4 Material und Umwelt
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2022 (117) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
Referierte Publikation
- nein (117) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Biocides (14)
- Antimicrobial resistance (10)
- Klärschlamm (6)
- Phosphorrückgewinnung (5)
- Risk assessment (5)
- Antimicrobial coating (4)
- Archäometrie (4)
- Biofilms (4)
- Disinfection (4)
- Evolution (4)
- PFAS (4)
- XANES spectroscopy (4)
- Anerkennungen (3)
- Bacteria (3)
- Bauprodukte (3)
- Biocide tolerance (3)
- Cascade impactor (3)
- EN 16516 (3)
- Horizontal gene transfer (3)
- ISO 16000-6 (3)
- Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) (3)
- Leaching (3)
- Mutation rate (3)
- Nano (3)
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (3)
- Persistence (3)
- Phosphor (3)
- Ringversuch (3)
- Rostasche (3)
- Standardization (3)
- Transformation (3)
- VOC (3)
- VVOCs (3)
- Wastewater (3)
- Zement (3)
- Zulassungen (3)
- Abdichtungssystem (2)
- Abfallverbrennung (2)
- Affinity chromatography (2)
- Analytical method (2)
- Antibodies (2)
- Antimicrobial surfaces (2)
- Bacterial adhesion tests (2)
- Biocide (2)
- Biozide (2)
- Cairo Genizah (2)
- Capsules (2)
- Carbon steel corrosion (2)
- Combustion ion chromatography (2)
- Deponie (2)
- Diffusive sampling (2)
- Düngemittel (2)
- Dünger (2)
- Fungus (2)
- Glutaraldehyde (2)
- Herculaneum (2)
- Heterogeneity (2)
- IAQ (2)
- Ink analyses (2)
- Ir DNA staining approach (2)
- Klärschlammverordnung (2)
- Light (2)
- Material emissions (2)
- Melanin (2)
- Method development (2)
- Microbiological influenced corrosion MIC (2)
- Middle Ages (2)
- Mikroplastik (2)
- Passive sampling (2)
- Perceived Intensity (2)
- Phosphorus recovery (2)
- Polyglycerol (2)
- Recycling (2)
- Reductive amination (2)
- Reference materials (2)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (2)
- Resistance (2)
- Richtlinien (2)
- Sc-ICP-ToF-MS (2)
- Schutzschichten (2)
- Sewage sludge (2)
- Single cell (2)
- Soil (2)
- Stress (2)
- Thermal extraction (2)
- Tolerance (2)
- UFP (2)
- Uptake rate (2)
- X-Ray fluorescence analyses (2)
- XRF (2)
- Zeichenmaterialien (2)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (2)
- Aerosol (1)
- Affinity extraction (1)
- Affinity support (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Air quality monitoring (1)
- Aluminum oxide (1)
- Amate (1)
- Amino acid analysis (1)
- Analytische Methode (1)
- Antiadhesive surfaces (1)
- Antibiotic resisitance (1)
- Antibody purification (1)
- Antimikrobielle Resistenz (1)
- Antimony black (stibnite) (1)
- Antmikrobielle Oberflächen (1)
- Aquatische Toxizität (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis AAAA (1)
- Aromatic amino acid analysis aaaa (1)
- Ashdec (1)
- Atomic force microscopy (1)
- Autoclave tests (1)
- Autoklaventest (1)
- BOFS (1)
- BSA (1)
- Bacteria repellent surfaces (1)
- Bacteria-repellent surfaces (1)
- Basin (1)
- Bauhaus Weimar (1)
- Behördenklausurtagung (1)
- Bewertungsverfahren (1)
- Bio-weathering (1)
- Bioconjugation (1)
- Biodegradation (1)
- Biofilm growth (1)
- Biological pest control (1)
- Bioseparation (1)
- Biozid (1)
- Black fungi (1)
- Bottom ash (1)
- Bovine serum albumin (1)
- Building product (1)
- Bundesoberbehörden (1)
- CIC (1)
- Carrier (1)
- Cast iron (1)
- Chamber test (1)
- Combustion Ion Chromatography (1)
- Construction products (1)
- Controllable gene expression (1)
- Cribellate spiders (1)
- Cross-resistance (1)
- Cubical shape (1)
- Cultural heritage (1)
- DHN melanin (1)
- DIN (1)
- DIN EN 350 (1)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (1)
- Desiccation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Domestikation (1)
- Downstream processing (1)
- Dry treatment (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EOF (1)
- ESEM (1)
- Ecotoxicity (1)
- Effective uptake rate (1)
- Electron microscopy (1)
- Elektronisches Laborbuch (1)
- Elektroofenstaub (1)
- Element mass concentration (1)
