4 Material und Umwelt
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Auslaugung von Stoffen aus Bauteilen kann zu einer Belastung von Boden und Gewässern führen. Das Simulationsmodell COMLEAM (COnstruction Material LEAching Model) wurde eingesetzt, um die Stoffauswaschung besser zu verstehen und das damit verbundene Umweltrisiko besser einschätzen zu können. Emissionsfunktionen sind Bestandteil dieses Modells. Hier werden fünf verschiedenen Funktionen beschrieben, getestet und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für Prognosemodelle bewertet.
Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application
(2018)
Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed.
Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application
(2018)
Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed.
Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application
(2018)
Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed.
Im Beitrag wurden erste Ergebnisse eines laufenden UFOPLAN-Vorhabens zu den neuen Kriterien der Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien außerhalb der durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht nach den §§ 6 bis 8 der Novelle der BBodSchV vorgestellt. Der Schwerpunkt lag auf Untersuchungen der Schadstoffgruppe der PAK. Dabei wurden Probleme der Vergleichbarkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit verschiedener Elutions- und Analyseverfahren der PAK-Analytik diskutiert.
Im Beitrag wurden Ergebnisse von Elutionsuntersuchungen mit PFC kontaminierten Bodenmaterialien vorgestellt. Zum einen waren das Untersuchungen zur Eignung von Säulenversuchen für diese Schadstoffgruppe und zum anderen vergleichende Schüttel- und Säulenversuche für zwei verschiedene Böden mit unterschiedlichen PFC-Kontaminationsquellen.
Im Vortrag werden Auswaschversuche mit Bauprodukten vorgestellt, die dazu dienen sollen, Bauprodukte mit geringer Auswaschung zu erkennen. Zu verschiedenen Bauprodukten (Lacke für Außenanwendungen, Wärmedämmverbundsystemen, Dachziegel und Dachfolien) werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse vorgestellt. Die Eignung der Auswaschverfahren und die Testergebnisse werden bewertet.
Brominated flame retardants have widely been used for more than 50 years and have been frequently detected in environmental samples as surface water and fish. Leaching from construction products was identified as one possible source. The use of substances as e.g. hexabromocyclododecane (HBCCD) was restricted recently due to increasing concern about negative impacts on the environment and human health caused by the persistent, bio accumulative and toxic properties. New polymeric brominated flame retardants have been developed to replace HBCCD in expanded polystyrene (XPS), which is used for insulation of buildings. It is assumed that the release from the polymer is much smaller in comparison to release of small molecules as HBCCD. The release from the polymer may include monomers or small fragments of different size. Thus, a sum parameter is needed. According to Schlummer et al. it is possible to detect brominated molecules using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy by determination of brome content in XPS extracts. As only small brominated compounds can be extracted it also allows for the differentiation between the two classes of compounds. This method was applied to verify the presence of different kinds of flame retardants in XPS samples and to evaluate the leaching behavior.
Direct and indirect effects (DIERec) of the recovery of secondary resources are in the range of 500 million tons per year in Germany; energy savings are 1.4 million TJ. These savings are between 10 and 20% of the total. The effects of materials recovery exceed those of energy recovery by far except for secondary plastic material, where DIERec from energy recovery is higher by factor of 2.7. Untapped potential for the recovery of secondary resources exists in the fine fraction of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration, mainly Cu and precious metals, and in urban mining.
Whereas the behavior of geosynthetics in landfill engineering is well studied and documented since decades, little is known on application in applications such as coastal protection or ballast layers for wind energy plants.
However, due to the rapid expansion of offshore wind energy, rising water levels and more extreme weather conditions as a result of climate change more and more hydraulic engineering projects will be realized in the future.
Construction with geosynthetics has various advantages, but it has to be ensured that there is no negative environmental impact from the application of geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering.
It is expected that any effect will be visible only on the long-term. Therefore, accelerated testing is needed to derive requirements for geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering.
