4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Vortrag (81)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (71)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (22)
- Zeitschriftenheft (Herausgeberschaft für das komplette Heft) (18)
- Posterpräsentation (16)
- Amtliche Bekanntmachung (12)
- Forschungsbericht (10)
- Buchkapitel (9)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (2)
- Sammelband (Herausgeberschaft für den kompletten Band) (1)
Schlagworte
- Deponie (32)
- Leaching (28)
- Rostasche (20)
- PFAS (18)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahn (16)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (16)
- Zulassungen (16)
- Anerkennungen (15)
- Richtlinien (15)
- Bottom ash (14)
- Festlegungen (12)
- Geokunststoffe (12)
- Zulassung (12)
- Sewage sludge (9)
- Soil (9)
- XANES spectroscopy (9)
- Geosynthetics (8)
- Phosphorus (8)
- Construction products (7)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (7)
- PAK (7)
- BBodSchV (6)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (6)
- Combustion ion chromatography (6)
- Ecotoxicity (6)
- Geogitter (6)
- Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (6)
- Lysimeter (6)
- Mikroplastik (6)
- Remediation (6)
- Transformation (6)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (6)
- Antimony (5)
- Biocides (5)
- Fertilizer (5)
- Ground water (5)
- Verwertung (5)
- Ausnahmegenehmigungen (4)
- Bodenmaterial (4)
- Circular economy (4)
- Degradation (4)
- Gefahrgutregeln (4)
- Geotextiles (4)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (4)
- Nassaufbereitung (4)
- Passive sampling (4)
- Sorption (4)
- Spannungsrissbeständigkeit (4)
- XANES (4)
- Ökotoxizität (4)
- Abfallverbrennung (3)
- Bauprodukte (3)
- Beschleunigte Alterung (3)
- CIC (3)
- Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (3)
- Dichtungskontrollsysteme (3)
- Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) (3)
- Düngemittel (3)
- EOF (3)
- Elutionsverfahren (3)
- Ersatzbaustoff (3)
- Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) (3)
- Geotextilien (3)
- Groundwater (3)
- HP14 (3)
- High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) (3)
- Incineration bottom ash (3)
- Mechanochemical treatment (3)
- PFC (3)
- Polymere (3)
- Recycling (3)
- Recycling materials (3)
- Risk assessment (3)
- Robustness studies (3)
- Schadstofftransfer (3)
- Secondary building materials (3)
- TED-GC/MS (3)
- Waste management (3)
- Waste treatment (3)
- Weathering (3)
- XRF (3)
- Abdichtungssystem (2)
- Abfallbehandlung (2)
- Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) (2)
- Ammonium (2)
- Analytical methods (2)
- Antimon (2)
- Artificial ageing (2)
- Bewehrungen aus Kunststoff (2)
- Biozid (2)
- Biozide (2)
- Boden (2)
- Böden (2)
- Circular Economy (2)
- Coastal protection (2)
- Comsumer good samples (2)
- DSLT (2)
- Density separation (2)
- Deponien (2)
- Deponietechnik (2)
- Design of experiments (2)
- Dichtungskontrollsystem (2)
- Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) (2)
- Dry treatment (2)
- Elutionsverhalten (2)
- Emission (2)
- Ersatzbaustoffverordnung (2)
- HDPE geomembrane (2)
- Klärschlamm (2)
- Kunststoffrasen (2)
- Kunststoffschweißen (2)
- LC-MS/MS (2)
- Landfill liner (2)
- Langzeitverhalten (2)
- Leaching of waste materials (2)
- Leaching tests (2)
- Leak detection (2)
- MSWI bottom ash (2)
- Marine littering (2)
- Micro plastic (2)
- Microplastic (2)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (2)
- Permeable reactive barriers (2)
- Phosphor (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Recovery (2)
- Regulations (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Schutzschicht (2)
- Schutzschichten (2)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (2)
- Sequenzielle Extraktion (2)
- Setzmaschine (2)
- Soil-like material (2)
- Solubility (2)
- Substance release (2)
- Sum parameter analysis (2)
- Thermal treatment (2)
- UV radiation (2)
- Umweltverträglichkeit (2)
- Vanadium (2)
- Waste-to-energy (2)
- Wood protection (2)
- X-ray diffraction (2)
- Zustimmungen (2)
- AOF (1)
- Abdichtungssysteme (1)
- Abfalltrennung (1)
- Abfälle (1)
- Accelerated aging (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aging (1)
- Air pollution control (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Analytical screening techniques (1)
