4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2020 (109) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (63)
- Vortrag (17)
- Posterpräsentation (10)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (9)
- Buchkapitel (5)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (2)
- Dissertation (2)
- Sonstiges (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (109) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Bottom ash (5)
- Archaeometry (4)
- Ink (4)
- Leaching (4)
- Antimony (3)
- Circular economy (3)
- Ectoine (3)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (3)
- PFAS (3)
- Parchment (3)
- Phosphorus (3)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (3)
- Termites (3)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (2)
- Antimicrobial resistance (2)
- Bacterial adhesion (2)
- Biocides (2)
- Biodeterioration (2)
- Biofilm (2)
- Biogenic weathering (2)
- Black fungi (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (2)
- Compatible solute (2)
- Condensed Matter Physics (2)
- Consumer products (2)
- DRIFTS (2)
- Deponie (2)
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology (2)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (2)
- Fertilizer (2)
- Fuel Technology (2)
- Genomics (2)
- Geogitter (2)
- Geokunststoffe (2)
- Halomonas elongata (2)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (2)
- Humboldt Codices (2)
- Ink analysis (2)
- Interdisciplinary approach (2)
- Leaching control mechanisms (2)
- Manuscripts (2)
- Melting experiments (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Methanogen (2)
- Non-destructive testing (2)
- Non-invasive analysis (2)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (2)
- Phosphorus recovery (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Reference material (2)
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment (2)
- Reverse glass painting (2)
- Sewage sludge (2)
- Tineola bisselliella (2)
- Volatile organic compounds (2)
- Wood Protection (2)
- XANES spectroscopy (2)
- genetics (2)
- 13th century (1)
- A Greek palimpsest (1)
- AEROMET project (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acidobacteria (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Aerosol (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Aerosolsensor (1)
- Agricultural mycology (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Aluminium (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Amphiphilic polymer (1)
- Analytical method (1)
- Analytical methods (1)
- Anobium punctatum (1)
- Antibacterial polymer (1)
- Antimicrobial coating (1)
- Antiquity (1)
- Apanteles carpatus (1)
- Artificial weathering (1)
- Ascomycetes (1)
- Ascosphaera apis (1)
- AshDec (1)
- Automated analysis (1)
- BEMMA (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Bacterial attachment (1)
- Bacterial cell cycle (1)
- Bacterial second messenger (1)
- Bankia sp (1)
- Baryscapus tineivorus (1)
- Batch tests (1)
- Bauxite Residue (1)
- Beneficial microbes (1)
- Bio-weathering (1)
- Bioceramics (1)
- Biocorrosion (1)
- Biofilm formation (1)
- Biofilm growth (1)
- Biofilm quantification (1)
- Biofilms (1)
- Biological control (1)
- Bioreceptivity (1)
- Biotechnology (1)
- Biphasic growth (1)
- Black microcolonial fungi (1)
- Book production (1)
- Botrytis cinerea (1)
- Byzantine manuscript (1)
- C-di-GMP (1)
- CCQM (1)
- COST action CA15114 AMICI (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- Calcareous deposits (1)
- Calcium alkali phosphate (1)
- Cannibalism (1)
- Carbon Fibers (1)
- Carbon steel (1)
- Cathodic protection (1)
- Cellulose synthase (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Climate gradient (1)
- Codex Miscellaneus (1)
- Combustion ion chromatography (1)
- Comparison (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Construction products (1)
- Control (1)
- Coptic (1)
- Coptic studies (1)
- Coptotermes (1)
- Core microbiome (1)
- Corrosion products (1)
- Corynetes caeruleus (1)
- Crispr/Cas9 (1)
- Critical raw materials (1)
- DHN melanin (1)
- DNA (1)
- Damage repair (1)
- De novo assembly (1)
- Degradable polymer (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Dietary adaptation (1)
- Differential gene expression analysis (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Digitalisation (1)
- Display case (1)
- Dothideomycetes (1)
- Drawings (1)
- DsRNA (1)
- Durability (1)
- Dyes (1)
- EAF slags (1)
- EN 16516 (1)
- Efficacy (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Electric Arc Furnace (1)
- Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags (1)
- Electric arc furnace slags (1)
- Electron microscopy (1)
