4 Material und Umwelt
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (42) (entfernen)
A similar secretome disturbance as a hallmark of non-pathogenic Botrytis cinerea ATMT-mutants?
(2019)
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen able to infect
hundreds of host plants, including high-value crops such as grapevine, strawberry and tomato. In order to decipher its infectious strategy, a library of 2,144 mutants was generated by random insertional mutagenesis using Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transformation (ATMT). Twelve mutants exhibiting total loss of virulence toward different host plants were chosen for detailed analyses. Their molecular characterization revealed a single T-DNA insertion in different loci. Using a proteomics approach, the secretome of four of these strains was compared to that of the parental strain and a common profile of reduced lytic enzymes was recorded. Significant variations in this profile, notably deficiencies in the secretion of proteases and hemicellulases, were observed and validated by biochemical tests. They were also a hallmark of the remaining eight non-pathogenic strains, suggesting the importance of these secreted Proteins in the infection process. In the twelve non-pathogenic mutants, the Differentiation of infection cushions was also impaired, suggesting a link between the Penetration structures and the secretion of proteins involved in the virulence of the pathogen.
Microorganisms perform multiple metabolic functions that shape the global cycling of elements, health and disease of their host organisms, and biotechnological processes. The rates, at which different metabolic activities are performed by individual cells, can vary between genetically identical cells within clonal populations. While the molecular mechanisms that result in such metabolic heterogeneity have attracted considerable interest, the environmental conditions that shape heterogeneity and its consequences have received attention only in recent years. Here, we review the environmental drivers that lead to metabolic heterogeneity with a focus on nutrient limitation, temporal fluctuations and spatial structure, and the functional consequences of such heterogeneity. We highlight studies using single-cell methods that allow direct investigation of metabolic heterogeneity and discuss the relevance of metabolic heterogeneity in complex microbial communities.
Vor 30 Jahren wurde die erste BAM-Zulassung für ein Geokunststoffprodukt in der Deponietechnik ausgestellt. Seither wurden immer wieder eigene wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen durchgeführt, neue Forschungsergebnisse herangezogen und die Prüftechnik weiterentwickelt, um die Eignung und Funktionsdauer von Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Schutzschichten, Kunststoff-Dränelementen, geotextilen Filtern oder Bewehrungsgittern beurteilen zu können. Einige dieser Entwicklungen werden hier diskutiert.
The collection Manuscripta Americana in Berlin consists of fragmented codices acquired by Alexander von Humboldt in Mexico. Some of these Humboldt Codices are published as hieroglyphic writings of the Aztecs in “Vues des Cordilleres et Monuments des Peuples indigènes de l’Amerique”. Starting from a special compilation of seven fragments on plate 36 in the “Atlas”, we investigated the corresponding original fragments using material analysis in order to clarify their historical relations. The analyses were carried out with X-ray fluorescence analysis, VIS spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy in diffuse reflection and revealed typical indigenous colors like cochineal, indigo, and organic yellows (e.g. mangrove and zacatlaxcalli). Four fragments under investigation show exactly the same material and thus must once have belonged together in one compendium. An additional manuscript from Mizquiahuala also shown on plate 36 can be matched to another one that is not published in the “Atlas”.
Wild bees are important pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops and they are threatened by several environmental stressors including emerging pathogens. Honey bees have been suggested as a potential source of pathogen spillover. One prevalent pathogen that has recently emerged as a honey bee disease is the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. While the impacts of N. ceranae in honey bees are well documented, virtually nothing is known about its effects in solitary wild bees.
The solitary mason bee Osmia bicornis is a common pollinator in orchards and amenable to Commercial management. Here, we experimentally exposed larvae of O. bicornis to food contaminated with N. ceranae and document spore presence during larval development. We measured mortality, growth parameters, and timing of pupation in a semi-field experiment. Hatched individuals were assessed for physiological state including fat body mass, wing muscle mass, and body size. We recorded higher mortality in the viable-spore-exposed group but could only detect a low number of Spores among the individuals of this treatment. Viable-spore-treated individuals with higher head capsule width had a delayed pupation start. No impact on the physiological status could be detected in hatched imagines. Although we did not find overt evidence of O. bicornis infection, our findings indicate that exposure of larvae to viable N. ceranae spores could affect bee development.
