4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2020 (109) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (63)
- Vortrag (17)
- Posterpräsentation (10)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (9)
- Buchkapitel (5)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (2)
- Dissertation (2)
- Sonstiges (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (109) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Bottom ash (5)
- Archaeometry (4)
- Ink (4)
- Leaching (4)
- Antimony (3)
- Circular economy (3)
- Ectoine (3)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (3)
- PFAS (3)
- Parchment (3)
- Phosphorus (3)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (3)
- Termites (3)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (2)
- Antimicrobial resistance (2)
- Bacterial adhesion (2)
- Biocides (2)
- Biodeterioration (2)
- Biofilm (2)
- Biogenic weathering (2)
- Black fungi (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (2)
- Compatible solute (2)
- Condensed Matter Physics (2)
- Consumer products (2)
- DRIFTS (2)
- Deponie (2)
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology (2)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (2)
- Fertilizer (2)
- Fuel Technology (2)
- Genomics (2)
- Geogitter (2)
- Geokunststoffe (2)
- Halomonas elongata (2)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (2)
- Humboldt Codices (2)
- Ink analysis (2)
- Interdisciplinary approach (2)
- Leaching control mechanisms (2)
- Manuscripts (2)
- Melting experiments (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Methanogen (2)
- Non-destructive testing (2)
- Non-invasive analysis (2)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (2)
- Phosphorus recovery (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Reference material (2)
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (2)
- Reverse glass painting (2)
- Sewage sludge (2)
- Tineola bisselliella (2)
- Volatile organic compounds (2)
- Wood Protection (2)
- XANES spectroscopy (2)
- genetics (2)
- 13th century (1)
- A Greek palimpsest (1)
- AEROMET project (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acidobacteria (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Aerosol (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Aerosolsensor (1)
- Agricultural mycology (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Aluminium (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Amphiphilic polymer (1)
- Analytical method (1)
- Analytical methods (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Antibacterial polymer (1)
- Antimicrobial coating (1)
- Antiquity (1)
- Apanteles carpatus (1)
- Artificial weathering (1)
- Ascomycetes (1)
- Ascosphaera apis (1)
- AshDec (1)
- Automated analysis (1)
- BEMMA (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Bacterial cell cycle (1)
- Bacterial second messenger (1)
- Bankia sp (1)
- Baryscapus tineivorus (1)
- Batch tests (1)
- Bauxite Residue (1)
- Beneficial microbes (1)
- Bio-weathering (1)
- Bioceramics (1)
- Biocorrosion (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofilm growth (1)
- Biofilm quantification (1)
- Biofilms (1)
- Biological control (1)
- Bioreceptivity (1)
- Biotechnology (1)
- Biphasic growth (1)
- Black microcolonial fungi (1)
- Book production (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Byzantine manuscript (1)
- C-di-GMP (1)
- CCQM (1)
- COST action CA15114 AMICI (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- Calcareous deposits (1)
- Calcium alkali phosphate (1)
- Cannibalism (1)
- Carbon Fibers (1)
- Carbon steel (1)
- Cathodic protection (1)
- Cellulose synthase (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Climate gradient (1)
- Codex Miscellaneus (1)
- Combustion ion chromatography (1)
- Comparison (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Construction products (1)
- Control (1)
- Coptic (1)
- Coptic studies (1)
- Coptotermes (1)
- Core microbiome (1)
- Corrosion products (1)
- Corynetes caeruleus (1)
- Crispr/Cas9 (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- DHN melanin (1)
- DNA (1)
- Damage repair (1)
- De novo assembly (1)
- Degradable polymer (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Dietary adaptation (1)
- Differential gene expression analysis (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Digitalisation (1)
- Display case (1)
- Dothideomycetes (1)
- Drawings (1)
- DsRNA (1)
- Durability (1)
- Dyes (1)
- EAF slags (1)
- EN 16516 (1)
- Efficacy (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Electric Arc Furnace (1)
- Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags (1)
- Electric arc furnace slags (1)
- Electron microscopy (1)
- Elemental composition (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission chambers (1)
- Emission test chamber (1)
- Entomopathogen (1)
- Entropy (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental simulations (1)
- Erfurt (1)
- Eurotiomycetes (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Extremophilic fungi (1)
- FAT class concept (1)
- FIB/SEM (1)
- FactSage calculations (1)
- FactSageTM calculations (1)
- Fakes (1)
- Femtosecond laser processing (1)
- Fertilzer (1)
- Flow Model (1)
- Flow system (1)
- Fluorescent microscopy (1)
- Fluorides (1)
- Forgery (1)
- Formation enthalpy (1)
- Forsterite (1)
- Fractal structure (1)
- Fuel sorption (1)
- Fungal biofilms (1)
- Fungal stress mechanisms and responses (1)
- GDL (1)
- GNBP-2 (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Geosynthetics (1)