- Elemental composition (1)
- Emission chamber (1)
- Emission chambers (1)
- Emission test chamber (1)
- Entomopathogen (1)
- Entropy (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental simulations (1)
- Erfurt (1)
- Eurotiomycetes (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Extremophilic fungi (1)
- FAT class concept (1)
- FIB/SEM (1)
- FactSage calculations (1)
- FactSageTM calculations (1)
- Fakes (1)
- Femtosecond laser processing (1)
- Fertilzer (1)
- Flow Model (1)
- Flow system (1)
- Fluorescent microscopy (1)
- Fluorides (1)
- Forgery (1)
- Formation enthalpy (1)
- Forsterite (1)
- Fractal structure (1)
- Fuel sorption (1)
- Fungal biofilms (1)
- Fungal stress mechanisms and responses (1)
- GDL (1)
- GNBP-2 (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Geosynthetics (1)
- Gothic incursions (1)
- Growth-rate homeostasis (1)
- Gypsum recycling (1)
- Halophilic bacteria (1)
- Healthcare (1)
- Heat capacity (1)
- Herculaneum papyri (1)
- High density polyethylene (1)
- Holzschutzmittel (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Horizontal gene transfer HGT (1)
- Hydraulic engineering (1)
- Hydrogen permeation (1)
- Hygienic behavior (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISO 16000-6 (1)
- Immune gene prediction (1)
- ImmunoDB (1)
- Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance (1)
- Industrial mycology (1)
- Infections (1)
- Inks (1)
- Insect biotechnology (1)
- Insecticide (1)
- Internal pores (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Iron oxide nanoparticles (1)
- Iron scrap (1)
- Iron-gall ink (1)
- Keratin (1)
- Knock-out mutant (1)
- Knufia petricola (1)
- Korrosion (1)
- LCA (1)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (1)
- Leaching tests (1)
- Lead books (1)
- Leather (1)
- Limitations (1)
- Limnoria spp (1)
- Low alloy steel (1)
- Low-molecular-weight organic substances (1)
- Luftgüte (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- MDG ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- MIC (1)
- MSWI bottom ash (1)
- Manuscript making (1)
- Marble (1)
- Marine borers (1)
- Market surveillance (1)
- Material surface colonisation (1)
- Mechanochemistry (1)
- Mechanosensitive channel (1)
- Medical mycology (1)
- Melanin Adhesion (1)
- Metabolic flux analysis (1)
- Metabolic modeling (1)
- Metal recovery (1)
- Metarhizium (1)
- Methane (1)
- Micro plastic (1)
- Microbiology (1)
- Microdroplet generator (1)
- Mining (1)
- Mixed ink (1)
- Mobile anodisation (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modelling studies (1)
- Monoterpene (1)
- Moriscos (1)
- MscS (1)
- Mud volcanoe fluids (1)
- Multiport (1)
- Municipal sewage sludge (1)
- Museum (1)
- Museum pests (1)
- NFDI (1)
- Nano (1)
- Nano Particles (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoplattform (1)
- Natural products discovery (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Non invasive analysis (1)
- Non-destructive test (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Operating Procedure (1)
- Organic phosphorus breakdown (1)
- Organo fluorine analysis (1)
- Osmoadaptation (1)
- Osmophobic effect (1)
- Osmotic shock (1)
- P-recovery (1)
- Palaeography (1)
- Palimpsest (1)
- Paper (1)
- Particle size (1)
- Particles (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Passive sampling (1)
- Pathogen (1)
- Perfluorierte Verbindungen (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phase transformation (1)
- Phopshorus recovery (1)
- Phosphorus K-edge-XANES spectroscopy (1)
- Phyllosphere (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pilot comparison (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Polyioinic liquid (1)
- Polymer-based products (1)
- Preferential exclusion (1)
- RNA extraction (1)
- RNA interference (1)
- RNAi (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radon exhalation (1)
- Reactor conditions (1)
- Recovery potential (1)
- Recovery rate (1)
- Recycling (1)
- Recycling fertiliser (1)
- Recycling fertilizer (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Reductive decomposition (1)
- Reductive defluorination (1)
- Rembrandt (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Resistance evolution (1)
- Resources (1)
- Reverse paintings on glass (1)
- Rhizosphere processes (1)
- Robustness validation (1)
- Rock biofilm (1)
- Rock leaching (1)
- SC-ICP-ToF-MS (1)
- SEM (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SOP (1)
- SPE extraction (1)
- Sanierung (1)
- Scandium (1)
- Scythica Vindobonensia, (1)
- Secondary Recources (1)
- Secondary metabolites (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (1)
- Sewage Sludge (1)
