4 Material und Umwelt
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- 2019 (109) (entfernen)
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- Corrosion (8)
- Ink (8)
- MIC (8)
- Methanogens (6)
- Archaeometry (4)
- Bauprodukte (4)
- Emission (4)
- XRF (4)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (109)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (33)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (25)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (21)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (17)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (14)
- 6 Materialchemie (8)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (7)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (5)
- 6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse (4)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (109)
Ausgehend von der aktuellen Situation in Deutschland werden die Themen Baustoffaufbereitung, Ressourceneffizienz vorgestellt und Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Baustoffqualität von Baurestmassen vorgestellt. Zielkonflikte und Beispiele dazu aus dem Baubereich (z.B. Mantelverordnung) werden benannt.
Untersuchungen von Zeichnungen und Manuskripten mit zerstörungsfreien Methoden haben in den letzten Jahren enorm zugenommen. Die nicht-invasiven Analysen ermöglichen Informationen zur Herkunft, zum Herstellungsprozess und möglicherweise zum Alter (direkte Dating nicht möglich, Ausnahme: Papierstruktur, Wasserzeichen). Die zerstörungsfreien Analysen können Rückschlüsse auf mögliche Fälschungen geben, sind neben den offensichtlichen Vorteilen jedoch auch mit einzelnen Limitierungen behaftet. Der Vortrag soll anhand einiger Fallbeispiele die Möglichkeiten aber auch Grenzen bei der zerstörungsfreien (mobilen) Auffindung von Fälschungen aufzeigen.
Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We are presenting here the first results of a preliminary analysis, which aimed at identifying scrolls whose ink contains metals.
The earliest known recipes for iron gall inks include four basic ingredients: oak galls – pathological growths of oak leaves; metal salts – usually referred to as vitriol; a binder such as gum Arabic; and water. The final product differs in the elemental composition due to the multitude of recipes as well as differences within the composition of the ink’s ingredients. Nowadays, based on the qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluation of X-ray fluorescence data, it is possible to distinguish inks on the basis of the so-called fingerprint model. The first goal of our study was to determine to what extent the type of XRF spectrometer affects the quality of the ink evaluation. We tested two types of spectrometers, semi-stationary machines equipped with polycapillary focusing optics and a handheld spectrometer with a diaphragm collimator and a relatively big interaction spot.
The second goal was to address the issue of whether the ink composition might be affected by storage in a metal container. The presentation will discuss the role of the spectrometer type in the evaluation of a thin layer material such as ink.
We have also learned that the iron-gall ink composition might depend on the type of vessel in which ink was being stored.
Conventional fertilisers have their disadvantages as nutrient release is not synchronised with the demand of plants. Several approaches of "next generation fertilisers" are aiming at controlled nutrient release. Recycling fertilisers are often not soluble in water but fully plant available. They are suitable raw materials for the production of new types of controlled release fertilisers.
Vorstellung des REFOPLAN-Projekts extraWERT Erhebung zusätzlicher Wertstoffpotenziale in Klärschlamm
(2019)
Auf dem Regionalgruppentreffen wurden erste Projektergebnisse vorgestellt und die Probenahmestrategie diskutiert. Vorgestellt wurde eine Rückberechnung der mittleren Wertstoffgehalte aus dem Klärschlamm-Monitoring 2014 (Krüger und Adam) und erste Auswertungen der Klärschlammbericht-Rohdaten aus NRW und Hessen.
Verwertung von Bodenmaterialien - Ergebnisse aus dem UFOPLAN-Vorhaben und Transfer der Ergebnisse
(2019)
Dem Fachbeirat Bodenuntersuchungen des BMBF/UBA wurden Ergebnisse zum UFOPLAN-Forschungsvorhaben „Monitoring zur Verwertung von Bodenmaterial“ vorgestellt. Die potentielle Auswirkung der neuen Regularien in der geplanten Novelle der BBodSchV (4. Referentenentwurf der Mantelverordnung) auf die Erweiterung der Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien wird aufgezeigt. Probleme des Umgangs mit der analytischen Messunsicherheit im Grenzwertbereich und mit der Vergleichbarkeit der zugelassenen Elutionsverfahren werden diskutiert.