- Emission (1)
- Emission reference materials (1)
- Emission test chamber (1)
- Emission test chamber procedure (1)
- Emissionen (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Ersatzbaustoffe (1)
- Ersatzbaustoffverordnung (1)
- Essential oils (1)
- Experimental evolution (1)
- Exposure risk (1)
- Extremotolerance (1)
- FFF-3D-Printer (1)
- Fassadenfarbe (1)
- Fassadenfarben (1)
- Fertilizer (1)
- Festlegungen (1)
- Fluor XANES (1)
- Fluorescent proteins (1)
- Force distance curve (1)
- Fungal biofilms (1)
- Genetic engineering (1)
- Genetic tools (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genome editing (1)
- Geokunststoffe (1)
- Geosynthetics (1)
- Geruch (1)
- Geruchsmessung (1)
- Gichtgasschlamm (1)
- Giulio Romano (1)
- Gleichwertigkeit Messverfahren (1)
- Heavy metal removal (1)
- Hi-Tension (1)
- Holy Family (1)
- Holzschutz (1)
- Holzschutz, (1)
- Human plasma (1)
- Hydraulic reactivity (1)
- Hyperbranched polymer (1)
- ICP-MS (1)
- IPM in museums (1)
- ISO22196 (1)
- Igg (1)
- Immunoglobulins (1)
- Immunoprecipitation (1)
- Indoor emission (1)
- Industrial applications (1)
- Ink (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Klimaneutralität (1)
- Klärschlammasche (1)
- Knufia petricola (1)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (1)
- Kunstrasen (1)
- Kunststoffsportbeläge (1)
- Library pests (1)
- Life history data (1)
- Linker (1)
- MIC (1)
- Manuscript studies (1)
- Manuskripte (1)
- Mechanochemical treatment (1)
- Microbial abundance (1)
- Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) (1)
- Microcolonial fungi (1)
- Municipal solid waste (1)
- Nano CRM (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanoparticle (1)
- Nassaufbereitung (1)
- Natural abundance of 15N (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Nitrogen fixation (1)
- Nitrogen uptake (1)
- Norm (1)
- Nuclear waste disposal (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- OECD (1)
- Odour (1)
- PFAS analysis (1)
- Paints (1)
- Papier (1)
- Papyrus (1)
- Particles (1)
- Pentimenti (1)
- Periodate oxidation (1)
- Phosphonic acids (1)
- Phosphor-Rückgewinnung (1)
- Phosphorus (1)
- Photoperception (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer foils (1)
- Portland Cement (1)
- Portrayal of St Joseph (1)
- Projekte (1)
- Protein (1)
- Protein a (1)
- Protein hydrolysis (1)
- Protein immobilization (1)
- Protein quantification (1)
- Purification (1)
- QA/QC (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Raphael school (1)
- Reference material (1)
- Reference nanoparticles (1)
- Reflectography (1)
- Rembrandt (1)
- Ressourcenrückgewinnung (1)
- Reworking (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Risikobewertung (1)
- Risk assesment (1)
- Rock-inhabiting black fungi (1)
- Rock-inhabiting fungus (1)
- Rotschlamm (1)
- Round robin test (1)
- Rückgewinnung (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SDS-PAGE (1)
- Sapphire (1)
- Schadstofftransfer (1)
- Schlacke (1)
- Sekundärrohstoff (1)
- Sekundärrohstoffe (1)
- Selection (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (1)
- Sewage sludge ash (1)
- Sewage sludge incineration (1)
- Signal transduction (1)
- Sixteenth-century painting technique (1)
- Size (1)
- Solid phase (1)
- Standardarbeitsanweisungen (1)
- Standardisierung (1)
- Sum parameter analysis (1)
- Surface functionalization (1)
- TEM (1)
- TXRF (1)
- Termite control (1)
- Test guideline (1)
- Test method (1)
- Thermische Abfallbehandlung (1)
- Thermochemische Prozesse (1)
- Tyrosine (1)
- Ultrafine particles (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Umweltbewertung (1)
- Umweltsimulation (1)
- Umweltverträglichkeit (1)
- VOC-Emission (1)
- Vasari (1)
- Versuchskampagne (1)
- Volatile organic compound (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOC) (1)
- Wiederholbarkeit (1)
- Wood protection (1)
- Workflows (1)
- X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- Zeichnungen (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zink (1)