- Sewage Sludge Ashes (1)
- Sewage extraction (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (SSA) (1)
- Sewage sludge ordinance (1)
- Short crack propagation (1)
- Single cell analysis (1)
- Single cell microbiology (1)
- Social immunity (1)
- Social insects (1)
- Soil contact (1)
- Soil extraction (1)
- Solubility (1)
- Solute excretion (1)
- Standardisation (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Steelmaking (1)
- Stone cultural heritage (1)
- Stress conditions (1)
- Stress tolerance (1)
- Structural color (1)
- Subaerial biofilms (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Surface waters (1)
- Surfacewaters (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Symbiosis (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- TXRF (1)
- Teredo sp (1)
- Termite (1)
- Termite-associated microbes (1)
- Thermal desorption (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- Thioimidazolium (1)
- Torah (1)
- Touch surfaces (1)
- Transcriptomics (1)
- UV-irradiation (1)
- Umweltmessung (1)
- Utilisation (1)
- VOC-emission (1)
- VVOC (1)
- VVOCs (1)
- Vienna manuscript (1)
- WKI flask method (1)
- Waste management (1)
- Waste treatment (1)
- Waste water (1)
- Waste water treatment (1)
- Waste-to-energy (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Water stable isotope analysis (1)
- Weld fatigue (1)
- Weld toe geometry (1)
- Wood samples (1)
- Writing inks (1)
- X-Ray analysis (1)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- X-rays (1)
- XPS (1)
- XRF (1)
- black fungi (1)
- black fungus (1)
- fungus (1)
- genomics (1)
- mRNA-seq (1)
- melanin (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- underexplored phyla (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (109)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (29)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (21)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (19)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (17)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (16)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (13)
- 6 Materialchemie (9)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (5)
- 6.2 Material- und Oberflächentechnologien (4)
Paper des Monats
- ja (3)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (17)
Over the past two decades, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have emerged as worldwide environmental contaminants, calling out for sophisticated treatment, decomposition and remediation strategies. In order to mineralize PFAS pollutants, the incineration of contaminated material is a state-of-the-art process, but more cost-effective and sustainable technologies are inevitable for the future. Within this review, various methods for the reductive defluorination of PFASs were inspected. In addition to this, the role of mechanochemistry is highlighted with regard to its major potential in reductive defluorination reactions and degradation of pollutants. In order to get a comprehensive understanding of the involved reactions, their mechanistic pathways are pointed out. Comparisons between existing PFAS decomposition reactions and reductive approaches are discussed in detail, regarding their applicability in possible remediation processes. This article provides a solid overview of the most recent research methods and offers guidelines for future research directions.
Biofilms cause complications and high costs in both industry and medicine. Of particular interest are bacterial infections of prosthetic materials, which usually cannot be eliminated due to the high antibiotic resistance known for bacteria forming biofilms. The search for new materials and coatings with lower colonization potential and antibacterial activity is of great importance to reduce biofilm formation. However, there is no standardized procedure to examine the colonization characteristics of bacteria in the Biofilm state in situ. Here, we describe an automated epifluorescence microscopy system for the semi-quantitative analysis of three-dimensional (3D) biofilms on various surfaces. To analyze adherent bacteria, three materials (glass, steel and titanium) were incubated with bacteria in a flow chamber system. After fluorescence staining of the bacteria, automated image capturing, quantification of the bacteria, measurement of the colonized area and determination of the 3D biofilm height were carried out by using novel software.
Furthermore, the materials were examined for their surface topography using white light scanning interferometry. Titanium compared to glass showed a significantly higher number of adherent bacteria.