Wild bees are important pollinators for agricultural crops and solitary species such as Osmia bicornis are particularly suitable for pollination management. Wild bees share floral resources with managed honey bees and may be exposed to emerging infectious diseases. Although studies have explored the prevalence of pathogens in solitary wild bee species, data regarding the impact of pathogens on solitary bee health are lacking.
We carried out experiments examining whether the solitary bee species O. bicornis is susceptible to infection with the emerging pathogen The results obtained indicate that N. ceranae may be able to infect O. bicornis but its impact on host fitness is negligible: survival rates did not differ between Control and inoculated bees, although male survival was marginally lower after infection. To explore the possible field-relevance of our findings, we collected wild bees near an infected and a non-infected hive and showed that N. ceranae was shared between managed and wild bees, although only the in presence of infected honey bees.
The findings of the present study show that O. bicornis is susceptible to pathogen spillover and could act as a potential reservoir host for N. ceranae in pollinator networks. Additional studies on this species incorporating sublethal effects, multiple infections and other interacting stressors are warranted.
Termitidae comprises 80% of all termite species that play dominant decomposer roles in Tropical cosystems. Two major events during Termite evolution were the loss of cellulolytic gut protozoans in the ancestor of Termitidae and the subsequent gain in the termitid subfamily Macrotermitinae of fungal symbionts cultivated externally in ‘‘combs’’ constructed within the nest. How these symbiotic transitions occurred remains unresolved. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial data previously suggested that Macrotermitinae is the earliest branching termitid lineage, followed soon after by Sphaerotermitinae, which cultivates bacterial symbionts on combs inside its nests. This has led to the hypothesis that comb building was an important evolutionary step in the loss of gut protozoa in ancestral termitids. We sequenced genomes and transcriptomes of 55 termite species and reconstructed phylogenetic trees from up to 4,065 orthologous genes of 68 species. We found strong support for a novel sister-group relationship between the bacterial comb-building Sphaerotermitinae and fungus comb-building Macrotermitinae.
This key finding indicates that comb building is a derived trait within Termitidae and that the creation of a comb-like ‘‘external rumen’’ involving bacteria or fungi may not have driven the loss of protozoa from ancestral termitids, as previously hypothesized.
Instead, associations with gut prokaryotic symbionts, combined with dietary shifts from wood to other plant-based substrates, may have played a more important role in this symbiotic transition. Our phylogenetic tree provides a platform for future studies of comparative termite evolution and the evolution of symbiosis in this taxon.
The miraculously preserved 2000-year-old Dead Sea Scrolls, ancient texts of invaluable historical significance, were discovered in the mid-20th century in the caves of the Judean desert. The texts were mainly written on parchment and exhibit vast diversity in their states of preservation. One particular scroll, the 8-m-long Temple Scroll is especially notable because of its exceptional thinness and bright ivory color. The parchment has a layered structure, consisting of a collagenous base material and an atypical inorganic overlayer. We analyzed the chemistry of the inorganic layer using x-ray and Raman spectroscopies and discovered a variety of evaporitic sulfate salts. This points toward a unique ancient production technology in which the parchment was modified through the addition of the inorganic layer as a writing surface. Furthermore, understanding the properties of these minerals is particularly critical for the development of suitable conservation methods for the preservation of these invaluable historical documents.