- Analytik (1)
- Aquatische Toxizität (1)
- Artificial weathering (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Aufbau von Festkörpern (1)
- Aufbereitung (1)
- Aufbereitungstechnik (1)
- Auslaugtests (1)
- Auslaugverfahren (1)
- Auswaschung (1)
- Auswaschverlauf (1)
- Auswaschversuche (1)
- Autoclave tests (1)
- Autoklaventest (1)
- BAM-Zulassung (1)
- BTEX (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Batch tests (1)
- Bauprodukt (1)
- Bauxite Residue (1)
- Beständigkeit (1)
- Biocide (1)
- Biocides in the environment (1)
- Biotests (1)
- Blauer Engel (1)
- Bodenmaterialien (1)
- Brown-rot fungi (1)
- Building Material (1)
- Building materials (1)
- Chemical analysis (1)
- Chemical extraction (1)
- Chemical recycling (1)
- Chemisches Recycling (1)
- Chicken manure ash (1)
- Chromium (1)
- Concept (1)
- Coniophora puteana (1)
- Construction Products (1)
- Construction and demolition waste (1)
- Construction materials (1)
- Construction products regulation (CPR) (1)
- Contaminant transfer (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Copper (1)
- Culuative energy demand (1)
- Deponiebau (1)
- Deponierung (1)
- Deponieverordnung (1)
- Dichtesortierung (1)
- Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) (1)
- Direct material input (1)
- Driving rain (1)
- Dynamic surface leaching test (1)
- EOF/AOF (1)
- Eco-efficiency analysis (1)
- Ecotoxicity testing (1)
- Ecotoxicity tests (1)
- Ecotoxicological tests (1)
- Ecotoxixity (1)
- Electrochemical remediation (1)
- Eluates (1)
- Eluatwerte (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Emissionsfunktionen (1)
- Environmental Chemistry (1)
- Environmental Engineering (1)
- Environmental analysis (1)
- Environmental assessment (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental simulations (1)
- Ergebnisunsicherheit (1)
- European research area (1)
- Exergie (1)
- Exergy (1)
- Extractable organic fluorine (1)
- Fassaden (1)
- Fassadenfarbe (1)
- Fassadenfarben (1)
- Fertilzer (1)
- Fire-retardant paint (1)
- Flame-retardant (1)
- Flotation (1)
- Fluor XANES (1)
- Fluoride (1)
- Fluoride nanoparticles (1)
- Fluorolytic sol−gel (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Freisetzung (1)
- Freisetzung und Transfer von Schadstoffen (1)
- Fungi (1)
- Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (1)
- Gebührenverordnung (1)
- General Chemistry (1)
- General Medicine (1)
- Geomembranes (1)
- Gleichgewicht (1)
- Global radiation (1)
- Greenhouse gas accounting (1)
- Greenhouse gas balance (1)
- Greenhouse gas mitigation (1)
- Grouts (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- HR-CS-GFMAS (1)
- HR-GF-MAS (1)
- Headspace GC-MS (1)
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Household waste (1)
- Hydraulic engineering (1)
- Indirect photolysis (1)
- Inter-laboratory test (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Intraparticle diffusion (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Iron scrap (1)
- Jig (1)
- Joint grouts (1)
- Kontamination (1)
- Kristallsystem (1)
- Kumulierter Energieaufwand (1)
- Kunstrasen (1)
- Kunststoff-Dränelement (1)
- Kunststoffsportbeläge (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landfill lining (1)
- Lfe cycle assessment (1)
- Limit values (1)
- Lysimeter, Antimony (1)
- MSWI Bottom Ash (1)
- Mantelverordnung (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Material recycling (1)
- Materialkreislauf (1)
- Materials flow (1)
- Mathematical analysis (1)
- Mechanochemistry (1)
- Metal recovery (1)
- Mining (1)
- Mixture toxicity (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Molybdenum (1)
- Municipal solid waste (1)
- Müllverbrennung (1)
- Nachsorge (1)
- Nano metal fluorides (1)
- Nano-materials (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrification inhibitor (1)
- Non-ferrous metals (1)
- Novelle BBodSchV (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- OIT (1)
- Oil (1)
- Ordinance on Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection (1)
- Organic contaminants (1)
- Organo fluorine analysis (1)
- Oxyfuel-Verbrennung (1)
- PAH (1)
- PFAS analysis (1)
- PFAS analytics (1)
- Paints (1)
- Per- and polyfluorinated alkly substances (PFASs) (1)