We argue that this was due to the higher microroughness of titanium. The colonized area was in accordance with the number of adherent bacteria and was also significantly larger on titanium coupons compared to glass. Maximum 3D biofilm height on glass coupons was significantly lower compared to the ones on steel and titanium. This novel method enables the standardized, automated investigation of the colonization with bacteria on different materials. This approach can considerably support the characterization of new material surfaces and their innovative coatings by analyzing the amount of attached Bacteria and thickness of biofilms in situ and eliminates the need of conventional cultivation.
Biocides are in contact with soils through direct application and passive leaching from protected materials. Consequently, soil microorganisms are exposed to biocides even though they are not their primary targets. Soil is a large reservoir of microbial diversity and has been hypothesized to be a crucial factor for the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Currently, there is little knowledge on how biocides used to protect materials affect the evolution and spread of resistance. Thus, our aim is to investigate the risk for the evolution of biocide resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics. In addition, we aim to elucidate the affect of biocides on the spread of resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
In adaptive laboratory evolution experiments we cultured selected model soil microorganism with representative biocides under selection regimes with increasing and stable biocide concentrations followed by antibiotic and biocide cross-resistance determination. Moreover, we investigate if the selected biocides affect the rates of de novo mutations and HGT of plasmids that carry resistance genes among soil microorganism.
Our results show only small increases of biocide resistance during serial transfers under increasing biocide concentrations. One reason for this might be the narrow selective window for biocide resistance due to steep dose-response relationships. Furthermore, our results indicate that a stable low-level biocide regime did not select for high level cross-resistance to antibiotics and other biocides.
Moreover, material preservatives affected the rates of HGT via conjugation and the mutation rates at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The results will enable future risk assessment regarding resistance evolution for biocides used as material preservatives.
The suitability of common analytical methods for the determination of active substances from wood preservatives in aged wood samples was investigated during an interlaboratory study. Permethrin, propiconazole and tebuconazole were quantified in 1.5 and 8 year-old wood samples by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. Generally, the applied Methods yielded reliable results for these samples. However, wood components can coelute with propiconazole and tebuconazole during liquid chromatography. Optimization of separation might be required if UV detection is applied.
Terrestrial mud volcanoes are unique structures driven by tectonic pressure and fluids from the deep subsurface. These structures are mainly found in active tectonic zones, such as the area near the Los Bajos Fault in Trinidad. Here we report a chemical and microbiological characterization of three mud volcanoes, which included analyses of multiple liquid and solid samples from the mud volcanoes. Our study confirms previous suggestions that at least some of the mud volcano fluids are a mixture of deeper salt-rich water and surficial/precipitation water. No apparent water quality differences were found between sampling sites north and south of a major geological fault line. Microbiological analyses revealed diverse communities, both aerobic and anaerobic, including sulfate reducers, methanogens, carbon dioxide fixing and denitrifying bacteria. Several identified species were halophilic and likely derived from the deeper salt-rich subsurface water, while we also cultivated pathogenic species from the Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Shewanellaceae, and Clostridiaceae. These microorganisms were likely introduced into the mud volcano fluids both from surface water or shallow ground-water, and perhaps to a more minor degree by rain water. The identified pathogens are a major health concern that needs to be addressed.
Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by different Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g. in melanized reproduction, survival and/or infection structures. Remarkable is the regulation of the DHN melanogenesis in the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea: it involves two differently expressed PKSs providing the precursor in conidia and sclerotia, respectively (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeast) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. As part of our continuing research on microcolonial rock-inhabiting fungi, we chose the genetically amenable Knufia petricola strain A95 (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol; Noack-Schönmann et al. 2014, AMB Express) for detailed studies. DHN-deficient mutants generated by targeted mutation of biosynthetic genes were studied with regard to the architecture of the cell wall and the EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) matrix, attachment to and weathering of olivine, as well as the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. We will discuss the critical role of the outer cell surface (DHN melanin and EPS) in adhesion to the substrate and subsequent damage of the colonized surface.