- biocide tolerance (1)
- disinfection (1)
- evolution (1)
- individual-based modelling (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- ink (1)
- papyrus (1)
- thermochemische Behandlung (1)
- Ökotoxizität (1)
- Ökotoxtests (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 4 Material und Umwelt (117)
- 4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen (31)
- 4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien (28)
- 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen (21)
- 4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung (16)
- 4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (13)
- 4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse (10)
- 6 Materialchemie (8)
- 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien (5)
- 3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher (5)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (61)
Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We investigated the inks of a selection of partially unrolled fragments stored at the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli with X-ray fluorescence in order to select the best candidates for tomography. Despite the many difficulties (analysis of several layers sticking together, letters barely visible, difficulty to separate contribution from the ink and from the papyrus, inhomogeneity of the support, fragility of the fragments…), encouraging results were found, with a number of inks from Greek fragments found to contain additions to the soot (Fe, Pb, Cu P).
Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We investigated the inks of a selection of partially unrolled fragments stored at the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli with X-ray fluorescence in order to select the best candidates for tomography. Despite the many difficulties (analysis of several layers sticking together, letters barely visible, difficulty to separate contribution from the ink and from the papyrus, inhomogeneity of the support, fragility of the fragments…), encouraging results were found, with a number of inks from Greek fragments found to contain additions to the soot (Fe, Pb, Cu P).
Mehrere Aspekte wurden im Hinblick auf die Standardisierung eines geeigneten Verfahrens für die Analyse sehr flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VVOCs) untersucht. Die Verwendung gasförmiger Standards ist notwendig und es wurde ein stabiles Standardgasgemisch aus 60 Substanzen erfolgreich erzeugt und auf Stabilität und Reaktivität überprüft. Die Eignungsuntersuchung verschiedener Chromatographiesäulen ergab, dass PLOT-Säulen (Porous Layer Open Tubular) für die VVOC-Analytik gut geeignet sind. Für die 60 Analyten wurden Wiederfindungsraten auf mehreren Adsorbenzien und deren Kombinationen bestimmt. Dabei zeigte eine Kombination aus einem graphitierten Ruß und einem Kohlenstoff-Molekularsieb hervorragende Ergebnisse für alle Zielkomponenten. Nachteilig an Kohlenstoff-Molekularsieben ist, dass sie Wasser adsorbieren, was die Analyse beeinträchtigen kann. Zur Wasserentfernung wurden verschiedene Optionen wie das Trockenspülen oder der Einsatz eines Trocknungssystems untersucht.
Zur Weiterentwicklung der Probenpräsentation wurde ein Adapter entwickelt, der Emissionsprüfkammer und Bewertungstrichter miteinander verbindet und dadurch eine der direkten Messung vergleichbare Geruchsbewertung ermöglicht. Die analytischen Messungen zeigen, dass es kaum Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der Probenluft in der Kammer im Vergleich zum Probenbehälter gibt. Bei den olfaktorischen Messungen kam es jedoch bei der Bewertung der Probenluft mit Hilfe des Adapters zu Minderbefunden. Anschließende Untersuchungen zeigten, dass beim Ausschalten des Geräts Umgebungsluft über den Trichter in den Adapter strömt und zu einer Verdünnung der Probenluft führt. Um dies zu vermeiden, werden derzeit weitere Messungen durchgeführt.