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (1)
- Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) (1)
- Perfluorierte Verbindungen (1)
- Perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phoshpor availability (1)
- Phosphorus fertilizer (1)
- Phosphorus recovery (1)
- Plant availability (1)
- Plant-availability (1)
- Plastic waste (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Polyfluorinated alcohol (PFOH) (1)
- Polymer-based products (1)
- Polypropylene (1)
- Polystyrene (1)
- Polyurethanes (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Potential toxic elements (1)
- Prallzerkleinerungsverfahren (1)
- Preis- Leistungsverzeichnis (1)
- Prospective risk assessment (1)
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- Pyrolysis (1)
- Red Mud (1)
- Reductive decomposition (1)
- Reductive defluorination (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Reifenabrieb (1)
- Resources (1)
- Rhodonia placenta (1)
- Road construction waste (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- Röntgenspektroskopie (1)
- SEM wood characterization (1)
- SPE extraction (1)
- Salts (1)
- Sc recovery (1)
- Scandium (1)
- Schwermetalle (1)
- Secondary raw materials (1)
- Secondary resources (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Separate collection (1)
- Sewage extraction (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (1)
- Simulation of materials degradation (1)
- Size exclusion chromatography (1)
- Soil contact (1)
- Soil extraction (1)
- Soil-like materials (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solid phase extraction (SPE) (1)
- Solid-liquid extraction (1)
- Solvolyse (1)
- Solvolysis (1)
- Speziierungsanalyse (1)
- Sportböden (1)
- Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standsicherheit (1)
- Stoffstromanalyse (1)
- Stop/flow experiments model (1)
- Sugar cane bagasse (1)
- Sum parameter (1)
- Sum parameter analyis (1)
- Summenparameter (1)
- Surface water (1)
- Surface waters (1)
- Surfacewaters (1)
- Synchotron (1)
- Synchrotron (1)
- Targeted and nontargeted (1)
- Tauchtest (1)
- Terbutryn (1)
- Termites (1)
- Testverfahren (1)
- Thermal degradation (1)
- Thermische Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Thermo-desorption (1)
- Thermochemical treatment (1)
- Transport modeling (1)
- Ultrashort PFAS (1)
- Umweltbewertung (1)
- Ungleichgewicht (1)
- Uranium (1)
- Uranium mining (1)
- Urban mining (1)
- Utilisation (1)
- Utilization (1)
- Validation trial (1)
- Verwertung Bodenmaterial (1)
- Vorsorgewerte (1)
- Wasserbau (1)
- Waste incineration (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Water analysis (1)
- Water contact (1)
- Wet-mechanical treatment (1)
- Wood ash (1)
- Wood samples (1)
- Wärmedämmverbundsystem (1)
- XANES-Spektroskopie (1)
- XPS (1)
- Zentrifugalsortierer (1)
- Zertifikate (1)
- fertilizer (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- microspectroscopy (1)
- soil (1)
- x-ray diffraction (1)
- Ökotoxtests (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (245) (entfernen)
Paper des Monats
- ja (4)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (81)
Aschen und Schlacken aus der thermischen Abfallbehandlung enthalten eine Vielzahl von Schwermetallverbindungen. Für Antimon, Chrom, Kupfer, Molybdän und Vanadium werden in der neuen Ersatzbaustoffverordnung (Bundesregierung, 2021) Eluatgrenzwerte für die Verwertung festgelegt. Aschen und Schlacken werden aus der Abfallverbrennungsanlage nass ausgetragen und vor einer Verwertung in der Regel mehrere Wochen gelagert. Dabei finden hydraulische Reaktionen statt und enthaltenes CaO wird zu einem Großteil in Calciumcarbonat umgewandelt. Während wässrige Eluate von frischen Aschen pH-Werte von 12 und höher aufweisen, sind die Eluate nach einigen Wochen weniger stark alkalisch. Die gemessenen Schwermetallkonzentrationen sind daher dann auch deutlich niedriger, mit Ausnahme von Antimon (Sb) und Vanadium (V). Hier steigen die Konzentration mit der Lagerungsdauer. Grund sind sinkende Konzentrationen von Ca-Ionen, die sonst zu einer Ausfällung von Antimonaten und Vanadaten führen. Zu hohe Eluatwerte von Sb und V können jedoch durch Sorption an Eisenoxidverbindungen gemindert werden. Dazu wurden Sorptionsexperimente mit verschiedenen Eisenoxidverbindungen durchgeführt.