Microcolonial black fungi, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetes, exhibit constitutive melanin formation, yeast-like growth and high stress tolerances. They dominate – often together with bacteria and algae in sub-aerial biofilms – a range of hostile environments including natural and man-made ones, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Because of lacking genetic tools and the slow growth of most isolates, the genetic bases for these specific properties are largely unknown. The rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) exhibits all characteristics of microcolonial black fungi and was selected as recipient for genetic engineering to study gene functions and genetic interactions. Different variants of green and red fluorescent proteins were successfully expressed indicating that fluorescence microscopy using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and fluorescent dyes enables various cell biology approaches. Furthermore, genes of biosynthetic pathways (DHN melanin, carotenoids, uracil, adenine) were successfully mutated by applying traditional gene replacement and plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9 or silenced by RNA interference (RNAi). The availability of this advanced and efficient genetic toolbox and the annotated genome sequence of strain A95 makes K. petricola an excellent model for exploring the secrets of microcolonial black fungi.
Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. But to cope with sunlight-associated stresses [e.g. high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses] it is important for fungi to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. To test the hypothesis that light is an environmental cue that Ascomycota use to coordinate growth, stress responses as well as to establish pathogenic or symbiotic relationships, the photoreceptor (PR) distribution in species from different ecological niches was analysed. The genomes of black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi from phyllosphere and exposed solid surfaces contain multiple photoreceptors (PRs). The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes) has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers ofPRs along with the same set of protective pigments. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs. Genetic tools for manipulating K. petricola exist and will be used to test this idea.
The polyphyletic group of black fungi within the Ascomycota (Arthoniomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes) is ubiquitous in natural and anthropogenic habitats. Partly because of their dark, melanin-based pigmentation, black fungi are resistant to stresses including UV- and ionizing-radiation, heat and desiccation, toxic metals, and organic pollutants. Consequently, they are amongst the most stunning extremophiles and poly-extreme-tolerant organisms on Earth. Even though ca. 60 black fungal genomes have been sequenced to date, [mostly in the family Herpotrichiellaceae (Eurotiomycetes)], the class Dothideomycetes that hosts the largest majority of extremophiles has only been sparsely sampled. By sequencing up to 92 species that will become reference genomes, the “Shed light in The daRk lineagES of the fungal tree of life” (STRES) project will cover a broad collection of black fungal diversity spread throughout the Fungal Tree of Life. Interestingly, the STRES project will focus on mostly unsampled genera that display different ecologies and life-styles (e.g., ant- and lichen-associated fungi, rock-inhabiting fungi, etc.). With a resequencing strategy of 10- to 15-fold depth coverage of up to ~550 strains, numerous new reference genomes will be established. To identify metabolites and functional processes, these new genomic resources will be enriched with metabolomics analyses coupled with transcriptomics experiments on selected species under various stress conditions (salinity, dryness, UV radiation, oligotrophy). The data acquired will serve as a reference and foundation for establishing an encyclopedic database for fungal metagenomics as well as the biology, evolution, and ecology of the fungi in extreme environments.
New developments in legislation and technology development for P-recovery were presented with focus on the situation in Germany.
EI‐GEO is a multinational research project (Germany, Latvia, Russia) funded under the ERA.Net RUS Plus Call 2017. Aim of the project is the investigation whether geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering applications could be a source of microplastics (MPs) and other contaminants to the aquatic environment causing negative effects to aquatic organisms.
Whereas the behavior of geosynthetics in landfill engineering is well studied and documented since decades, little is known on application in applications such as coastal protection or ballast layers for wind energy plants. However, due to the rapid expansion of offshore wind energy, rising water levels and more extreme weather conditions as a result of climate change more and more hydraulic engineering projects will be realized in the future.
Applied methods are artificial ageing of geosynthetics in environmental simulation chambers, storage of samples under environmental condition for comparison with laboratory simulation, sample characterization by microscopic methods and ecotoxicological testing of water in contact with geosynthetics.
In parallel a case study at the Baltic Sea shore at Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia) will be performed. The aim of study is to estimate the level of pollution of the beaches by geosynthetic debris and identify the possible sources.
More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry.
Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted.
