4 Material und Umwelt
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- Deponie (10)
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- Geokunststoffe (4)
- Rostasche (4)
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- Anobium punctatum (3)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (75)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (20)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (17)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (14)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (14)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (11)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (3)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (3)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (2)
- 1.4 Prozessanalytik (2)
Agricultural sewage sludge utilization becomes less important in Germany. In 2017, new fertilizer and waste laws caused the agricultural sewage sludge utilization to collapse by more than a quarter. From 2029, in German wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) phosphorus (P) must be recovered from sewage sludge ifit contains more than 2 wt % P. Agricultural utilization will be prohibited for large WWTPs > 100,000 population equivalents (pe) from 2029 and > 50,000 pe from 2032. In Germany, each federal state must annually report amounts and quality of agriculturally utilized sewage sludge which was 17 % of the total disposal in 2019. The reports of 10 States were evaluated for 2016 and 2017 representing approx. 60 % ofthe total agriculturally used sludge volume. Whereas phosphorus recovery is mandatory this does not apply to other nutrients. However, many P recovery processes recover other nutrients, too.
Considering three differentscenariosfor future German sewage sludge disposal Shows that 70 - 77 % ofthe P load in sewage sludge will probably be recovered in the future.
At the same time, this applies for about 0 - 16 % of nitrogen, 36 - 52 % of calcium, 31-53 % of potassium, and 40 - 52 % of magnesium. However, these recovered nutrient loads can substitute only 1 % or less ofthe commercial fertilizer demand except from phosphorus which is about 45 % ofthe demand.
Das Jahr 2020 war vor allen Dingen von der Pandemie geprägt, die alle Bereiche des Lebens und Arbeitens beeinflusst hat und immer noch beeinflusst. Dies hat sich auch auf verschiedene Maßnahmen im Zusammenhang mit zugelassenen Produkten ausgewirkt. In diesem Zusammenhang sollen die Punkte kurz aufgeführt werden. Des Weiteren soll aufgezeigt werden, wie bei der Bearbeitung der Richtlinien, der Zulassungstätigkeit und Beurteilung der Produkte an der BAM und im Fachbeirat vorgegangen wird. Darüber hinaus soll noch einmal kurz auf die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase eingegangen werden. Am Ende sollen verschiedene aktuelle Fragestellungen des Fachbeirat aufgezeigt werden.
Ab 2029 gilt für alle Kläranlagen in Deutschland eine Pflicht zur Rückgewinnung von Phosphor (P) aus Klärschlamm. Ausgenommen sind nur Anlagen mit Schlämmen mit weniger als 20 g P/kg bezogen auf die Trockenmasse (TM). Für eine Überprüfung der Phosphorschwankungen im Klärschlamm wurden neun verschiedene Kläranlagen ausgewählt mit Phosphorgehalten nahe der "Rückgewinnungsgrenze" von 20 g/kg TM. Der entwässerte Klärschlamm dieser Anlagen wurde monatlich beprobt und auf seinen Phosphorgehalt geprüft. Die Phosphorschwankungen betrugen je nach Anlage zwischen 4 % und 13 % (relative Standardabweichung), im Mittel rund 7 %.
The survey of Canadian shale sites showed a dominance of halophilic microorganisms, including Halomonas (HA). Nitrate-amended incubations of the field samples under high salinity (14.6% NaCl), revealed a dominance of HA (>72%) and an accumulation of nitrite. Nitrite accumulation directly inhibited the growth of SRB, thereby decreasing their souring and corrosion risks. However, accumulated nitrite may also contribute to iron corrosion, which will be tested by using different concentrations of nitrate as an electron acceptor to HA. Different salinities are further tested on HA strains supplemented with iron coupons to determine their effects on iron corrosion rates. HA incubated with separate cultures of corrosive methanogen and SRB were tested to determine whether a positive or adverse effect will occur between them. Lastly, analyses of iron coupons will be conducted using TOF-SIMS, FIB-SEM and EDS for corrosion product characterization
MFC was used to study the corrosiveness of iron-utilizing methanogen, Methanobacterium IM1 under flow conditions. Comparing against electrical SRM, Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5, results showed under standard mesophilic conditions, average corrosion rates of Methanobacterium IM1 was double that of SRM. The highest corrosion rate of Methanobacterium IM1 reached up to 0.60 mm/yr under neutral conditions, and severe pitting was observed on the iron surface. Furthermore, the corrosion products of Methanobacterium IM1 were characterized with TOF-SIM, FIB-SEM and EDX, and preliminary results revealed FeCO3 is not the only corrosion product of Mi-MIC, as previously reported. Under low pH conditions, the maximum corrosion rate of Methanobacterium IM1 reached 1.57 mm/yr, which resulted in severed deformity of the iron specimen. Additional comparisons using different types of incubation material were conducted to standardize MFC MIC testing.