The Brazilian sugarcane industry produced around 173 million tons (Mt) of bagasse in 2018. Bagasse is a by-product of juice extraction for ethanol and sugar production and is combusted in order to generate power, producing up to 10 Mt of ash per year. This ash contains various concentrations of plant nutrients, which allow the ash to be used as a crop fertilizer. However, the concentration and extractability of phosphorus (P), an essential plant nutrient, are low in bagasse ash. To increase the P content, we co-gasified and co-combusted bagasse with P-rich chicken manure. The resulting ash was thermochemically post-treated with alkali additives (Na2SO4 and K2SO4) to increase the availability of P to plants. We aimed to: (i) investigate the effect of thermochemical post-treatment of co-gasification residue and co-combustion ash on P availability to soybeans, (ii) explore the potential of chemical extraction methods (citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, formic acid, and Mehlich-I) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to predict the availability of P to soybeans, and (iii) identify the responsible P-phases using X-ray diffraction . We evaluated P availability to soybeans growing in Brazilian Oxisol soil in two independent greenhouse pot experiments. The positive effect of thermochemical treatment on P availability from gasification residue was confirmed through the observation of increased P uptake and biomass in soybean plants. These findings were confirmed by chemical extraction methods and DGT. The gasification residue contained whitlockite as its main P-bearing phase. Thermochemical post-treatment converted whitlockite into highly soluble CaNaPO4. In contrast, co-combustion ash already contained highly soluble Ca(Na,K)PO4 as its main P-bearing phase, making thermochemical post-treatment unnecessary for increasing P availability. In conclusion, increased extractability and availability of P for soybeans were closely connected to the formation of calcium alkali phosphate. Our findings indicate that this combined methodology allows for the prediction of P-fertilization effects of ash.
Throughout their life cycle—from production, via usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment.
The aim of this Special Issue of the journal Materials is to publish original research and review articles as well as short communications tackling the problem of reliable environmental measurement methods and reporting exemplary case studies.
The use of ashes from municipal solid waste incineration as secondary building materials is an important pillar for the circular economy in Germany. However, leaching of potential toxic elements from these materials must be at environmentally acceptable levels. Normally, a three-month ageing period immobilizes most hazardous heavy metals, but antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) showed previously unusual leaching. In order to clarify the mechanisms, we analyzed the Sb and V species in various bottom and fly ashes from municipal waste incineration by XANES spectroscopy. Antimony oxidizes from Sb(+ III) species used as flame retardants in plastics to Sb(+ V) compounds during waste incineration. However, owing to the similarity of different Sb(+ V) compound in the Sb K- and L-edge XANES spectra, it was not possible to accurately identify an exact Sb(+ V) species. Moreover, V is mainly present as oxidation state + V compound in the analyzed ashes. However, the coarse and magnetic fraction of the bottom ashes contain larger amounts of V(+ III) and V(+ IV) compounds which might enter the waste incineration from vanadium carbide containing steel tools. Thus, Sb and V could be critical potential toxic elements in secondary building materials and long-term monitoring of the release should be taken into account in the future.
Dem Fachbeirat Bodenuntersuchungen des BMBF/UBA wurden Ergebnisse aus BISp-Forschungsvorhaben zur Untersuchung der Stofffreisetzung aus Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis sowie zur Modellierung des Schadstofftransfers auf dem Pfad Boden-Grundwasser vorgestellt. Dabei wurde auch auf die derzeitigen gesetzlichen Regelungen auf EU Ebene und die vorhandenen Anforderungen in der Normung eingegangen. Der verbliebene Forschungsbedarf wurde aufgezeigt und dabei auch die Problematik der Bildung von Mikroplastik im Zusammenhang mit Sportböden thematisiert.
The suitability of common analytical methods for the determination of active substances from wood preservatives in aged wood samples was investigated during an interlaboratory study. Permethrin, propiconazole and tebuconazole were quantified in 1.5 and 8 year-old wood samples by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. Generally, the applied Methods yielded reliable results for these samples. However, wood components can coelute with propiconazole and tebuconazole during liquid chromatography. Optimization of separation might be required if UV detection is applied.
Sustainability has become the conscientious and future-oriented principle of modern resource management and environmental protection because caring for the future is tantamount to providing manageable and healthy surroundings for ourselves. For the foreseeable future, geotechnical and environmental engineers must therefore be concerned with ensuring a healthy balance between extraction, processing, manufacturing, utilization, recycling, and disposal of materials and products.
