschiedlichen Umgebungen gegeben. Auf der Grundlage spezifischer Eigenschaften von Bakterien und laserbearbeiteten Oberflächen werden die Herausforderungen antimikrobieller Oberflächendesigns erörtert und zukünftige Richtungen aufgezeigt.
Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4ᐧ0.5H2O), also known as bassanite, has been used as a precursor to produce gypsum (dihydrate, CaSO4ᐧ2H2O) for various construction and decorative purposes since prehistoric times. The main route to obtain hemihydrate is a thermal treatment of gypsum at temperatures typically between 150 °C and 200 °C to remove some of the structural water.
In this contribution, we introduce (Fig. 1) a more efficient and sustainable method (T < 100 °C) that enables the direct, rapid, and reversibly conversion of gypsum to bassanite using reusable high salinity aqueous solutions (brines with c[NaCl] > 4 M). The optimum conditions for the efficientproduction of bassanite in a short time (< 5 min) involve the use of brines with c(NaCl) > 4 M and maintaining a temperature, T > 80 °C. When the solution containing bassanite crystals is cooled down to around room temperature, eventually gypsum is formed. When the temperature is raised again to T > 80 °C, bassanite is rapidly re-precipitated. This contrasts with the typical behaviour of the bassanite phase in low salt environments.
Traditionally, hemihydrate is obtained through a solid state thermal treatment because bassanite is considered to be metastable with respect to gypsum and anhydrite in aqueous solutions, and therefore gypsum-to-bassanite conversion should not occur in water. Its very occurrence actually contradicts numerical thermodynamic predictions regarding solubility of calcium sulfate phases. By following the evolution of crystalline phases with in situ and time-resolved X-ray diffraction/scattering and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the phase stability in brines at elevated temperatures is inaccurately represented in the thermodynamic databases. Most notably for c(NaCl) > 4 M, and T > 80 °C gypsum becomes readily more soluble than bassanite, which induces the direct precipitation of the latter from gypsum. The fact that these transformations are controlled by the solution provides extensive opportunities for precise manipulation of crystal formation. Our experiments confirmed that bassanite remained the sole crystalline structure for many hours before reverting into gypsum. This property is extremely advantageous for practical processing and efficient crystal extraction in industrial scenarios.
In industrialised countries more than 80% of the time is spent indoors. Products, such as building materials and furniture, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are therefore ubiquitous in indoor air. VOC in combination may, under certain environmental and occupational conditions, result in reported sensory irritation and health complaints. Emission concentrations can become further elevated in new or refurbished buildings where the rate of air exchange with fresh ambient air may be limited due to improved energy saving aspects. A healthy indoor environment can be achieved by controlling the sources and by eliminating or limiting the release of harmful substances into the air. One way is to use (building) materials proved to be low emitting. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. A laboratory’s proficiency can be proven by internal and external validation measures that both include the application of suitable emission reference materials (ERM). For the emission test chamber procedure according to EN 16516, no artificial ERM is commercially available. The EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ aims to fill this gap by developing new and improved ERMs. The goal is to obtain a material with a reproducible and temporally constant compound release (less than 10 % variability over 14 days). Two approaches were tested: the impregnation of porous materials with VOC, and the encapsulation of VOC in polymer microcapsules. Impregnation is performed with help of an autoclave and supercritical CO2. The encapsulation is done by interfacial polymerisation on VOC droplets. For both approaches, synthesis and/or material parameters were varied to obtain an optimal ERM. Findings about the optimisation of ERM generation, as well as performance of the best emission reference materials, will be presented.
Im Folgenden soll über aktuelle Diskussionen und Arbeitsschwerpunkte im Fachbeirat der BAM und von der Zulassungsstelle berichtet werden. Es werden Änderungen im Zusammenhang mit der Zulassungsrichtlinie für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen vorgestellt. Es wird über die aktuelle Diskussion über die Anforderungen z. B. an metallische Sensoren für Dichtungskontrollsysteme berichtet. Änderungen der Fremdprüfung von sogenannten Sandschutzmatten, des Standards zur Qualitätsüberwachung (SQÜ) von Kunststoff Dränelementen (KDE) und der Anpassung der Formulierungen zum Überbau der in Abdichtungen verwendeten Produkte werden aufgezeigt.