Microplastics are increasingly entering marine, limnic and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, where they sorb hydrophobic organic contaminants. Here, the sorption behavior of the fuel-related water contaminants benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) and four tertiary butyl ethers to virgin and via UV radiation aged polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) pellets was investigated. Changes in material properties due to aging were recorded using appropriate polymer characterization methods, such as differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and microscopy.
Pellets were exposed to water containing BTEX and the ethers at 130-190 mg/L for up to two weeks.
Aqueous sorbate concentrations were determined by headspace gas chromatography. Sorption to the polymers was correlated with the sorbate's Kow and was significant for BTEX and marginal for the ethers.
Due to substantially lower glass transition temperatures, PP showed higher sorption than PS. Aging had no effect on the sorption behavior of PP. PS sorbed less BTEX after aging due to an oxidized surface layer.
Leachiing tests - a useful tool for the environmental impact assessment of construction products?
(2018)
Construction products and waste materials used for construction can be in contact with the environment and may release potential harmful compounds. Information on the total content of these substances in the product is not sufficient to assess its envrionmental impact since it does not consider realistic exposure conditions.The impact of these compounds is often assessed by using the total content in the product. This estimation lacks realistic exposure conditions.
Concerning the pathway to soil and groundwater by contact with rain or seepage water leaching tests, which were developed and standardized by the European Committee for Standardization, are available. While for secondary construction products and waste this investigation of the leaching behaviour is standard procedure and is already part of regulation in Germany (draft ordinance on reuse of mineral waste) and within Europe (landfill directive) the release from primary construction products got in the focus more recently. Several monitoring studies found unexpected high concentrations of substances used as herbicides and fungicides in surface water and stormwater originating from urban areas. As some of these compounds are even banned for the use in agricultural applications in Europe alternative sources as roof materials and façade coatings exposed to rain were suggested. Further field and laboratory tests confirmed construction products as sources of these substances in water.
The aim of this presentation is to show exemplary results of existing leaching methods and underline the strength and weaknesses of the test system with selected examples from our work. We especially draw the attention to the research which is still needed to close the gap between the results of leaching experiments and the subsequent risk assessment of the products.
The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail.
Die BAM wurde 2009 u. a. mit der Zulassung von Bewehrungsgittern für den Deponiebau beauftragt. Der Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik bot jedoch keine ausreichende Grundlage, die tatsächlich relevanten Widerstände und die mit diesen Widerständen verbundene Wechselwirkung zwischen Gitter und Boden im Hinblick auf eine mindestens 100-jährige Funktionsdauer realistisch beurteilen zu können. Es wurde daher nur eine vorläufige Zulassungsrichtlinie für diese Produkte erarbeitet. In der Zwischenzeit hat sich ein neuer Kenntnisstand ergeben. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die AG (Arbeitsgruppe) Geogitter des Fachbeirats der BAM am 26.09.2017 getagt. Es sollen die aktuellen Erkenntnisse und Schlussfolgerungen für die Zulassung in Kürze vorgestellt werden. Die entsprechenden Kapitel beruhen dabei auf einem Arbeitspapier von W.W. Müller und dem Autoren, das der Arbeitsgruppe zur Diskussion vorgelegt wurde.
Weiterhin soll über Entwicklungen in Zusammenhang mit Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (KDB) berichtet werden. Die Anforderungen an die Schweißzusätze für das Extrusionsschweißen wurden angepasst. Zudem soll über die aktuelle Diskussion der Schweißbarkeit unterschiedlicher HDPE Materialien informiert werden. Die maßgebliche DVS (Deutscher Verband für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren) Richtlinie 2225-4 wird derzeit offenbar so ausgelegt, dass Materialien mit völlig unterschiedlichen Schmelze-Massefließrate miteinander verbunden werden können. Dies steht allerdings im grundlegenden Widerspruch zum Stand der Technik.