Since it was realized that sites contaminated with metals and radionuclides needed treatment, various remediation methods have been and are being developed. Depending on the size of the contaminated site and urgency of intervention, conventional or recently introduced techniques have been used. Conventional techniques include excavation and removal for treatment of soil and contaminants, or the so-called “pump-and-treat” method, in which contaminated groundwater is removed from the ground by pumping and treated in a treatment plant on the surface. It has the advantage of using proven techniques and is easy to control, and the treated groundwater can be reinjected into the ground or discharged in rivers or lakes. Novel methods include permeable reactive barriers, biomineralization, and electrokinetic remediation.
For the first time, µ-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping combined with fluorine K-edge µ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (µ-XANES) spectroscopy was applied to depict per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination and inorganic fluoride in samples concentrations down to 100 µg/kg fluoride. To demonstrate the matrix tolerance of the method, several PFAS contaminated soil and sludge samples as well as selected consumer product samples (textiles, food contact paper and permanent baking sheet) were investigated. µ-XRF mapping allows for a unique element-specific visualisation at the sample surface and enables localisation of fluorine containing compounds to a depth of 1 µm. Manually selected fluorine rich spots were subsequently analysed via fluorine K-edge µ-XANES spectroscopy. To support spectral interpretation with respect to inorganic and organic chemical distribution and compound class determination, linear combination (LC) fitting was applied to all recorded µ-XANES spectra. Complementarily, solvent extracts of all samples were target-analysed via LC-MS/MS spectrometry. The detected PFAS sum values range from 20 to 1136 µg/kg dry weight (dw). All environmentally exposed samples revealed higher concentration of PFAS with a chain length >C8 (e.g. 580 µg/kg dw PFOS for Soil1), whereas the consumer product samples showed a more uniform distribution with regard to chain lengths from C4 to C8. Independent from quantified PFAS amounts via target analysis, µ-XRF mapping combined with µ-XANES spectroscopy was successfully applied to detect both point-specific concentration maxima and evenly distributed surface coatings of fluorinated organic contaminants in the corresponding samples.
The chemical state of antimony and vanadium species in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash
(2023)
Due to the large quantity as residual mineral waste, municipal solid waste incineration - bottom ash (MSWI-BA) is an interesting secondary raw material that can be utilized for road construction. However, leaching of chloride, sulfate and potentially hazardous heavy metals from MSWSI-BA into the environment may cause problems in utilization of it in civil engineering. In a previous study, we performed a long-term leaching test of MSWI-BA in a lysimeter for almost six years to investigate the efficiency of the treatment process on the release of hazardous substances. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), the ecotoxic hazardous elements antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. To unravel these unusual release behaviors and the oxyanion-formation of Sb and V we will apply HERFD-XANES spectroscopy to analyze their chemical state.
Microplastics are increasingly entering marine, limnic and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, where they sorb hydrophobic organic contaminants. Here, the sorption behavior of the fuel-related water contaminants benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) and four tertiary butyl ethers to virgin and via UV radiation aged polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) pellets was investigated. Changes in material properties due to aging were recorded using appropriate polymer characterization methods, such as differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and microscopy.
Pellets were exposed to water containing BTEX and the ethers at 130-190 mg/L for up to two weeks.
Aqueous sorbate concentrations were determined by headspace gas chromatography. Sorption to the polymers was correlated with the sorbate's Kow and was significant for BTEX and marginal for the ethers.
Due to substantially lower glass transition temperatures, PP showed higher sorption than PS. Aging had no effect on the sorption behavior of PP. PS sorbed less BTEX after aging due to an oxidized surface layer.
Aim. The European biocidal products regulation requires environmental risk assessments for biocidal products under service conditions. This is only possible, if processes that lead to biocide emissions into the environment are understood and can be reasonably predicted.
Actual emissions due to leaching result from different processes that are affected by material properties and environmental conditions. Transformation of biocides can affect emissions considerably.
Leaching and possible transformation of the film preservatives carbendazim, diuron, OIT and terbutryn in paints was observed under laboratory and field conditons in order to investigate the influence of different factors, e.g. water contact and radiation on biocide emissions. The paints contained either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment to check whether pigments affect leaching processes.
Methods. Test specimens of a water-based styrene acrylic dispersion paint on glass were exposed to UVA-radiation in a UV weathering device and/or exposed to water contact by immersion events on the basis of the European standard EN 16105. Plywood panels were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a semi-field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings.
Results. The impact of weathering conditions on transformation processes differs for the investigated active substances. Water contact, radiation as well as pigments in the paints determine the pattern and amount of transformation products on coatings, leachates and runoff water. Observations from laboratory and field experiments were compared. It proved that results from laboratory tests support understanding of data from field experiments.