The Microplastic Microbiome
(2024)
Microplastics represent man-made and newly emerging surfaces in our ecosystems, where they interact with microorganisms. The ecosystem in focus of this presentation will be the aquatic environment. It will be portrayed, which microorganisms use microplastics as a habitat, how environmental factors shape this colonization, and why the biodegradation of plastics in the ocean is an overall unlikely process. We will also discuss whether potentially pathogenic microorganisms use microplastics as a raft. Finally, possible adaptation mechanisms of plastic-colonizing microorganisms will be presented, such as the production of photoreactive molecules. The microplastic microbiome has a large potential to harbor so far unknown species with curious traits, representing an exciting research topic for the future.
Any surface in the environment acts as hotspot for microbial attachment and activity. These biofilms represent the interface between humans and the environment.
While in the past biofilms were often seen as disturbance, we now start to understand the enormous potential of beneficial biofilms. They can be used in a broad range of applications and are sources for new microorganisms and traits. After all, biofilms represent a great example for a collaborative lifestyle.
Glutaraldehyde is widely used as a disinfectant and preservative, but little is known about its effects on bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and the selection of tolerant phenotypes. We found that short-term exposure to sub-inhibitory levels of glutaraldehyde makes E. coli resistant to high doses of bactericidal antibiotics from different classes. This tolerance is associated with delayed, heterogeneous regrowth dynamics and global transcriptome remodeling. We identified over 1200 differentially expressed genes, including those related to antibiotic efflux, metabolic processes, and the cell envelope. The cells entered a disrupted state likely due to the unspecific mode-of-action of glutaraldehyde. Despite this unregulated response, we identified several differentially expressed genes not previously associated with antibiotic tolerance or persistence that induce antibiotic tolerance when overexpressed alone. These findings highlight how the unspecific mode-of-action of disinfectants can make bacteria temporarily resistant to antibiotics. They have implications for settings where disinfectants and antibiotics are used in close proximity, such as hospitals and animal husbandry, and for the selection dynamics of tolerant pheno- and genotypes in fluctuating environments where microorganisms are exposed to these substances, such as sewage systems. A trade-off arises from overcoming the disrupted state as quickly as possible and maintaining antibiotic tolerance.
Glutaraldehyde is widely used as a disinfectant and preservative, but little is known about its effects on bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and the selection of tolerant phenotypes. We found that short-term exposure to sub-inhibitory levels of glutaraldehyde makes E. coli resistant to high doses of bactericidal antibiotics from different classes. This tolerance is associated with delayed, heterogeneous regrowth dynamics and global transcriptome remodeling. We identified over 1200 differentially expressed genes, including those related to antibiotic efflux, metabolic processes, and the cell envelope. The cells entered a disrupted state likely due to the unspecific mode-of-action of glutaraldehyde. Despite this unregulated response, we identified several differentially expressed genes not previously associated with antibiotic tolerance or persistence that induce antibiotic tolerance when overexpressed alone. These findings highlight how the unspecific mode-of-action of disinfectants can make bacteria temporarily resistant to antibiotics. They have implications for settings where disinfectants and antibiotics are used in close proximity, such as hospitals and animal husbandry, and for the selection dynamics of tolerant pheno- and genotypes in fluctuating environments where microorganisms are exposed to these substances, such as sewage systems. A trade-off arises from overcoming the disrupted state as quickly as possible and maintaining antibiotic tolerance.
The increasing use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), as lightweight materials essential for the transformation, demands for a safe treatment option of carbon fiber (CF) containing waste streams. Because of their low reactivity towards oxidation processes, CF can neither be treated in a conventional nor hazardous waste incineration plant. Even the extremely high temperature in a cement rotary kiln does not lead to full conversion. To increase the sustainability of CF, other processes need to be investigated. Opening other reaction pathways, using CF waste streams as secondary resource in pyrometallurgy to replace fossil carbon, can be a solution for a safe and sustainable treatment. After first small scale experiments, CF containing waste streams were used as reductant in a semi-industrial scale electric arc furnace (EAF). First results and impressions are presented.
