4 Material und Umwelt
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Two new approaches towards an emission reference material for use in quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing were developed and intensively tested. The overall goal was to obtain solid materials with homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. Since the application in inter-laboratory comparisons is aimed at, it should furthermore be long-term stable to ensure safe shipment to the customer without sustaining compound losses. In the first approach, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was impregnated with the VOC texanol under high-pressure with liquid CO2 as solvent. In the second, styrene (VOC) and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) were spiked into vacuum grease (VG) and a mixture of paraf-fin/squalane (P/S). For the prediction of the emission rates a finite element model (FEM) was developed for the VG and P/S type materials. All requirements for reference materials were fulfilled, whereas the TPU samples need to be aged for about 10 days until repeatable and re-producible emission rates were obtained.
Two new approaches towards an emission reference material for use in quality assurance measures for materials emissions testing were developed and intensively tested. The overall goal was to obtain solid materials with homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. Since the application in inter-laboratory comparisons is aimed at, it should furthermore be long-term stable to ensure safe shipment to the customer without sustaining compound losses. In the first approach, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was impregnated with the VOC texanol under high-pressure with liquid CO2 as solvent. In the second, styrene (VOC) and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) were spiked into vacuum grease (VG) and a mixture of paraf-fin/squalane (P/S). For the prediction of the emission rates a finite element model (FEM) was developed for the VG and P/S type materials. All requirements for reference materials were fulfilled, whereas the TPU samples need to be aged for about 10 days until repeatable and reproducible emission rates were obtained.
Micro-(nano-)encapsulation technology involves building a barrier between the core and the environment and offers several benefits to preserve the functional and physicochemical properties of core material. Tremendous progress has been made in synthesizing well-defined capsules to achieve desired properties such as particle size, chemical composition, and controlled release of loaded compounds.
Encapsulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could evaporate with a defined rate is of immense interest for application in emission reference materials (ERM). These are urgently needed for quality assurance and quality control purposes (QA/QC) required by test standards for the determination of chemical emissions of construction and other materials for interior use. As such ERMs are hardly available on the market, the EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ was started to fill this gap by developing a material with temporally constant emission of VOCs typically found in indoor air.
This study shows that formaldehyde Emission results in micro-scale emission chambers are comparable with results in bigger chambers both for particle boards and wooden toys. On the contrary, the WKI flask method was leading to more variable results depending on sample geometry. Thus, microchambers could be used for reliable routine market surveillance. An exposure assessment led to noticeable formaldehyde indoor air concentration values, pointing out the need for an effective Surveillance of such samples.
There is a need for an assessment of the emission properties of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from consumer products. A method comparison was carried out to evaluate adapted and cost-effective procedures for such items. Smaller and automated emission chambers de-picted similar kinetics compared to a 203 L standard chamber. Toy samples made of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) emitted more VOCs compared to other tested polymeric products. The emissions from 2 selected samples were studied to allow an evaluation of the resulting room concentration and external exposure of a child. Obtained concentrations were not of concern.