Larvae and adults of Korynetes caeruleus (de Geer 1775) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) were collected from old churches and reared in the laboratory on Anobium punctatum (de Geer 1774) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae). Breeding success of K. caeruleus was low, but basic parameters of this species’ developmental cycle were identifi ed. At 21°C and 75% relative humidity and a fourmonth cold period at 4°C, the development of K. caeruleus from egg to adult appearance lasted 2 years. The pupal stage may be reached and completed after one and a half years. Feeding on larvae of A. punctatum by larvae of K. caeruleus was observed and consisted of a combination of sucking haemolymph and consuming body parts. The sickle-like mandibles of larvae of K. caeruleus penetrate the cuticle of prey larvae; this is followed by pumping and sucking body movements. Adult beetles of A. punctatum were not attacked by K. caeruleus larvae. Feeding behaviour of adult K. caeruleus was not investigated.
The container of high-level radioactive waste (HLRW) being in deep geological disposal, the backfill material is needed to serve as the second defense for HLRW and the highly compacted bentonite is generally selected. As the time goes, the underground water will infiltrate the backfill, causing the corrosion of materials for the building of containers in the formed electrolyte. Carbon steel, titanium and its alloy are the potential candidate materials for the fabrication of HLRW containers.
The current investigation aims at assessing the safety of HLRW container in deep geological disposal for hundreds of thousands of years and facilitating the material selection for future Container fabrication by estimating their corrosion behavior in compacted bentonite with a series of moisture content at different temperatures through electrochemical methods including open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization curve (PC) measurements. The corrosion rates were estimated for a carbon steel, a pure titanium and a titanium alloy in compacted Gaomiaozi Bentonite infiltrated with simulated underground water in Beishan area of China over an expected disposal period up to 106 years respectively, showing that titanium and its alloy are more reliable materials for building HLRW containers than carbon steel.
An understanding of the interactions of 2D nanomaterials with pathogens is of vital importance to developing and controlling their antimicrobial properties. In this work, the interaction of functionalized graphene with tunable hydrophobicity and bacteria is investigated. Poly-(ethylene glycol)-block-(poly-N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymer (PEG-b-PNIPAM) with the triazine joint point was attached to the graphene Surface by a nitrene [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction. By thermally switching between hydrophobic and hydrophilic states, functionalized graphene sheets were able to bind to bacteria. Bacteria were eventually disrupted when the functionality was switched to the hydrophobic state. On the basis of measuring the different microscopy methods and a live/dead viability assay, it was found that Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are more susceptible to hydrophobic interactions than B. cereus bacteria, under the same conditions. Our investigations confirm that hydrophobic interaction is one of the main driving forces at the presented graphene/bacteria interfaces and promotes the antibacterial activity of graphene derivatives significantly.
In this study, femtosecond laser-induced sub-micrometer structures are generated to modify polyethylene (PE) surface topographies. These surfaces were subjected to bacterial colonization studies with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as test strains. The results reveal that the nanostructures do not influence S. aureus coverage, while the adhesion of E. coli is reduced.
Phosphorus (P) recycling from sewage sludge for agricultural needs has to meet requirements for agricultural implementation, such as short and long-term P-plant-availability under field conditions. Field experiments often bring no evaluable results, because agricultural soils got a high potential of P-supply even if they are classified as low in P-supply according to the CAL extraction method. The present study presents a possible way to investigate the P-plant-availability of P-recycling-fertilizers under field-like conditions. The plant experiments are firstly performed in small Mitscherlich pots in growth chambers and subsequently in containers with a high soil volume of 170 kg under greenhouse conditions, in which plants can grow until ripening. The tested P-recycling fertilizers were produced from sewage sludge in a large-scale thermal process. It was a two-step treatment process performed with a pyrolysis of sewage sludge at 550°C (SSC-550) and a subsequent thermochemical post-treatment at 950°C with Na2SO4 (SSA-Na) and HCl + Na2SO4 (SSA-HCl/Na) as additives. The results show, that the P-recycling-products from pyrolysis got an adequate long-term but a 65% lower short-term P-plant-availability compared to triple superphosphate. SSA-Na and SSA-HCl/Na show both a high short and longterm P-plant-availability comparable to triple-superphosphate. This can be explained by their highly plant-available P-compound CaNaPO4.