- Gothic incursions (1)
- Growth-rate homeostasis (1)
- Gypsum recycling (1)
- Halophilic bacteria (1)
- Healthcare (1)
- Heat capacity (1)
- Herculaneum papyri (1)
- High density polyethylene (1)
- Holzschutzmittel (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (1)
- Hydraulic engineering (1)
- Hydrogen permeation (1)
- Hygienic behavior (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISO 16000-6 (1)
- Immune gene prediction (1)
- ImmunoDB (1)
- Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance (1)
- Industrial mycology (1)
- Infections (1)
- Inks (1)
- Insect biotechnology (1)
- Insecticide (1)
- Internal pores (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (1)
- Iron scrap (1)
- Iron-gall ink (1)
- Keratin (1)
- Knock-out mutant (1)
- Knufia petricola (1)
- Korrosion (1)
- LCA (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (1)
- Leaching tests (1)
- Lead books (1)
- Leather (1)
- Limitations (1)
- Limnoria spp (1)
- Low alloy steel (1)
- Low-molecular-weight organic substances (1)
- Luftgüte (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- MDG ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- MIC (1)
- MSWI bottom ash (1)
- Manuscript making (1)
- Marble (1)
- Marine borers (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Material surface colonisation (1)
- Mechanochemistry (1)
- Mechanosensitive channel (1)
- Medical mycology (1)
- Melanin Adhesion (1)
- Metabolic flux analysis (1)
- Metabolic modeling (1)
- Metal recovery (1)
- Metarhizium (1)
- Methane (1)
- Micro plastic (1)
- Microbiology (1)
- Microdroplet generator (1)
- Mining (1)
- Mixed ink (1)
- Mobile anodisation (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modelling studies (1)
- Monoterpene (1)
- Moriscos (1)
- MscS (1)
- Mud volcanoe fluids (1)
- Multiport (1)
- Municipal sewage sludge (1)
- Museum (1)
- Museum pests (1)
- NFDI (1)
- Nano (1)
- Nano Particles (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoplattform (1)
- Natural products discovery (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Non invasive analysis (1)
- Non-destructive test (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Operating Procedure (1)
- Organic phosphorus breakdown (1)
- Organo fluorine analysis (1)
- Osmoadaptation (1)
- Osmophobic effect (1)
- Osmotic shock (1)
- P-recovery (1)
- Palaeography (1)
- Palimpsest (1)
- Paper (1)
- Particle size (1)
- Particles (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Passive sampling (1)
- Pathogen (1)
- Perfluorierte Verbindungen (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phase transformation (1)
- Phopshorus recovery (1)
- Phosphorus K-edge-XANES spectroscopy (1)
- Phyllosphere (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pilot comparison (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Polyioinic liquid (1)
- Polymer-based products (1)
- Preferential exclusion (1)
- RNA extraction (1)
- RNA interference (1)
- RNAi (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radon exhalation (1)
- Reactor conditions (1)
- Recovery potential (1)
- Recovery rate (1)
- Recycling (1)
- Recycling fertiliser (1)
- Recycling fertilizer (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Reductive decomposition (1)
- Reductive defluorination (1)
- Rembrandt (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Resistance evolution (1)
- Resources (1)
- Reverse paintings on glass (1)
- Rhizosphere processes (1)
- Robustness validation (1)
- Rock biofilm (1)
- Rock leaching (1)
- SC-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- SEM (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SOP (1)
- SPE extraction (1)
- Sanierung (1)
- Scandium (1)
- Scythica Vindobonensia, (1)
- Secondary Recources (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (1)
- Sewage Sludge (1)
- Sewage Sludge Ashes (1)
- Sewage extraction (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (SSA) (1)
- Sewage sludge ordinance (1)
- Short crack propagation (1)
- Single cell analysis (1)
- Single cell microbiology (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Social insects (1)
- Soil contact (1)
- Soil extraction (1)
- Solubility (1)
- Solute excretion (1)
- Standardisation (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Steelmaking (1)
- Stone cultural heritage (1)
- Stress conditions (1)
- Stress tolerance (1)
- Structural color (1)
- Subaerial biofilms (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Surface waters (1)
- Surfacewaters (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Symbiosis (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- TXRF (1)
- Teredo sp (1)
- Termite (1)
- Termite-associated microbes (1)
- Thermal desorption (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- Thioimidazolium (1)
- Torah (1)
- Touch surfaces (1)
- Transcriptomics (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- Umweltmessung (1)
- Utilisation (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- VVOC (1)
- VVOCs (1)
- Vienna manuscript (1)
- WKI flask method (1)
- Waste management (1)
- Waste treatment (1)
- Waste water (1)
- Waste water treatment (1)
- Waste-to-energy (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Water stable isotope analysis (1)
- Weld fatigue (1)
- Weld toe geometry (1)
- Wood samples (1)
- Writing inks (1)
- X-Ray analysis (1)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- X-rays (1)
- XPS (1)
- XRF (1)
- black fungi (1)
- black fungus (1)
- fungus (1)
- genomics (1)
- mRNA-seq (1)