Eine weitere Versuchsreihe wurde durchgeführt, um den Messaufwand bei der Bewertung der empfundenen Intensität zu reduzieren. Die entwickelte „größer-oder-kleiner/gleich“ Abfrage kann hier hilfreich sein. Die Untersuchungen im Luftqualitätslabor und im Rahmen eines Ringversuches mit verschiedenen Laboren, zeigen, dass die Abfrage in fast allen Fällen zu den gleichen Ergebnissen führt, wie die normgerechte aber aufwendigere Ermittlung der empfundenen Intensität mithilfe des Vergleichsmaßstabes.
Drei grundlegend verschiedene Ansätze für Umweltsimulation werden an Beispielen illustriert:
(i) Ganzheitlicher Ansatz - Nachstellen von Umweltmilieus im Labor
Ziel ist hier das Nachstellen von (kombinierten) Umweltbedingungen im Labor; die Umweltparameter werden mit all ihren Wechselwirkungen aufgebracht.
Hauptnutzen ist eine gegenüber der natürlichen Beanspruchung erhöhte Reproduzierbarkeit der Umweltbedingungen. Hat man sein Laborsetup entwickelt, ist es auf verschiedene Materialien anwendbar.
Unter solchen Laborbedingungen ermittelte Lebensdauern sind dabei nicht auf die typischerweise sehr variablen Real-Umweltbedingungen übertragbar.
(ii) Parametrisierter Ansatz - Ermittlung einzelner Materialempfindlichkeiten
Hierbei werden im Labor die Wirkungen separater Umweltparameter auf Materialien nachgestellt. Für eine solche Separation der Einflussfaktoren ist insbesondere die Aufschlüsselung möglicher Wechselwirkungen der Umwelt-parameter (z.B. Mikroklima an bestrahlten Oberflächen) erforderlich. Einzelne (meist Alterungs-) Empfindlichkeiten können qualitativ nachgewiesen werden oder sogar – als Beanspruchungs-Wirkungs-Funktionen – quantifiziert werden, was einen wesentlichen Schritt in Richtung der Digitalisierung der Material¬prüfung darstellt. Insbesondere ist dann auch eine Lebensdauer-vorhersage für vorgegebene Zeitreihen der Beanspruchungs¬parameter umsetzbar.
(iii) Rückwirkungen auf die Umwelt
Umweltbeanspruchungen können zur Freisetzung von Schadstoffen in die Umwelt führen. Durch die Nachstellung kritischer, aber realitätsnaher Einsatzszenarien kann die Menge an freigesetzten Substanzen abgeschätzt werden.
Egal, welcher Ansatz verfolgt wird – ein Vergleich mit der oder einer Real-beanspruchung ist unerlässlich, ebenso wie die Messdatenaufzeichnung (data logging) aller potenziell relevanten Beanspruchungsparameter während dieser Realbeanspruchung.
Obwohl die naturnahe Umwelt – sowohl in der BAM als auch bei der GUS – gegenüber der technischen Umwelt eher untergeordnet auftritt, werden zur Illustration Beispiele aus der naturnahen Umwelt verwendet.
Microcolonial black fungi are inhabitants of exposed natural and man-made surfaces in all climate zones. Genetic studies are hampered by slow growth, lacking sexual cycles and difficulties to transform these fungi. Recently, we implemented CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic tools enabling efficient targeted mutations of the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes/Chaetothyriales) for studying stress responses, the unusual types of cell division, mineral weathering and symbiotic interactions with phototrophic microbes (Voigt, Knabe et al. 2020, Sci Rep; Erdmann et al. 2022, Front Fungal Biol). To further explore the genome of this fungus as representative of the polyphyletic group of black fungi and to assign functions to yet unknown genes, a forward genetics approach is aimed. We chose the two-component Activator/ Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transposon system from maize for generating a collection of insertional mutants by in-vivo mutagenesis. For the optimal use of this genetic tool, an inducible promoter for the expression of the Ac transposase and by this the regulatable transposition of the resistance cassette-containing Ds transposon is requested. However, endogenous promoters for nitrate assimilation and galactose catabolism that are often used in fungi for regulatable gene expression are not inducible by their substrates in K. petricola suggesting that the regulatory networks for nutrient acquisition differ significantly in the oligotrophic black fungi. Therefore, the metabolism-independent Tet-on system was adopted and validated using a Ptet::gfp construct. No GFP fluorescence was detected in absence of the inducer doxycycline (DOX) while fluorescence intensities increased with increasing inducer concentrations. Consequently, the Tet-on system is suitable for regulatable expression of endogenous and foreign genes in K. petricola.