The objective of this study is to find out, to what extent the geochemical characteristics of lapis lazuli can be utilized in respect to its provenance. A wide range of variables is taken into consideration depending on the quantity of samples analysed from a specific geological region and the methods applied. In order to provide evidence, a multi-technique analytical approach using µXRF, ESEM, PGAA and PIXE is applied to samples from the most famous deposits of lapis lazuli. Special elements determined as fingerprints are compared in relation to the forming conditions obvious in textural features. The results and statistical output allow a differentiation that enables an optimized local classification of the blue stone. An absolute requirement for all geo-tracing performed on blue colored cultural objects of unknown provenance is awareness of the limits of analysis. The possible sources of lapis lazuli are tested by analysing the blue pigment used as paint on murals and ink on manuscripts from the Silk Road.
Tempeh is a common food in Indonesia, produced by fungal fermentation of soybeans using Rhizopus sp., as well as Aspergillus oryzae, for inoculation. Analogously, for economic reasons, mixtures of maize and soybeans are used for the production of so-called tempeh-like products. For maize, a contamination with the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) has been frequently reported. ZEN is a mycotoxin which is known to be metabolized by Rhizopus and Aspergillus species. Consequently, this study focused on the ZEN transformation during tempeh fermentation. Five fungal strains of the genera Rhizopus and Aspergillus, isolated from fresh Indonesian tempeh and authentic Indonesian inocula, were utilized for tempeh manufacturing from a maize/soybean mixture (30:70) at laboratory-scale. Furthermore, comparable tempeh-like products obtained from Indonesian markets were analyzed. Results from the HPLC-MS/MS analyses show that ZEN is intensely transformed into its metabolites alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZEL), ZEN-14-sulfate, alpha-ZEL-sulfate, ZEN-14-glucoside, and ZEN-16-glucoside in tempeh production. alpha-ZEL, being significantly more toxic than ZEN, was the main metabolite in most of the Rhizopus incubations, while in Aspergillus oryzae fermentations ZEN-14-sulfate was predominantly formed. Additionally, two of the 14 authentic samples were contaminated with ZEN, alpha-ZEL and ZEN-14-sulfate, and in two further samples, ZEN and alpha-ZEL, were determined. Consequently, tempeh fermentation of ZEN-contaminated maize/soybean mixture may lead to toxification of the food item by formation of the reductive ZEN metabolite, alpha-ZEL, under model as well as authentic conditions.
Rice is staple food of nearly half the world’s population. Rice yields must therefore increase to feed ever larger populations. By colonising rice and other plants, Herbaspirillum spp. stimulate plant growthand productivity. However the molecular factors involved are largely unknown. To further explore this interaction, the transcription profiles of Nipponbare rice roots inoculated with Herbaspirillum seropedicae were determined by RNA-seq. Mapping the 104 million reads against the Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare genome produced 65 million unique mapped reads that represented 13,840 transcripts each with at least two-times coverage. About 7.4% (1,014) genes were differentially regulated and of these 255 changed expression levels more than two times. Several of the repressed genes encoded proteins related to plant defence (e.g. a putative probenazole inducible protein), plant disease resistance as well as enzymes involved in flavonoid and isoprenoid synthesis. Genes related to the synthesis and efflux of phytosiderophores (PS) and transport of PS-iron complexes were induced by the bacteria. These data suggest that the bacterium represses the rice defence system while concomitantly activating iron uptake. Transcripts of H. seropedicae were also detected amongst which transcripts of genes involved in nitrogen fixation, cell motility and cell wall synthesis were the most expressed.
RNA virus populations are composed of highly diverse individuals that form a cloud of related sequences commonly referred to as a ‘quasispecies’1–3. This diversity arises as a consequence of low-fidelity genome replication4,5. By contrast, DNA Virus populations contain more uniform individuals with similar fitness6.