This paper presents an inventory of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) generated in the mono-incineration plants for municipal sewage sludge in Poland. This research focused on the detailed study of mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. There are currently 11 sludge mono-incineration plants operated with a total capacity of 160,300 Mg dry weight (d.w.) of sludge annually. Recently, a significant increase in the amount of SSA generated in these plants has been observed, reaching 26,756 Mg in 2018. Chemical composition of SSA showed significant amounts of the main nutrients: calcium (~14%), phosphorus (~13%), magnesium (~3%), and potassium (~1%). Additional main elements were iron (~14.5%), silicon (~13%), and aluminium (~6%). The main trace elements in the SSA were zinc (~3750 mg/kg) and copper (~899 mg/kg). Pollutants, according to fertilizer regulations of different countries, present in Polish SSA were chromium(~703 mg/kg), nickel (~260 mg/kg), lead (~94 mg/kg), and Cadmium (~9 mg/kg). The radionuclides, uranium, and thorium often present in higher amounts in commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers, were only detected in SSA t low levels of 4–9 mg/kg and 2–3 mg/kg, respectively. Theoretical phosphorus recovery potential from the SSA (from plants in Cracow, Lodz, Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Kielce) was estimated at 1613.8 Mg, of which 33.9% is bioavailable. Currently, in Poland, the recommended approach is the production of fertilizers as a result of the extraction of phosphorus from the SSA with its use in the production of secondary mineral fertilizers.
Further research in this area is required considering Polish conditions and legislation.
Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin).
The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production.
One of the key elements in the transformation towards a circular economy (CE) is providing more sustainable practices for resources and waste management. Improvement actions focused on transformation towards a CE should be targeted at all groups of materials and waste. As water is essential for human survival and well-being and plays a significant role in sustainable development (SD), the actions related to the reuse of water and the recovery of raw materials from wastewater and other water-based waste should be taken. The paper presents a proposition for a new CE model framework in the water and wastewater sector, which includes the six following actions: reduction—prevent wastewater generation in the first place by the reduction of water usage and pollution reduction at source; reclamation (removal)—an application of effective Technologies for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater; reuse—reuse of wastewater as an alternative source of water supply (non-potable usage), recycling—recovery of water from wastewater for potable usage; recovery—recovery of resources such as nutrients and energy from water-based waste, and rethink—rethinking how to use resources to create a sustainable economy, which is `free` of waste and emissions. The novelty of the proposed CE model framework is that it presents possible ways of implementing CE principles in the water and wastewater sector, with a strong emphasis not only technological but also organisational and societal changes. Application of the proposed model may help to further transform the European economy to the CE model. Moreover, the indicated model can be significant tool supporting an assessment of local or regional progress towards CE in the water and wastewater sector and further environmental management and planning.
This thesis addresses the development of a methodological approach for the non-invasive identification of colourants and for the classification of binding media in reverse glass paintings from the early 20th century. For this purpose, mobile and miniaturized devices were used to measure the paintings in situ. The methodology includes X-ray fluorescence (XRF), VIS spectroscopy (VIS), Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). In a first step the capabilities of DRIFTS for binding media classification and pigment identification were tested.
DRIFTS enables, besides Raman spectroscopy, the collection of molecular information of a substance that can be used as characteristic fingerprint spectrum. However, the simultaneous collection of both specular (surface) and diffuse (volume) reflection leads to complicated mixed DRIFT spectra, that can vary strongly for one substance depending on the dominant fraction of reflected light. Specular reflection causes several spectral distortions like inverted bands, band shifts and derivative-like features whereas pure diffuse reflections leads to an intensity enhancement of combination bands and overtones. Both specular and diffuse reflection cannot be optically separated, and their proportion depends on material properties like the absorption coefficient and the refractive index as well as on Parameters like surface roughness, porosity, grain size and angle of incidence and detection. A direct comparison of DRIFT spectra with IR spectra of other methods (e.g. transmission, ATR) is not possible, hence the creation of DRIFTS databases was needed. The next step was the complimentary utilization of Raman spectroscopy and DRIFTS for the dentification of synthetic organic colourants. Such colourants are in the further chapters called synthetic organic pigments (SOP) even when it’s not always entirely clear if they are soluble dyes or pigments that are practically insoluble in the medium in which they are incorporated. Raman spectroscopy is generally the method of choice when dealing with SOP, but fluorescence can hamper the Raman spectrum severely, inhibiting the proper identification of the pigment.