Black microcolonial fungi represent a group of ascomycetes with similar adaptations for existing in natural and anthropogenically created extreme habitats. They exhibit slow yeast-like or meristematic growth, do not form specialized reproduction structures and accumulate the black pigment 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) in the multilayered cell walls. We chose the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola of the Chaetothyriales as a representative for developing methods for genetic manipulation, simulation of mineral weathering and study of symbiotic interactions. Here, we report on the expansion of the genetic toolkit by more efficient multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 using a plasmid-based system for expression of Cas9 and multiple sgRNAs and three additional resistance selection markers. The targeted integration of expression constructs by replacement of essential genes for pigment synthesis allows for an additional color screening of the transformants. The black-pink screening due to the elimination of pks1 (melanin) was applied for promoter studies using GFP fluorescence as reporter, while the black-white screening due to the concurrent elimination of pks1 (melanin) and phs1 (carotenoids) was used to identify transformants that contain the two expression constructs for co-localization or bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) studies. In addition, two intergenic regions (igr1, igr2) were identified in which expression constructs can be inserted without causing obvious phenotypes. Plasmids of the pNXR-XXX series (Schumacher, 2012) and new compatible entry plasmids were used for fast and easy generation of expression constructs and are suitable for use in other fungal systems as well.
Im Verbundprojekt R-Rhenania wird eine industrielle Demonstrationsanlage am Standort der Monoverbrennungsanlage Altenstadt der Firma Emter errichtet und im Jahr 2024 den Betrieb aufnehmen. Die vorhandene Rostfeuerung-Monoverbrennung wird so umgebaut, dass ein neues thermochemisches Verfahren integriert werden kann, welches hochwirksame und schadstoffarme Dünger produziert (bis zu 17.000 t/a). Die thermochemischen Produkte werden in Gefäß- und Feldversuchen im ökologischen Landbau auf ihre Düngewirkung getestet. Die Umweltverträglichkeit der Demonstrationsanlage wird untersucht, wie auch die Übertragbarkeit des Verfahrens auf weitere Regionen.
During iron and steel production, several by-products such as slags, dusts, and sludges are generated in addition to pig iron and steel as primary products. Especially for filter dusts and sludges containing zinc and lead from gas purification, there are still considerable recycling problems. However, the high heavy metal contents make landfilling of these dusts and sludges cost-intensive and ecologically problematic. In addition, the relatively high zinc and iron loads represent a valuable resource, which can make reprocessing of the material with recovery of the zinc and iron loads as secondary raw materials ecologically as well as economically attractive. Nevertheless, established recycling methods like the Waelz process fall short in regaining more than one valuable metal from the dusts and operate only under narrow ranges of material compositions, which makes it problematic to adapt these processes to new dust compositions as are to be formed in future steel work operations.
To tackle these problems, the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and Ferro Duo GmbH investigate innovative recycling methods for steelwork dusts and sludges in a joint project. This mainly focusses on regaining valuable metals such as iron as well as zinc from blast furnace sludge (BFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) by thermochemical treatment.
Therefore, mixtures of these materials are heated under inert atmosphere employing the carbon present in BFS as internal reducing agent. During the process, metallic iron is formed in the solid reaction product while zinc and other volatile heavy metals are evaporated. This paves the way for the generation of zinc as well as sponge iron as two separate products valuable for metallurgical processes. The process basically consists of heating a mixture of BFS and EAFD to temperatures between 700 and 1100 °C under inert (e.g., nitrogen) or reducing (e.g., CO) gas flow. When a suitable mixing ratio is applied, the carbon present in the BFS can be effectively used as reducing agent for iron and zinc present in both starting materials generating a solid residue with high metallic iron and low carbon content as well as a gas stream laden with zinc and other volatile heavy metals, that can be regained by off-gas treatment.