Carbonfasern sind äußerst stabil und werden auch in Anlagen zur Verbrennung von Sondermüll kaum zerstört. Beim Handling carbonfaserhaltiger Abfälle können Gesundheitsrisken auftreten (Abgabe von WHO-Fasern). Es werden Methoden der Verwertung carbonfaserhaltiger Reststoffe in der Pyrometallurgie diskutiert.
Uninvited and Welcomed Guests in Museums – Biological management of
clothes moths and woodworms
(2019)
In museums and historic houses clothes, moths (Tineola bisselliella, Tinea pellionella) and the furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum) are the most economically important pests on textiles or wooden artifacts, respectively. Their management is essential to protect cultural ethnological heritage and natural history collections for future generations.
Pest management strategies have changed over time. Today, intensive knowledge on pest biology and overall material science are key cornerstones in IPM concepts - also for the museum environment. The important first steps for sustainable pest management are risk assessment, early pest detection and identification of pathways of infestation. These steps are followed by physical and biological means of control, which have lately gained more importance than applying biocides.
Several potentially effective biological enemies of clothes moths and woodworm have been known for a long time, but their promotion for pest control in museums and historic houses is just beginning.
This short review summarizes current concepts of pest life cycle interruption by applying good quarantine and very specific biological measures. The lessons learned from recent faunistic surveys, life-history studies as well as behavioral observations of parasitoids and predators of clothes moths and woodworm may supplement the pest management tool box. The need for further research in this field is addressed.
The Interdisciplinary Alchemist: Reproduction and Study of Black Inks from the Islamicate World
(2019)
The identification of the materials constituting an artefact is the basis of any correct conservation project, for this reason (among others) in the last 50 years analytical techniques have been applied to the study of manuscripts. Unfortunately, the scientific investigation of Arabic books is still uncommon, focusing mainly on single case studies, often producing unclear results, especially for black inks. This lack of knowledge prompted a recent research in which black ink recipes have been collected from written Arabic sources on bookmaking, their feasibility has been assessed, and finally some of them have been reproduced. These samples were artificially aged and analysed through an array of analytical techniques, mostly non-invasive and non-destructive, in order to build a database of Arabic inks and their ingredients and also to verify the detection limits of the portable equipment employed. In this talk I will present some instances of how this approach can help textual criticism, for example in evaluating variants and determining the competence of authors and compilers. At the same time the research highlights how much this scientific work depends on textual studies, especially concerning the identification of ingredients. Moreover, I will focus on some of the problematics I faced both during the textual interpretation and the actual reproduction of the recipes and how they influenced the results of the scientific analyses. In particular I’ll look into the role played by the degree of purity of the components and the function (real and perceived) of some of the ingredients.
The termites are a derived eusocial lineage of otherwise non-social cockroaches. Understanding the proximal and ultimate drivers of this major evolutionary transition represents an important goal in biology. One outstanding question concerns the evolution of termite immunity, which is thought to have undergone broad-sweeping adaptations in order to enhance group-level immune protection. To understand the evolutionary origins of termite immunity, we conducted qualitative and quantitative transcriptome analyses along a gradient of sociality. Firstly, we aimed to identify large-scale genetic shifts in immune traits linked to eusociality by comparing immune gene repertoires in solitary and subsocial cockroaches and across a range of eusocial termite lineages. Secondly, we compared the responses of a solitary cockroach, a subsocial wood-roach and different castes of a lower termite species to a non-specific immune challenge, in order to understand how sociality may have influenced the evolution of immune gene regulation. Firstly, we found that termites have a broadly representative repertoire of canonical immune genes as compared to gregarious cockroaches and subsocial wood-roaches. Secondly, with respect to immune challenge, the solitary cockroach and the subsocial wood-roach displayed a similarly comprehensive induced response, while the termite response was considerably dampened by comparison and strongly influenced by caste; with reproductives displaying a generally higher constitutive level of immune-gene expression compared to sterile castes. In summary we did not find termite eusociality to be associated with significant changes in immune gene diversity, but rather to be linked with significant modifications to the regulation of immunity following the origin of division of labour.