DRIFTS was successfully applied and several SOP like synthetic alizarin (PR83), the yellow azo pigments (e.g. PY1) or the red and orange β-naphthol pigments (e.g. PR3) could be identified in the paintings solely by means of DRIFTS. The holistic methodological sequence was defined after the successful establishment of DRIFTS as serious analytical alternative. As the time is always the most limiting factor for in situ measurement campaigns in museums, the 9
sequence needs to be time saving but also efficient. The methodology starts with quick measurements by XRF and VIS to get a first idea of the pigment composition, followed by the validation of the results with the vibrational spectroscopies for selected points.
Measurements of reverse glass paintings by Carlo Mense and Wassily Kandinsky were conducted to test the entire procedure. A high number of pigments could be identified, including several rare ones like strontium white (SrSO4), PR60 and PB52. The binding media were classified using the previously recorded references. The results were set in the art historian context and were discussed in a multidisciplinary way. The influence of Asian art, especially of Chinese reverse glass paintings as source of inspiration for artists of the “Blauer Reiter” collective (e.g. Wassily Kandinsky, Gabriele Münter, Franz Marc und Heinrich Campendonk) is shown. Non-invasive measurements of two Chinese reverse glass paintings from the late 19th and early 20th century were conducted, enabling a comparison of the palettes of Chinese and European painters. The Chinese palette includes heavy use of red lead and orpiment, pigments that were hardly sed in Europe anymore. More modern pigments like zinc white, cadmium yellow, viridian, chromates, cobalt blues or SOP were not found at all in the Chinese paintings.
Scientific analysis based on spectroscopic methods provide essential information on the composition of colourants and binders in paintings. These results can be set in a historical context and help to confirm art historical interpretations. Proofs of certain pigments can be used for dating purposes and may reveal if the artist used not only local but also imported materials. A pilot study of two Chinese reverse glass paintings from the late 19th (Yingying and Hongniang) and early 20th centuries (The Archer) was performed using a multi-analytical approach including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Raman spectroscopy. This approach allowed the identification of the pigments and the classification of the binding media. The results reveal a combined use of traditional Chinese and imported European materials. Several pigments like cinnabar, lead white, orpiment, carbon black and copper-arsenic green (probably emerald green) were found in both paintings; red lead, artificial ultramarine blue, Prussian blue and ochre appear in at least one of the paintings. The proof of limewash (calcite and small amounts of portlandite) as a backing layer in “Yingying and Hongniang” indicates that clamshell white was also used for reverse glass paintings. Drying oil was classified as a binding media in most areas of both paintings. However, the orange background of The Archer yielded prominent bands of both proteinaceous and fatty binder.
This work presents a spectroscopic study of metallic pigments and metal foils used in reverse glass paintings that were created between 1912 and 1954. Metallic pigments induce a notable sparkling effect by means of the lateral incidence of light, whereas metal foils enhance the gloss and create a glittering effect when the painting is viewed in reflected light. Both effects were desired features especially in modern reverse paintings on glass and applied by artists in manifold creative manner. The paper gives an overview on the composition of the metalfoils and metal pigments in 14 works as determined in situ by X-ray spectrometry. Metal foils made of tin, brass, aluminium and silver were found in nine paintings. Gold imitating Cu-Zn pigments in different hues and with various Cu/Zn net intensity ratios were recorded for six paintings. Silvery pigments were identified mainly as Al pigments, but also as Cu-Zn-Ni alloy in one case. Other uncommon metallic pigments were detected in Arlequin vindicatif (c. 1925) by Floris Jespers, who used not only Cu-Zn and Al pigments, but also brownish Cu and Cu-Zn-Sn pigments. Non-invasive diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to classify the binding media of the metallic pigments. Drying oil and natural resin probably mixed with oil were the most common binding media. A polysaccharide-based binder was found in the silvery Cu-Zn-Ni pigment of Ohne Titel (1954) by Marianne Uhlenhuth.
New antibacterial agents are urgently required to fight the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We recently synthesized the first thioimidazolium ionene, which has antibacterial properties and can degrade in various media. This dual functionality is crucial in order to limit the environmental impact of these biocides. We have found that our polymer is stronger than benzalkonium chloride (BAC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also readily degrades in the presence of base, while remaining stable in acidic environments. These results highlight a new emerging class of antibacterial degradable polymers.