The project aims at testing this concept as a continuous process in a pilot plant established by Ferro Duo GmbH with BAM supplying comprehensive scientific support by lab- and small scale-experiments.
Additionally, considering the necessity to mitigate CO2 emissions and the resulting shift in compositions of steel work dusts and sludges, our research also investigates replacement of carbon present in the sludges by hydrogen as potentially carbon-neutral reducing agent. Here, the use of non-explosive forming gas as reducing agent for EAFD shows potential to give a product high in metallic iron while zinc and other heavy metals are effectively evaporated from the solid material making it possible to regain them from the exhaust gas stream.
Klärschlammaschen können eine hohe Phosphatkonzentration aufweisen und stellen damit einen geeigneten Sekundärrohstoff für die Produktion von Phosphatdüngemitteln dar. Bisher wird dieses Potential der Klärschlammaschen für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung jedoch kaum genutzt, da die in den Aschen enthaltenen Phosphate für Pflanzen kaum verfügbar und die Aschen teilweise mit toxischen Schwermetallen belastet sind.
Im AshDec®-Verfahren wird die Klärschlammaschen im Drehrohrofen im Temperaturbereich 800-1000°C unter Zugabe von Alkali-Additiven (bsp. Na2CO3) thermochemisch behandelt, um ein wirksames und schadstoffarmes Phosphatdüngemittel herzustellen. Aktuell bereitet die Firma Emter GmbH den Bau der ersten großtechnischen AshDec®-Anlage mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Klärschlammasche am Standort ihrer Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage (Altenstadt / Oberbayern) vor. Die erste Ausbaustufe dieser Anlage wird durch das BMBF-Projekt R-Rhenania im Rahmen der Förderinitiative RePhoR begleitet.
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are highly conserved in animals, plants, and fungi and represent fundamental parts of signaling networks in eukaryotic cells. Black DHN (1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene) melanin and orange carotenoids are produced by many fungi in specific cell types/under certain conditions for protecting cells from abiotic and/or biotic stresses. Microcolonial black fungi constitutively produce DHN melanin, contain the conserved carotenogenic gene cluster, exhibit slow yeast-like growth and survive in extreme environments. Thus, the question arises to which extent pigment formation and responses mediated by the stress-activated MAP kinase module contribute to the observed extremotolerance. We address this question in the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola, the only representative of the extremotolerant black fungi that is genetically amendable. Here, the mutations of pks1, phs1 and both genes result in melanin-free (pink), carotenoid-free (black) and pigment-free (white) strains, respectively (Voigt Knabe et al. 2020, Sci Rep). The gene encoding the stress-activated MAP kinase was deleted in the wild-type and different pigment-deficient backgrounds. In addition, strains were generated that express a GFP-SAK1 fusion protein from the sak1 locus to follow the cytosolic/nuclear shuttling of SAK1 upon stress. Growth of the obtained single, double and triple deletion mutants was tested by dropping cell suspensions on solid media supplemented with different stress-inducing agents. The Δsak1 mutants show slightly reduced growth rates even under non-stress conditions and are hypersensitive to different stress conditions: reduced growth is observed on media inducing, for instance, osmotic, oxidative, membrane, and pH stress, and upon incubation at 30 °C (heat stress). Melanin-free Δsak1 mutants are more sensitive than black Δsak1 mutants to some but not all stress conditions, suggesting that melanin and the SAK1 pathway have complementary roles in protecting K. petricola from stress.
BAM is currently building up a platform of novel nanoRMs relying on iron oxide nanoparticles of different shape, size and surface chemistry. Iron oxide was chosen as a core material because of its relevance to the material and life sciences.
As a first candidate of this series, we present cubic iron oxide nanoparticles with a nominal edge length of 8 nm. These particles were synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron oleate in high boiling organic solvents adapting well-known literature procedures. After dilution to a concentration suitable for electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) as well as for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements, the candidate nanoRM was bottled and assessed for homogeneity and stability by both methods following the guidelines of ISO 17034 and ISO Guide 35.