The increasing use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), as lightweight materials essential for the transformation, demands for a safe treatment option of carbon fiber (CF) containing waste streams. Because of their low reactivity towards oxidation processes, CF can neither be treated in a conventional nor hazardous waste incineration plant. Even the extremely high temperature in a cement rotary kiln does not lead to full conversion. To increase the sustainability of CF, other processes need to be investigated. Opening other reaction pathways, using CF waste streams as secondary resource in pyrometallurgy to replace fossil carbon, can be a solution for a safe and sustainable treatment. To support the industrial application, experiments on different scales were conducted. Here, results of thermochemical investigations, reactivity studies, crucible experiments and pilot plat trials are reported.
Obwohl der Leichtbau mit carbonfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur Ressourceneffizienz liefert, stellt der wachsende Abfallstrom von aktuell 62 kt/a eine große Herausforderung dar. Weil die Produktion von Carbonfasern (CF) überwiegend auf fossilen Rohstoffen basiert und sehr energieintensiv ist, werden nachhaltige Recyclinglösungen dringend benötigt.
Hier geben wir einen Überblick über aktuelle Recyclingprozesse und diskutieren deren Limitierungen. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir eine Möglichkeit zur sicheren chemischen Nutzung von CF-haltigen Reststoffen auf, die nicht zur Wiederverwertung geeignet sind. Das Projekt CF Pyro untersucht deren Einsatz als Sekundärrohstoff in der Pyrometallurgie und setzt besondere Schwerpunkte bei der Reaktivität von CF, der Prozessstabilität und der Vermeidung von Emissionen gesundheitsschädlicher WHO-Fasern. Neben der Vorstellung von wichtigen fundamentalen experimentellen Erkenntnissen wird ihre Bedeutung für den Wandel zum zirkulären Wirtschaften diskutiert.
Neben Ressourceneinsparungen in der Produktion sorgen moderne Leichtbauwerkstoffe und -technologien für Energieeinsparungen in der Nutzungsphase. Auf diese Weise sowie als Enabler für eine Vielzahl an Zukunftstechnologien, wie zum Beispiel erneuerbare Energien, Elektromobilität und die Wasserstoffwirtschaft, ist Leichtbau fundamental für die Entkopplung des Wirtschaftswachstums vom Ressourcenverbrauch, die Erreichung der Ziele des Green Deals und eine Nachhaltige Zukunft. Um marktnahe Potentiale für Klima- und Ressourcenschutz vollständig zu heben und Herausforderungen wie die Kreislauffähigkeit im Leichtbau aktiv zu adressieren, fördert das BMWK marktnahe Innovationen im Leichtbau mit den Technologietransfer-Programm Leichtbau (TTP LB) Auch für die BAM bietet das TTP LB interessante Möglichkeiten, Forschungsvorhaben umzusetzen. Derzeit werden vier Projekte mit BAM-Beteiligung gefördert. In diesem Webinar stellen wir Ihnen die gesamte Breite des Leichtbaus vor und zeigen Ihnen damit direkte Anknüpfungspunkte zu Ihrer Forschung. Dafür wird das TTP LB vorgestellt, werden wertvolle Einblicke zur Antragstellung gegeben und der Weg zum Erfolg wird am Beispiel des BAM-Projektes SmartWeld skizziert. Neben der Erläuterung von technischen Details und formalen Anforderungen des Förderprogramms möchten wir ebenfalls versuchen, einen kleinen Ausblick auf mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen zu geben.
Lightweighting as a cross-cutting technology contributes significantly to achieve the European Green Deal goals. Based on, but not limited to, advanced materials and production technologies, the demand for natural resources and CO2 emmissions are reduced by lightweighting during production, as well as use phase. Therefore, lightweighting is a crucial transformation technology assisting in decoupling economic growth from resource consumption. In this manner, lightweighting contributes significantly as a key technology of relevance for many industrial sectors such as energy, mobility, and infrastructure, towards resource efficiency, climate action and economic strength, as well as a resilient Europe. To strengthen international partnerships, addressing global issues of today at the edge of science with high performance lightweight material based on carbon fibers, an overview about the BAM expertise in carbon fiber reinforced materials is given.