Genome diversity is often correlated with increased Fitness in RNA viruses, while DNA viruses are thought to require more faithful genome replication. During DNA replication, erroneously incorporated bases are removed by a 3′-5′ exonuclease, a highly conserved enzymatic function of replicative DNA but not RNA polymerases. This proofreading process enhances replication fidelity and ensures the genome integrity of DNA organisms, including large DNA viruses7. Here, we show that a herpesvirus can tolerate impaired exonucleolytic proofreading, resulting in DNA virus populations, which, as in RNA viruses8, are composed of highly diverse genotypes of variable individual fitness. This indicates that herpesvirus mutant diversity may compensate for individual Fitness loss. Notably, in vivo infection with diverse virus populations results in a marked increase in virulence compared to genetically homogenous parental virus. While we cannot exclude that the increase in virulence is caused by selection of and/or interactions between individual genotypes, our findings are consistent with quasispecies dynamics. Our results contrast with traditional views of DNA virus replication and evolution, and indicate that a substantial increase in population diversity can lead to higher virulence.
Today glass is broadly used in modern architecture. For indoor applications it is possible to produce decorated glass by using enamel colours and glass painting techniques without any problems. However, this is more limited for applications out of doors. Humidity and environmental pollution attack the surface of the coating and can damage it. There are only a few colours on the market which are resistant towards acids and bases until now. Additionally, most of those colours are opaque. To extend the colour palette, chemically resistant low melting coloured glasses are being developed which are transparent and intensively toned even in thin coating thicknesses. To achieve such an ambitious aim, many parameters have to combine and act in a complex manner. New compositions of lead borosilicate, zinc borosilicate and lead-zinc borosilicate glasses were produced and milled as powder. The thermal properties as well as the environmental stability were analysed. The influence of PbO and ZnO on the thermal properties and the environmental stability were investigated. Evaluation of the fusing results shows that the production and mixture of transparent vitreous enamels for the exterior side of glasses is possible. The tests made it clear that the original materials for making the vitreous enamels must be excellently ground and prepared to achieve a satisfactory result. The method to produce durable vitreous enamels for exterior application also seems to allow the production of glass colours.
Mechanisms of olivine dissolution by rock-inhabiting fungi explored using magnesium stable isotopes
(2019)
To unravel the dissolution mechanisms of olivine by a rock-inhabiting fungus we determined the stable isotope ratios of Mg on solutions released in a laboratory experiment. We found that in the presence of the fungus Knufia petricola the olivine dissolution rates were about seven-fold higher (1.04×10−15 mol cm−2 s−1) than those in the abiotic experiments (1.43×10−16 mol cm−2 s−1) conducted under the same experimental condition (pH 6, 25 °C, 94 days). Measured element concentrations and Mg isotope ratios in the supernatant solutions in both the biotic and the abiotic experiment followed a dissolution trend in the initial phase of the experiment, characterized by non-stoichiometric release of Mg and Si and preferential release of 24Mg over 26Mg. In a later phase, the data indicates stoichiometric release of Mg and Si, as well as isotopically congruent Mg release. We Attribute the initial non-stoichiometric phase to the rapid replacement of Mg2+ in the olivine with H+ along with simultaneous polymerization of Si tetrahedra, resulting in high dissolution rates, and the stoichiometric phase to be influenced by the accumulation of a Si-rich amorphous layer that slowed olivine dissolution. We attribute the accelerated dissolution of olivine during the biotic experiment to physical attachment of K. petricola to the Si-richamorphous layer of olivine which potentially results in ist direct exposure to protons released by the fungal cells. These additional protons can diffuse through the Si-rich amorphous layer into the crystalline olivine. Our results also indicate the ability of K. petricola to dissolve Fe precipitates in the Si-rich amorphous layer either by protonation, or by Fe(III) chelation with siderophores. Such dissolution of Fe precipitates increases the porosity of the Si-rich amorphous layer and hence enhances olivine dissolution. The acceleration of mineral dissolution in the presence of a rock-dissolving fungus further suggests that its presence in surficial CO2 sequestration plants may aid to accelerate CO2 binding.