The particle sizes obtained by both STEM-in-SEM and TEM are in excellent agreement with a minimum Feret of 8.3 nm ± 0.7 nm. The aspect ratio (AR) of the iron oxide cubes were extracted from the images as the ratio of minimum Feret to Feret resulting in an AR of 1.18 for TEM to 1.25 for SEM. Alternatively, a rectangular bounding box was fitted originating from the minimum Feret and the longest distance through the particle in perpendicular direction. This led to AR values of 1.05 for TEM and 1.12 for SEM, respectively. The results confirm the almost ideal cubic shape.
In an interdisciplinary collaboration, restorers, art historians, and scientists examined Guilio Romano’s The Madonna with the Wash-Basin of 1525 (Dresden State Art Collections). Insights into the painting technique along with art historical comparisons provided the opportunity for a better understanding of the painting’s genesis, in particular concerning an early reworking of the background by the artist. A recovery and reconstruction of the earlier version of the background is now possible. The discovery of zinc in distinct passages of the painting, as well as the grey-black pigment stibnite and glass particles used as a supplement in paint layers are of special interest. The technological investigation initiated a discussion about the circumstances of the revision, as well as the painting’s relation to Vasari’s Lives of Artists.
Aim. The European biocidal products regulation requires environmental risk assessments for biocidal products under service conditions. This is only possible, if processes that lead to biocide emissions into the environment are understood and can be reasonably predicted.
Actual emissions due to leaching result from different processes that are affected by material properties and environmental conditions. Transformation of biocides can affect emissions considerably.
Leaching and possible transformation of the film preservatives carbendazim, diuron, OIT and terbutryn in paints was observed under laboratory and field conditons in order to investigate the influence of different factors, e.g. water contact and radiation on biocide emissions. The paints contained either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment to check whether pigments affect leaching processes.
Methods. Test specimens of a water-based styrene acrylic dispersion paint on glass were exposed to UVA-radiation in a UV weathering device and/or exposed to water contact by immersion events on the basis of the European standard EN 16105. Plywood panels were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a semi-field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings.
Results. The impact of weathering conditions on transformation processes differs for the investigated active substances. Water contact, radiation as well as pigments in the paints determine the pattern and amount of transformation products on coatings, leachates and runoff water. Observations from laboratory and field experiments were compared. It proved that results from laboratory tests support understanding of data from field experiments.
Detailed knowledge on the fate of active substances under environmental conditions supports manufacturers to develop safe applications of film preservatives and authorities to evaluate its environmental impact.
The OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) has actively worked towards understanding possible safety issues for manufactured nanomaterials and has contributed significantly to resolving these by developing Test Guidelines, Guidance Documents, Test Reports and other publications with the aim of a safe use of manufactured nanomaterials. To address the specific needs of manufactured nanomaterials, the OECD Test Guideline No. 110 “Particle Size Distribution/Fibre Length and Diameter Distributions” was identified as one of the test guidelines (TGs) to require an update. The current TG 110 (adopted in 1981) is only valid for particles and fibres with sizes above 250 nm. The WPMN prioritised to either update TG 110 to be applicable also to particles at the nanoscale or draft a new nanomaterial specific (TG).
Eventually, it was decided to develop a new TG that covers the size range from 1 nm to 1000 nm, intended for particle size and particle size distribution measurements of nanomaterials. Paragraph 11 provides further justification on the need for such measurements for nanomaterials. This TG overlaps with TG 110 in the size range from 250 nm to 1000 nm. When measuring particulate or fibrous materials, the appropriate TG should be selected depending on the size range of particles tested. In line with TG 110, the new TG for nanomaterials includes separate parts for particles and fibres.