Detailed knowledge on the fate of active substances under environmental conditions supports manufacturers to develop safe applications of film preservatives and authorities to evaluate its environmental impact.
Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may induce photolysis. As a result, a mixture of biocidal active substances and transformation products can be emitted into the environment. In a semi-field study, leaching of the biocidal active substances terbutryn, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, carbendazim, and selected transformation products was observed for two paints containing either a white or a red pigment. Painted test panels were exposed to natural weathering for about 1.5 years. Runoff samples were analyzed during the course of the experiment.
At the end of the study, residues of biocidal active substances and transformation products were determined in sections of the test panels. Emissions of substances were mainly observed during the first few months of the experiments. Increased emissions of transformation products were observed during periods of increased global radiation and subsequent periods with relatively high amounts of driving rain. Different patterns of transformation products were observed, especially for terbutryn, both for paints containing different pigments and in experiments that were started in different periods of the year, as well as during different periods of the experiments.
The production of secondary materials from waste materials requires, in most cases, significantly lower energy amounts than the primary material production of raw materials. Along with lower energy demand, the greenhouse gas emissions produced are also lower. The duty of a modern waste management system should therefore be to collect and sort the waste materials in a way that the highest amounts of single material fractions with the highest qualities can be generated. In this contribution, the greenhouse gas balances of the theoretical treatment of the household waste, if collected as mixed waste in sanitary landfills, in waste incineration plants, or in mechanical-biological treatment plants, are compared to the existing separate waste collection and treatment in Germany in 2014. The results show that the treatment of the mixed collected household waste in sanitary landfills would lead to a significant release of greenhouse gases. The treatment in MBTs with the recovery of valuables and the further disposal of the biologically stabilized fraction on landfills, as well as the treatment of the high calorific fraction (also called refuse derived fuel – RDF) in RDF plants, coal-fired power plants, or cement kilns, would lead to small amounts of avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The thermal treatment in waste incineration plants would lead to moderate amounts of avoided greenhouse gases. Only with the actually practiced separate collection and treatment of household waste were significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions avoided. In total, this is approximately 5.5 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents for approximately 45.5 million tons of separate collected and treated household waste in Germany in 2014.
Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior
of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids.
Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids.
An approach to achieve “zero leakage” is discussed with respect to the experience in Germany, where strict regulations for landfill lining and capping systems have been developed and issued because of large environmental problems related to landfills that accumulated in the 1970’s and 1980’s. These regulations for landfills and geosynthetics which are used in landfill liner and capping systems are shortly described. The main certification requirements for the products as well as conclusions for their use are presented. Using a thick, high quality HDPE geomembrane (GMB), which is installed free of residual waves and wrinkles in intimate contact with a compacted clay liner (CCL) or geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) of very low permeability, by a qualified, experienced, well equipped and properly third‐party controlled installer and which are protected by heavy protection layers designed with respect to long‐term performance of the GMB, may result in a liner or capping system of practically no leakage. This is demonstrated by analyzing results of measurements obtained from permanently installed leak detection systems in combination with HDPE GMBs.
An approach to achieve “zero leakage” is discussed with respect to the experience in Germany, where strict regulations for landfill lining and capping systems have been developed and issued because of large environmental problems related to landfills that accumulated in the 1970’s and 1980’s. These regulations for landfills and geosynthetics which are used in landfill liner and capping systems are shortly described. The main certification requirements for the products as well as conclusions for their use are presented. Using a thick, high quality HDPE geomembrane (GMB), which is installed free of residual waves and wrinkles in intimate contact with a compacted clay liner (CCL) or geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) of very low permeability, by a qualified, experienced, well equipped and properly third‐party controlled installer and which are protected by heavy protection layers designed with respect to long‐term performance of the GMB, may result in a liner or capping system of practically no leakage. This is demonstrated by analyzing results of measurements obtained from permanently installed leak detection systems in combination with HDPE GMBs.
Thermal Destruction of PFAS
(2023)
Thermal treatment processes are currently the only full-scale option for thedestruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in large waste streams. While all organic molecules including PFAS are susceptible to thermal destruction, their decomposition rates are controlled by process variables such as temperature, reaction atmosphere, and residence time. Concerns exist about the formation of products of incomplete destruction and their emission from hazardous waste incinerators. This talk will summarize the current stateof-the-art of thermal PFAS destruction, identify research needs, and showcase future research designed to address critical knowledge gaps.