- melanin (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- underexplored phyla (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (109)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (29)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (21)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (19)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (17)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (16)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (13)
- 6 Materialchemie (9)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (5)
- 6.2 Material- und Oberflächentechnologien (4)
Paper des Monats
- ja (3)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (17)
In 2018, the production of Municipal SolidWaste (MSW) in EU-28 reached 250.6 Mt, with the adoption of different management strategies, involving recycling (48 wt %), incineration and thermal valorization (29 wt %) and landfilling (23 wt %). This work was based on the analysis of the baseline situation of MSW management in EU-28 in 2018, considering its progress in 2008–2018, and discussed the possible improvement perspectives based on a framework involving incineration and recycling as the only possible alternatives, specifically evaluating the capability of already-existing incineration plants to fulfill the EU needs in the proposed framework. The results of the assessment showed two main crucial issues that could play a pivotal role in the achievement of Circular Economy action plan targets: the need to increase the recycling quotas for specific MSW fractions through the separate collection, and therefore the improvement of definite treatment process chains; the optimization of the recovery of secondary raw materials from incineration bottom ash, involving the Recycling of ferrous and nonferrous metals and the mineral fraction. Both issues need to find an extensive application across all member states to decrease the actual differences in the adoption of sustainable MSW management options.
Monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles as reference material candidate for particle size measurements
(2020)
In order to utilize and rationally design materials at the nanoscale the reliable characterization of their physico-chemical properties is highly important, especially with respect to the assessment of their environmental or biological impact. Furthermore, the European Commission’s REACH Regulations require the registration of nanomaterials traded in quantities of at least 1 ton. Powders or dispersions where 50% (number distribution) of the constituent particles have sizes ≤ 100 nm in at least one dimension are defined as nanomaterials. This creates a need for industrial manufacturers and research or analytical service facilities to reliably characterize potential nanomaterials. Currently, BAM is developing reference nanoparticles, which shall expand the scarce list of worldwide available nano reference materials certified for particle size distribution and will also target other key parameters like shape, structure, porosity or functional properties. In this respect, materials like iron oxide or titanium dioxide are considered as candidates to complement the already available silica, Au, Ag, and polystyrene reference nanoparticles.
The thermal decomposition of iron oleate precursors in high boiling organic solvents can provide large quantities of iron oxide nanoparticles that can be varied in size and shape.[1, 2] The presence of oleic acid or other hydrophobic ligands as capping agents ensures stable dispersion in nonpolar solvents. Such monodisperse, spherical particles were synthesized at BAM and pre-characterized by electron microscopy (TEM, SEM including the transmission mode STEM-in-SEM) and dynamic light scattering comparing cumulants analysis and frequency power spectrum.
1. REACH regulations and nanosafety concerns create a strong need for nano reference materials with diverse properties.
2. Iron oxide nanoparticles are under development as new candidate reference material at BAM.
3. Narrow particle size distribution confirmed by light scattering and electron microscopy.
Based on recently published research on leaching control mechanisms in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags, it is assumed that a FeO/SiO2 ratio of around one leads to low leached V and Cr concentrations. This ratio influences the mineral phase composition of the slag toward higher amounts of spinel and a lower solubility of calcium silicate phases by suppressing the formation of magnesiowuestite and highly soluble calcium silicate phases. To evaluate this hypothesis, laboratory and scaled up tests in an EAF pilot plant were performed on slag samples characterized by elevated V and Cr leaching and a high FeO/SiO2 ratio. Prior to the melting experiments, the optimum FeO/SiO2 ratio was calculated via FactSageTM. In the melting experiments, the ratio was adjusted by adding quartz sand, which also decreased the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag. As a reference, remelting experiments without quartz sand addition were conducted and additionally, the influence of the cooling rate of the slag was examined. The remelted (without quartz sand) and the remelted modified slags (with quartz sand) were analyzed chemically and mineralogically and the leaching behavior was investigated. The modification of the slags yielded a minimized release of V and Cr, supporting the hypothesis that the FeO/SiO2 ratio influences the mineralogy and the leaching behavior.