For the part of this TG which addresses particles, several methods applicable to nanomaterials were reviewed and included to take into account developments since 1981 when the TG 110 was adopted. This TG includes the following methods: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation (CLS)/Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Differential Mobility Analysis System (DMAS), (Nano)Particle Tracking Analysis (PTA/NTA), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The method Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS) could not be sufficiently validated within the interlaboratory comparison (ILC) carried out for the different methods in this TG (see also paragraph 6 for further details on the ILC). Applicability of sp-ICP-MS is strongly limited to nanomaterials with high mass values in combination with a sufficiently high particle size. However, the general method ICP-MS is widely used and the sp-mode for the size measurement of specific nanomaterials was successfully performed in ILCs elsewhere. The method is therefore included in the Appendix Part C of this TG, which further details the limitations of sp-ICP-MS.
For measuring the diameter and length of fibres, analysing images captured with electron microscopy is currently the only method available. This TG includes Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
To test the validity of this TG, an ILC was performed. Test materials were chosen to reflect a broad range of nanomaterial classes, e.g. metals, metal oxides, polymers and carbon materials. Where possible, well-characterised test materials were used.
Additionally, the test materials were chosen to reflect a broad range of sizes representing the size range 1 nm to 1000 nm. Specifically for fibres, a broad range of aspect ratios was included (length/diameter of 3 to > 50). Some of the test materials used are commercially available and further references are given in the validation report of the ILC. Sample preparation for physical chemical characterisation is critical for all listed methods. Due to the differences between individual nanomaterials and due to the wide range of individual material properties it is impossible to have a generic protocol to obtain the best possible sample preparation for every nanomaterial. Therefore, a generic protocol on sample preparation is not part of this TG. Information on sample preparation is given in the paragraphs 25-29, 33, 34 and 39 for particles and in paragraphs 159) for fibres. Further information on sample preparation of nanomaterials for physical chemical characterisation can be found in the OECD Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials and elsewhere.
The tropical environment of Sri Lanka accelerates bio-deterioration of cultural objects. Termites are one of the most damaging insect pests destroying the cellulose components of historical artifacts. Herbal extracts obtained from resin of Vateria copallifera (Retzius) Alston and seeds of Madhuca longifolia (Konig) Macbride have been used for centuries to preserve e.g. palm leaf manuscripts from insect attack. Herbal extractions of these traditional products for palm leaf manuscript were tested for their effect against the termite species Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, 1909. Natural and artificial aged herbal extractions were tested to obtain a repellent index. Resin oil of V. copallifera caused slightly higher repellencies than M. longifolia. Artificially aged samples produced lower repellencies than naturally aged samples. The results indicate that the active ingredients are volatile. The potential for barrier treatment was tested only with V. copallifera. Tunnelling-behavior of C. formosanus workers through sand in the presence of V. copallifera resin oil was largely reduced.
Biocides, including disinfectants and antimicrobial surfaces (AMCs), are important to prevent the spread of pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria via surfaces. However, concerns have been raised about the evolution and selection of resistance against disinfectants and AMCs. In turn, resistance against disinfectants and AMCs can be associated to antibiotic resistance due to cross-resistance and co-resistance. We need to understand the mechanisms and risks of disinfectants and AMCs for resistance and cross-resistance evolution to optimize their application and safeguard their long-term efficacy. We used adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments based on repeated exposure of bacteria to disinfectants. Our results show that repeated disinfection of E. coli with benzalkonium chloride in suspension results in a 2000-fold increase in survival within 5 exposure cycles. Adaption is linked to the initial presence of persister cells highly tolerant to benzalkonium chloride. We used the same approach to develop standardizable ALE experiments to determine resistance evolution to AMCs. The results highlight rapid adaptation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa towards copper surfaces. Moreover, there are multiple situations in the clinic or in the environment in which biocides and antibiotics co-occur and in which combination effects can shape their antimicrobial activity or their selective effects. Our work with P. aeruginosa shows prevalent combination effects of biocides and antibiotics, ranging from synergy to antagonism and resulting in the selection for or against antibiotic resistant strains. The combination effects are dependent on the biofilm mode-of-growth, manifesting in apparent differences in the structural arrangement of antibiotic sensitive and resistant strains in biofilms exposed to combinations. Furthermore, biocides affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer, thereby having a potential facilitating effect on resistance evolution. Taken together, our work shows that the role of biocides as potential drivers of resistance evolution and selection deserves further study and regulative action.