Previous studies have shown that desktop 3D printers (Fused Filament Fabrication) emit high numbers of particulate matter, mainly as ultrafine particles (UFP, particle diameter less than 100 nm). However, the chemical composition of emitted particles has been less extensively investigated. In this study, we therefore focused on the chemical composition of particles emitted from 3D printing. The measurements were conducted in a 1 m³ emission test chamber. Emitted particles were sampled by a 13-stage low-pressure cascade impactor onto aluminum foils and then analyzed by TD-GC/MS to identify their organic compounds. Nine commercial filaments made from basic polymers such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), Polycarbonate (PC), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Nylon, High Performance Polystyrene (HIPS) and a copper-filled Polylactide (PLA) were investigated. The results show that the organic components of the particles are primarily plastic additives such as plasticizer, antioxidant agents, lubricants, UV-absorbers and UV-stabilizers from the filaments.
Indoor air quality is affected by the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) or the odour from building products. Odours can be measured by applying the standard ISO 16000-28:2020.
In the study presented here proposals for further technical development of the ISO method are presented. The sampling procedure and evaluation
method of the perceived intensity are investigated in particular because they have a major influence on reproducibility of measurement results.
EI‐GEO is a multinational research project (Germany, Latvia, Russia) funded under the ERA.Net RUS Plus Call 2017. Aim of the project is the investigation whether geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering applications could be a source of microplastics (MPs) and other contaminants to the aquatic environment causing negative effects to aquatic organisms.
Whereas the behavior of geosynthetics in landfill engineering is well studied and documented since decades, little is known on application in applications such as coastal protection or ballast layers for wind energy plants. However, due to the rapid expansion of offshore wind energy, rising water levels and more extreme weather conditions as a result of climate change more and more hydraulic engineering projects will be realized in the future.
Applied methods are artificial ageing of geosynthetics in environmental simulation chambers, storage of samples under environmental condition for comparison with laboratory simulation, sample characterization by microscopic methods and ecotoxicological testing of water in contact with geosynthetics.
In parallel a case study at the Baltic Sea shore at Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia) will be performed. The aim of study is to estimate the level of pollution of the beaches by geosynthetic debris and identify the possible sources.
Es wird über aktuelle Arbeitsthemen und Entwicklungen im Fachbeirat berichtet. So wurde in einer Sondersitzung des Fachbeirats über die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase beim Einsatz von Geokunststoffprodukten in Böschungen diskutiert. Die Unterarbeitsgruppe Fremdüberwachung in der Produktion hat getagt. Darüber hinaus werden Änderungen in den Zulassungsrichtlinien für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Kunststoff-Dränelemente und für die Fremdüberwachung kurz vorgestellt.
Uninvited and welcomed guests in museums – biological management of clothes moths and woodworms
(2020)
In museums and historic houses clothes, moths (Tineola bisselliella, Tinea pellionella) and the furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum) are the most economically important pests on textiles or wooden artifacts, respectively. Their management is essential to protect cultural ethnological heritage and natural history collections for future generations.
Pest management strategies have changed over time. Today, intensive knowledge on pest biology and overall material science are key cornerstones in IPM concepts - also for the Museum environment. The important first steps for sustainable pest management are risk assessment, early pest detection and identification of pathways of infestation. These steps are followed by physical and biological means of control, which have lately gained more importance than applying biocides. Several potentially effective biological enemies of clothes moths and woodworm have been known for a long time, but their promotion for pest control in Museums and historic houses is just beginning.
This short review summarizes current concepts of pest life cycle interruption by applying good quarantine and very specific biological measures. The lessons learned from recent faunistic surveys, life-history studies as well as behavioral observations of parasitoids and predators of clothes moths and woodworm may supplement the pest management tool box. The need for further research in this field is addressed.
Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior
of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids.