Stress is a normal part of life for fungi, which can survive in environments considered inhospitable or hostile for other organisms. Due to the ability of fungi to respond to, survive in, and transform the environment, even under severe stresses, many researchers are exploring the mechanisms that enable fungi to adapt to stress. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brings together leading scientists from around the world who research fungal stress. This article discusses presentations given at the third ISFUS, held in Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil in 2019, thereby summarizing the state-of-the-art knowledge on fungal stress, a field that includes microbiology, agriculture, ecology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a highly unpredictable process involving a complex group of microorganisms, including sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens. Standard laboratory MIC testing using static serum bottle enrichments is an easy but limited method, offering poor resolution on the biomineralization process of corrosion products. An example of this is the presumed corrosion product siderite by corrosive methanogens (Mi-MIC). Previous publications reported siderite was the sole corrosion product of M. maripaludis using metal coupons incubated under stationary conditions.
However, the formation of siderite is closely related to the surrounding environmental conditions, i.e. pH, CO2 concentration, flow and temperature. Thus, siderite as the sole corrosion product of Mi-MIC remain inconclusive and questionable. To study Mi-MIC effectively, a novel versatile multiport flow-column corrosion monitoring system (MFC) was developed. MFC allows sectional corrosion rate determination under flow conditions using different types of material, inoculum and packing material. MFC offers great flexibility, ease of operation and accurate corrosion measurements that can be combined with many other techniques. Using MFC, we studied multiple strains of methanogens and compared it with sulfate-reducing bacteria under neutral and low pH conditions. It was revealed by MFC that corrosive methanogens have equally high corrosion potential as sulfate-reducing bacteria. Additionally, siderite is not the dominant nor sole corrosion product of Mi-MIC. Thus, effective corrosion monitoring and establishing standard laboratory practices, i.e. incorporating MFC as part of regular testing process, will provide deeper understanding of MIC. This will allow further microbial electrophysiology understandings, contributing to effective mitigation strategy development.
Currently, corrosion rates (CR) and/or corrosion products (CP) obtained for methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) on carbon steel are mainly analyzed from static-incubations. By using a multiport-flow-column, much higher CRs (0.72 mm/yr) were observed, indicating static-incubations are not suitable for determining the corrosive potential of Mi-MIC. With the combination of various analytical methods (ToF-SIMS/SEM-EDS/SEM-FIB) and contrary to previously published data, we observed that CPs contained phosphorus, oxygen, magnesium, calcium and iron but lacked carbon-related species (e.g. siderite). Overall, siderite nucleation is disrupted by methanogens, as they convert aqueous bicarbonate into carbon dioxide for methanogenesis resulting in increased localized corrosion.
Currently, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is regarded as the main culprit of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), mainly due to the low reported corrosion rates of other microorganisms. For example, the highest reported corrosion rate for methanogens is 0.065 mm/yr. However, by investigating methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using an in-house developed versatile multiport flow test column, extremely high corrosion rates were observed. We analyzed a large set of carbon steel beads, which were sectionally embedded into the test columns as substrates for iron-utilizing methanogen Methanobacterium IM1. After 14 days of operation using glass beads as fillers for section separation, the highest average corrosion rate of Methanobacterium IM1 was 0.2 mm/yr, which doubled that of Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5 and Desulfovibrio alaskensis 16109 investigated at the same conditions. At the most corroded region, nearly 80% of the beads lost 1% of their initial weight (fast-corrosion), resulting in an average corrosion rate of 0.2 mm/yr for Methanobacterium IM1-treated columns. When sand was used as filler material to mimic sediment conditions, average corrosion rates for Methanobacterium IM1 increased to 0.3 mm/yr (maximum 0.52 mm/yr) with over 83% of the beads having corrosion rates above 0.3 mm/yr. Scanning electron images of metal coupons extracted from the column showed methanogenic cells were clustered close to the metal surface. Methanobacterium IM1 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen with higher affinity to metal than H2. Unlike SRB, Methanobacterium IM1 is not restricted to the availability of sulfate concentration in the environment. Thus, the use of the multiport flow column provided a new insight on the corrosion potential of methanogens, particularly in dynamic conditions, that offers new opportunities for monitoring and development of mitigation strategies. Overall, this study shows under certain conditions methanogenic archaea can cause higher corrosion than SRB, specific quantifications, i.e., maximum, average, and minimum corrosion rates can be determined, and that spatial statistical evaluations of MIC can be carried out.