Die BAM wurde 2009 u. a. mit der Zulassung von Bewehrungsgittern für den Deponiebau beauftragt. Der Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik bot jedoch keine ausreichende Grundlage, die tatsächlich relevanten Widerstände und die mit diesen Widerständen verbundene Wechselwirkung zwischen Gitter und Boden im Hinblick auf eine mindestens 100-jährige Funktionsdauer realistisch beurteilen zu können. Es wurde daher nur eine vorläufige Zulassungsrichtlinie für diese Produkte erarbeitet. In der Zwischenzeit hat sich ein neuer Kenntnisstand ergeben. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die AG (Arbeitsgruppe) Geogitter des Fachbeirats der BAM am 26.09.2017 getagt. Es sollen die aktuellen Erkenntnisse und Schlussfolgerungen für die Zulassung in Kürze vorgestellt werden. Die entsprechenden Kapitel beruhen dabei auf einem Arbeitspapier von W.W. Müller und dem Autoren, das der Arbeitsgruppe zur Diskussion vorgelegt wurde.
Weiterhin soll über Entwicklungen in Zusammenhang mit Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (KDB) berichtet werden. Die Anforderungen an die Schweißzusätze für das Extrusionsschweißen wurden angepasst. Zudem soll über die aktuelle Diskussion der Schweißbarkeit unterschiedlicher HDPE Materialien informiert werden. Die maßgebliche DVS (Deutscher Verband für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren) Richtlinie 2225-4 wird derzeit offenbar so ausgelegt, dass Materialien mit völlig unterschiedlichen Schmelze-Massefließrate miteinander verbunden werden können. Dies steht allerdings im grundlegenden Widerspruch zum Stand der Technik.
The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail.
The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail.
Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of environmental impact
(2018)
Around 5 million tonnes of MSWI bottom ash (BA) are generated per year in Germany. The incineration itself serves for metals as a concentrating and cleaning process. However, due to the almost exclusive wet extraction out of the furnace chamber the various metals are integrated in a heterogeneous and instable matrix. The metal recovery is therefore still a challenge relating the recovery rate and the purity, respectively. With state of the art treatment trains in Germany around 7.7% of ferrous metals and 1.3% of non-ferrous metals can be recovered out of MSWI BA. Large quantities of the mineral fraction are reused for sub-base material in road construction. A three month ageing period has been established as the common practice of further treatment of bottom ash before reuse applications. In the course of this aging the pH value of bottom ash decreases and contaminants are immobilized by processes like carbonation, hydration and oxidation. In particular leaching of heavy metals may be reduced to environmentally acceptable levels. However, the aging results in fixing of other valuable resources such as metals. Two laboratory scale lysimeters (30 cm in diameter) are being operated for more than three years aiming at the investigation of the long-term leaching behavior of a 0.25/45 mm mineral material obtained by treatment of MSWI bottom ash directly after incineration by a wet processing technology. Artificial rainwater is used as leachant (pH ≈ 6, ingredients NO32-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). The lysimeters are irrigated related to an average annual precipitation rate of 600 mm/a leading to a liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of about 0.7 per year of operation. Lysimeter tests are more adequate to simulate field scenarios and long-term leaching behavior in contrast to laboratory column tests particularly due to the unsaturated conditions and realistic contact time with the leachant.
In comparison to the leaching of bottom ash (aged for 3 month and non-treated) in column tests the chloride and sulfate leaching in the lysimeters was reduced as a consequence of the previous wet processing. The sulfate release kept almost constant limited by CaSO4 solubility up to an L/S of about 0.7 l/kg. The chloride concentrations dropped quickly, starting from 7300 mg/l, and are now at an almost constant level of 50 mg/l which is significantly above the chloride concentration in the leachant. After an initial decrease of the pH from about 10.4 to 8 at L/S of 0.2 l/kg, the pH increased again and leveled out around 9.8 up to L/S 2.2 l/kg. At an L/S of about 2.5 l/kg now, Cr, Cu are still released. The Cu and Cr concentrations in the leachates were about 760 µg/l and 90 µg/l respectively at the beginning. For both metals the concentration decreased to about 35 µg/l now. The Mo concentrations dropped steadily from 1300 to 250 µg/l, whereas V and Sb concentrations increased in the course of the tests. Fe and Mn are not detectable anymore. More results of this experimental study will be presented and discussed with a special focus on elements forming oxyanions.