Antimony in incineration bottom ash – Leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes
(2020)
Antimony (Sb) is used in industrial products mainly as flame retardant in plastic material. Due to such additives in plastics, about a half of Sb ends up in municipal solid waste incineration at the end-of-life and consequently in relevant amounts in the generated bottom ash. In contact with water, the initial leachability is low, as antimonates form sparingly soluble compounds with Ca2+. Following the carbonation of the incineration bottom ash (IBA) during the proceeding ageing the pH in the leachates decreases. With decreasing concentration of Ca in the eluate the solution equilibrium changes and antimonates dissolve. In Germany it is intended to regulate Sb in IBA with the planned implementation of the so called Mantelverordnung (MantelVO, containing provisions on the utilisation of mineral waste) in the near future. The limit values set in the draft might be critical for IBA and therefore pose a risk for the utilisation of the mineral fraction of IBA in the well-established recycling routes.
Bei der Stahlproduktion fallen verfahrensbedingt große Mengen an Nebenprodukten und Abfällen wie Stahlwerksschlacken, Filterstäube und Gichtgasschlämme an. Hohe Anteile dieser Stoffströme werden aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung immer noch deponiert, obwohl sie ein hohes Wertstoffpotential aufweisen. An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) werden Verfahren untersucht
und entwickelt, welche eine Verwertung und Kreislaufführung dieser Materialströme ermöglichen. Aus sogenannten Linz-Donawitz-(LD)-Schlacken können durch carbothermische Nachbehandlung Roheisen und ein dem Portlandzementklinker (PZK) ähnliches Bindemittel erzeugt werden. Aus Elektroofenstäuben und Gichtgasschlämmen kann Zink gewonnen und die Anteile an Eisen und Kohlenstoff in den Stahlproduktionsprozess zurückgeführt werden. Durch diese technischen Maßnahmen kann es gelingen die Deponierung von Abfällen der Stahlproduktion zukünftig deutlich zu reduzieren.
Wood protection technology in the marine environment has changed over the last decades and will continue to do so. New active ingredients, newer formulations, and novel wood-based materials including physically- and chemically-modified wood, together with increasing concerns over environmental impacts of wood preservatives, urgently demand a major revision of EN 275 “Wood preservatives – Determination of the Protective Effectiveness against Marine Borers”, dated from 1992. This IRG document reports on the technical work in CEN TC 38 regarding the revision of this standard. A Task Group within WG 24 of CEN TC 38 was formed consisting of experts from different field of competence (e.g. wood preservatives industry, wood scientists, marine biologists, archaeologists and cultural heritage conservators). Starting by e-mail correspondence in 2014, and continuing with four physical meetings (Berlin 2x, Florence, Venice) with experts from Germany, Italy, Sweden, and UK were held so far. Significant items for revision in EN 275 were identified as: number of replicates, duration of the test, dimension of specimens, number of test sites, number of reference species, reference material including reference preservative, re-immersion of specimens after non-destructive periodical evaluation for longer periods of time vs higher number of replicates for successive destructive examinations without re-immersion, utilization of X- ray apparatus and specific software to ease evaluation, etc.
Furthermore, the task group is working on a standardized lab test for time-saving evaluation of different wood qualities for their potential to resist attack by limnorids. The suitability of this lab test will be determined by round robin tests as soon as safe face-to-face collaboration permits. The outcome will be published as a CEN TR (Technical Report) document, with a view to eventual adoption within the revised standard.
While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 (Analysis of cultural artefacts and assets) of the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) in Berlin together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg has developed a protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary screening to determine the type of the ink, and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques.
Using this protocol, scientists can assist scholars in addressing a rather broad range of historical questions that cannot be answered unequivocally through scholarly research alone. Among these are investigations on collaboration between scribes and scriptoria, on the usage and annotation of manuscripts and on their path through time and space in general. This research can thus help to reconstruct the circumstances of the production of written heritage as well as their history and transmission.
To facilitate the dialogue between the scholars and the scientists a simple optical tool was developed to allow the scholars to perform preliminary ink analysis required for formulation of the question that in turn can be answered by scientific in-depth investigations. In this paper, ink types and their identification method is accompanied by examples of the recent work conducted on parchment manuscripts in the Austrian National Library.