The potential release of hazardous substances from polymer-based products is currently in the focus of environmental policy. Environmental simulations are applied to expose such products to selected aging conditions and to investigate release processes. Commonly applied aging exposure types such as solar and UV radiation in combination with water contact, corrosive gases, and soil contact as well as expected general effects on polymers and additional ingredients of polymer-based products are described. The release of substances is based on mass-transfer processes to the material surfaces. Experimental approaches to investigate transport processes that are caused by water contact are presented. For tailoring the tests, relevant aging exposure types and release quantification methods must be combined appropriately. Several studies on the release of hazardous substances such as metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, antioxidants, and carbon nanotubes from polymers are summarized exemplarily. Differences between natural and artificial exposure tests are discussed and demonstrated for the release of flame retardants from several polymers and for biocides from paints. Requirements and limitations to apply results from short-term artificial environmental exposure tests to predict long-term environmental behavior of polymers are presented.
Innovation Network PerFluSan
(2020)
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are transferred into the environment as part of their broad industrial use, where they pose a problem due to their critical properties. The sustainable protection of people and the environment from this group of substances is an important task for the future. However, available PFAS removal and remediation processes are expensive and often inadequate. PerFluSan would like to make a relevant contribution to solve this problem by developing new PFAS remediation methods for soils and water, as well as innovative analytical methods for PFAS detection.
The long-term vision is to develop PerFluSan into a national contact point for the PFAS topic, which uses synergies between the PerFluSan actors to address all aspects of the problem holistically, sustainably and effectively.
Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place.
A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances.
The paper presents the results of the radiocarbon dating and ink analysis of a leather fragment bearing an important liturgical text in Hebrew from the early centuries of the common era. The work initiated by the scholarly interest in the text stresses the importance of the date and materiality of the manuscripts and closes with an appeal to the curators of manuscript collections.
In the last decade, applications of X-rays to the study of manuscripts significantly spread in both diversity and extent. They range from writing material analysis, mostly with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), permitting non-invasive characterization of inks and pigments used, to the investigation of the origin of writing supports. In addition, XRF mapping has proved to be an invaluable tool for recovering erased text. Finally, computed-tomography (CT) has shown potential in virtually unrolling rolls, making text readable without using-damaging mechanical methods. Despite their growing use, little attention has been paid to the side effects of such analytical tools. We observed irreversible parchment colour changes during some experiments on dead-sea scrolls with synchrotron radiation sources. Furthermore, partial photo-reduction of iron under high intensity beam during X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) measurements of iron-gall ink on paper has been reported several times [5,6]. Such phenomena have mostly been overlooked so far, although there is an increasing awareness of the necessity to study them. We conducted experiments at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) facilities to investigate X-ray induced structural alteration of paper and parchment to see whether the presence of absorption centres (ink and pigments) has an impact. In addition to better understanding degradation processes, we are aiming to define an appropriate methodology of analysis of manuscripts with a tolerable risk of damage. The first results concerning X-ray induced damage of cellulose materials have already been presented at the Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons in Art and Archaeology (SR2A). We are focusing here on the results on parchment materials.
Recent research has suggested that some of the inks used in Herculaneum papyri do not consist of pure carbon. Starting from this finding, in June 2018 a preliminary campaign of analysis by means of X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) of external portions removed mechanically from their original rolls in the eighteenth century (the so-called scorze) took place at the Biblioteca Nazionale at Naples. Also in this case, the aim of the survey was to investigate the ink composition in order to detect possible traces of metal. This article sums up the results of this survey.
The intention of the presentation is to inspire a discussion on the needs and challenges for the digitalisation of SOPs. SOPs are available for the disciplines of physical-chemical characterisation, for toxicology, for environmental applications and for exposure applications. Furthermore the SOPs need to be integrated in the regulatory framework and need to be detailed enough for the digital processing. This is highlighted in this presentation.