A broad suite of immune adaptations have evolved in social insects which hold close parallels with the immune systems of multicellular individuals. However, comparatively little is known about the evolutionary origins of immunity in social insects. We tackle this by identifying immune genes from 18 cockroach and termite species, spanning a gradient of social lifestyles. Termites have undergone contractions of major immune gene families during the early origin of the group, particularly in antimicrobial effector and receptor proteins, followed by later re-expansions in some lineages. In a comparative gene expression analysis, we find that reproductive individuals of a termite invest more in innate immune regulation than other castes. When colonies encounter immune-challenged nestmates, gene expression responses are weak in reproductives but this pattern is reversed when colony members are immune-challenged individually, with reproductives eliciting a greater response to treatment than other castes. Finally, responses to immune challenge were more comprehensive in both subsocial and solitary cockroaches compared to termites, indicating a reduced overall ability to respond to infection in termites. Our study indicates that the emergence of termite sociality was associated with the evolution of a tapered yet caste-adapted immune system.
Since the recycling of tantalum bearing post-consumer waste is practically not existent, metallurgical residues are the most important feed for the tantalum recycling. Most tin ores naturally contain significant quantities of refractory metals. During the smelting process in primary tin production these elements are enriched in the slag phase. This slag is a highly valuable raw material for tantalum production due to its considerable concentration of tantalum and its functioning as an additional slag former in further pyrometallurgical treatment.
In this paper the first process stage of an existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, is discussed. Smelting trials were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to analyse the effect of feeding on the activity of carbon as a reducing agent. Therefore, blowing petroleum coke through an iron lance and the manual adding of coke into the melting bath were tested. During the pyrometallurgical treatment elements with a high affinity to carbon were reduced to their carbide form and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. The objective of the process was to reduce the oxidic tantalum completely and to enrich it into the metal phase. Furthermore, the transfer of unwanted elements such as titanium into the metal phase was aimed to be avoided.
Spoon test specimens were taken from the liquid mineral melt to follow the evolution of the reduction process. The cooled down solidified melting bath was investigated by using the XRD and EDX method to characterise the slag system and to identify relevant mineral phases.
Dem Fachbeirat Bodenuntersuchungen des BMBF/UBA wurden Ergebnisse aus BISp-Forschungsvorhaben zur Untersuchung der Stofffreisetzung aus Sportböden auf Kunststoffbasis sowie zur Modellierung des Schadstofftransfers auf dem Pfad Boden-Grundwasser vorgestellt. Dabei wurde auch auf die derzeitigen gesetzlichen Regelungen auf EU Ebene und die vorhandenen Anforderungen in der Normung eingegangen. Der verbliebene Forschungsbedarf wurde aufgezeigt und dabei auch die Problematik der Bildung von Mikroplastik im Zusammenhang mit Sportböden thematisiert.
Der mitteleuropäische Mensch hält sich 80 – 90 % der Zeit in Innenräumen auf. Je nach Aktivität atmet er 10 – 20 m³ bzw. 12 - 24 kg Luft täglich, das ist weit mehr als das Doppelte der Summe an Essen und Trinken. Die technischen Voraussetzungen für die Bestimmung von Emissionen aus Bauprodukten in die Luft liegen vor – harmonisierte horizontale Prüfnorm EN 16516. Es dürften mittlerweile zig-tausende Emissionsdatensätze vorliegen. Defizite gibt es bei der Kennzeichnung zur Unterscheidung emissionsarmer und emissionsreicher Produkte, die bestehende CE-Kennzeichnung ist unvollständig, ersatzweise gibt es nationale Regelungen.
Gerade bei modernen, dichten Bauten mit geringem natürlichen Luftwechsel sind hohe Schadstoffkonzentrationen zu erwarten, wenn nicht emissionsarme Materialien und Produkte zum Einsatz kommen.
Die gemeinsame Forschungsstrategie der Bundesoberbehörden zur Nanotechnologie wurde 2016 veröffentlicht. Die darin enthaltenen Aufgaben wurden von den Bundesoberbehörden vielfältig bearbeitet. Diese Präsentation gibt einen Überblick über die Projekte, die von der BAM bis 2019 bearbeitet wurden/werden und sich in den Rahmen der Forschungsstrategie einordnen.