In the recent years multispectral imaging and X-ray Fluorescence element mapping have established themselves as a well working two step approach, when dealing with faded, erased or overwritten text in iron gall ink. During the last years a lot was done to improve the mere technical side of the techniques. Especially in the case of XRF mapping experiments the acquisition speed needed to be increased to allow mapping in the high resolution demanded by the challenges at hand. High resolution in moderate times can now be achieved, but with the price of proportionally increased amount of data that needs to be processed ideally in parallel to the measurement. The classical approach in XRF spectroscopy of elemental fitting of the spectral data does not even come close to fulfill any on the fly processing time constraints and will consume too much processing time in the foreseeable future. In this paper we will discuss the applicability of modern statistical data processing methods to XRF mapping of iron gall ink palimpsests. We will present a comparison of a new approach based on principle and independent component analysis (PCA and ICA) and the standard element mapping method. We will show that a reduction in processing time of almost two orders of magnitude can easily be achieved.
VIS-Spectroscopy of Aztec colors. Possible application of a non-destructive analytical method
(2020)
VIS-spectrometry is a rapid, non- invasive, mobile method that offers a first overview of possible colorants used for painting. This is worked out in detail for European paintings and applied for artefacts and illuminated manuscripts. Manuscripts from Asia for example show colorful decoration identified to be mostly prepared with mineral pigments such as cinnabar, azurite, malachite or orpiment, which can be well confirmed by elemental analyses due to their color-giving metal ions. This is not the case for the colorants used in pictorial manuscripts from pre-Hispanic America, painted mainly with organic dyes from plants. The palette of colors used by the Aztecs is very rich due to their extensive empire and long- distance communication with vassal states liable to tributes including dyes of high quality. These include for example red cochineal, yellow zacatlaxcalli, tagetes, safflower, and achiotl, as well as blue indigo, or matlalli.
The manuscripts – which have been inventoried as Manuscripta Americana in the State Library of Berlin and the Biblioteka Jagellońska in Krakow with the signatures Ms. Americ. 1-15 – are codices mainly from the colonial times of the 16th to 18th centuries. They uniquely reflect the relationships between indigenous culture and Spanish colonial masters. This study focusses on the scientific investigation of three manuscripts (Manuscripta Americana 3, 8, and 10) that are kept today in Krakow. It is assumed that these three parts belong together in a certain way, so various material analyses were carried out to prove this assumption. The scientific investigation focusses on the different black and brown writing inks.
The initial focus of this research was on the development of a general workflow for the documentation and monitoring of historical stained glass windows using structured light scanning. Therefore windows from different churches, time periods and with different corrosion and damage phenomena were scanned before and after conservation measures. To evaluate the execution of the restoration measures the data was compared using 3D inspection software to examine the differences in geometry between the two scans. Various problems had to be solved, for example, how to deal with heavily reflective surfaces and the extreme contrast between light and dark surfaces, as seen in the borders between ‘Schwarzlot’ painting and plain glass. The application of materials for matting the surfaces, such as Cyclododecane spray, was impossible due to the high accuracy of the surface measurement required for 3D inspection. Regarding the contrast differences of the surfaces, the creation of exposure fusions and the use of polarization filters to reduce reflections were tested. In addition to the general problems encountered when recording translucent surfaces, the historical glasses caused additional problems in calculating surface comparisons. For example, the windows have to be moved and turned around several times, both during the conservation process and while scanning, causing deformations of the geometry due to the flexible lead rods allowing a certain degree of movement.
Tricalcium-silicate (C3S) or Alite is the most important mineral in Portland cement. Since pure tricalcium-silicate is only stable above temperatures of 1250 °C, its decomposition has to be prevented technically by fast cooling after the sintering process. At room temperature, the decomposition velocity is very slow so that metastable tricalcium-silicate is obtained.
Although the mechanisms of clinker phase formation during burning process of Portland cement in a rotary kiln were solved and improved over the years, in view of possible economic and ecological benefits current projects aim to produce clinker phases from metallurgical slags. Recent studies discovered that the mineral phase which remained after a reducing treatment and separation of formed metallic iron from molten Linz-Donawitz (LD-) slags contained about 60 wt.% Alite despite it was cooled slowly. Because the results could be verified using slags from different origins and varying cooling velocities a chemical stabilisation of the Alite can be assumed. First tests in mortars indicate that workability, hardening and solid state properties are comparable with an ordinary Portland cement. An application of the observed phenomenon in cement production requires enhanced knowledge about formation and stabilisation conditions of Alite during crystallisation from melts in contrast to the sintering reactions in conventional Portland cement production. Therefore, this study focuses on the stabilisation mechanisms of Alite in consolidating melts. Samples from different melting experiments are analysed to determine stabilising factors.