In this work, we characterise the performance of a Sharp optical aerosol sensor model GP2Y1010AU0F. The sensor was exposed to different environments: to a clean room, to a controlled atmosphere with known aerosol size distribution and to the ambient atmosphere on a busy city street. During the exposure, the output waveforms of the sensor pulses were digitised, saved and a following offline analysis enabled us to study the behaviour of the sensor pulse-by-pulse. A linear response of the sensor on number concentration of the monosized dispersed PSL particles was shown together with an almost linear dependence on particle diameters in the 0.4 to 4 micrometer range.
The gathered data about the sensor were used to predict its response to an ambient atmosphere, which was observed simultaneously with a calibrated optical particle counter.
At the end of the sixteenth century, a number of relics and artefacts were discovered in Granada, Spain. They included what became known as the Lead Books of the Sacromonte, twenty-one written artefacts made of circular lead leaves engraved in archaic Arabic characters. The authorship was attributed to some Arab disciples of St James the Greater considered to be the first evangelisers of the Iberian Peninsula. The texts, the materiality and the circumstances of the discoveries fuelled a debate surrounding their authenticity that lasted more than two centuries, a debate so fierce and controversial that not even papal condemnation in 1682 was able to stop it. Soon after the discoveries were made public, scholars highlighted the many contradictions and errors of a historical, linguistic and theological nature present in the texts, identifying members of the local Morisco community as possible forgers. This article focuses on how the scholarly community of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries handled these findings and looks at the methods employed by the scholars to evaluate the authenticity of the artefacts. It will also look at how the particular interests of the various authorities involved influenced the acceptance or dismissal of relevant academic results.
Up to now, different analytical methods for single cell analysis exist focusing on key features such as size, shape, morphology and elemental composition. The combination of the latest ICP-MS techniques - ICP-ToF-MS - together with the latest developments in the field of sample delivery - micro droplet generator (MDG) – will allow a Deep insight into the composition and size of cells.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is an oxidation of metals affected by the presence or activity (or both) of microorganisms e.g. Shewanella Putrefaciens in biofilms on the surface of the corroding material. As this can happen for example in the soil on iron pipes of water pipes, in oil tanks or on steel sheet piling, there is great interest in MIC research, not only from various industrial sectors, but also from the environmental aspect.
In the present study, a simple approach was used to investigate the effect of UV-exposure on two high density Polyethylene materials (PE-HD), commonly used for storage tanks, on fuel sorption behavior and colonization by microorganisms. The aim was to investigate whether the sorption behavior of the fuels (diesel/biodiesel) and the colonization by microorganisms, frequently occurring in the fuel, is affected and may lead to undesirable or safety-relevant material changes. We showed that the UV-irradiation leads to significant changes of the sorption behavior due to chemi-crystallization and crosslinking. The fuel Sorption is affected by the UV-induced formation of polar carbonyl and hydroxyl groups predominantly occurring at the surface. With respect to microbial colonization behavior for Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from a contaminated diesel sample, differences of the initial adhesion could be shown depending on the initial type of polyethylene as well as on the degree of UV-induced degradation.
Social immune behaviors are described in a great variety of insect societies and their role in preventing emerging infectious diseases has become a major topic in insect research. The social immune system consists of multiple layers, ranging from the synthesis of external immune molecules to the coordination of individual behaviors into sophisticated collective defensive tasks. But our understanding of how complex group-level behavioral defenses are orchestrated has remained limited. We sought to address this gap in knowledge by investigating the relationship between the external activity of an important immune effector molecule in termites, Gram negative binding protein 2 (GNBP-2) and collective grooming and cannibalism. We reasoned that as an external enzyme capable of degrading entomopathogenic fungi, GNBP-2 can facilitate the spread of pathogenic molecules in the colony, and thus serve to trigger collective defenses in a manner analogous to pathogen-associated molecular signatures (PAMPs) of the individual immune system. To test whether GNBP-2 could play a role in regulating social immune behavior, we experimentally inhibited its fungicidal activity using the glycomimetic molecule, D-d-gluconolactone (GDL) and recorded collective behavioral responses to an infected nestmate. Contrary to expectations, GNBP-2 inhibition did not influence the rate or intensity of grooming of either control or fungus-infected
nestmates. By contrast, we found that the probability of being harmed through defensive cannibalistic behaviors was significantly reduced by the inhibition of GNBP-2. Our findings indicate that the regulation of collective immune behaviors may depend in part on the external secretion of an enzyme originating from the individual immune system, but that other cues are also necessary.